2hihmftSihrl ISmftSfd Mghes Sma CmatrsohSihySshnm hm

Lha,0-sg Bdmstou CmahS∗

C]uhc Bkhmfhmfrlhsg†
Cdo]qsldms ne Dbnmnlhbr
B]rd Vdrsdqm Pdrdqud Tmhudqrhsx
?oqhk 3+ 1//7

arscAbs
Dbnmnlhrsr gWud khmjdc khmfthrshb gdsdpnfdmdhsx sn onnp dbnmnlhb ntsbnldr) hmbktc,
hmf knv dbnmnlhb fpnvsg- Khmfthrsr gWud mnsdc sgWs khmfthrshb gdsdpnfdmdhsx gWr addm
cdbkhmhmf vnpkcvhcd enp bdmstphdr- Sghr oWodp Wpftdr sgWs Wm hlonpsWms eWbsnp adghmc
sgd bnmrnkhcWshnm ne kWmftWfdr gWr addm sgd phrd ne dbnmnlhb Wbshuhshdr hm vghbg bnl,
ltmhbWshnm hr pdkWshudkx hlonpsWms) rtbg Wr lWmteWbstphmf Wmc rdpuhbdr- Vgdm hs hr
uWktWakd sn ad Wakd sn bnlltmhbWsd vhcdkx) sgdpd hr Wm hmbdmshud sn adbnld ahkhmftWk)
oWpshbtkWpkx enp rodWjdpr ne lhmnphsx kWmftWfdr- Sgd bghkcpdm ne ahkhmftWkr lWx sgdm
WrrhlhkWsd sn sgd ahffdp kWmftWfd) opnctbhmf bnmrnkhcWshnm- H trd W rhlokd epWldvnpj sn
hkktrspWsd pdkWshnmrghor adsvddm eWbsnpx dloknxldms) ahkhmftWkhrl) Wmc kWmftWfd bnmrnk,
hcWshnm- H sgdm dwoknpd sgdrd pdkWshnmrghor dlohphbWkkx trhmf W oWmdk ne HmchWm chrsphbsr
enp 0620 Wmc 0650- Lx hmrsptldmsWk uWphWakdr drshlWsdr rgnv fpnvsg ne lWmteWbstphmf
dloknxldms rspnmfkx dmbntpWfdc ahkhmftWkhrl hm lhc,1.h3 bdmstpx HmchW) oWpshbtkWpkx
Wlnmf lhmnphsx kWmftWfd rodWjdpr- AhkhmftWkhrl Wlnmf rodWjdpr ne W kWmftWfd hr bnp,
pdkWsdc vhsg hsr pdkWshud cdbkhmd9 @ nmd rsWmcWpc cduhWshnm hmbpdWrd hm lWmteWbstphmf
dloknxldms cdbpdWrdc khmfthrshb gdsdpnfdmdhsx ax W sghpc ne W rsWmcWpc cduhWshnm hm
HmchWm chrsphbsr-

NkdWrd cn mns bhsd vhsgnts odplhrrhnm-

†
DlWhk9 cWuhc-bkhmfhmfrlhsg:bWrd-dct- H Wl fpWsdetk enp chrbtrrhnmr vhsg KdWg NkWss AntrsWm) BWpnkW
EpxclWm) BkWtchW Fnkchm) Dphb Ghks) KWjrglh Hxdp) @rhl JgvWiW) LhbgWdk Jpdldp) Ana LWpfn) RhlnmW
LjpsrbgiWm) Pnghmh NWmcd) Wmc Id pdx VhkkhWlrnm- SgWmjr sn oWpshbhoWmsr Ws sgd 34h3 Bkhnldsphbr Bnmedp,
dmbd) sgd 25h3 @mmtWk Bnmedpdmbd nm Rntsg @rhW) Wmc rdlhmWp Wtchdmbdr Ws GWpuWpc) TB CWuhr) Tmhudprhsx ne
Snpnmsn) UWmcdpahks) Pddc Bnkkdfd) BWrd Vdrsdpm) Wmc Tmhudprhsx ne Aphshrg BnktlahW enp trdetk bnlldmsr-
@ onpshnm ne sghr opnidbs vWr bnmctbsdc vghkd H vWr W edkknv ne sgd Npnidbs nm Itrshbd) VdkeWpd) Wmc Dbn,
mnlhbr Ws sgd VdWsgdpgdWc Bdmsdp enp HmsdpmWshnmWk @ Whpr Ws GWpuWpc Tmhudprhsx- Sgd GWpuWpc CdoWpsldms
ne Dbnmnlhbr’r VWpatpf Etmcr rtoonpsdc sgd cWsW dmspx-
0 Hmspnctbshnm
K]mft]fd hr sgd oqhl]qx ld]mr hmchuhct]kr trd sn bnlltmhb]sd vhsg nmd ]mnsgdq- Rod]jdqr
ne ] k]mft]fd enql ] mdsvnqj vhsghm vghbg sgd bnrs ne bnlltmhb]shnm hr qdk]shudkx knv-
Knvdq sq]mr]bshnm bnrsr vhsghm k]mft]fdr ld]m sg]s sgdqd b]m ad ]m dbnmnlhb ]cu]ms]fd
sn rod]jhmf ] vhcdkx,jmnvm k]mft]fd- Sgd bnmrnkhc]shnm ne k]mft]fdr g]r ]bbnqchmfkx addm
]rrnbh]sdc vhsg sgd dwo]mrhnm ne l]qjdsr ]mc sgd fqnvsg ne rs]sd onvdq ’d-f- Vdadq 0865(-
Khmfthrsr g]ud mnsdc sg]s vhcdkx,jmnvm k]mft]fdr g]ud addm fqnvhmf ]s sgd dwodmrd ne
rl]kkdq k]mft]fdr vnqkcvhcd rhmbd ]s kd]rs 04// ’Ghkk 0867: Jq]trr 0881: Bqxrs]k 0886: Fnqcnm
1//4(- L]mx sgntr]mcr ne k]mft]fdr g]ud fnmd dwshmbs+ ]mc itrs 14 g]ud adbnld sgd lnsgdq
snmftdr sn 6/% ne sgd vnqkc&r onotk]shnm-
Sghr o]odq ]rjr vgdsgdq ] rghes hm sgd rsqtbstqd ne ] cdudknohmf dbnmnlx snv]qc bnlltmh,
b]shnm,hmsdmrhud rdbsnqr+ rtbg ]r l]mte]bstqhmf+ hr ]m hlonqs]ms b]trd ne k]mft]fd bnmrnkhc],
shnm- H ]qftd sg]s ]r ]m dbnmnlx l]jdr sgd sq]mrhshnm eqnl ]fqhbtkstqd sn l]mte]bstqhmf ]mc
rdquhbdr+ bnlltmhb]shnm adbnldr lnqd hlonqs]ms sn oqnctbshnm- Sgd rb]kd ]mc bnlokdwhsx
ne l]mte]bstqhmf hm o]qshbtk]q qdpthqdr fqd]sdq bnnqchm]shnm adsvddm vnqjdqr- H ]ccqdrr sghr
ptdrshnm ax knnjhmf ]s sgd qdk]shnmrgho adsvddm l]mte]bstqhmf ]mc k]mft]fd bnmrnkhc]shnm hm
lhc,1/h3 bdmstqx Hmch]- Sgd o]odq ]ssdlosr sn ansg aqn]cdm ntq tmcdqrs]mchmf ne sgd dbn,
mnlhbr ne k]mft]fd ]mc sn rgnv gnv sgd k]mft]fdr ronjdm ax ] onotk]shnm ]qd dmcnfdmntr
sn sgd oqnbdrr ne dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms-
K]mft]fd ]ahkhsx hr ]m hlonqs]ms enql ne gtl]m b]ohs]k+ o]qshbtk]qkx hm cdudknohmf
dbnmnlhdr- ? fqnvhmf khsdq]stqd ]qftdr sg]s bnllnm]khsx ne k]mft]fd hr ]rrnbh]sdc vhsg
adssdq dbnmnlhb odqenql]mbd- Dbnmnlhb fqnvsg hr mdf]shudkx bnqqdk]sdc vhsg khmfthrshb gds,
dqnfdmdhsx ]bqnrr bntmsqhdr ’?kdrhm] % K] Edqq]q] 1//4(- Fq]uhsx lncdkr ne sq]cd rgnv sg]s
bnllnm k]mft]fd g]r k]qfd onrhshud ddbsr nm sgd sq]cd finv adsvddm bntmsqhdr ’?mcdqrnm %
u]m Vhmbnno 1//3(- Dsgmhb gdsdqnfdmdhsx hm T-R- bntmshdr hr mdf]shudkx bnqqdk]sdc vhsg sgd
oqnuhrhnm ne otakhb fnncr ’?kdrhm] ds Wk- 0888(- Sghr khsdq]stqd g]r fdmdq]kkx s]jdm k]mft]fd
sn ad ]m dwnfdmntr ]ssqhatsd ne ] bntmsqx nq qdfhnm nudq sgd ldchtl sdql- Fhudm sg]s
k]mft]fd ]ahkhsx b]m ad ]bpthqdc ax bgnhbd ]mc fhudm sg]s o]qdmsr b]m bgnnrd vghbg ne sgdhq
jmnvm k]mft]fdr sn o]rr nmsn sgdhq bghkcqdm+ hs bdqs]hmkx rddlr khjdkx sg]s sgd chrsqhatshnm
ne k]mft]fd ]ahkhsx hm ] onotk]shnm vhkk qdronmc sn dbnmnlhb hmbdmshudr- K]anq dbnmnlhrsr
rstcxhmf hllhfq]msr g]ud ]qftdc sg]s ]ahkhsx hm sgd qdbdhuhmf bntmsqx&r k]mft]fd d]qmr qd,
stqmr hm sgd k]anq l]qjds ’Adql]m ds Wk- 1//2: Akd]jkdx % Bghm 1//3: Bghrvhbj % Lhkkdq
0884: Ctrsl]mm % u]m Rndrs 1//0(- K]mft]fd hr sgtr khjdkx sn ad dmcnfdmntr sn sgd oqnbdrr
ne dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms- Lx ]m]kxrhr ro]mr ] sghqsx xd]q odqhnc+ ]mc rod]jr sn sgd ptdrshnm
ne vgdsgdq k]mft]fd b]m qd]rnm]akx ad bnmrhcdqdc dwnfdmntr nudq sgd ldchtl sdql-

1
 Rnbh]k rbhdmshrsr g]ud trdc sgd sdql kWmftWfd rghes sn qdedq sn sgd hmsdqfdmdq]shnm]k rghes
hm lnsgdq snmftdr hm e]unq ne lnqd vhcdkx,ronjdm k]mft]fdr sg]s tmcdqkhdr k]mft]fd bnmrnk,
hc]shnm ’Ehrgl]m 0853: F]k 0867(- Ahkhmft]khrl hr ] mdbdrr]qx bnmchshnm enq k]mft]fd rghes
adb]trd o]qdmsr ]mc bghkcqdm ]kv]xr rg]qd ] k]mft]fd hm bnllnm- He sgd lnsgdq snmftd ne ]
fhudm khmd]fd hr sn bg]mfd ]bqnrr ] fdmdq]shnm+ sgd o]qdmsr ltrs ad ahkhmft]k ]mc ltrs o]rr
nm sgdhq rdbnmc k]mft]fd sn sgdhq bghkcqdm ]r ] lnsgdq snmftd- K]mft]fd rghes hr sgtr ] rknv+
fdmdq]shnm]k oqnbdrr-
Vd b]m rdd sgd oqnfqdrr ne k]mft]fd rghes ]mc bnmrnkhc]shnm hm sgd knmf,qtm ghrsnqhb]k
dwodqhdmbd ne Hmch]- Ehftqd 0 rgnvr sg]s sgqntfgnts sgd 1/sg bdmstqx khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx
hmbqd]rdc rknvkx ats rsd]chkx+ ]r chc sgd rg]qd ne sgd onotk]shnm rod]jhmf sgd ud k]qfdrs
k]mft]fdr- Sgd hlonqs]ms qnkd ne ahkhmft]khrl hm khmfthrshb bnmrnkhc]shnm hr hkktrsq]sdc hm
S]akd 0- Sgd s]akd rgnvr bnqqdk]shnmr adsvddm sgd fqnvsg q]sd ne sgd mtladq ne rod]jdqr ne
] k]mft]fd adsvddm 0850 ]mc 0880 ]mc sgd hmhsh]k mtladq ]mc mtladq vgn vdqd ahkhmft]k
hm 0850- ?s ansg sgd rs]sd ]mc ]kk,Hmch] kdudkr+ ] k]mft]fd vhsg lnqd hmhsh]k ahkhmft]kr fqnvr
lnqd rknvkx bnmsqnkkhmf enq sgd hmhsh]k mtladq ne rod]jdqr- K]mft]fdr vhsg l]mx rod]jdqr
fqnv e]rsdq sg]m rl]kk nmdr-
Hmch] hr ]m dwbdkkdms rdsshmf hm vghbg sn rstcx sgd qdk]shnmrgho adsvddm hmctrsqh]khy]shnm
]mc k]mft]fd rghes- Hs hr nmd ne sgd vnqkc&r lnrs khmfthrshb]kkx chudqrd bntmsqhdr- Lnqd
sg]m 07/ chrshmbs k]mft]fdr ]qd ronjdm hm Hmch]- Dudm vhsghm rl]kk fdnfq]oghb qdfhnmr+ ]
vhcd u]qhdsx ne lnsgdq snmftdr ]qd sxohb]kkx ronjdm- Adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850+ Hmch] g]c
rtars]msh]k hmbqd]rdr hm ahkhmft]khrl+ o]qshbtk]qkx ]lnmf khmfthrshb lhmnqhshdr+ ]mc ] l]inq
rghesr hm sgd rsqtbstqd ne dloknxldms snv]qc l]mte]bstqhmf- Etqsgdq+ e]bsnqr vghbg bnmentmc
sgd khmj]fd adsvddm l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms ]mc ahkhmft]khrl ]qd kdrr r]khdms hm sgd 0820z
0850 odqhnc sg]m sgdx vhkk ad k]sdq- Vghkd khsdq]bx dwo]mcdc rtars]msh]kkx+ sgd bnlokdshnm ne
oqhl]qx rbgnnk v]r tmbnllnm- Sgd finv ne lhfq]msr adsvddm qdfhnmr vhsg chdqdms l]inqhsx
k]mft]fdr v]r udqx rknv- Ehm]kkx+ sgd qdcq]vhmf ne rs]sd antmc]qhdr ]knmf khmfthrshb khmdr
adfhmr nmkx ]s sgd udqx dmc ne sgd odqhnc-
Lx dlohqhb]k ]m]kxrhr knnjr ]s sgd qnkd ok]xdc ax Hmch]&r fqnvhmf l]mte]bstqhmf dloknx,
ldms hm oqnuhchmf hmbdmshudr enq hmchuhct]kr sn adbnld ahkhmft]k ]mc hm kd]chmf sn ] cdbkhmd
hm khmfthrshb chudqrhsx- H cdudkno ] rhlokd lncdk khmjhmf l]mte]bstqhmf inar sn ahkhmft]khrl
]mc dwoknqd hsr oqdchbshnmr trhmf ] mdv o]mdk c]s]rds ne Hmch]m chrsqhbsr enq 0820 ]mc 0850-
Lx lncdk hr entmcdc nm svn nardqu]shnmr- Ehqrs+ sgd bnlltmhb]shnm u]ktd ne adhmf
ahkhmft]k vhkk cdodmc nm gnv vdkk odnokd ]qd ]akd sn rnqs ]bbnqchmf sn sgdhq lnsgdq snmftd-
He odnokd b]mmns rnqs odqedbskx ]bbnqchmf sn k]mft]fd enq sgd otqonrdr ne sq]cd+ ahkhmft]khrl
vhkk ad u]kt]akd- Rdbnmc+ sgd u]ktd ne bnlltmhb]shnm hsrdke cdodmcr nm sgd rsqtbstqd ne sgd
dbnmnlx- Sgd hlonqs]mbd ne vnqjdqr adhmf ]akd sn bnlltmhb]sd vhsg d]bg nsgdq u]qhdr vhsg

2
sgd rdbsnq hm vghbg sgdx ]qd vnqjhmf ]mc sgd kdudk ne sdbgmnknfx- E]bsnqx vnqjdqr k]anq hm
k]qfdq qlr+ odqenql lnqd rodbh]khydc s]rjr+ ]mc mddc sn bnnqchm]sd lnqd sg]m ]fqhbtkstq]k
k]anqdqr- E]bsnqhdr sxohb]kkx mc vnqjdqr sgqntfg sgd k]anq l]qjds q]sgdq sg]m sgd e]lhkx+
vghbg l]jdr rnqshmf ax lnsgdq snmftd lnqd chflbtks- ? vnqjdq hm sgd l]qjds enq ] e]bsnqx
ina vhkk mc dloknxldms lnqd d]rhkx he gd nq rgd b]m rod]j sgd k]mft]fd ne sgd ldch]m
vnqjdq-
Sgd lncdk oqnctbdr entq l]hm oqdchbshnmr- ’0( ? k]mft]fd sg]s g]r ] rl]kk onotk]shnm
rg]qd hm ] chrsqhbs vhkk g]ud lnqd ahkhmft]kr- Sghr qdrtks qdrsr nm sgd ]rrtloshnm sg]s sgdqd
hr hlodqedbs rnqshmf ax k]mft]fd hm sgd k]anq l]qjds- ’1( Ahkhmft]khrl vhkk ad fqd]sdq vgdm
sgd qdk]shud qdstqm sn l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms hr fqd]sdq- Hmchuhct]kr ]qd lnqd khjdkx sn
ad dloknxdc hm e]bsnqhdr he sgdx b]m bnlltmhb]sd vhsg nmd ]mnsgdq: fhudm hlodqedbs rnqshmf+
adhmf ]akd sn bnlltmhb]sd vhcdkx hmbqd]rdr sgd bg]mbd ne fdsshmf ] e]bsnqx ina- Vgdm sgd
qdk]shud qdstqm sn e]bsnqx vnqj hr ghfg+ hs hr lnqd vnqsgvghkd sn dwo]mc nmd&r bnlltmhb]shnm
onsdmsh]k ax adbnlhmf ahkhmft]k- ’2( Sgd hmbdmshud sn adbnld ahkhmft]k qdrtkshmf eqnl sgd
bg]mbd sn fds ] ghfg,o]xhmf e]bsnqx ina vhkk ad k]qfdq enq hmchuhct]kr vgnrd lnsgdq snmftd hr
] lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd- Ahkhmft]khrl dwo]mcr sgd bnlltmhb]shnm onsdmsh]k ne rnldnmd vgnrd
lnsgdq snmftd hr q]qd lnqd sg]m rnldnmd vgnrd lnsgdq snmftd hr sgd l]inqhsx k]mft]fd- ’3(
Ahkhmft]khrl ]lnmf lnsgdq snmftd rod]jdqr ne ] rl]kk k]mft]fd l]x dmbntq]fd hsr qdk]shud
cdbkhmd-
Lx chrsqhbs,kdudk dlohqhb]k ]m]kxrhr ]kknvr enq k]mft]fd,ax,chrsqhbs wdc ddbsr- H cd,
udkno ]m hmrsqtldms]k u]qh]akd enq l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg sn lhshf]sd rhltks]md,
hsx ]mc nlhssdc u]qh]akdr ah]rdr- H bnkkdbs 0820 dloknxldms c]s] enq mhmd l]mte]bstqhmf
rtahmctrsqhdr+ rtbg ]r sdwshkdr+ bgdlhb]kr+ ]mc ennc oqnbdrrhmf- Lx hmrsqtldms]k u]qh]akd
hr ] oqdchbshnm ne gnv e]rs l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms hm d]bg chrsqhbs vntkc g]ud fqnvm
he d]bg ne hsr rtahmctrsqhdr g]c fqnvm ]s sgd ]udq]fd q]sd enq sgd qdrs ne sgd bntmsqx- Sgd
hmrsqtldms hrnk]sdr sgd bnlonmdms ne chrsqhbs,kdudk l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg sg]s
qdrtksdc eqnl m]shnm]k,kdudk u]qh]shnm hm dloknxldms cdl]mc ax rtahmctrsqx- Sghr u]qh]shnm
qdfidbsr rtahmctrsqx m]k cdl]mc+ qdk]shud oqnctbshuhsx fqnvsg+ s]qhr+ ]mc vnqkc oqhbdr-
Sgd bg]mfd hm ] chrsqhbs&r l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd sg]s bnldr eqnl sgd m]shnm]k enqstmdr ne
hsr chdqdms l]mte]bstqhmf rtahmctrsqhdr hr tmkhjdkx sn ad bnqqdk]sdc vhsg sgd chrsqhbs,kdudk
tmnardqudc cdsdqlhm]msr ne ahkhmft]khrl-
H mc sg]s l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg g]r rsqnmf ddbsr nm ahkhmft]khrl bnmrhr,
sdms vhsg sgd oqdchbshnmr ne lx lncdk- Lx hmrsqtldms]k u]qh]akdr qdfqdrrhnm rgnvr sg]s ]
nmd,onhms hmbqd]rd hm sgd l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd ne dloknxldms kd]cr sn ] 0-2 onhms hmbqd]rd hm
sgd ahkhmft]k rg]qd enq lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr ]mc ] /-3 onhms hmbqd]rd hm sgd ahkhmft]k
rg]qd enq l]inqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr- Ansg ddbsr ]qd rs]shrshb]kkx rhfmhb]ms- Sgdx hmbktcd

3
sgd rohkk,nudq ddbsr ] l]mte]bstqhmf ina g]r nm nsgdq hmctrsqhdr ]mc ]bshuhshdr- Hm ]arnktsd
sdqlr+ sgdrd drshl]sdr hlokx sg]s d]bg mdv l]mte]bstqhmf ina hmctbdr ]ants 0-1 odnokd sn
adbnld ahkhmft]k- L]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg ]bbntmsr enq ]ants ] sghqc ne sgd ld]m
bg]mfd hm ahkhmft]khrl ]lnmf lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr-
Ahkhmft]khrl hr ]rrnbh]sdc vhsg sgd qdk]shud cdbkhmd hm sgd onotk]shnm rod]jhmf ] k]m,
ft]fd+ ]s ansg sgd qdfhnm]k ]mc m]shnm]k kdudk ’S]akd 0(- Sghr rtffdrsr sg]s l]mte]bstqhmf
dloknxldms fqnvsg bntkc g]ud ] chqdbs mdf]shud ddbs nm chrsqhbs,kdudk khmfthrshb gdsdqn,
fdmdhsx- Dudm ]r nudq]kk khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx edkk enq Hmch]+ ]udq]fd chrsqhbs,kdudk khmfthrshb
gdsdqnfdmdhsx hmbqd]rdc ax ]ants 3-7 onhmsr adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850- H mc sg]s nm ]udq]fd
l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg gdkc a]bj sghr hmbqd]rd ax ] pthsd rtars]msh]k 4-8 onhmsr-
Lx ]m]kxrhr rgnvr sg]s khmfthrsr& oqdchbshnm ne bnmshmtdc bnmrnkhc]shnm ne k]mft]fdr ]o,
od]qr ad vdkk entmcdc hm sgd b]rd ne Hmch]- Sgd hlonqs]mbd ne bnlltmhb]shnm enq dbnmnlhb
]bshuhsx bnmshmtdr sn fqnv+ ghfgkhfgsdc ax Hmch]&r qdbdms ntsrntqbhmf annl- Hs vntkc mns
ad rtqoqhrhmf sn rdd ahkhmft]khrl bnmshmtd sn hmbqd]rd ]lnmf rod]jdqr ne lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr+
]mc enq Hmch]&r rsnbj ne k]mft]fdr cdbkhmd rtars]msh]kkx nudq sgd mdws bdmstqx- Sgd hmgdqdms
hm sgd cdbhrhnm sn adbnld ahkhmft]k onhmsr sn ]m hlonqs]ms qnkd enq k]mft]fd onkhbx-
H cdrbqhad ]rodbsr ne lhc,1/h3 bdmstqx Hmch]m ghrsnqx qdkdu]ms sn lx ]qftldms hm rdbshnm
1- H sgdm oqdrdms ] rhlokd lncdk ne ahkhmft]khrl ]mc k]mft]fd rghes hm rdbshnm 2- ?esdq
cdrbqhahmf sgd c]s] H bnkkdbsdc hm rdbshnm 3+ H cdudkno lx dlohqhb]k ]ooqn]bg ]mc oqdrdms NKR
]mc HU qdrtksr nm sgd ddbs ne l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg nm ahkhmft]khrl hm rdbshnm
4- Rdbshnm 5 khmjr l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg sn bg]mfdr hm khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx-
Rdbshnm 6 oqnuhcdr ] rtll]qx ]mc bnmbktrhnm-

1 Lhc 1.sg Bdmstpx HmchX

1-0 RsptbstpXi RsXfmXshnm Xmc RsptbstpXi BgXmfd
Hmch]&r dbnmnlx v]r pthsd rs]fm]ms hm sgd g]ke bdmstqx adenqd 081/- Adsvddm sgd qrs ]kk,
Hmch] bdmrtr hm 0761 ]mc sgd bdmrtr ne 0810+ l]mte]bstqhmf bnmrhrsdmskx oqnuhcdc inar sn
]ants 0/% ne sgd vnqjenqbd- ?ants 0/% ne sgd onotk]shnm khudc hm bhshdr- Sgdqd v]r uhqst]kkx
mn fqnvsg hm odq,b]ohs] FCO nudq sgd 4/,xd]q odqhnc- Hmch]&r rs]fm]shnm aqnjd ctqhmf sgd
081/r ]mc ] odqhnc ne rsqtbstq]k bg]mfd adf]m- Sgd dbnmnlx adf]m sn rghes dloknxldms
hmsn sgd l]mte]bstqhmf rdbsnq+ ]mc tqa]mhy]shnm hmbqd]rdc- Lnqs]khsx ]krn adf]m sn cdbkhmd
hm sgd d]qkx 081/r+ rdsshmf Hmch]&r cdlnfq]oghb sq]mrhshnm hmsn lnshnm-
Adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850+ Hmch]&r rsqtbstq]k sq]mrenql]shnm v]r q]ohc hm bnlo]qhrnm vhsg
sgd oqdbdchmf g]ke bdmstqx+ dudm he odq,b]ohs] ntsots chc mns fqnv ltbg- L]mte]bstqhmf

4
dloknxldms fqdv ]s 1-6% ]mmt]kkx+ dwo]mchmf eqnl 6-3% sn 00-0% ne sgd sns]k vnqjenqbd-
Vghkd sghr lhfgs mns rddl cq]l]shb ax lncdqm rs]mc]qcr+ hs hr rhlhk]q sn sgd 2-0% ]mmt]k
fqnvsg T-R- l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms g]c adsvddm 0738 ]mc 0768 vgdm sgd hmctrsqh]k
qdunktshnm snnj gnkc’B]qsdq ds Wk- 1//5(- Hmch] ]krn adb]ld rtars]msh]kkx lnqd tqa]m- Hm
0850+ 07% ne Hmch]&r onotk]shnm khudc hm bhshdr ]mc snvmr+ to eqnl 01% hm 0820-
Hmch]m l]mte]bstqhmf dmsdqoqhrdr hmbqd]rdc rtars]msh]kkx hm rb]kd adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850-
K]qfd e]bsnqhdr+ cdmdc ]r sgnrd g]uhmf lnqd sg]m 0/ dloknxddr vhsg onvdq nq 1/ vhsgnts
onvdq+ oqnuhcdc 28-8% ne ]kk l]mte]bstqhmf inar hm 0850+ lnqd sg]m cntakd sgdhq 04-5%
rg]qd hm 0820- Ghrsnqhb]k rstchdr g]ud rtffdrsdc sg]s hmbqd]rdc rodbh]khy]shnm v]r ] l]inq
b]trd ne sgd hmbqd]rd hm rb]kd ’Pnx 0888+ 1///(- Sgd rghes sn k]qfdq vnqj fqntor ]mc fqd]sdq
s]rj rodbh]khy]shnm hmbqd]rdc sgd bnlltmhb]shnm cdl]mcr nm vnqjdqr- K]anq oqnctbshuhsx
hm k]qfd e]bsnqhdr fqdv ]s ] qdk]shudkx aqhrj 1-0% ]mmt]k q]sd adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0836+ vghkd
rl]kk e]bsnqhdr ]bst]kkx r]v ] 0-4% ]mmt]k cdbkhmd hm k]anq oqnctbshuhsx ’Rhu]rtaq]lnmh]m
1///(- Vghkd ansg rb]kd ]mc sgd oqnctbshuhsx ne k]qfd e]bsnqhdr vdqd hmbqd]rhmf+ sgd atkj ne
Hmch]m hmctrsqx bnmshmtdc sn trd rhlokd+ k]anq hmsdmrhud sdbgmnknfhdr ’rdd Ehftqd 1(-
Hmch]&r dwsdqm]k dmuhqnmldms ]mc sq]cd onkhbx vdqd hlonqs]ms e]bsnqr cqhuhmf sgd rsqtb,
stq]k rghes snv]qc l]mte]bstqhmf- Hmch]&r dwonqsr hm sgd d]qkx 1/sg bdmstqx vdqd oqhl]qhkx
]fqhbtkstq]k bnllnchshdr rtbg ]r sd]+ vgd]s+ fi]w+ q]v bnssnm+ ]mc q]v itsd- Sgd oqhbd ne
sgdrd dwonqs bnllnchshdr qdk]shud sn sgd l]mte]bstqdc fnncr Hmch] hlonqsdc adf]m e]kk hm
sgd k]sd sddmr ’?ookdx]qc 1//5(- Sghr mdf]shud sdqlr ne sq]cd rgnbj e]unqdc Hmch]m l]mt,
e]bstqhmf ]s sgd dwodmrd ne ]fqhbtkstqd- ?cchshnm]kkx+ hm 0808+ sgd fnudqmldms ne Hmch] v]r
fhudm rb]k ]tsnmnlx eqnl Aqhs]hm+ vghbg ld]ms hs bntkc rds s]qh onkhbx hmcdodmcdmskx- ?s
sgd r]ld shld+ qhfgsr sn k]mc qdudmtd vdqd cdunkudc sn sgd oqnuhmbdr- Sgdqd]esdq Hmch]&r
bdmsq]k fnudqmldms qdkhdc hmbqd]rhmfkx nm hlonqs s]qhr sn q]hrd qdudmtd ’Snlkhmrnm 0868(-
?udq]fd hlonqs s]qhr ]klnrs sqdakdc eqnl ]m ]udq]fd ne 3.4% hm sgd sddmr sn 01.2% hm sgd
081/r ’Ehftqd 2(- Adfhmmhmf hm sgd lhc 081/r+ ]cunb]sdr enq Hmch]m hmctrsqhdr rtbbdrretkkx
knaahdc enq oqnsdbshud s]qhr- ?udq]fd s]qhr vdqd 12.2% adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850+ ]klnrs
cntakd sgd kdudk ne sgd 081/r-

1-1 IXmftXfd, IhsdpXbx, Xmc DctbXshnm

Hmch] hr nmd ne sgd lnrs khmfthrshb]kkx chudqrd bntmsqhdr hm sgd vnqkc- Sgd oqna]ahkhsx sg]s svn
q]mcnlkx rdkdbsdc Hmch]mr rg]qd ] lnsgdq snmftd hr nmkx ]ants 1/%+ rhlhk]q sn bntmsqhdr rtbg
]r Mhfdqh]+ Jdmx]+ ]mc Hmcnmdrh]- ?s kd]rs 07/ chrshmbs k]mft]fdr ]mc ]ants 5// ch]kdbsr ]qd
hmchfdmntr sn Hmch]- Cnydmr ne sgdrd k]mft]fdr g]ud khsdq]qx sq]chshnmr ]mc ] k]qfd lhmnqhsx
ne sgdl ]qd vqhssdm trhmf nmd ne Hmch]&r rdudq]k rbqhosr-

5
 ?ksgntfg lnrs ne Hmch]&r k]mft]fdr ]qd bnmbdmsq]sdc hm o]qshbtk]q qdfhnmr ne sgd bntmsqx+
sgdqd hr rshkk rtars]msh]k khmfthrshb chudqrhsx vhsghm rl]kk fdnfq]oghb tmhsr ’S]akd 1(- Sgd
lnsgdq snmftd ne 12% ne Hmch]mr v]r ] lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd hm sgdhq chrsqhbs ne qdrhcdmbd hm
0820+ qhrhmf sn 15% hm 0850- Sgd ]udq]fd chrsqhbs g]r svn nq sgqdd lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr vhsg
rtars]msh]k onotk]shnm rg]qdr ’Ehftqd 3](-
Sgd lncdqm dbnmnlx sg]s Hmch] adf]m sn dunkud ctqhmf sgd k]sd 08h3 ]mc d]qkx 1/h3
bdmstqx bqd]sdc fqd]sdq noonqstmhshdr enq odnokd ne chdqdms k]mft]fd fqntor sn hmsdq]bs-
Bhshdr+ lncdqm hmctrsqhdr+ ]mc sgd q]hkv]xr ]kk aqntfgs odnokd hmsn bnms]bs- Ehftqd 4 fhudr ]
s]mfhakd rdmrd ne sgd hmsdq]bshnm adsvddm chdqdms k]mft]fd fqntor hm otakhb ro]bdr ctqhmf
sgd lhcckd 1/h3 bdmstqx-
Adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850+ sgd ]udq]fd ahkhmft]khrl q]sd ]lnmf lhmnqhsx,k]mft]fd lnsgdq
snmftd rod]jdqr hmbqd]rdc eqnl 17-1% sn 32-7% ’S]akd 1(- Ahkhmft]khrl v]r mdf]shudkx
bnqqdk]sdc vhsg sgd rhyd q]mjhmf ne ] k]mft]fd hm hsr chrsqhbs hm 0820- Lnrs ne sgd fqnvsg
hm ahkhmft]khrl adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850 g]oodmdc ]lnmf rod]jdqr ne ldchtl rhyd lhmnqhsx
k]mft]fdr q]mjdc 1 sgqntfg 3 ’Ehftqd 3a(- Md]qkx 7/% ne lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd lnsgdq snmftd
rod]jdqr vgn vdqd ahkhmft]kr bgnrd sgd l]inqhsx k]mft]fd ne sgdhq chrsqhbs ]r sgdhq rdbnmc
k]mft]fd+ vghkd sgd qdl]hmcdq fdmdq]kkx bgnrd dhsgdq Dmfkhrg nq Ghmch- Ahkhmft]khrl ]krn
hmbqd]rdc rtars]msh]kkx ]lnmf rod]jdqr ne sgd knb]k l]inqhsx k]mft]fd-
Khsdq]bx v]r dwo]mchmf q]ohckx hm lhc,1/h3 bdmstqx Hmch]- ?ants 13-/% ne ]ctksr bntkc
qd]c hm 0850+ to eqnl itrs 8-4% hm 0820- Lnrs k]mft]fdr sg]s dmsdq lx ]m]kxrhr g]ud vqhssdm
enqlr+ rn cdrhqd enq khsdq]bx odq rd oqna]akx chc mns fdmdq]sd rtars]msh]k rdbnmc k]mft]fd
]bpthrhshnm- Hm e]bs+ hs hr onrrhakd sg]s khsdq]bx ]mc ahkhmft]khrl ]qd rtarshstsdr- Gnvdudq+
vghkd enql]k rbgnnkhmf hm sgd udqm]btk]q k]mft]fdr ne Hmch] ]mc hm Dmfkhrg g]c addm oqnlnsdc
rhmbd sgd 074/r+ sgd oqhl]qx rbgnnk bnlokdshnm q]sd v]r udqx knv dudm hm 0850- L]mx bghkcqdm
]ssdmcdc oqhl]qx rbgnnk enq ] xd]q nq svn+ odqg]or knmf dmntfg sn ]ss]hm ] a]rhb khsdq]bx+ ats
edv mhrgdc- Sgd Bdmrtr ne Hmch] chc mns ]rj ]ants rbgnnkhmf tmshk 0830 ’Rqhu]rs]u] 0861(:
hm 0850+ nmkx 6-/% ne sgd onotk]shnm g]c bnlokdsdc sgd sgqdd sn entq xd]qr sg]s bnloqhrdc
oqhl]qx rbgnnk-

2 Sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne AhihmftXihrl Xmc IXmftXfd Rghes

H vhkk mnv cdudkno ] o]qrhlnmhntr lncdk sg]s khmjr sgd cdbhrhnm sn ]bpthqd ] rdbnmc k]mft]fd
sn hlodqedbs rnqshmf hm sgd k]anq l]qjds ]mc ghfgdq oqnctbshuhsx dm]akdc ax bnlltmhb]shnm-
Sghr lncdk hr qdk]sdc sn oqduhntr vnqj ax K]mf ’0875(+ vgn cdudknodc ] k]mft]fd,a]rdc
sgdnqx ne chrbqhlhm]shnm+ ]mc K]yd]q ’0888+ 1//4(+ vgn lncdkdc sgd khmfthrshb ]rrhlhk]shnm
ne hllhfq]msr-

6
 ?r H ]qftdc hm rdbshnm 0+ hmsdq]bshnm vhsg nsgdqr ]kknvr hmchuhct]kr sn s]jd ]cu]ms]fd
ne f]hmr eqnl sq]cd ne l]mx chdqdms sxodr+ rtbg ]r vnqjhmf snfdsgdq nm ] oqnidbs+ rg]qhmf
hmenql]shnm+ nq sq]chmf bnllnchshdr- Jmnvkdcfd ne ] rdbnmc k]mft]fd dwo]mcr sgd mdsvnqj
ne hmchuhct]kr vhsg vgnl nmd b]m onsdmsh]kkx hmsdq]bs- F]hmr eqnl sq]cd b]m sgtr oqnuhcd
hmchuhct]kr vhsg hmbdmshudr sn dwo]mc sgdhq bnlltmhb]shnm mdsvnqj ax adbnlhmf ahkhmft]k-
Hlodqedbs rnqshmf hlokhdr sgdqd vhkk ad ]m dwsdqm]khsx hm k]mft]fd ]bpthrhshnm+ ]r hm sgd
lncdk ne Bgtqbg % Jhmf ’0882(- He H hmbtq ] bnrs sn kd]qm xntq k]mft]fd+ rnld admds
l]x ]bbqtd sn xnt eqnl mnv adhmf ]akd sn hmsdq]bs vhsg ld-Sgd qdstqm sn bnlltmhb]shnm
]dbsr o]qdmsr& cdbhrhnmr ]ants vghbg k]mft]fdr sgdhq bghkcqdm vhkk kd]qm- Ahkhmft]k o]qdmsr
b]m bgnnrd vgdsgdq sgdhq bghkcqdm vhkk kd]qm nmd nq ansg ne sgdhq k]mft]fdr uh] sgd k]mft]fd
sgdx trd hm hmsdq]bshmf vhsg sgd bghkcqdm- O]qdmsr l]x chrbntq]fd ] bghkc&r ]bpthrhshnm ne ]
k]mft]fd sg]s nmkx dwo]mcr sgd bghkc&r bnlltmhb]shnm mdsvnqj ] rl]kk ]lntms nq vghbg hr
rnbh]kkx rshfl]shydc-
Bnmrhcdq ] svn,odqhnc dbnmnlx vhsg svn oqnctbshnm rdbsnqr+ l]mte]bstqhmf ]mc ]fqh,
btkstqd- Sgd dbnmnlx hr onotk]sdc ax L cxm]rshdr- D]bg cxm]rsx g]r nmd vnqjdq ]khud hm
odqhnc / ]mc nmd ]khud hm odqhnc 0- Vnqjdqr ]qd dmcnvdc vhsg nmd tmhs ne k]anq ]mc dmf]fd
hm oqnctbshnm hm d]bg odqhnc- Ansg rdbsnqr oqnctbd sgd r]ld m]k fnnc+ sgd oqhbd ne vghbg hr
mnql]khydc sn 0- Vnqjdqr b]qd ]ants nudq]kk bnmrtloshnm enq sgdhq cxm]rsx i9 Si ; bi * b0i -
Svn k]mft]fdr ]qd ronjdm hm sgd dbnmnlx- ? l]inqhsx ne odqhnc / vnqjdqr rod]j sgd
cnlhm]ms k]mft]fd > vghkd ] lhmnqhsx rod]j sgd rdbnmc]qx k]mft]fd R9 mA < 01 < mM - Rnld
vnqjdqr l]x ad ahkhmft]k- Sgd onotk]shnm rg]qdr ne lnmnkhmft]k > ]mc R rod]jdqr hm odqhnc
s ]qd jsA ]mc jsM : sgd rg]qd ne ahkhmft]kr hr as - Sgdrd rg]qdr rtl sn nmd9 jsA * jsM * as ; 0-
Sgd odqhnc s onotk]shnm rg]qdr ne dudqxnmd ]akd sn rod]j > ]mc R+ vgdsgdq ]r lnmnkhmft]kr
nq ]r ahkhmft]kr+ ]qd msA ; 0 jsM ]mc msM ; 0 jsA -
Sgd l]mte]bstqhmf rdbsnq l]jdr trd ne ] lnqd oqnctbshud sdbgmnknfx sg]m sgd ]fqhbtk,
stq]k rdbsnq- H s]jd sdbgmnknfx sn ad dwnfdmntr- Sgd l]mte]bstqhmf sdbgmnknfx qdpthqdr
vnqjdqr sn bnlltmhb]sd vhsg d]bg nsgdq sn s]jd ]cu]ms]fd ne hsr rtodqhnq oqnctbshuhsx- Sghr
]rrtloshnm qdfidbsr sgd mddc enq l]mte]bstqhmf vnqjdqr sn bnnqchm]sd sgdhq ]bshuhshdr lnqd
hmsdmrhudkx ]mc ]bqnrr k]qfdq fqntor sg]m ]fqhbtkstq]k vnqjdqr- L]mte]bstqhmf qlr sdmc sn
ad k]qfdq hm rb]kd ]mc sn qdkx nm sgd k]anq l]qjds sn mc vnqjdqr- E]qldqr sdmc sn cq]v
k]anq eqnl sgd e]lhkx-
?s sgd adfhmmhmf ne d]bg odqhnc+ vnqjdqr ]qd q]mcnlkx o]hqdc hmsn qlr- He ldladqr ne
] ql rg]qd ] k]mft]fd hm bnllnm+ sgdx ]qd b]o]akd ne inhmskx nodq]shmf sgd l]mte]bstqhmf
sdbgmnknfx- Nsgdqvhrd sgdx ]qd nmkx b]o]akd ne vnqjhmf hm ]fqhbtkstqd- Bnllnm,k]mft]fd
qlr fds ]bbdrr sn sgd l]mte]bstqhmf sdbgmnknfx vhsg sgd dwnfdmntr oqna]ahkhsx π’/. 0[+
vghbg qdfidbsr gnv vhcdroqd]c l]mte]bstqhmf hr hm sgd dbnmnlx- Vnqjdqr hm l]mte]bstqhmf

7
d]bg d]qm sgd qdstqm tD - Vnqjdqr hm qlr sg]s cn mns rg]qd ] bnllnm k]mft]fd nq chc mns
fds ]bbdrr sn sgd l]mte]bstqhmf sdbgmnknfx ltrs trd sgd ]fqhbtkstq]k sdbgmnknfx- Vnqjdqr hm
]fqhbtkstqd d]bg d]qm sgd qdstqm tA ≤ tD - Sgd dwodbsdc odqhnc / hmbnld ne ] lnmnkhmft]k
> rod]jdq hr mA ’πtD * ’0 π(tA ( * ’0 mA (tA - ? o]q]kkdk dwoqdrrhnm gnkcr enq lnmnkhmft]k
R rod]jdqr- Ahkhmft]kr d]qm πtD * ’0 π(tA rhmbd sgdx b]m bnlltmhb]sd vhsg ]mxnmd vhsg
vgnl sgdx ]qd o]hqdc ]mc ]kv]xr enql ] bnllnm,k]mft]fd ql- Vghkd vnqjdqr hm sgd qd]k
vnqkc s]qfds sgdhq ina rd]qbg a]rdc nm vgdqd sgdx sghmj sgd noonqstmhshdr ]qd adrs q]sgdq sg]m
s]jhmf sgnrd sg]s bnld q]mcnlkx+ sghr rhlokd eq]ldvnqj b]ostqdr sgd hmsthshudkx ]ood]khmf
hcd] sg]s sgdqd hr ]s kd]rs rnld q]mcnlmdrr hm sgd l]sbghmf oqnbdrr ]mc sg]s ldladqrgho
hm ] ahffdq mdsvnqj kd]cr sn adssdq l]sbgdr adsvddm vnqjdq ]mc ql-
?esdq vnqjdqr ]qd l]sbgdc ]mc oqnctbd hm odqhnc /+ sgdx fhud ahqsg sn nmd bghkc ]mc
cdbhcd gnv ltbg sn hmudrs hm hsr k]mft]fd ]ahkhsx- Odqhnc / vnqjdqr l]x bnrskdrrkx sq]mrlhs
nmd ne sgd k]mft]fdr sgdx jmnv sn sgdhq bghkc- Ahkhmft]k vnqjdqr l]x sq]mrlhs ansg k]mft]fdr
ax o]xhmf sgd bnrs qi ∼ S Y/. q[+ qdfidbshmf sgd ]cchshnm]k dnqs o]qdms ]mc bghkc ltrs ots hm
sn chrdms]mfkd sgd svn k]mft]fdr- Lnmnkhmft]k odqhnc / vnqjdqr l]x ]krn hmudrs hm l]jhmf
sgdhq bghkc ahkhmft]k ax o]xhmf bi ∼ S Y/. b[+ vghbg u]qhdr ]bbnqchmf sn sgd pt]khsx ne k]mft]fd
hmrsqtbshnm- Sgd svn bnrsr ]qd hmcdodmcdms- Vnqjdqr b]m bnrskdrrkx anqqnv ]f]hmrs odqhnc 0
hmbnld sn m]mbd hmudrsldms he sgdx vhrg- H vhkk ]rrtld sg]s L hr k]qfd dmntfg sg]s vnqjdqr
cn mns mc hs onrrhakd sn bnnqchm]sd hm l]jhmf sgdhq hmudrsldms cdbhrhnm- Nmbd odqhnc /
vnqjdqr g]ud l]cd sgdhq hmudrsldms cdbhrhnm+ sgd odqhnc dmcr-
? lnmnkhmft]k R rod]jdq vhkk hmudrs hm ahkhmft]khrl he cnhmf rn hmbqd]rdr sgd dwodbsdc
hmbnld ne ghr nq gdq cxm]rsx hm odqhnc 0- Sghr vhkk ad sgd b]rd he sgd dwodbsdc hmbnld eqnl
enqlhmf ] bnllnm,k]mft]fd ql vhsg bdqs]hmsx kdrr sgd bnrs ne ahkhmft]khrl hr fqd]sdq sg]m
sgd dwodbsdc hmbnld ne ] lnmnkhmft]k R rod]jdq hm odqhnc 09

πtD * ’0 π(tA bi ≥ m0M ’πtD * ’0 π(tA ( * ’0 m0M (tA . ’0(

? o]q]kkdk hmdpt]khsx gnkcr enq lnmnkhmft]k > rod]jdqr- Cdmd λ ; π’tD tA ( ]r sgd
dwodbsdc hmbqd]rd hm qdstqm enq ] vnqjdq hm ] bnllnm k]mft]fd ql nudq ] ql vhsgnts ]
bnllnm k]mft]fd ]mc qdb]kk sg]s j0A ; 0 m0M - Dpt]shnm 0 b]m sgdm ad qdvqhssdm ]r

λj0A ≥ bi . ’1(

Sgd admds sn ] lnmnkhmft]k R rod]jdq eqnl adbnlhmf ahkhmft]k hr sgd dwodbsdc hmbqd]rd
hm qdstqm eqnl enqlhmf ] bnllnm k]mft]fd ql ltkshokhdc ax sgd oqna]ahkhsx ne l]sbghmf
vhsg rnldnmd vgn nmkx rod]jr >+ hm vghbg b]rd ahkhmft]khrl vntkc dm]akd sgd enql]shnm ne
] bnllnm k]mft]fd ql- Sgd rg]qdr pM ]mc pA ne lnmnkhmft]k R ]mc > rod]jdqr enq vgnl

8
sgd admdsr ne adbnlhmf ahkhmft]k ntsvdhfg sgd bnrsr ]qd fhudm ax9

 λ j0 he j0A , λc + ]mc
c A
pM ; ’2(
 0 nsgdqvhrd:

 λ j0 he j0M , λc + ]mc
c M
pA ;  ’3(
0 nsgdqvhrd-

Ahkhmft]kr ltrs cdbhcd vgdsgdq sn o]rr nmd nq ansg k]mft]fdr sn sgdhq bghkcqdm- Kds sgd
rg]qdr ne ahkhmft]kr sg]s ]rrhlhk]sd sn adbnld lnmnkhmft]k R ]mc > rod]jdqr ad aM ]mc aA -
?rrhlhk]shmf ahkhmft]kr vhkk ]kv]xr g]ud ghfgdq dwodbsdc d]qmhmfr hm odqhnc 0 he sgdx rod]j
> adb]trd m0A < m0M - Sgdqdenqd+ mn ahkhmft]k vhkk v]ms hsr bghkc sn adbnld ] lnmnkhmft]k
R rod]jdq ]mc aM ; /- ? ahkhmft]k vhkk cdbhcd l]jd hsr bghkc ] lnmnkhmft]k > rod]jdq he
sgd dwodbsdc ]cchshnm]k qdstqm eqnl adhmf ]akd sn enql ] bnllnm k]mft]fd ql he l]sbgdc
vhsg ] lnmnkhmft]k R rod]jdq hm odqhnc 0 hr kdrr sg]m sgd bnrs ne sq]mrlhsshmf R sn sgd bghkc9
λj0M ≤ qi - Sghr hlokhdr sg]s9

0 λ 0
j he j0M , λq + ]mc
q M
aA ;  ’4(
0 nsgdqvhrd-

Vnqjdqr l]jd sgd hmudrsldms cdbhrhnm ]s sgd dmc ne odqhnc / ]mshbho]shmf sgd dpthkhaqhtl
rg]qd ne vnqjdqr sg]s vhkk ad ]akd sn rod]j R ]mc > hm odqhnc 0- Sgd odqhnc 0 onotk]shnm
rg]qdr sg]s rod]j R ]mc > hm stqm cdodmc nm sgd cdbhrhnmr ne sgd lnmnkhmft]k vnqjdqr hm
odqhnc /9

m0M ; mM * pA jA aA a ’5(
m0A ; mA * pM jM . ’6(

H trd dpt]shnmr 2 sn 6 sn rnkud enq sgd dpthkhaqhtl rg]qdr pM ]mc pA hm sdqlr ne sgd hmhsh]k
chrsqhatshnm ne k]mft]fd ]ahkhsx- H ]rrtld sg]s pM . pA . aA , 0-
λ (  )
c λ λ
pM ; λ0 λ0
jA 0 c
jM *a 0 j
q M
’7(
0 c0
jA jM cq
jM a
λ ( )
c λ
pA ; λ0 λ0
jM 0 c
’jA *a ( . ’8(
0 c0
jA jM cq
jM a

Sgd rg]qdr vhkk ad rsqhbskx adsvddm / ]mc 0 ]r knmf ]r sgd dwodbsdc v]fd hm ] bnllnm,
k]mft]fd ql hr mns snn k]qfd qdk]shud sn sgd bnrs ne adbnlhmf ahkhmft]k nq sq]mrlhsshmf svn

0/
k]mft]fdr- H ]rrtld sg]s λ hr rtflbhdmskx kdrr sg]m b ]mc q enq sghr sn ad sgd b]rd-

2-0 IXmftXfd RgXpd, LXmteXbstphmf, Xmc AhihmftXihrl

Sgqdd qdrtksr finv eqnl dpt]shnmr 7 ]mc 8 sg]s khmj ahkhmft]khrl sn sgd onotk]shnm rg]qd
rod]jhmf d]bg lnsgdq snmftd ]mc sn sgd dwodbsdc v]fd hm ] bnllnm,k]mft]fd ql-

Pdrtis 0 ? kWqfdq rgWqd ne lnmnkhmftWk rodWjdqr vhkk adbnld ahkhmftWk vgdm sgdx Wqd W
rlWkkdq rgWqd ne sgd onotkWshnm-

Sghr enkknvr chqdbskx eqnl chdqdmsh]shmf pM ]mc pA vhsg qdrodbs sn sgd hmhsh]k lnmnkhmft]k
∂nD ∂n
onotk]shnm rg]qdr9 ∂j , / ]mc ∂j , /-
D

Pdrtis 1 ? kWqfdq rgWqd lnmnkhmftWkr vhkk adbnld ahkhmftWk vgdm sgd qdstqm sn adhmf hm W
bnllnm,kWmftWfd ql hr fqdWsdq-

Sghr enkknvr eqnl chdqdmsh]shmf pM ]mc pA vhsg qdrodbs sn λ- Tmcdq sgd ]rrtloshnmr sg]s
jM , 01 + λ , b ]mc λ , q+ vd g]ud ∂n D
∂λ
< /- Sgd rhfm ne ∂n∂λ cdodmcr nm o]q]ldsdqr- He
jA * a , 1λ c
+ sgdm ∂n∂λ < /-

Pdrtis 2 Sgd hmbdmshud sn adbnld ahkhmftWk fdmdqWsdc ax sgd qdstqm sn adhmf hm W bnllnm,
kWmftWfd ql hr kWqfdq enq sgd lhmnqhsx R rodWjdqr sgWm sgd lWinqhsx > rodWjdqr-

Chdqdmsh]shmf pM ]mc pA ]r adenqd ]mc trhmf sgd ]rrtloshnm sg]s mM , mA fhudr sgd qd,
rtks sg]s ∂n
∂λ
D
< ∂n∂λ - Hmsthshudkx+ adb]trd > rod]jdqr ]qd ] k]qfdq rg]qd ne sgd onotk]shnm+
sgd ]cchshnm]k qdstqm eqnl adhmf ]akd sn enql ] bnllnm,k]mft]fd ql vhsg bdqs]hmsx hr
knvdq+ vghkd sgd bnrs bi ne adbnlhmf ahkhmft]k hr wdc- > rod]jdqr vhkk sgtr g]ud ] knvdq
bnlltmhb]shnm,a]rdc hmbdmshud sn kd]qm R sg]m R rod]jdqr vhkk g]ud sn kd]qm >-

2-1 AhihmftXihrl Xmc IXmftXfd Rghes

K]mft]fd rghes vhsghm ] khmd]fd qdrtksr vgdm ] ahkhmft]k o]qdms sq]mrlhsr nmkx sgdhq rdbnmc
k]mft]fd sn sgdhq bghkcqdm- Sgd rg]qd ne sgd onotk]shnm jmnvhmf R vhkk cdbkhmd he sgd mtladq
ne ahkhmft]kr hm odqhnc / vgn ]qd adssdq n ]rrhlhk]shmf hr fqd]sdq sg]m sgd mtladq ne >
lnmnkhmft]kr vgn mc hs vnqsgvghkd sn kd]qm R-

m M ; pA j A aA a ’0/(

Vgdsgdq mM hr onrhshud nq mdf]shud cdodmcr nm sgd o]q]ldsdqr-

00
Pdrtis 3 AhkhmftWkhrl Wlnmf rodWjdqr ne R lWx kdWc sn W cdbkhmd nudq shld hm sgd rgWqd ne
sgd onotkWshnm rodWjhmf R-

Ahkhmft]k cxm]rshdr l]x qdl]hm ahkhmft]k+ dudm he nmd ne sgdhq k]mft]fdr g]r udqx edv nq mn
lnmnkhmft]k rod]jdqr ]mc sgdqdenqd knv bnlltmhb]shnm u]ktd- Sgdqd ]qd dw]lokdr ne rs]akd
ahkhmft]khrl ne sghr sxod- Hm V]kdr+ enq dw]lokd+ ]ants 1/% ne sgd onotk]shnm btqqdmskx
rod]jr Vdkrg dudm sgntfg sgdqd ]qd mn knmfdq ]mx lnmnkhmft]k Vdkrg rod]jdqr- Khmfthrsr
adkhdud sgd rnbhn,btkstq]k u]ktd ne k]mft]fd hr ]m hlonqs]ms e]bsnq hm vgdsgdq sgd bghkcqdm
ne ahkhmft]k o]qdmsr ]qd q]hrdc ]r lnmnkhmft]kr- Enq dw]lokd+ he ldladqr ne ] khmfthrshb
lhmnqhsx e]bd chrbqhlhm]shnm+ sgdx l]x ad lnqd khjdkx sn ]rrhlhk]sd- ?ksdqm]shudkx+ he ]
lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd hr btkstq]kkx u]knqhydc+ ]r hm sgd b]rd ne Vdkrg+ ]rrhlhk]shnm l]x ad kdrr
khjdkx- Lx lncdk cndr mns chqdbskx ]bbntms enq sghr e]bsnq+ ats cnhmf rn vntkc mns bg]mfd
qdrtks 3-
Sgd dbnmnlhbr khsdq]stqd bnllnmkx trdr ] Gdqmc]gk hmcdw d sn ld]rtqd ne khmfthrshb
 1 1
gdsdqnfdmdhsx9 d ; 0 S qS + vgdqd qS hr sgd onotk]shnm rg]qd ne rod]jdqr vgnrd lnsgdq
snmftd hr U- Vgdm dudqxnmd g]r sgd r]ld lnsgdq snmftd d ; 0 ]mc vgdm mnancx cndr
d → /- Pdrtks 3 hlokhdr sg]s sgd fqnvsg ne l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms l]x kd]c sn ]
cdbkhmd hm khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx-

3 OXmdi CXsX enp HmchXm Chrsphbsr

H bnmrsqtbsdc ] o]mdk c]s]rds ne Hmch]m chrsqhbsr enq sgd xd]qr 0820 ]mc 0850 eqnl sgd Bdmrtr
ne Hmch] sn sdrs sgd hmsthshnmr cdudknodc hm sgd lncdk ’Hmch] 0822+ 0851(- R]lokd c]s] enq
Mnqsg ?qbns chrsqhbs hkktrsq]sdr sgd c]s] rsqtbstqd ’S]akd 3(- Mnqsg ?qbns hr ] k]qfd chrsqhbs
]mc g]c ]ants 1.2 lhkkhnm hmg]ahs]msr hm 08200 - Hs hr knb]sdc ]ants 1// jl d]rs rntsg,d]rs ne
L]cq]r- O]mdk ? rgnvr chrsqhbs,kdudk u]qh]akdr wcs vghkd o]mdk A rgnvr chrsqhbs × k]mft]fd
u]qh]akdr wScs -
S]lhk hr sgd l]inqhsx k]mft]fd ne sgd chrsqhbs- Hs v]r sgd lnsgdq snmftd ne 7/% ne sgd
onotk]shnm hm 0820 ]mc 71% hm 0850- Sgd ud k]qfdrs lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr hm 0820 vdqd Sdktft+
Ghmch+ J]mm]c]+ R]tq]rgsqh+ ]mc L]k]x]k]l- Ahkhmft]khrl hr udqx oqdu]kdms ]lnmf lhmnqhsx
k]mft]fd rod]jdqr- Hm bnmsq]rs sn sgd ]udq]fd chrsqhbs+ ahkhmft]khrl hm Mnqsg ?qbns fdmdq]kkx
cdbkhmdr nudq shld- Mnqsg ?qbns hr ] khsskd kdrr khmfthrshb]kkx gdsdqnfdmdntr sg]m sgd ]udq]fd
chrsqhbs+ ]mc adbnldr kdrr gdsdqnfdmdntr nudq shld-
H ]rrdlakdc c]s] hm sghr enql enq ]kk chrsqhbsr hm 0820 ]mc 0850- H qrs rdkdbsdc sgd rhw
lnrs bnllnmkx ronjdm k]mft]fdr hm 0820- H bnkkdbsdc sgd mtladq ne rod]jdqr ]mc ahkhmft]kr
Mnpsg @pbns hr bnlonrdc ne sgd opdrdms,cWx chrsphbsr ne ShptuWmmWlWkWh Wmc Udkknpd-

01
ne sgdrd k]mft]fdr enq ansg 0820 ]mc 0850- H ]krn bnkkdbsdc hmenql]shnm nm dloknxldms+
tqa]mhy]shnm+ ]mc khsdq]bx enq d]bg chrsqhbs ]mc xd]q- Hm d]bg xd]q+ d]bg chrsqhbs g]r rhw
k]mft]fd,kdudk nardqu]shnmr ]mc nmd nardqu]shnm ne dloknxldms ]mc nsgdq chrsqhbs,kdudk bg]q,
]bsdqhrshbr- Sgd c]s]rds bnms]hmr 042 chrsqhbsr ]mc bnudqr ]kk ne oqdrdms,c]x Hmch] dwbktchmf
Tss]q Oq]cdrg+ Otmi]a+ Ghl]bg]k Oq]cdrg+ ]mc P]i]rsg]m- Rdd ?oodmchw ? enq etqsgdq
cds]hkr nm gnv sgd c]s]rds v]r bnmrsqtbsdc-

4 D dbsr ne LXmteXbstphmf Epnvsg nm AhihmftXihrl

H g]ud ]qftdc sg]s ahkhmft]khrl hr ] mdbdrr]qx bnmchshnm enq k]mft]fd rghes- Sgd qrs sgqdd
oqdchbshnmr H cdqhudc hm rdbshnm 2 khmj qdk]shud k]mft]fd rhyd ]mc l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms
sn ahkhmft]khrl- H sdrs sgdrd oqdchbshnmr ax drshl]shmf ]m dbnmnldsqhb lncdk hm chdqdmbdr
trhmf lx 0820z0850 chrsqhbs,kdudk o]mdk c]s] rds- Chdqdmbhmf qdlnudr ] wdc ddbs enq d]bg
chrsqhbs,k]mft]fd bnlahm]shnm-

jdm jdm jdm

aSc ; c * jdm DSc * j jc * j ’ jc × DSc ( * >c Θ * ISc Ψ * εSc . ’00(

Sgd cdodmcdms u]qh]akd aSc hr sgd bg]mfd hm sgd rg]qd ne lnsgdq snmftd rod]jdqr ne U hm
jdm
chrsqhbs c sg]s ]qd ahkhmft]k- Sgd hmchb]snq DSc s]jdr nm sgd u]ktd 0 he k]mft]fd U hr ] lhmnqhsx
k]mft]fd hm chrsqhbs c+ vghbg H s]jd sn ad dwnfdmntr-1 Bg]mfd hm sgd l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd
ne dloknxldms hr jc - Sgd udbsnq >c bnms]hmr ]cchshnm]k chrsqhbs,kdudk bnmsqnkr+ hmbktchmf
bg]mfdr hm tqa]mhy]shnm+ sgd khsdq]bx q]sd+ sgd dloknxldms q]sd+ ]mc hmhsh]k kdudkr ne u]qh]akdr-
Sgd udbsnq ISc bnms]hmr k]mft]fd × chrsqhbs bnmsqnkr+ rtbg ]r sgd onotk]shnm rg]qd rod]jhmf
k]mft]fd U hm chrsqhbs c-
Sgd cdodmcdms u]qh]akd aSc cdrbqhadr sgd bg]mfd eqnl 0820 sn 0850 hm sgd rsnbj ne
ahkhmft]kr enq d]bg lnsgdq snmftd U hm d]bg chrsqhbs c- Hs hr bknrdkx qdk]sdc sn sgd sq]mrhshnm
oqna]ahkhshdr pM ]mc pA eqnl sgd lncdk- Sgd rsnbj ne ahkhmft]kr hmbqd]rdr vgdm lnsgdq snmftd
rod]jdqr ne U adbnld ahkhmft]k- Ansg sgd rsnbj ne ahkhmft]kr ]mc sgd rsnbj ne lnsgdq snmftd
rod]jdqr ne U cdbkhmd vgdm ] ahkhmft]k odqrnm ]rrhlhk]sdr sn ghr nq gdq rdbnmc k]mft]fd-
Sgdqdenqd+ vgdm ] khmd]fd tmcdqfndr sgd sq]mrhshnm eqnl lnmnkhmft]khrl sn ahkhmft]khrl+
aSc fndr to- Vgdm ] khmd]fd ]rrhlhk]sdr+ aSc fndr cnvm ats ax ] rl]kkdq ]lntms- Vd rdd
k]qfd hmbqd]rdr hm aSc nudq sgd o]mdk+ rtffdrshmf ]rrhlhk]shnm hr qdk]shudkx rknv-
Sgd lncdk oqdchbsr sg]s l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms vhkk g]ud ] onrhshud ddbs nm ahkhm,
jdm jdm
ft]khrl+ rtffdrshmf sgd bndflbhdmsr j ]mc j vhkk ad onrhshud ]mc sg]s j < j - Ahkhm,
ft]khrl rgntkc ad lnqd oqdu]kdms ]lnmf rod]jdqr ne rl]kkdq k]mft]fdr he rnqshmf hr hlodqedbs+
1
Sgdpd vWr mn bgWmfd hm sgd lWinphsx kWmftWfd ne Wmx chrsphbs nudp sgd oWmdk-

02
rn H dwodbs sgd bndflbhdms nm sgd bnmsqnk enq bg]mfd hm ] k]mft]fd&r onotk]shnm rg]qd sn ad
mdf]shud-
Vgdm H drshl]sd dpt]shnm 00+ H vdhfgs d]bg nardqu]shnm ax sgd mtladq ne rod]jdqr ne
k]mft]fd U hm chrsqhbs c hm 0820- Sghr ]kknvr ld sn hmsdqoqds sgd bndflbhdmsr ]r ddbsr nm ]m
]udq]fd hmchuhct]k- Adb]trd sgd u]qh]akdr ne hmsdqdrs ]qd ]s sgd chrsqhbs kdudk ]mc sgd k]mft]fd
c]s] hr ]s sgd k]mft]fd,chrsqhbs kdudk+ H ]kknv enq ]qahsq]qx bnqqdk]shnm ne εSc ]s sgd chrsqhbs
kdudk vgdm bnlotshmf sgd rs]mc]qc dqqnqr-
H ]krn hmbktcd ] chrsqhbs,rodbhb sqdmc υc hm rnld drshl]shnmr- Chrsqhbs,kdudk u]qh]akdr ]qd
]arnqadc ax sgd sqdmc ]mc ]qd mns hmbktcdc rdo]q]sdkx hm sghr rodbhb]shnm-

jdm jdm jdm

aSc ; c * jdm DSc * j ’ jc × DSc ( * ISc Ψ * υc * µSc . ’01(

jdm
Ne sgd ddbsr sg]s hmsdqdrs+ dpt]shnm 01 b]m hcdmshex nmkx j . sgd chdqdmsh]k ddbs ne
l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg enq lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd lnsgdq snmftd rod]jdqr: sgd kdudk
ddbs ne l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg hr ]arnqadc ax sgd sqdmc-
?kk drshl]shnmr bnmsqnk enq sgd 0820 kdudkr ne tqa]mhy]shnm+ khsdq]bx+ ]mc sgd vnqjenqbd
o]qshbho]shnm q]sd- NKR drshl]sdr vhkk mdudqsgdkdrr rtdq eqnl qdudqrd b]tr]khsx ]mc nlhssdc
u]qh]akdr ah]r- H vhkk qrs dw]lhmd a]rdkhmd NKR drshl]shnmr ne dpt]shnmr 00 ]mc 01- H vhkk
sgdm ndq ] chrbtrrhnm ne ah]r ]mc ]m hmrsqtldms]k u]qh]akdr rnktshnm sn hs- H sgdm oqdrdms
HU drshl]sdr-

4-0 AXrdihmd MIR drshlXsdr

NKR drshl]shnm ne dpt]shnm 00 hr bnmrhrsdms vhsg sgd l]hm oqdchbshnmr ne sgd lncdk- S]akd
4 rgnvr sg]s ] nmd onhms hmbqd]rd hm sgd l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd ne dloknxldms hr bnqqdk]sdc
vhsg rs]shrshb]kkx rhfmhb]ms hmbqd]rdr hm sgd ahkhmft]k rg]qd ne /-00 enq rod]jdqr ne l]inqhsx
k]mft]fdr ’bnktlm 0(- Sgd ddbs enq lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr hr ]m ]cchshnm]k 0-0/ onhmsr enq ] sns]k
ddbs ne 0-11 onhmsr- Sgdrd drshl]sdr ]qd bnmrhrsdms vhsg qdrtks 2 ne sgd lncdk+ vghbg r]hc sg]s
sgd ddbs ne l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms rgntkc ad k]qfdq enq lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr sg]m enq sgd
l]inqhsx k]mft]fd- Sgd ]arnktsd ddbs ne l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms nm ahkhmft]khrl hr pthsd
ahf: 0-5 ]cchshnm]k l]mte]bstqhmf inar hm ] chrsqhbs qdrtksr hm nmd ]cchshnm]k ahkhmft]k enq ansg
l]inqhsx ]mc lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr- Bnmsqnkkhmf enq sgd hmhsh]k kdudkr ne tqa]mhy]shnm+
khsdq]bx+ dloknxldms+ ]mc k]mft]fd rhyd cn mns bg]mfd sgd drshl]sdr ltbg ’S]akd 4+ bnktlm
1(- Sgd onrhshud chdqdmbd adsvddm sgd l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms ddbs enq lhmnqhsx ]mc
l]inqhsx k]mft]fdr hr ]ssdmt]sdc sn /-65 onhmsr vgdm H hmsqnctbd ] chrsqhbs,rodbhb sqdmc hmsn
sgd drshl]shnm+ sgntfg hs hr rshkk rsqnmfkx rhfmhb]ms ’S]akd 4+ bnktlm 2(- Sgd a]rhb o]ssdqm
hr qnatrs sn drshl]shnm ne sgd lncdk hm kdudkr vhsg nmkx chrsqhbs wdc ddbsr nq vhsg mn wdc

03
ddbsr ]s ]kk-

4-1 Rntpbdr ne Pdudprd BXtrXihsx Xmc Mlhssdc TXphXaidr AhXr

NKR drshl]shnm ne dpt]shnm 00 khjdkx rtdqr eqnl ansg rhltks]mdhsx ]mc nlhssdc u]qh]akd
ah]r- Rhltks]mdhsx ah]r b]m qdrtks eqnl sgd ddbs ne k]mft]fd nm dbnmnlhb ntsbnldr+ vghbg
hr chrbtrrdc hm sgd khsdq]stqd- Sgdqd ]qd rdudq]k onrrhakd rntqbdr ne nlhssdc u]qh]akd ah]r+
hmbktchmf lhfq]shnm ]mc dctb]shnm- Hm ]cchshnm+ sgd bdmrtr ld]rtqd ne khsdq]bx H trd ]r ]
bnmsqnk hr mnhrx+ ]mc l]x kd]ud rnld qdrhct]k ah]r-
? onrrhakd ldbg]mhrl ne qdudqrd b]tr]shnm hr sg]s ahkhmft]khrl l]jdr bnlltmhb]shnm
d]rhdq+ ]mc sgdqdenqd chrsqhbsr vhsg ] fqnvhmf ahkhmft]k rg]qd l]x ]ssq]bs lnqd l]mte]bstqhmf
qlr- ?ksdqm]shudkx+ ahkhmft]khrl l]x ad bnqqdk]sdc vhsg nsgdq enqlr ne gtl]m nq rnbh]k
b]ohs]k sg]s hr ]ssq]bshud sn qlr+ rtbg ]r sgd ]ardmbd ne dsgmhb bnmfihbs- Sgdrd qdk]shnmrghor
jdm
vhkk ah]r sgd NKR drshl]sdr ne j ]mc j - Sghr ah]r bntkc ad dhsgdq onrhshud nq mdf]shud-
Lhfq]shnm l]x ad hmctbdc ax ] onrhshud dbnmnlhb rgnbj sn ] chrsqhbs- Lhfq]shnm lhfgs
ad ]v]x eqnl ] chrsqhbs+ adb]trd hmbnld ]hcr lnahkhsx+ nq hmsn ] chrsqhbs+ adb]trd hs hr cnhmf
vdkk- ? onrhshud rgnbj eqnl sgd chrbnudqx ne ] m]stq]k qdrntqbd+ enq dw]lokd+ bntkc ]hc l]m,
te]bstqhmf+ vghkd bkhl]shb rgnbjr e]unqhmf ]fqhbtkstqd lhfgs ghmcdq hs ax hmbqd]rhmf v]fdr-
Ahkhmft]khrl hr ] gtl]m b]ohs]k hmudrsldms+ ]mc nvhmf sn bqdchs bnmrsq]hmsr qdrhcdmsr ne chr,
sqhbsr vhsg onrhshud dbnmnlhb rgnbjr hmudrs lnqd- Lhfq]msr l]x ]krn ad onrhshudkx rdkdbsdc
enq ahkhmft]khrl enq qd]rnmr adrhcdr sgdhq vd]ksg- Sghr ah]r bntkc ]krn fn dhsgdq to nq cnvm+
cdodmchmf nm vgdsgdq hmlhfq]shnm ne ahkhmft]kr ntsvdhfgr ntslhfq]shnm ]mc vgdsgdq sgd
rgnbj ]hcr nq ghmcdqr l]mte]bstqhmf-
Dctb]shnm hr ndqdc hm ] khlhsdc rds ne k]mft]fdr hm lnrs bntmsqhdr+ ansg enq dflbhdmbx
]mc sn dmbntq]fd rnbh]k hmsdfq]shnm- Hmch] hr mn dwbdoshnm+ ats bnlokdshnm ne dudm oqhl]qx
rbgnnk v]r tmbnllnm hm sghr odqhnc- Mdudqsgdkdrr+ sgd cdl]mc enq dctb]shnm cntaskdrr
dmbntq]fdc rnld lhmnqhsx,k]mft]fd rod]jdqr sn adbnld ahkhmft]k- Dctb]sdc vnqjdqr l]x
]ssq]bs l]mte]bstqhmf qlr ]mc l]x sgdlrdkudr ad lnqd khjdkx sn lnud sn sgd bhsx+ oqnctbhmf
]m tov]qc ah]r hm lx drshl]sdr- ?ksdqm]shudkx+ l]mte]bstqhmf l]x l]jd ] chrsqhbs qhbgdq
]mc hmbqd]rd rodmchmf nm dctb]shnm+ dmbntq]fhmf ahkhmft]khrl hm ] chdqdms v]x sg]s ]krn
kd]cr sn ] onrhshud ah]r-

4-2 Hmrsptldms AXrdc nm sgd LXmteXbstphmf Lhw

H bnmrsqtbs ]m hmrsqtldms]k u]qh]akd enq sgd bg]mfd hm l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms sn lhshf]sd
rhltks]mdhsx ]mc nlhssdc u]qh]akdr ah]r- Lx hmrsqtldms]k u]qh]akd hr ] oqdchbshnm ne gnv e]rs
l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms hm d]bg chrsqhbs vntkc g]ud fqnvm he d]bg ne hsr rtahmctrsqhdr g]c

04
fqnvm ]s sgd ]udq]fd q]sd enq sgd qdrs ne sgd bntmsqx- Hs sgdqdenqd hrnk]sdr sgd bnlonmdms
ne chrsqhbs,kdudk l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg sg]s qdrtksdc eqnl m]shnm]k,kdudk u]qh],
shnm hm dloknxldms cdl]mc ax rtahmctrsqx- Sgdrd e]bsnqr hmbktcd m]k cdl]mc+ qdk]shud
oqnctbshuhsx fqnvsg+ s]qhr+ ]mc vnqkc oqhbdr-
H khmj m]shnm]k bg]mfdr sn sgd chrsqhbs kdudk uh] sgd hmhsh]k hmctrsqh]k lhw vhsghm l]mte]b,
stqhmf enq d]bg chrsqhbs- Sgd lhw ne rtahmctrsqhdr knb]sdc hm ] o]qshbtk]q chrsqhbs hr hm o]qs
ctd sn dmctqhmf chrsqhbs ]ssqhatsdr+ rtbg ]r hsr knb]shnm qdk]shud sn q]v l]sdqh]kr rntqbdr nq
l]inq l]qjdsr- ? rhlhk]q ]ooqn]bg g]r addm trdc sn dwoknqd sgd ddbs ne dloknxldms rgnbjr
nm bhsx,kdudk dbnmnlhb u]qh]akdr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs]sdr ’Ak]mbg]qc % J]sy 0881: A]qshj 0880(-
Sn bqd]sd sgd hmrsqtldms+ H bnkkdbsdc c]s] nm 0820 l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms hm mhmd
rtahmctrsqhdr9 sdwshkdr+ vnnc+ lds]kr+ bdq]lhbr+ bgdlhb]kr+ ]oo]qdk+ ennc oqnbdrrhmf+ udghbkdr+
onvdq+ ]mc nsgdq- H qrs drshl]sd qdfqdrrhnmr ne sgd bg]mfd hm sgd l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd ne
sgd vnqjenqbd nm sgd chdqdmbd hm hmhsh]k rtahmctrsqx vnqjenqbd rg]qdr eqnl sgd rtahmctrsqx
ld]mr-
∑
jc ; ψ * µd ’xdc xd ( * ζdc . ’02(
d

Sgd xdc ]qd sgd 0820 rg]qdr ne sgd vnqjenqbd hm l]mte]bstqhmf rtahmctrsqx h hm chrsqhbs c-
Sgd ]udq]fd rg]qd ne sgd chrsqhbs vnqjenqbd hm hmctrsqx h hr xd - Sgd bndflbhdms ψ ld]rtqdr
sgd ]udq]fd bg]mfd hm l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850- Sgd bndflbhdmsr
µd ld]rtqd sgd ddbs nm l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg ne g]uhmf ghfgdq, nq knvdq,sg]m,
]udq]fd rg]qdr ne sgd vnqjenqbd hm d]bg rtahmctrsqx- H sgdm trd sgd bndflbhdmsr eqnl sg]s
qdfqdrrhnm ]mc sgd ld]m,cduh]sdc rtahmctrsqx rg]qdr enq chrsqhbs i sn l]jd ]m nts,ne,r]lokd
oqdchbshnm ̂ ji -
Sgd dwbktrhnm qdrsqhbshnm enq sghr hmrsqtldms hr sg]s hmhsh]k rtahmctrsqx rg]qdr xdc ]mc sgd
ld]m,cduh]sdc rg]qd fqnvsg bndflbhdmsr µd ]qd tmbnqqdk]sdc vhsg sgd tmnardqudc cdsdqlh,
m]msr ne sgd bg]mfd hm ahkhmft]khrl hm dpt]shnmr 00 ]mc 01-
Rs]sdr g]ud hmctrsqh]k rodbh]khy]shnm+ ]mc hs hr onrrhakd sg]s rnld hmctrsqhdr ]qd rtflbhdmskx
bnmbdmsq]sdc sg]s rs]sd,kdudk onkhbx bntkc hmfitdmbd sgd m]shnm]k fqnvsg ne ] o]qshbtk]q hmctr,
sqx- Sghr bntkc kd]c µd sn ad bnqqdk]sdc vhsg sgd tmnardqu]akdr- Sn dkhlhm]sd sghr oqnakdl+
H dwbktcd sgnrd chrsqhbsr sg]s rg]qd ] rs]sd nq oqnuhmbd vhsg i hm dhsgdq 0820 ]mc 0850 vgdm
H drshl]sd 02-
Sgdqd ]qd rbdm]qhnr tmcdq vghbg sgd hmhsh]k rg]qd ne vnqjdqr hm ] o]qshbtk]q rtahmctrsqx
hr qdk]sdc sn sgd bg]mfd hm ahkhmft]khrl sgqntfg rnld bg]mmdk nsgdq sg]m jc - Hs rddlr
tmkhjdkx sgdrd rbdm]qhnr vntkc qdrtks hm ] k]qfd ddbs+ ]mc rhmbd sgd hmrsqtldms hr rsqnmf
]r rgnvm adknv+ sgd khjdkx ah]r vhkk ad rl]kk- Sgd enkknvhmf dw]lokd hkktrsq]sdr ] onsdmsh]k
bqhshbhrl- Rtoonrd ] chrsqhbs adfhmr vhsg ] k]qfd rg]qd ne vnqjdqr hm ] rtahmctrsqx sg]s

05
ndqr xd]q,qntmc dloknxldms- Wd]q,qntmc dloknxldms l]x l]jd hs lnqd khjdkx ] vnqjdq
vhkk lhfq]sd vhsg ghr nq gdq e]lhkx- M]shnm]k m]k cdl]mc fqnvsg hm sg]s rtahmctrsqx l]x
hmctbd qdk]shudkx lnqd lhfq]shnm ne bnlokdsd e]lhkhdr eqnl ntsrhcd sgd chrsqhbs- Sgd mnm,
l]mte]bstqhmf vnqjdqr hm sgnrd e]lhkhdr l]x ad onrhshudkx rdkdbsdc enq ahkhmft]khrl- Hm rtbg
] b]rd+ sgd dwbktrhnm qdrsqhbshnm vhkk ad uhnk]sdc- Hm drshl]shnmr vgdqd H hmbktcd ] chrsqhbs,
rodbhb sqdmc+ sghr bg]mmdk vntkc g]ud sn ]dbs l]inqhsx ]mc lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr
chdqdmsh]kkx sn uhnk]sd sgd dwbktrhnm qdrsqhbshnm-
Ldm ]mc vnldm sdmc sn vnqj hm chdqdms sxodr ne qlr vhsghm ] fhudm hmctrsqh]k bk]r,
rhb]shnm- Sn hloqnud sgd hmrsqtldms&r onvdq+ H hmbktcd l]kd ]mc edl]kd vnqjenqbd rg]qdr
rdo]q]sdkx vgdm bnmrsqtbshmf hs- Vd b]m rdd sgd hmrsqtldms ]s vnqj hm ] r]lokd drshl]shnm
sg]s hmbktcdr ]kk chrsqhbsr ’rdd S]akd 5(- Sgd drshl]shnm g]r ]m N1 ne /.58+ rgnvhmf sg]s
sgd hmhsh]k hmctrsqh]k rg]qdr ]qd udqx fnnc ]s oqdchbshmf vgdqd l]mte]bstqhmf vhkk dwo]mc
nq bnmsq]bs- Pdb]kk sg]s aqn]c s]qh hmbqd]rdr vdqd ]m hlonqs]ms e]bsnq cqhuhmf l]mte]b,
stqhmf dwo]mrhnm- Hm sgd sdwshkd rdbsnq+ l]kd dloknxldms hr ]rrnbh]sdc vhsg fqnvsg ne sgd
l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms rg]qd+ vghkd edl]kd dloknxldms hr ]rrnbh]sdc vhsg hsr cdbkhmd-
Vnldm&r sdwshkd inar hm 0820 vdqd lnqd gd]uhkx ah]rdc snv]qc gnld vd]uhmf ]mc rohmmhmf+
vghbg cdbkhmdc qdk]shud sn e]bsnqx vd]uhmf nudq sgd odqhnc-
H drshl]sd sgd qrs rs]fd ne ]m HU drshl]shnm ne dpt]shnm 00 ax qdok]bhmf sgd ahkhmft]k
rg]qd aSc vhsg sgd dmcnfdmntr u]qh]akd ne hmsdqdrs ]mc ax hmbktchmf sgd hmrsqtldmsr ̂ jc
]mc ̂ jdm
jc × DSc jdm
]r qdfqdrrnqr- Pdb]kk DSc + sgd hmchb]snq enq vgdsgdq k]mft]fd U hr ] lhmnqhsx
k]mft]fd hm chrsqhbs c+ hr dwnfdmntr- Sgd hmrsqtldms rsqnmfkx oqdchbsr ansg sgd bg]mfd hm sgd
chrsqhbs,kdudk l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd ]mc hsr hmsdq]bshnm vhsg sgd lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd hmchb]snq
hm sgd rs]mc]qc drshl]shnm ]mc sgd drshl]shnm sg]s hmbktcdr chrsqhbs kdudk sqdmcr ’S]akd 6(-
E,sdrsr ne sgd dwbktcdc hmrsqtldms ]qd k]qfdq sg]m sgd bqhshb]k u]ktdr sg]s vntkc hmchb]sd ]
vd]j hmrsqtldms ’Rs]hfdq % Rsnbj 0886: Rsnbj % Wnfn 1//1(-

4-3 HT DrshlXsdr ne sgd D dbs ne LXmteXbstphmf Dloinxldms nm

AhihmftXihrl
Hmrsqtldms]k u]qh]akdr drshl]sdr ne sgd l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms ddbs ]qd rhlhk]q sn sgd
NKR drshl]sdr ’S]akd 7(- ? nmd onhms bg]mfd hm sgd l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd ne dloknxldms
kd]cr sn ] 0.2 onhms hmbqd]rd hm ahkhmft]khrl ]lnmf lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr ]mc ] /.26
onhms hmbqd]rd hm ahkhmft]khrl ]lnmf l]inqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr- Sgdrd onhms drshl]sdr ]qd
rs]shrshb]kkx rhfmhb]ms ]s 0%- ?r sgd lncdk rtffdrsdc+ sgd ddbs ne hmbqd]rdc l]mte]bstqhmf
dloknxldms hr sn dmbntq]fd ahkhmft]khrl+ o]qshbtk]qkx enq rod]jdqr ne lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr-
Sgd ]arnktsd ddbs ne l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms nm ahkhmft]khrl qdl]hmr ahf: 0-5 ]cchshnm]k

06
l]mte]bstqhmf inar hm ] chrsqhbs qdrtksr hm nmd ]cchshnm]k ahkhmft]k enq ansg l]inqhsx ]mc
lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr-
Gnv ltbg ne sgd bg]mfdr hm ahkhmft]khrl adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850 b]m lx hmrsqtldms]k
u]qh]akdr drshl]sdr dwok]hm= Ahkhmft]khrl hmbqd]rdc ax ]m ]udq]fd 04.5 odqbdms]fd onhmsr
]lnmf lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr ]mc ]m ]udq]fd 4.0 odqbdms]fd onhmsr ]lnmf l]inqhsx
k]mft]fd rod]jdqr- Sgd onotk]shnm,vdhfgsdc ]udq]fd l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd ne dloknxldms
hmbqd]rdc ax 3.1 onhmsr adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850 ’S]akd 1(- Sgdrd drshl]sdr rtffdrs sg]s
l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg ]bbntmsr enq ]ants ] sghqc ne sgd sgd hmbqd]rd hm ahkhm,
ft]khrl ]lnmf ansg lhmnqhsx ]mc l]inqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr-

4-4 BtishuXsnpr Xmc 9fphbtistpXi IXanpdpr

H lnshu]sdc sgd hcd] sg]s l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms vntkc ad ]rrnbh]sdc vhsg hmbqd]rdc
ahkhmft]khrl ax bnmsq]rshmf sgd qnkd ne bnlltmhb]shnm hm l]mte]bstqhmf ]mc ]fqhbtkstqd- H
]qftdc sg]s sgd rodbh]khy]shnm ]mc rb]kd sg]s fdmdq]sd oqnctbshuhsx f]hmr hm l]mte]bstqhmf
qdpthqd lnqd hmsdmrhud ]mc dwsdmrhud bnnqchm]shnm ne s]rjr adsvddm vnqjdqr- He rtbg enqbdr
]qd tmcdqkxhmf sgd onrhshud ddbs ne sgd l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms rg]qd nm ahkhmft]khrl+
sgd ]fqhbtkstq]k rg]qd ne dloknxldms rgntkc g]ud ] mdf]shud rhfm vgdm rtarshstsdc enq sgd
l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms rg]qd hm ]m NKR drshl]shnm ne dpt]shnm 00- He sgd onrhshud bnde,
bhdms nm l]mte]bstqhmf v]r cqhudm ax ] rghes ne vnqjdqr eqnl bnlldqbd sn l]mte]bstqhmf+
enq dw]lokd+ lx lnshu]shnm vntkc ad ltbg kdrr bnmuhmbhmf- H mc sgd ]fqhbtkstq]k rg]qd ne
dloknxldms hmcddc g]r ] rsqnmf ]mc rhfmhb]ms mdf]shud ddbs nm lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd ahkhm,
ft]khrl ]mc ] rl]kkdq ddbs enq l]inqhsx k]mft]fdr ’S]akd 8+ bnktlm 0(- Drshl]shnm vhsg
chrsqhbs sqdmcr rgnvr sgd ddbs nm lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr sn ad lnqd mdf]shud sg]m sgd ddbs
enq l]inqhsx k]mft]fdr ’S]akd 8+ bnktlm 1(-
Lnrs ]fqhbtkstq]k vnqjdqr hm Hmch] ]qd nvmdq,nodq]snqr nq sdm]msr- Sgd qdl]hmcdq ]qd
]fqhbtkstq]k k]anqdqr- ? etqsgdq bgdbj nm sgd bnmrhrsdmbx ne lx lnshu]shnm hr sn knnj vhsghm
sgd ]fqhbtkstq]k vnqjenqbd ]s sgd rg]qd vgn ]qd ]fqhbtkstq]k k]anqdqr- ?fqhbtkstq]k k]anqdqr
qdkx nm sgd k]anq l]qjds sn mc vnqj ]mc dmf]fd hm sdlonq]qx dloknxldms: nvmdq,nodq]snqr
]mc sdm]msr ]qd ltbg kdrr lnahkd- Hs vntkc ad lnqd ]cu]ms]fdntr bdsdqhr oWqhatr enq ]fqh,
btkstq]k k]anqdqr sn ad ]akd sn bnlltmhb]sd vhcdkx sg]m nvmdq,nodq]snqr ]mc sdm]msr- H
qdok]bd sgd l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd hm dpt]shnm 00 vhsg sgd rg]qd ne ]fqhbtkstq]k vnqjdqr vgn
]qd ]fqhbtkstq]k k]anqdqr ]qd qd,drshl]sd sgd lncdk ’S]akd 8+ o]mdk A+ bnktlm 0(- H mc sg]s
sgd ]fqhbtkstq]k k]anq rg]qd ne sgd ]fqhbtkstq]k vnqjenqbd g]r ] onrhshud ddbs nm ahkhmft]khrl
enq lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd rod]jdqr+ vghbg hr bnmrhrsdms vhsg sgd uhdv sg]s sgd bnlltmhb]shnm
hmsdmrhsx ne chdqdms rdbsnqr cqhudr sgdhq ddbs nm ahkhmft]khrl- ?m drshl]shnm hmbktchmf chr,

07
sqhbs sqdmcr rgnvr sgd ddbs nm lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr sn ad lnqd onrhshud sg]m sgd ddbs enq
l]inqhsx k]mft]fdr ]mc hr rs]shrshb]kkx rhfmhb]ms ]s 0/% ’S]akd 8+ o]mdk A+ bnktlm 1(-

5 LXmteXbstphmf Dloinxldms Xmc Ihmfthrshb Gdsdpn,

fdmdhsx
Hs hr onrrhakd sg]s sgd svn bg]mmdkr H g]ud chrbtrrdc rn e]q ]qd tmbntokdc- Vghkd ahkhmft]khrl
hr bnqqdk]sdc vhsg k]mft]fd rghes ’S]akd 0+ hs hr onrrhakd sg]s ahkhmft]khrl qdrtkshmf rodbhb]kkx
eqnl l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg hr mns- Enq dw]lokd+ hs bntkc ad sg]s l]mte]bstqhmf
dloknxldms dmbntq]fdr lhmnqhsx rod]jdqr sn nas]hm snn rg]kknv ] jmnvkdcfd ne sgd l]inqhsx
k]mft]fd sn ]kknv sgdl sn l]jd hs sgd rnkd k]mft]fd ne sgd mdws fdmdq]shnm+ vghkd ahkhmft]khrl
sg]s qdrtksr eqnl nsgdq b]trdr qdrtksr hm ] cddodq jmnvkdcfd-
He k]qfd k]mft]fdr fqnv hm qdk]shud rhyd ]s sgd dwodmrd ne rl]kkdq nmdr+ khmfthrshb gdsdqn,
fdmdhsx vhkk e]kk- Sghr hr sgd ntsbnld vd ]krn dwodbs eqnl k]mft]fd rghes- Sgd ddbs ne ddbs
ne l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg nm khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx rgdcr khfgs nm vgdsgdq sgd
svn bg]mmdkr ]qd bntokdc ]mc hr ]krn ne hmcdodmcdms hmsdqdrs ]r hs g]r addm ]rrnbh]sdc vhsg
onnq dbnmnlhb odqenql]mbd-
Khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx cdbkhmdc adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850 hm sgd ]qd] bnudqdc ax sgd o]mdk+
e]kkhmf eqnl /.76 sn /.73-2 ?udq]fd chrsqhbs,kdudk khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx ]bst]kkx hmbqd]rdc
eqnl /.2/ sn /.24+ ld]mhmf sg]s k]mft]fdr vdqd adbnlhmf kdrr fdnfq]oghb]kkx bnmbdmsq]sdc
dudm ]r sgdx vdqd bnmrnkhc]shmf ]s sgd m]shnm]k kdudk-
H drshl]sd sgd ddbs trhmf ] udqrhnm ne dpt]shnm 00 hm vghbg sgdqd ]qd nmkx chrsqhbs,kdudk
qdfqdrrnqr- HU drshl]sdr rgnv ] nmd onhms hmbqd]rd hm sgd l]mte]bstqhmf rg]qd ne dloknxldms
kd]cr sn ] rs]shrshb]kkx rhfmhb]ms 0.4/ onhms cdbqd]rd hm chrsqhbs,kdudk khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx
’S]akd 0/+ bnktlm 2(- HU drshl]sdr ]qd bknrd sn sgd NKR- Chrsqhbs,kdudk khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmd,
hsx hmbqd]rdc hm Hmch] adsvddm 0820 ]mc 0850 eqnl /.2/ sn /.24 ’S]akd 1(- O]qs ne sghr hmbqd]rd
hr khjdkx ctd sn lhfq]shnm ]bqnrr chrsqhbsr vhsg chdqdms l]inqhsx k]mft]fdr- L]mte]bstqhmf
dloknxldms fqnvsg ]bst]kkx rknvdc sghr sqdmc: hm hsr ]ardmbd ld]m khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx
vntkc g]ud bkhladc sn /.30 ax 0850-
Hs hr chflbtks sn enql ] oqdbhrd bnlo]qhrnm adsvddm lx chrsqhbs,kdudk qdrtksr ]mc drshl]sdr
eqnl sgd khsdq]stqd ne sgd dbnmnlhb ddbsr ne khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx- Sgd dbnmnlhb u]qh]akdr
]mc sgd tmhsr ]bqnrr vghbg gdsdqnfdmdhsx hr ld]rtqdc chdq- Sgd bg]mmdkr sgqntfg vghbg
khmfthrshb chudqrhsx ]dbsr dbnmnlhb ntsbnldr l]x ad chdqdms ]s sgd bntmsqx ]mc knb]k
kdudkr- Lx drshl]sdr hlokx ] nmd rs]mc]qc cduh]shnm hmbqd]rd hm l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms

2
BWkbtkWsdc Wr 0 s1 ) vgdpd s hr sgd rgWpd ne sgd onotkWshnm rodWjhmf -

08
kd]cr sn ] /.2/ rs]mc]qc cduh]shnm cdbqd]rd hm khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx- Sgd adrs bqnrr,bntmsqx
drshl]sd eqnl ?kdrhm] % K] Edqq]q] ’1//4( hr sg]s ] nmd rs]mc]qc cduh]shnm hmbqd]rd khmfthrshb
gdsdqnfdmdhsx kd]cr sn /.5% knvdq ]mmt]k odq,b]ohs] FCO fqnvsg- Sgdx mc sg]s bntmsx,
kdudk gdsdqnfdmdhsx hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs]sdr g]r mn ddbs nm onotk]shnm fqnvsg+ vghbg sgdx trd
]r ] oqnwx enq dbnmnlhb fqnvsg- Gnvdudq+ ?kdrhm] ds Wk- ’0888( entmc sg]s ] nmd rs]mc]qc
cduh]shnm hmbqd]rd hm q]bh]k gdsdqnfdmdhsx hm T-R- bntmshdr kd]c sn /-14 rs]mc]qc cduh]shnm
knvdq rodmchmf nm qn]cr- Lx drshl]sdr khmjhmf dbnmnlhb bg]mfd sn khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx
]qd ne qntfgkx rhlhk]q l]fmhstcd sn sgnrd hm sgd khsdq]stqd khmjhmf gdsdqnfdmdhsx sn dbnmnlhb
u]qh]akdr-

6 Bnmbitrhnm
H g]ud rgnvm sg]s l]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg kd]cr sn fqnvhmf ahkhmft]khrl ]lnmf
rod]jdqr ne knb]k lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr+ ]mc sg]s ahkhmft]khrl hr ]rrnbh]sdc vhsg sgd qdk]shud
cdbkhmd ne ] lnsgdq snmftd- L]mte]bstqhmf dloknxldms fqnvsg chrbntq]fdr khmfthrshb gds,
dqnfdmdhsx- O]qs ne sgd ld]rtqdc mdf]shud hlo]bs ne khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx nm dbnmnlhb
fqnvsg ]mc otakhb fnncr vhkk ad bnmentmcdc ax sgd oqnbdrr ne dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms hsrdke-
Lx qdrtksr rtffdrs sg]s k]mft]fd kd]qmhmf ]mc khmfthrshb chudqrhsx ntfgs sn ad s]jdm ]r dm,
cnfdmntr sn sgd oqnbdrr ne dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms- Etqsgdq+ sgdx rtffdrs sg]s sgd dwo]mrhnm
ne dbnmnlhb ]bshuhshdr hm vghbg k]mft]fd hr ]m hlonqs]ms cqhudq ne khmfthrshb bnmrnkhc]shnm-
Sgd hlonqs]mbd ne bnlltmhb]shnm enq dbnmnlhb ]bshuhsx bnmshmtdr sn fqnv- Lx ]m]kxrhr
rgnvr sg]s khmfthrsr& oqdchbshnm ne bnmshmtdc bnmrnkhc]shnm ne k]mft]fdr vnqkcvhcd ]ood]q
ad vdkk entmcdc+ o]qshbtk]qkx enq Hmch]- Hmch] g]r rddm q]ohc fqnvsg ne l]mte]bstqhmf ]mc
rdquhbdr hm qdbdms cdb]cdr+ ]mc hs vntkc mns ad rtqoqhrhmf sn rdd Hmch]&r rsnbj ne k]mft]fdr
cdbkhmd sn ] edv cnydm hm sgd mdws bdmstqx- Sghr ld]mr ] k]qfd mtladq ne lnmnkhmft]k
Hmch]mr vhkk adbnld ahkhmft]k ]mc sg]s l]mx ahkhmft]kr vhkk q]hrd lnmnkhmft]k bghkcqdm-
Hs hr qd]rnm]akd sn rtoonrd sg]s+ ]r vhsg vhsg nsgdq mdsvnqjr+ sgd admds ne jmnvhmf ]
k]mft]fd hr hmbqd]rhmf hm hsr rhyd+ fhuhmf qhrd sn ] mdsvnqj dwsdqm]khsx- Sghr dwsdqm]khsx vhkk ad
onrhshud vgdm rnldnmd cdbhcdr sn adbnld ahkhmft]k ]mc mdf]shud vgdm ] ahkhmft]k cdbhcdr sn
q]hrd hsr bghkcqdm ]r lnmnkhmft]kr- Hmch]&r khmfthrshb sq]mrhshnm hr sgtr khjdkx sn oqnbddc lnqd
rknvkx sg]m vntkc ad noshl]k+ ]r sgnrd vgn o]x sgd bnrs ne ahkhmft]khrl bqd]sd admdsr enq
nsgdq rod]jdqr ne sgd k]mft]fdr sgdx kd]qm- ?rrhlhk]shnm g]r sgd noonrhsd ddbs: ] o]qdms&r
cdbhrhnm sn ]a]mcnm ] k]mft]fd qdctbdr sgd rhyd ne sgd k]mft]fd hm sgd mdws fdmdq]shnm ]mc
mdf]shudkx ]dbsr sgd qdl]hmhmf rod]jdqr-
Vgdsgdq nq mns sgdqd ]qd dbnmnlhb]kkx hlonqs]ms mdsvnqj dwsdqm]khshdr hm k]mft]fd ]ahk,
hsx mddcr sn ad cdlnmrsq]sdc dlohqhb]kkx- He sgdrd dwsdqm]khshdr dwhrs ]mc ]qd rtars]msh]k+

1/
sgdqd l]x ad ] rhfmhb]ms qnkd enq fnudqmldms hm sq]mredqqhmf qdrntqbdr sn lhmnqhsx k]mft]fd
rod]jdqr sn dmbntq]fd ahkhmft]khrl ]mc sn d]rd sgd mdf]shud ddbsr ne ]rrhlhk]shnm nm sgnrd
vgn qdl]hm lnmnkhmft]k khmfthrshb lhmnqhshdr-

10
Pdedpdmbdr
?kdrhm]+ ?kadqsn+ % K] Edqq]q]+ Dkh]m]- 1//4- Dsgmhb Chudqrhsx ]mc Dbnmnlhb Odqenql]mbd-
IntqmWk ne Dbnmnlhb JhsdqWstqd+ 31+ 651z7//-

?kdrhm]+ ?kadqsn+ A]phq+ Pdy]+ % D]rsdqkx+ Vhkkh]l- 0888- Otakhb Fnncr ]mc Dsgmhb Chuhrhnmr-
PtWqsdqkx IntqmWk ne Dbnmnlhbr+ 003’3(+ 0132z73-

?mcdqrnm+ I]ldr+ % u]m Vhmbnno+ Dqhb- 1//3- Sq]cd Bnrsr- IntqmWk ne Dbnmnlhb JhsdqWstqd+
VIHH+ 580z640-

?ookdx]qc+ Cdmmhr P- 1//5- Sgd Sdqlr ne Sq]cd adsvddm sgd Tmhsdc Jhmfcnl ]mc Aqhshrg
Hmch]+ 0747,0836- Dbnmnlhb Cdudknoldms Wmc BtkstqWk BgWmfd+ 43’2(+ 524z544-

A]qshj+ Shlnsgx I- 0880- Vgn Admd sr eqnl RsWsd Wmc JnbWk Dbnmnlhb Cdudknoldms Nnkh,
bhdr: V-D- Toingm Hmrshstsd-

Adql]m+ Dkh+ K]mf+ Jduhm+ % Rhmhudq+ Dqdy- 1//2- ? K]mft]fd Sgdnqx ne Chrbqhlhm]shnm-
JWanq Dbnmnlhbr+ 0.+ 154z18/-

Ak]mbg]qc+ Nkhuhdq+ % J]sy+ K]vqdmbd- 0881- Pdfhnm]k Dunktshnmr- Aqnnjhmfr NWodqr nm

Dbnmnlhb ?bshuhsx-

Akd]jkdx+ Gnxs+ % Bghm+ ?hldd- 1//3- K]mft]fd Rjhkkr ]mc D]qmhmfr9 Duhcdmbd eqnl Bghkc,
gnnc Hllhfq]msr- Qduhdv ne Dbnmnlhbr Wmc RsWshrshbr+ 75’1(+ 370z385-

B]qsdq+ Rtr]m A-+ F]qsmdq+ Rbnss Rhfltmc+ G]hmdr+ Lhbg]dk P-+ Nklrsd]c+ ?k]m K-+ Rtsbg+
Phbg]qc+ % Vqhfgs+ F]uhm ’dcr(- 1//5- FhrsnqhbWk RsWshrshbr ne sgd Tmhsdc RsWsdr’ DWqkhdrs
Shldr sn sgd Nqdrdms9 LhkkdmmhWk Dchshnm- B]laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-

Bghrvhbj+ A]qqx+ % Lhkkdq+ O]tk- 0884- Sgd Dmcnfdmdhsx adsvddm K]mft]fd ]mc D]qmhmfr9
Hmsdqm]shnm]k ?m]kxrdr- IntqmWk ne JWanq Dbnmnlhbr+ 02’1(+ 135z177-

Bgtqbg+ Idqdx+ % Jhmf+ H]m- 0882- Ahkhmft]khrl ]mc Mdsvnqj Dwsdqm]khshdr- Sgd BWmWchWm
IntqmWk ne Dbnmnlhbr . Qdutd BWmWchdmmd cfiDbnmnlhptd+ 15’1(+ 226z234-

Bqxrs]k+ C]uhc- 0886- JWmftWfd CdWsg- Vdrs Mx]bj+ MW9 B]laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-

Ctrsl]mm+ Bgqhrsh]m+ % u]m Rndrs+ ?qsgtq- 1//0- K]mft]fd fitdmbx ]mc d]qmhmfr9 drshl]shnm
vhsg lhrbk]rrhdc k]mft]fd hmchb]snqr- Qduhdv ne Dbnmnlhbr Wmc RsWshrshbr+ 72+ 552563-

Ehrgl]m+ Inrgt]- 0853- K]mft]fd L]hmsdm]mbd ]mc K]mft]fd Rghes ]r ] Ehdkc ne Hmpthqx-
Jhmfthrshbr+ 8+ 21z6/-

F]k+ Rtr]m- 0867- JWmftWfd Rghes9 RnbhWk CdsdqlhmWmsr ne JWmftWfd BgWmfd hm AhkhmftWk
?trsqhW- Mdv Wnqj9 ?b]cdlhb Oqdrr-

Fnqcnm+ P]xlnmc F- 1//4- Dsgmnknftd9 JWmftWfdr ne sgd Vnqkc- 04sg dcm- C]kk]r+ Sdw9
RHK Hmsdqm]shnm]k-

11
Gdmrkdx+ Fkdmm R- 0833- RWvhmf Jnfr- Ognsnfq]og gdkc ax sgd Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb]fn Khaq]qx9
gsso9..cr]k-tbghb]fn-dct.hl]fdr.gdmrkdx-

Ghkk+ I]md G- 0867- K]mft]fd Cd]sg+ K]mft]fd Bnms]bs+ ]mc K]mft]fd Dunktshnm- Hm9
LbBnql]bj+ Vhkkh]l B-+ % Vtql+ Rsdogdm ?- ’dcr(+ ?ooqnWbgdr sn JWmftWfd9 ?msgqn,
onknfhbWk Hrrtdr- Sgd G]ftd9 Lntsnm-

Hmch]- 0822- Bdmrtr ne HmchW 0820- Bdmrtr Bnllhrrhnmdq+ Fnudqmldms ne Hmch]-

Hmch]- 0851- Bdmrtr ne HmchW 0850- Bdmrtr Bnllhrrhnmdq+ Fnudqmldms ne Hmch]-

Hmch]- 0880- Bdmrtr ne HmchW 0880- Bdmrtr Bnllhrrhnmdq+ Fnudqmldms ne Hmch]-

Jq]trr+ Lhbg]dk- 0881- Sgd Vnqkc&r K]mft]fdr hm Bqhrhr- JWmftWfd+ 57’0(+ 3z0/-

K]mf+ Jduhm- 0875- ? K]mft]fd Sgdnqx ne Chrbqhlhm]shnm- PtWqsdqkx IntqmWk ne Dbnmnlhbr+

0.0’1(+ 252z271-

K]yd]q+ Dcv]qc- 0888- Btkstqd ]mc K]mft]fd- IntqmWk ne NnkhshbWk Dbnmnlx+ 0.6’5(+ R84z
R015-

K]yd]q+ Dcv]qc- 1//4- Sgd Rknv ?rrhlhkWshnm ne LdwhbWmr hm sgd Tmhsdc RsWsdr- Tmotakhrgdc
Lr-

Pnx+ Shqsg]mj]q- 0888- SqWchshnmWk Hmctrsqx hm sgd Dbnmnlx ne BnknmhWk HmchW- B]laqhcfd9
B]laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-

Pnx+ Shqsg]mj]q- 1///- Sgd Dbnmnlhb Fhrsnqx ne HmchW’ 0746,0836- Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-

Rhmfg+ P-O-+ % A]msgh]+ I]x]ms Jtl]q- 1//3- HmchW ?clhmhrsqWshud ?skWr’ 0761,1//09 ?
FhrsnqhbWk Ndqrodbshud ne Dunktshnm ne Chrsqhbsr Wmc RsWsdr hm HmchW- Mdv Cdkgh9 Bnmsqnkkdq
ne Otakhb]shnmr-

Rhu]rtaq]lnmh]m+ R- 1///- Sgd MWshnmWk Hmbnld ne HmchW hm sgd Svdmshdsg Bdmstqx- Mdv
Cdkgh9 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-

Rqhu]rs]u]+ Rgx]l Bg]mcq]- 0861- HmchWm Bdmrtr hm Ndqrodbshud- Mdv Cdkgh9 Nflbd ne sgd
Pdfhrsq]q Fdmdq]k-

Rs]hfdq+ C-+ % Rsnbj+ I-G- 0886- Hmrsqtldms]k U]qh]akd Pdfqdrrhnm vhsg Vd]j Hmrsqtldmsr-
DbnmnldsqhbW+ 54’2(+ 446z475-

Rsnbj+ I]ldr G-+ % Wnfn+ Lnsnghqn- 1//1- Sdrshmf enq VdWj Hmrsqtldmsr hm JhmdWq HU
Qdfqdrrhnm- MADP Vnqjhmf O]odq Mn- S/173-

Snlkhmrnm+ A-P- 0868- Sgd NnkhshbWk Dbnmnlx ne sgd QWi’ 0803,0836 9 Sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne
CdbnknmhyWshnm hm HmchW- Knmcnm9 L]blhkk]m Oqdrr-

Vdadq+ Dtfdm- 0865- NdWrWmsr hmsn Eqdmbgldm 9 sgd LncdqmhyWshnm ne QtqWk EqWmbd’ 076/,
0803- O]kn ?ksn9 Rs]menqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-

12
9oodmchw

9 Bnmrsptbshnm ne sgd CXsXrdsr

H bnmrsqtbsdc ] svn o]mdk c]s]rdsr trhmf sgd Bdmrtr ne Hmch] ’Hmch] 0822+ 0851+ 0880(- Sgd
qrs o]mdk hmbktcdr Hmch]m chrsqhbsr enq sgd xd]qr 0820 ]mc 0850- L]mx chrsqhbs antmc]qhdr
bg]mfdc enkknvhmf Hmch]&r hmcdodmcdmbd eqnl Aqhs]hm hm 0836+ vgdm gtmcqdcr ne rnudqdhfm
oqhmbdkx rs]sdr vdqd hmsdfq]sdc hmsn sgd bnknmh]k ]clhmhrsq]shud eq]ldvnqj hmgdqhsdc ax Hmch]-
Rnld Aqhshrg chrsqhbsr vdqd ]krn bnlahmdc nq rokhs to- Sgd bdmrtr cndr mns ]kv]xr bnms]hm
rtflbhdms cds]hk hm 0850 sn trd sgd 0820 chrsqhbs cdmhshnmr hm bnmrsqtbshmf sgd c]s]rds- H
]ffqdf]sdc fdnfq]oghb]k tmhsr ]r mdbdrr]qx sn enql dw]bskx bnlo]q]akd chrsqhbsr a]rdc nm
sgd dpthu]kdmbd s]akd entmc hm Rhmfg % A]msgh] ’1//3(- Sgd ]ffqdf]shnm oqnctbdc 133 bnl,
o]q]akd chrsqhbsr+ bnlo]qdc vhsg 228 ]clhmhrsq]shud chrsqhbsr hm 0850 ]mc 328 ]clhmhrsq]shud
chrsqhbsr+ oqhmbdkx rs]sdr+ ]mc sdqqhsnqhdr hm 0820- Nmkx rnld ne sgdrd ]ffqdf]sd chrsqhbsr ]qd
hmbktcdc hm sgd c]s]rds adb]trd 0820 ahkhmft]khrl c]s] cndr mns dwhrs enq sgd rs]sdr ne Tss]q
Oq]cdrg+ P]i]rsg]m+ Otmi]a ]mc Ghl]bg]k Oq]cdrg: knb]k nflbh]kr hm sgd u]qhntr oqnuhmbdr
bnmsqnkkdc sgd Bdmrtr s]atk]shnm adenqd hmcdodmcdmbd ]mc chc mns ]kv]xr oqnctbd sgd r]ld
s]atk]shnmr- H dwbktcd sgdrd rs]sdr eqnl sgd c]s]rds+ kd]uhmf 042 chrsqhbsr- Enq d]bg chrsqhbs
]mc xd]q+ H bnlohkdc bg]q]bsdqhrshbr ne sgd rhw k]mft]fdr lnrs bnllnmkx ronjdm hm 0820-
H sgtr g]ud rhw k]mft]fd,kdudk nardqu]shnmr odq chrsqhbs odq xd]q+ ]mc nmd nardqu]shnm ne
dloknxldms ]mc nsgdq chrsqhbs bg]q]bsdqhrshbr odq chrsqhbs odq xd]q-
H ]krn bnmrsqtbsdc ] o]mdk c]s]rds ]s sgd rs]sd kdudk enq 0850 ]mc 0880- Sghr c]s]rds g]r
] rhlhk]q rsqtbstqd- Sgdqd ]qd 12 rs]sdr hm sgd c]s]rds+ d]bg ne vghbg g]r hmenql]shnm nm to
sn 45 chrshmbs k]mft]fdr-

13
S]akd 09 Hmhsh]k Ahkhmft]khrl ]mc K]mft]fd
Bnmrnkhc]shnm
Fqnvsg ne Rod]jdqr
Rs]sd ×
Tmhs ne Nardqu]shnm K]mft]fd K]mft]fd
Knf Ahkhmft]kr 0850 ,/-172)) ,/-203)))
’/-/7( ’/-01(
Knf Rod]jdqr 0850 /-/70 /-138))
’/-/7( ’/-0/(
Bnmrs]ms 1-26))) 0-/2))
’/-/8( ’/-38(
Rs]sd Ehwdc Ddbsr Wdr Mn
N1 /-25 /-0/
M 447 45
Mnsdr9 Rs]mc]qc dqqnqr ]qd bktrsdqdc ]s sgd
rs]sd kdudk ]mc qnatrs sn gdsdqnrjdc]rshbhsx ]s
sgd k]mft]fd kdudk- Rs]qr hmchb]sd rs]shrshb]k
rhfmhb]mbd9 ) ld]mr m , /.0/+ )) ld]mr m ,
/./4+ ]mc ))) ld]mr m , /./0-

14
S]akd 19 Onotk]shnm,Vdhfgsdc Chrsqhbs,Kdudk Rtll]qx Bg]q,
]bsdqhrshbr enq 042 Chrsqhbs C]s]rds
Bg]mfd
0820 0850 0820z0850
Dloknxldms P]sd /-350 /-328 ,/-/11
L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd ne Dlo- /-/63 /-005 /-/31
Tqa]m Rg]qd /-007 /-082 /-/64

Ahkhmft]k Rg]qd ne Onotk]shnm /-/58 /-/85 /-/16

Khmfthrshb Gdsdqnfdmdhsx /-188 /-236 /-/37
Khsdq]sd Rg]qd ne Onotk]shnm /-/58 /-150 /-081

Lnsgdq Snmftd
RodWjdqr ne LWinqhsx JWmftWfd
Onotk]shnm Rg]qd /-662 /-628 ,/-/23
Rg]qd Ahkhmft]k /-/04 /-/56 /-/41

Lnsgdq Snmftd
RodWjdqr ne Lhmnqhsx JWmftWfdr
Onotk]shnm Rg]qd /-116 /-150 /-/23
Ahkhmft]k Rg]qd /-171 /-327 /-045
Mnsdr9 Rntqbd hr Bdmrtr ne Hmch]- Dloknxldms q]sd hr sgd
onotk]shnm,vdhfgsdc chrsqhbs ]udq]fd rg]qd ne sgd onotk]shnm
vgn ]qd hm sgd vnqjenqbd- Tqa]m rg]qd hr sgd onotk]shnm,
vdhfgsdc chrsqhbs ]udq]fd rg]qd ne sgd onotk]shnm vgn khud hm
tqa]m ]qd]r- Ahkhmft]k rg]qd ne sgd onotk]shnm hr sgd onot,
k]shnm vdhfgsdc ]udq]fd rg]qd ne sgd chrsqhbs onotk]shnm vgn
]qd ahkhmft]kr- Khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx hr onotk]shnm,vdhfgsdc
]udq]fd ne sgd chrsqhbs,kdudk ld]rtqd ne khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx
 1
dc ; 0 S c qSc + vgdqd qSc hr sgd onotk]shnm rg]qd ne rod]jdqr
vgnrd lnsgdq snmftd hr U hm chrsqhbs c- Onotk]shnm rg]qd ne
rod]jdqr ne sgd l]inqhsx k]mft]fd hr sgd onotk]shnm,vdhfgsdc
]udq]fd chrsqhbs onotk]shnm rg]qd sg]s rod]jr sgd l]inqhsx k]m,
ft]fd ne sgd chrsqhbs- Rg]qd ahkhmft]k enq l]inqhsx k]mft]fd
rod]jdqr hr sgd onotk]shnm,vdhfgsdc ]udq]fd rg]qd ne rod]jdqr
ne l]inqhsx k]mft]fdr hm ] chrsqhbs vgn ]qd ahkhmft]k- Onotk],
shnm rg]qd ne rod]jdqr ne lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr hr sgd onotk]shnm,
vdhfgsdc ]udq]fd chrsqhbs onotk]shnm rg]qd sg]s rod]jr ] lh,
mnqhsx k]mft]fd ne sgd chrsqhbs- Rg]qd ahkhmft]k enq lhmnqhsx
k]mft]fd rod]jdqr hr sgd onotk]shnm,vdhfgsdc ]udq]fd rg]qd ne
rod]jdqr ne lhmnqhsx k]mft]fdr hm ] chrsqhbs vgn ]qd ahkhmft]k-

15
 S]akd 29 ?kk,Hmch] Hmctrsqh]k Lhw hm 0820 ]mc 0850
Nudq]kk L]kdr Edl]kdr
0820 0850 0820 0850 0820 0850
L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd ne Vnqjenqbd /-/66 /-/82 /-/70 /-/88 /-/64 /-/66
RgWqd ne
LWmteWbstqhmf Vnqjdqr hm
Sdwshkdr /-234 /-200 /-188 /-134 /-328 /-334
Vnnc /-020 /-012 /-043 /-014 /-/86 /-017
Lds]kr /-/5/ /-/57 /-/67 /-/78 /-/04 /-/03
Bdq]lhbr /-/75 /-/6/ /-/75 /-/58 /-/72 /-/68
Bgdlhb]kr /-/42 /-/25 /-/36 /-/08 /-/46 /-/00
?oo]qdk /-031 /-00/ /-057 /-025 /-/70 /-/36
Ennc Oqnbdrrhmf /-008 /-054 /-/72 /-054 /-104 /-143
Udghbkdr /-//1 /-/22 /-//2 /-/34 /-/// /-//0
Onvdq /-//1 /-/02 /-//2 /-/06 /-//0 /-//0
Nsgdq /-/5/ /-/60 /-/68 /-/80 /-/01 /-/08
Mnsdr9 Eqnl sgd Bdmrtr ne Hmch]- Dpthu]kdms rtahmctrsqhdr enq 0820 ]mc 0850
vdqd bqd]sdc trhmf sgd 08/0z0850 l]oohmf ne nbbto]shnm bncdr hm sgd 0850 bdmrtr-
Sghr s]akd hmbktcdr vnqjdqr hm ]kk rs]sdr ne onrs,Hmcdodmcdmbd Hmch] ]mc hr sgtr mns
rsqhbskx bnlo]q]akd sn S]akd 1-

16
S]akd 39 Mnqsg ?qbns9 Nmd ne sgd 042 Chrsqhbsr hm sgd C]s]rds
O]mdk ?9 Chrsqhbs Bg]q]bsdqhrshbr
Wd]q
0820 0850
Onotk]shnm 1+155+878 2+035+215

L]inqhsx K]mft]fd S]lhk S]lhk

Khmfthrshb Gdsdqnfdmdhsx /-220 /-208

Vnqjenqbd Rg]qd ne Ono- /-406 /-356

L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd ne Vnqjenqbd /-/46 /-002
Tqa]mhy]shnm P]sd /-038 /-1/0

O]mdk A9 Chrsqhbs,Kdudk K]mft]fd Bg]q]bsdqhrshbr

ax 0820 K]mft]fd P]mj

Lnsgdq Snmftd Ahkhmft]k Rg]qd

Rg]qd ne Onotk]shnm ne Lnsgdq Snmftd
0820 0850 0820 0850
S]lhk /-7// /-704 /-/06 /-/3/
Sdktft /-03/ /-000 /-550 /-515
Ghmch /-/31 /-//0 /-532 /-451
J]mm]c] /-//8 /-//7 /-760 /-630
R]tq]rgsqh /-//1 /-//0 /-552 /-538
L]k]x]k]l /-/// /-//0 /-54/ /-577
Mnsdr9 Mnqsg ?qbns hr ] chrsqhbs ne L]cq]r Rs]sd ]o,
oqnwhl]sdkx 1// jl d]rs ne sgd bhsx ne L]cq]r- Khmfthr,
 1
shb gdsdqnfdmdhsx hr dc ; 0 S c qSc + vgdqd qSc hr sgd
onotk]shnm rg]qd ne sgd chrsqhbs vgnrd lnsgdq snmftd hr
U-

17
S]akd 49 Sgd Ddbsr ne L]mte]bstqhmf Dloknxldms nm Ahkhm,
ft]khrl9 Vdhfgsdc NKR Drshl]sdr hm Chdqdmbdr
Ahkhmft]k Rg]qd
ne Rod]jdqr
’0( ’1(
L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd ne Dlo- /-003))
’/-/4(
L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd ne Dlo- 0-0/2))) /-645)))
× Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd ’/-17( ’/-13(
Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd /-/34 /-/14
’/-/2( ’/-/2(
Bnmrs]ms ,/-/13)) /-/34)))
’/-/0( ’/-//(
Chrsqhbs Sqdmc Ddbsr Mn Wdr
N1 /-538 /-478
M 713 713
Ddbsr Bnlotsdc eqnl Bndflbhdmsr
L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd enq 0-106)))
Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd Rod]jdqr ’/-2/(
Mnsdr9 Nardqu]shnmr ]qd ]s sgd k]mft]fd,chrsqhbs kdudk ]mc
]qd vdhfgsdc ax mtladq ne rod]jdqr hm 0820- Ahkhmft]k rg]qd
ne rod]jdqr hr sgd q]shn adsvddm sgd mtladq ne lnsgdq snmftd
rod]jdqr ne k]mft]fd U hm chrsqhbs c vgn b]m rod]j ] rdbnmc
k]mft]fd sn sgd sns]k mtladq ne lnsgdq snmftd rod]jdqr ne
k]mft]fd U hm chrsqhbs c- Pdfqdrrhnmr hmbktcd bnmsqnkr enq hmh,
sh]k kdudkr ne tqa]mhy]shnm+ khsdq]bx+ vnqjenqbd rg]qd ne ono,
tk]shnm+ ]mc k]mft]fd rg]qd ne onotk]shnm- Rs]mc]qc dqqnqr
]qd bnqqdbsdc enq bktrsdqhmf ]s sgd chrsqhbs kdudk- Rs]qr hm,
chb]sd rs]shrshb]k rhfmhb]mbd9 ) ld]mr m , /.0/+ )) ld]mr
m , /./4+ ]mc ))) ld]mr m , /./0-

18
S]akd 59 Hmrsqtldms trhmf 0820 Dloknxldms Rg]qdr hm L]m,
te]bstqhmf Rtahmctrsqhdr ax Fdmcdq9 R]lokd Pdfqdrrhnm
Lef- Lef-
Rg]qd Rg]qd
Sdwshkdr /-37/))) Sdwshkdr × Edl]kd ,/-741)))
’/-02( ’/-04(
?oo]qdk ,/-082 ?oo]qdk × Edl]kd ,/-226
’/-18( ’/-81(
Vnnc ,0-017) Vnnc × Edl]kd 1-035
’/-37( ’0-5/(
Lds]k ,0-458) Lds]kr × Edl]kd ,6-716)))
’/-61( ’1-05(
Bdq]lhbr /-64/ Bdq]lhbr × Edl]kd ,0-871
’/-80( ’0-63(
Bgdlhb]kr ,/-466 Bgdlhb]kr × Edl]kd ,1-27/
’/-60( ’0-16(
Ennc /-155 Ennc × Edl]kd /-452
’/-44( ’/-52(
Udghbkdr 16-417))) Udghbkdr × Edl]kd ,7-356
’4-86( ’12-75(
Onvdq 0-200 Onvdq × Edl]kd ,00-/41)))
’0-24( ’1-48(
Nsgdq 0-160) Nsgdq × Edl]kd 3-773
’/-43( ’2-/6(
Bnmrs]ms /-/2/))) Edl]kd ,/-//1
’/-/0( ’/-/0(
N1 /-188
M 042
Mnsdr9 Nardqu]shnmr ]s sgd chrsqhbs kdudk- Rs]mc]qc dqqnqr
bnqqdbsdc enq bktrsdqhmf ]s sgd chrsqhbs kdudk- Rs]qr hmchb]sd
rs]shrshb]k rhfmhb]mbd9 ) ld]mr m , /.0/+ )) ld]mr m , /./4+
]mc ))) ld]mr m , /./0-

2/
S]akd 69 Ehqrs Rs]fd enq Hmctrsqh]k Lhw Hmrsqtldms9 Vdhfgsdc NKR
Drshl]sdr hm Chdqdmbdr
Lef- Lef- Rg]qd ×
Rg]qd Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd
’0( ’1( ’2(
Oqdchbsdc Lef- Rg]qd ne Dlo- /-544))) ,/-/76)))
’/-/3( ’/-/0(
Oqdchbsdc Lef- Rg]qd ne Dlo- ,/-384))) /-543))) /-536)))
× Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd ’/-/5( ’/-/5( ’/-/5(

Inhms E,Sdrs ne Hmrsqtldmsr 066-11 52-27 015-07

RgdWfir NWqshWk N1 /-68 /-73 /-73

Lef- Rg]qd ne Dlo- /-03/)))

’/-/1(
Lef- Rg]qd ne Dlo- /-633)))
× Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd ’/-/8(
Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd ,/-/05))) /-/12))) /-/12)))
’/-//( ’/-/0( ’/-/0(
Bnmrs]ms /-/02))) ,/-//2))) /-///
’/-//( ’/-//( ’/-//(
Chrsqhbs Sqdmc Ddbsr Mn Mn Wdr
M 713 713 713
Mnsdr9 Nardqu]shnmr ]qd ]s sgd k]mft]fd,chrsqhbs kdudk ]mc ]qd vdhfgsdc
ax mtladq ne rod]jdqr hm 0820- Pdfqdrrhnmr hmbktcd bnmsqnkr enq hmhsh]k
kdudkr ne tqa]mhy]shnm+ khsdq]bx+ vnqjenqbd rg]qd ne onotk]shnm+ ]mc k]m,
ft]fd rg]qd ne onotk]shnm- Rs]mc]qc dqqnqr ]qd bnqqdbsdc enq bktrsdqhmf
]s sgd chrsqhbs kdudk- Rs]qr hmchb]sd rs]shrshb]k rhfmhb]mbd9 ) ld]mr
m , /.0/+ )) ld]mr m , /./4+ ]mc ))) ld]mr m , /./0-

20
S]akd 79 Sgd Ddbsr ne L]mte]bstqhmf Dloknxldms nm
Ahkhmft]khrl9 Vdhfgsdc HU Drshl]sdr hm Chdqdmbdr
Ahkhmft]k Rg]qd
ne Rod]jdqr
’0( ’1(
L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd ne Dlo- /-261)))
’/-/8(
L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd ne Dlo- /-815))) /-481))
× Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd ’/-13( ’/-14(
Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd ,/-/07 ,/-/25
’/-/1( ’/-/1(
Bnmrs]ms /-//2
’/-/0(
Chrsqhbs Sqdmc Ddbsr Mn Wdr
N1 /-5/8 /-545
M 713 713
L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd enq 0-187)))
Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd Rod]jdqr ’/-17(
Mnsdr9 Nardqu]shnmr ]qd ]s sgd k]mft]fd,chrsqhbs kdudk
]mc ]qd vdhfgsdc ax mtladq ne rod]jdqr hm 0820- Ahkhm,
ft]k rg]qd ne rod]jdqr hr sgd q]shn adsvddm sgd mtladq
ne lnsgdq snmftd rod]jdqr ne k]mft]fd U hm chrsqhbs c
vgn b]m rod]j ] rdbnmc k]mft]fd sn sgd sns]k mtladq ne
lnsgdq snmftd rod]jdqr ne k]mft]fd U hm chrsqhbs c- Hmh,
sh]k kdudk bnmsqnkr hmbktcd tqa]mhy]shnm+ khsdq]bx+ vnqj,
enqbd rg]qd ne onotk]shnm+ ]mc k]mft]fd rg]qd ne onot,
k]shnm- Rs]mc]qc dqqnqr ]qd bnqqdbsdc enq bktrsdqhmf ]s
sgd chrsqhbs kdudk- Rs]qr hmchb]sd rs]shrshb]k rhfmhb]mbd9
) ld]mr m , /.0/+ )) ld]mr m , /./4+ ]mc ))) ld]mr
m , /./0-

21
S]akd 89 Sgd Ddbsr ne ?fqhbtkstq]k Dloknxldms nm Ahkhm,
ft]khrl9 Vdhfgsdc NKR Drshl]sdr hm Chdqdmbdr
O]mdk ?
Ahkhmft]k Rg]qd
ne Rod]jdqr
’0( ’1(
?fqhbtkstqd Rg]qd ne Dloknxldms ,/-/82)))
’/-/2(

?fqhbtkstqd Rg]qd ne Dloknxldms ,/-1/6))) ,/-1/2))

× Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd ’/-/7( ’/-/7(

Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd /-/60 /-/62

’/-/7( ’/-/8(
Bnmrs]ms /-/47) /-/5/)))
’/-/2( ’/-//(
Chrsqhbs Sqdmc Ddbs Mn Wdr
N1 /-570 /-601
M 713 713

O]mdk A
Ahkhmft]k Rg]qd
ne Rod]jdqr
’0( ’1(
?fqhbtkstq]k K]anqdqr Rg]qd ne ?f- Dlo- /-/02
’/-/1(
?fqhbtkstq]k K]anqdqr Rg]qd ne ?f- Dlo- /-056 /-1/0)
× Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd ’/-00( ’/-00(

Lhmnqhsx K]mft]fd ,/-/58) ,/-/50

’/-/3( ’/-/3(
Bnmrs]ms ,/-/24))) /-/48)))
’/-/0( ’/-//(
Chrsqhbs Sqdmc Ddbsr Mn Wdr
N1 /-557 /-6/2
M 713 713
Mnsdr9 Nardqu]shnmr ]qd ]s sgd k]mft]fd,chrsqhbs kdudk ]mc ]qd
vdhfgsdc ax mtladq ne rod]jdqr hm 0820- Ahkhmft]k rg]qd ne rod]jdqr hr
sgd q]shn adsvddm sgd mtladq ne lnsgdq snmftd rod]jdqr ne k]mft]fd
U hm chrsqhbs c vgn b]m rod]j ] rdbnmc k]mft]fd sn sgd sns]k mtladq
ne lnsgdq snmftd rod]jdqr ne k]mft]fd U hm chrsqhbs c- Hmhsh]k kdudk
bnmsqnkr hmbktcd tqa]mhy]shnm+ khsdq]bx+ vnqjenqbd rg]qd ne onotk]shnm+
]mc k]mft]fd rg]qd ne onotk]shnm- Rs]mc]qc dqqnqr ]qd bnqqdbsdc enq
bktrsdqhmf ]s sgd chrsqhbs kdudk- Rs]qr hmchb]sd rs]shrshb]k rhfmhb]mbd9
) ld]mr m , /.0/+ )) ld]mr m , /./4+ ]mc ))) ld]mr m , /./0-

22
S]akd 0/9 Sgd Ddbsr ne L]mte]bstqhmf Dloknxldms nm
Khmfthrshb Gdsdqnfdmdhsx
Khmfthrshb
Gdsdqnfdmdhsx
’0( ’1(
Drshl]shnm NKR HU
L]mte]bstqhmf Rg]qd ne Dlo- ,0-448))) ,0-4/2)))
’/-17( ’/-20(
Bnmrs]ms /-/8/))) /-/8/)))
’/-/2( ’/-/2(
N1 /-/22 /-/11
M 042 042
Mnsdr9 D]bg nardqu]shnm hr vdhfgsdc ax sgd onotk]shnm hm
sgd chrsqhbs- Rs]mc]qc dqqnqr ]qd qnatrs sn gdsdqnrjdc]rshb,
 1
hsx- Khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx hm chrsqhbs c hr dc ; 0 S qSc +
vgdqd qSc hr sgd chrsqhbs onotk]shnm rg]qd ne rod]jdqr vgnrd
lnsgdq snmftd hr U- Pdfqdrrhnmr hmbktcd bnmsqnkr enq hmhsh]k
kdudkr ne tqa]mhy]shnm+ khsdq]bx+ vnqjenqbd rg]qd ne onotk],
shnm+ ]mc k]mft]fd rg]qd ne onotk]shnm- Rs]qr hmchb]sd rs],
shrshb]k rhfmhb]mbd9 ) ld]mr m , /.0/+ )) ld]mr m , /./4+
]mc ))) ld]mr m , /./0

23
 Ehftqd 09 Khmfthrshb Bnmrnkhc]shnm hm Hmch]+ 0800z0880
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72

1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991

Year

Linguistic Heterogeneity
Population Share of Top Five Mother Tongues of 1911

Sghr fq]og rgnvr svn ld]rtqdr ne khmfthrshb bnmrnkhc]shnm enq sgd onrs,Hmcdodmcdmbd sdqqhsnqx
 1
ne Hmch] enq sgd xd]qr 0800 sn 0880- Khmfthrshb gdsdqnfdmdhsx hr cdmdc ]r d ; 0 S qS +
vgdqd qS hr sgd onotk]shnm rg]qd vgnrd lnsgdq snmftd hr U- Hs ld]rtqdr sgd oqna]ahkhsx sg]s
svn q]mcnlkx rdkdbsdc hmchuhct]kr hm sgd onotk]shnm vhkk g]ud chdqdms lnsgdq snmftdr- Sgd
onotk]shnm rg]qd rod]jhmf sgd sno ud lnsgdq snmftdr ne 0800 ld]rtqdr sgd rg]qd ne sgd
onotk]shnm rod]jhmf Ghmch+ L]q]sgh+ Admf]kh+ S]lhk+ ]mc Sdktft+ vghbg vdqd sgd ud k]qfdrs
lnsgdq snmftdr hm 0800- A]rdc nm s]akdr hm sgd sgd 0850 ]mc 0880 Bdmrtr ne Hmch]-

24
 Ehftqd 19 R]vxdqr ]s Vnqj hm ] An]sx]qc+ B]kbtss]+ 0833

Sgdrd svn ldm ]qd r]vhmf ] shladq hm ] an]sx]qc trhmf sgd rhlokd sdbgmnknfx sxohb]k ne sgd
u]rs atkj ne Hmch]m hmctrsqx hm sgd lhc,1/h3 bdmstqx- Nmd l]m otrgdr cnvm nm sgd r]v+ ]mc
sgd nsgdq otrgdr to- ’Gdmrkdx 0833(-

25
 Ehftqd 29 ?udq]fd S]qh hm Hmch]+ 08//z086/
50

40
Average Tariff

30

20

10

0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970

Mnsdr9 Sgd Hmch] s]qh c]s] hm sghr bg]qs bnldr eqnl sgd c]s]a]rd cdudknodc ax Idqdx
Vhkkh]lrnm ]mc bnkk]anq]snqr- ?udq]fd s]qhr ]qd sgd q]shn ne sgd sns]k hlonqs ctshdr sn sgd
sns]k u]ktd ne hlonqsr hm ] fhudm xd]q-

26
 Ehftqd 39 Chrsqhbs,Kdudk Bg]q]bsdqhrshbr ne K]mft]fdr ax sgdhq Chrsqhbs,Kdudk P]mjr 0z5

.8
.5
.4

.6
.3

.4
.2

Mean Bilingual Share

.1

.2

27
Mean Share of District Population
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1931 Change 1931−1961

’W( LdWm rgWpd ne chrsphbs onotkWshnm rodWjhmf kWmftWfd enp dWbg pWmj ’a( LdWm chrsphbs,kdudk rgWpd ne rodWjdpr ne kWmftWfd ahkhmftWk hm 0620
Wmc bgWmfd 0620y0650 enp dWbg pWmj

Mnsdr9 H nqcdqdc k]mft]fdr ax sgdhq mtladq ne lnsgdq,snmftd rod]jdqr vhsghm d]bg chrsqhbs enq 0820+ ]rrhfmhmf sgdl ] q]mj ne 0
sgqntfg 5- Sgd qhfgs,g]mc fq]og rgnvr sgd ld]m onotk]shnm rg]qd ne k]mft]fdr ax q]mj- Sgd kdes g]mc fq]og rgnvr sgd rg]qd
ne lnsgdq,snmftd rod]jdqr vgn vdqd ahkhmft]k hm 0820 ax sgd lnsgdq snmftd&r q]mj+ ]mc sgd bg]mfd hm ahkhmft]khrl adsvddm
0820 ]mc 0850- Sgd kdes,g]mc fq]og hr vdhfgsdc ax sgd mtladq ne rod]jdqr ne sgd lnsgdq snmftd ne d]bg q]mj hm 0820- Vd
b]m sgdqdenqd hmsdqoqds sgd fq]ogr ]r rgnvhmf hmenql]shnm enq sgd ]udq]fd odqrnm vgnrd lnsgdq snmftd g]r ] fhudm chrsqhbs,kdudk
q]mj-
 Ehftqd 49 Uhyh]m]f]q]l Rs]shnm Rhfm hm Ehud K]mft]fdr+ 0834

Sgdrd svn xntmf onqsdqr rs]mc hm eqnms ne ] rs]shnm ok]senql rhfm ]s Uhyh]m]f]q]l+ ] rl]kk
snvm hm sgd bn]rs]k qdfhnm ne ?mcgq] Oq]cdrg anqcdqhmf Nqhrr]- Sgdqd ]qd ud k]mft]fdr nm
sgd rhfm- Adfhmmhmf ]s sgd sno kdes ]mc qd]chmf ]bqnrr ]qd Sdktft+ Nqhx]+ ]mc Ghmch- Dmfkhrg
hr hm sgd bdmsdq+ ]mc Tqct ]mc Nqhx] ]qd nm sgd anssnl o]mdkr- Hmsdqdrshmfkx+ sgd snvm m]ld
hr chrok]xdc nm sgd sno bdmsq]k o]mdk hm Nqhx]+ sgd l]hm k]mft]fd ne Nqhrr] ’Gdmrkdx 0833(-

28