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Shaswat Shukla - Internship Report20-21
Shaswat Shukla - Internship Report20-21
Shaswat Shukla - Internship Report20-21
On
“ DESIGNING OF RIGID PAVEMENT ”
Affiliated To RGPV
Submitted to Submitted by
Name Of Student
Shaswat Shukla
[0616CE191058]
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 Rigid Pavement
2 Components Of CC Pavements
3 Different Types Of CC Pavements
4 Joints In CC Pavements
6 References
RIGID
PAVEMENTS???
⮚ As the name implies, rigid pavements are rigid i.e, they do not ex much under loading like
flexible pavements.
⮚ They are constructed using cement concrete. In this case, the load carrying capacity is
mainly due to the
⮚ rigidity ad high modulus of elasticity of the slab (slab action). H. M. Westergaard is
considered the pioneer in
⮚ providing the rational treatment of the rigid pavement analysis. 2
WHERE IS RIGID
3
PAVEMENT PROVIDED????
⮚Rigid pavements are usually provided when road stretch is
subjected to adverse conditions:
Very heavy rainfall
Poor soil conditions
Poor drainage
Extreme climatic conditions
Combinations of some of these conditions which may lead to
development of cracks inn pavements
4
COMPONENTS OF CC PAVEMENT
Material for construction of CC
5
pavements
PORTLAND CEMENT
The type of cement that may be used for the preparation of PQC and
construction of cement concrete road construction pavement are:-
(i) Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade.
(ii) Ordinary Portland 53 Grade.
(iii) Portland Pozzolana cement with fly ash content up to 20% by weight.
(iv) Portland slag cement. However most commonly used cement for the
cement concrete road construction is ordinary Portland cement of 43
Grade.
The coarse aggregate that is used for PQC of cement concrete road
construction should fulfill the following requirements apart from this the
maximum size being limited to 31.5 mm.
Different Types of CC
Pavements
❑Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
– does not use any reinforcing steel
Construction Process
11
The construction of concrete pavement involves sequential
construction of subgrade,
sub-base/ base and the concrete slab. These are discussed
in the following.
Subgrade preparation
Subgrade preparation involves cleaning, earthwork
(excavation or filling of soil, replacement of weak soil, soil
stabilization etc.) and compaction.
Where the concrete layer is laid directly over the subgrade,
the subgrade is moist at the time concrete is placed. If the
subgrade is dry, water could be sprinkled over the surface
before laying any concrete course, however, care should
taken so that soft patches or water pools are not formed at
the surface (IRC:15-2002,Chakroborty and Das 2003). As an
alternative arrangement, concreting could be done over a
water proof polyethylene sheet, and in that case moistening
the subgrade surface becomes redundant. This polyethylene
sheet acts as a capillary cut-off layer (IRC:15 2002). Figure-
31 presents a photograph of subgrade construction in
progress.
Construction Process
12
Fixed form paving system
In fixed-form paver system, generally, separate powered machines for spreading, compacting and
finishing are used. The spreader spreads concrete evenly through reversible auger to the
desired surcharge level(O'Flaherty 2002). The rotary strike-off paddles trim minor irregularities in
the surface of the surcharge concrete and adjusts with the carriage way cross-slope . The
compaction beam applies vibration to the concrete with pre-designed amplitude and frequency
(O'Flaherty 2002). This vibration also helps to put the dowel and tie bars at their desired
positions (for a single layer construction).
The wet formed joint groove is made by introducing vertical cut immediately after compaction is
over and inserting a preformed cellular permanent strip . As an alternative, saw joint groove can
be made after the concrete is sufficiently hardened and can maintain the sharp edge itself
(O'Flaherty 2002).
The finishing of the surface is made, generally, with a pair of finishing beams . The leading beam
vibrates and smoothens the surface, and the rear beam acts as float . The beams are oriented
obliquely so that it causes less damage to the joints (O'Flaherty 2002).
Construction Process
13
Concrete curing
Curing is a process in which requisite moisture content and temperature is maintained so that
concrete achieves its design strength through hydration of cement. For initial curing, curing compound
with high water retentivity may be spread over the finished surface to prevent rapid drying of water.
For final curing, continuous ponding or moistened hessain/ gunny bags should be kept for about a
fortnight (refer Figure 38). As an alternative arrangement to ponding, impervious liquid maybe spread
over the surface so as to restrict evaporation of water from the laid concrete. Forms are removed from
the freshly prepared concrete layer after about curing of fourteen hours (IRC:15 2002, Chakroborty
and Das 2003).
JOINTS IN CC PAVEMENTS
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Joints are the discontinuities in the concrete pavement slab, and help to release
stresses due to temperature variation, subgrade moisture variation, shrinkage of
concrete etc.
There are various types of joints in concrete pavement, e.g. contraction joint,
construction joint, expansion joint and warping joint. Fig. 3 schematically shows
position of various joints. The functions of these joints are as follows:
Longitudinal joints(parallel to traffic flow)
Transverse joints(perpendicular to traffic flow)
Contraction joints
Expansion joints
Construction joints
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Longitudinal joints
18
During initial period of curing ,shrinkage cracks usually develops in CC pavements
when length or width of the slabs exceeds 4.5 to 5 m width or more.
Hence longitudinal joints are provided whose spacing depends on width of traffic
lane . For instance if width is 3.5 or3.75 , then spacing of longitudinal joints is also
3.5 or 3.75m respectively.
Joints
Construction
Construction joints are placed in a concrete slab to
define the extent of the individual placements,
generally in conformity with a predetermined joint
layout.
20
\\
These are purposely made weakened planes which relieve the tensile
stresses in the concrete Caused due to changes in the moisture content
(Drying shrinkage) and/or temperature and
Prevent the formation of irregular cracks due to restraint in free
contraction of concrete .
Joints form break in cement concrete pavement and the can allow the infiltration of
water and the ingress of stone grits. Thus, the joint spaces are first filled with
compressible filler materials at first and the top of the joints are sealed using a
sealer.
Joint filler should posses the following properties:
Compressibility
Elasticity
Durability
CONSTRUCTION:
1. CA samples collected should be tested to specified tests in the laboratory to decide
suitability.
2. Grading of CA and FA for mix is checked and compared with specified gradation.
3. Samples of fresh CC mix are collected ,cube and beam specimen prepared and tested
according to standard test and checked with acceptance criteria.
4. Side slabs of pavements is checked to find hungry/honeycombed surface such surfaces
are finished with cement mortar.
5. Regularity of finished pavements is checked with a 3m straight edge, 6 to 12 hours after
laying , maximum permissible number of irregularities of 4 mm and 7 mm sizes in a 300
m stretch are 20 and 2mm.
6. Unevenness index or roughness index is measured using bump indicator, along the wheel
path of each lane; the average value of unevenness index shall not exceed 2200
mm/Km length of highway.
OPENING TO TRAFFIC
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