RESEARCH PROPOSAL

M.M.F.RUMANA
SEU/IS/14/BS/026
SPECIAL DEGREE IN CHEMISTRY
SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA

 Title :evaluaton of
 Name of the student : M.M.F.RUMANA
 Registration number : SEU/IS/14/BS/026

 Name of the supervisor : Dr.M.H.Haroon

(Senior Lecture in Chemistry,

Department of physical sciences,
Faculty of Applied Sciences,
South Eastern University of sri lanka)

………………………………………. …………………………………
Date Signature of the supervisor
 INDEX

1 .Title

2 .Introduction

3 .Objective

4 .Methodology

5 .Work plan

6.

7 .References
1 .Title
Advanced analysis of allelopathic activity of leaf extract of Cassia siamea ,
Ricinus communis and Azadirachta indica
2 . Introduction
Most of the dyes are found to be toxic and carcinogenic to aquatic animals and plants. The discharge of
coloured dye effluents into water bodies has been an environment problem of increasing concern. Dyes
are being increasingly used in a number of industries, worldwide. Including textile, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics and laboratories. Discharge of coloured wastewater from such
industries creates serious problems to the environment.

Colour removal from textile dyeing effluents has been target of great attention in the last few year, not
only because of its toxicity but mainly due to its aesthetic effect, even at lower concentrations,
compared to many other chemicals found in wastewater. Therefore, the effective removal of dyes from
aqueous systems becomes environmentally important.

Methods for Removal of Organic Pollutant

Many methods have been investigated for the removal of organic pollutant, however, they are
nondestructive methods that only transfer organic pollutant from wastewater to another phase and can
easily causing secondary pollution (Ardiansyah Taufik et al 2016). As international environmental
standards are becoming more stringent (ISO 14001, October 1996), technological systems for the
removal of organic pollutants, such as dyes have been recently developed. Among them, physical
methods, such as adsorption, biological methods (biodegradation) and chemical methods (chlorination,
ozonation) are the most frequently used. The traditional processes for treatment of these effluents
prove to be insufficient to purify the important quantity of waste waters after the different operations of
textile dyeing and washing.
In this article, the p-type CuBi
2
O
4
powder
was prepared by the solid-state
reaction method. The
p–n heterojunction photocatalyst p-
CuBi
2
O
4
/n-TiO
2
was prepared by ball milling. The
photocatalyst was
characterized by X-ray powder
diffraction (XRD),
UV–Vis diffuse reflectance
spectroscopy, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and
photoluminescence
emission spectra. The photocatalytic
activity of the
photocatalyst was evaluated by
photocatalytic reduc-
tion of Cr
2
O
-

and photocatalytic oxidation of methyl

orange (MO). The results showed that
the photocat-
alytic activity of the p–
n heterojunction photocatalyst
p-CuBi
2
O
4
/n-TiO
2
was much higher than that of TiO
2
and the mixture of p-CuBi
2
O
4
–n-TiO
2
without ball
milling under visible and UV light
irradiation. The
optimal percentage of doped p-CuBi
2
O
4
is 20 wt%.
Compared with pure TiO
2
, the photoabsorption wave-
length range of the photocatalyst is
extended greatly
toward visible light and improves the
utilization of the
total spectrum. The effect of ball
milling time on the
photocatalytic activity of the
photocatalyst was also
investigated. The optimum ball
milling time is 6 h.
The mechanisms of influence of p-
CuBi
2
O
4
on the
photocatalytic activity of p-CuBi
2
O
4
/n-TiO
2
were also

In this article, the p-type CuBi2O4powderwas prepared by the solid-state reaction method. Thep–
nheterojunction photocatalyst p-CuBi2O4/n-TiO2was prepared by ball milling. The photocatalyst
wascharacterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD),UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,
scanningelectron microscopy (SEM), and photoluminescenceemission spectra. The photocatalytic
activity of thephotocatalyst was evaluated by photocatalytic reduc-tion of Cr2O72-and photocatalytic
oxidation of methylorange (MO). The results showed that the photocat-alytic activity of the p–
nheterojunction photocatalystp-CuBi2O4/n-TiO2was much higher than that of TiO2and the mixture of p-
CuBi2O4–n-TiO2without ballmilling under visible and UV light irradiation. Theoptimal percentage of
doped p-CuBi2O4is 20 wt%.Compared with pure TiO2, the photoabsorption wave-length range of the
photocatalyst is extended greatlytoward visible light and improves the utilization of thetotal spectrum.
The effect of ball milling time on thephotocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst was alsoinvestigated.
The optimum ball milling time is 6 h.The mechanisms of influence of p-CuBi2O4on thephotocatalytic
activity of p-CuBi2O4/n-TiO2were also

preparation of p-CuBi
2
O
4
/n-TiO
preparation of p-CuBi
2
The lamp is laid in the empty chamber
of
the annular tube, and running water
passes through an
inner thimble of the annular tube.
Owing to contin-
The lamp is laid in the empty chamber
of
the annular tube, and running water
passes through an
inner thimble of the annular tube.
Owing to contin-
n recent years, the photocatalytic
degradation of
various kinds of organic and inorganic
pollutants using
semiconductor powders as
photocatalysts has been
extensively studied (Wang et al. 2008;
Zhang and Zhu
2005). Owing to its relatively high
photocatalytic
activity, biological and chemical
stability, low cost,
non-toxicity, and long-term stability
against photo-
corrosion and chemical corrosion, TiO
2
has been
widely used as a photocatalyst (Wang
et al. 2006; Y u
et al. 2007). However, the
photocatalytic activity of
TiO
2
(the band gap of anatase TiO
2
is 3.2 eV, which
can be excited by photons with
wavelengths below
387 nm) is limited to irradiation
wavelengths in the
UV region, so that the effective
utilization of solar
energy is limited to about 3–5% of the
total solar
spectrum. Some problems still remain
to be solved in
its application, such as fast
recombination of photo-
generated electron-hole pairs.
Therefore, improving
photocatalytic activity by modification
has become
n recent years, the photocatalytic degradation ofvarious kinds of organic and inorganic pollutants
usingsemiconductor powders as photocatalysts has beenextensively studied (Wang et al. 2008; Zhang
and Zhu2005). Owing to its relatively high photocatalyticactivity, biological and chemical stability, low
cost,non-toxicity, and long-term stability against photo-corrosion and chemical corrosion, TiO2has
beenwidely used as a photocatalyst (Wang et al. 2006;Yuet al. 2007). However, the photocatalytic
activity ofTiO2(the band gap of anatase TiO2is 3.2 eV, whichcan be excited by photons with wavelengths
below387 nm) is limited to irradiation wavelengths in theUV region, so that the effective utilization of
solarenergy is limited to about 3–5% of the total solarspectrum. Some problems still remain to be solved
inits application, such as fast recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. Therefore,
improvingphotocatalytic activity by modification has become

hot topic among researchers in the last decade (Huet al. 2006; Yu et al. 2008). Many investigators
questedfor various methods, such as noble metals deposition(Sasahara et al. 2006), doping non-metallic
elements(Geng et al. 2008; Sathish et al. 2005), dopingtransition metals (Couselo et al. 2008; Ikeda et
al.2001), surface photosensitization (Mora-Sero et al.2007), and forming composite photocatalysts
fromdifferent semiconductors (Bian et al. 2008; Li et al.2008), and so on to enhance the photocatalytic
activityof TiO2and to improve the utilization of the visiblelight. It is known that the n–ntype
compositephotocatalysts, such as ZnO/TiO2, SnO2/ZnO, SnO2/TiO2, and WO3/TiO2, and so on have
been investi-gated extensively. The results showed that nearly allthe n–njunction composite
semiconductors had higherphotocatalytic activity than single ones. However, thestudy of the p–ntype
composite photocatalysts has been rarely reported. Theoretically, when p-typesemiconductor and n-
type semiconductor form p–njunction, the inner electric field will be formed in theinterface. The
photogenerated electron-hole pairs willbe separated effectively by the inner electric field, andthe
photocatalytic activity is enhanced (Lin et al.2007). Recently, the p–njunction photocatalysts,
NiO/TiO2and p-ZnO/TiO2, have been studied in ourlaboratory (Chen et al. 2008a,b). The results
showedthat, compared with pure TiO2, the two p–njunctionphotocatalysts had higher photocatalytic
reductionactivity, but lower photocatalytic oxidation activity. Itis known that CuBi2O4is p-type
semiconductor (Araiet al. 2007a; Kim et al. 2005). When p-type CuBi2O4and n-type TiO2integrate, a p–
nheterojunctionphotocatalyst p-CuBi2O4/n-TiO2will be formed,which may improve effectively charge
separationand photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst.Moreover, it is a possible way of developing
newvisible light-responsive photocatalysts with highactivity (Arai et al. 2007b).In this study, the p-type
CuBi2O4powder wasprepared by the solid-state reaction method (Araiet al. 2007b). The p–
nheterojunction photocatalystp-CuBi2O4/n-TiO2was prepared by ball milling usingH2O solution as
disperser. The photocatalyst wascharacterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD),UV–Vis diffuse
reflectance spectroscopy, scanningelectron microscopy (SEM), and photoluminescenceemission spectra.
The photocatalytic activity of thephotocatalyst was evaluated by photocatalytic

The lamp is laid in the empty chamber

of
the annular tube, and running water
passes through an
inner thimble of the annular tube.
Owing to contin-