Click to add title Water injection Plant Be Me a notes (Water Injection Water injection plant It has following major functions Collect water from water source Water treatment to make the water suitable for injection . Pumping water into the wells for secondary recovery or for water disposalWater Injection Sources of Water for Water injection ‘Sea water (salt water) River water (Fresh water) Lake water (Brackish water) Produced water Surface water use is good option because: Easilyaccessible and readily available without high- cost wel-driling and well-completion activities, ‘urface-water supplies are considered inexhaustible. Most surface-water supplies can be used without havingto pay fees or taxes The use of surface water creates very litle ‘environmentalimpact or concern.Water Injection Contaminants in Water Surface water, however, must be treated to remove Undesirable components before injection. ‘The most common types of contaminants are ‘Suspended solids Dissolved gases Biological material Dissolved solids Oil and grease.Water Injection How water is treated to make it suitable for water injection Surface-Water Treatment for injection A, Separating Suspended Solids B. Removing Dissolved Solids .Dissolved-Gas Removal D. Scale inhibition E. Biological Control F. Corrosion protectionWater Injection {Separating Suspended Solids From injection Water Suspended solids particles plugtheinjection well River-water sources havehigher concentrations of suspended solids (400%0 3,000 me/t) Deepotfshore watersourcescontainsmallamounts(Sto SO me/t). Suspendedsolidsfoundin river water tend to be inorganie( sca) ‘Suspendedsolidsfoundinthe oceans tend to be organic (bacteria. Hence, the treatment methods also vary dependingon the source.Wear y) iy Vishwanath is presenting @ Cee Sn orWater Injection 2. Gravity settling tanks 1. Vertical settling tank 2. Horizontal settling tankWater Injection a. Vertical settling tank SE Solid particles fall counter current to the upward flow of the waterand settle in the bottom Any flash gases that evolve from the water leave the settling vessel through the gas outlet at = the top of the vesselWater Injection . Horizontal setting tank Solids fall perpendicular to the flow of the water Horizontal vessels are more efficient at solids separation because the sold particles do not have to fall counter, current to the water flowWater Injectioi 3.Gas Flotation Units Flotation units separate the ol droplets Latge quantities of small-diameter gas bubbles are injected into the water stream. ‘The bubbles attach to the oil droplets suspended in water , ‘causing them to rise to the water surface and form a froth layer ‘Very-small-diameter oil droplets in dilute suspensions can be removed easiy by flotation High percentages of ol removal are achieve.Water Injection 4. Desanding Hdroclones Hydrocyelones operate by pressure drop. Water enters the cyclone through the volute inlet atthe ‘operating feed pressure. ‘The change inflow direction forces the mixture to spin in 2 radial vortex pattern. Because of the angular acceleration ofthe flow pattern, centrifugal forces are imparted on the solid particles, forcing ‘them toward the internal wal of the cone. The solids continue to spin ina radial vortex pattern, down, the length of the cone, and discharge through the apexWater Injection 4. Desanding Hydroclones Because of cone convergence, the liquid flow is reversed and sent upward through the vortex finder to create the overfiow stream. ‘The solids that exit through the apex collect into an accumulation chamber and are periodically purged, while the overflow discharges continually.Water Injection 4. Desanding Hydroclones ‘These remove 50-to 100-um solids = 46Water Injection 5. Filtration ‘To avoid plugging the injection formation, it may be necessary to separate small-diameter suspended particles by filtration! Filters cannot handle the volume of solids that can be handled by sedimentation and desanders, but they are ‘the only practical method for separating very fine particles (< 10 um). By properly choosing the filter element, filters can remove fine solids in the 0.5- to 50-uim range and are used as a form of secondary treatment.Water Injection 1. Granular-Media Filters Granular-media filters, also called sand filters, contain a bed of graded sand, gravel, anthracite, or graphite. Sand filters are good for separating 25-yum particles. Filter must be washed to remove the accumulated solidsWater Injection 2. Cartridge Filters. Cartridge filters are capable of removing solids particles 2 um or larger indiameter. ‘The cylindrical filters are encased ina pressure vessel. Flow enters the vessel and flows from the outside of the cartridge to the center, where it enters a perforated pipe that is open on the bottom.Water Injection 8B Removing DissolvedSolids From Water \Variouschemical compounds are dissolved in waterasions toform anaqueous solution Commonare silica, caleium, and magnesiom ‘They precipitate or crystalizeto form scale Scale formation plugs piping and fouls the water-handlingsystem, Steam-generator tubes, and membranes The disolvedions can be removed fromwaterwith sMembranes, slon exchange, and +Hotor warm softeningWater Injection C. Dissolved-Gas Removal ‘Oxygen ‘Ammonia, Hs, cozWater injection D.Seale inhibition As the water stream flows through the treatment system, its pressure, temperature, and compasition will change. Pressure and temperature changes affect the solubility of the chemical components in water and may form scale. Depending on the composition of the water, various types of scales can be formed in the pipelines, equipment, control system, and pumps. Scale formation leads to equipment allure, plugging. and contamination,Water Injection Scaleinhibition ‘The most common types of scales are carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, ammonium, sulfide, oxide, silica, metalic sticate complexes ‘Severalmethods have been developed for determining the stale tendency of water systems ‘Oncethe scale tendency s established, scale inhibtorsare selected for treating the system.Water Injection Chemical Types used for Scale Inhibition Chelants Chelant compounds form soluble complexes with divalent compounds, such as calcium and magnesium, or with trivalent metals. The most common chelants are EDTA and NTA.ORE Erie cay Water Injection ‘Chemical Types used for Scale Inhibition Polyacrylates ‘The polyacrylates contain the carboxylic acid group. Depending upon its composition, itis thermally stable to a relatively high temperature and can be used to control scale as well as suspended material,Water Injection ‘Chemical Types used for Scale Inhibition Phosphonates ‘These organic phosphorous compounds have been used for controlling iron or hardness salts and form inhibitive films along metal surfaces. ‘These are normally thermally stable to 250°F but can go higher in the absence of oxygen.Water Injection Chemical Types used for Scale Inhibition Polyphosphates Polyphosphatesof various chain lengths are used for controllinghardness and iron scales. ‘Theyare very effective chemicals; however, thelr thermal stablitiesare lower than the phosphonates, Crystal Modifiers. These compounds, such as complex phosphates, interfere with the crystal growth of the scale, preventing further growth,Water Injection E. Bacteria Control Surface water contain biological constituents (primarily bacteria] that can contaminate the water injection systems, Bacteria multiply rapidly into colonies and plug Surface equipment Downhole equipment Injection-wel Reservoir Bacteria promote corrosion of Surface piping Downhole tubulars Bactra generate H25 that causes pitting corrosionas Water Injection Biocides — Chemicals that kill bacteria Chlorine Quaternary ammonium compounds Aldehydes Amines Chlorinated phenols (Organometallic compounds Sulfur organic compoundsWater Injection F Corrosion Protection Corrosion inhibitors reduce the corrosion rate + by interrupting the electrochemical corrosion cell setup between the metal and the liquid + by stopping the deterioration of metal by a chemical reaction. TR Ny =e) scien rots