FACT BOOK

Economy (monetary organization, trade , loans, income tax etc.)

Agriculture (food security ,food crisis , agriculture technology etc)
 Education(online ,effect of covid 19 ,SNC ,HE etc)

Active volcanoes generally occur close to the major tectonic plate boundaries.

Many are located along the Earth’s plate boundaries. Active volcanoes are rare in
Australia because there are no plate boundaries on this continent. However, there are
two active volcanoes located 4,000 kilometres south-west of Perth on the Australian
territories, Heard Island and the nearby McDonald Islands.

The other active volcanoes near Australia are in New Zealand, Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia and the Philippines. Gas-rich sticky magmas dominate the Asia Pacific,
making composite volcanoes and calderas the most common varieties in the region.
These types of volcanoes severely threaten lives, property, agricultural lands and
lifelines throughout south-east Asia and the Australian region.

Volcanoes can remain inactive or dormant, for hundreds of thousands of years before
erupting again. During this time they can remain covered by vegetation making them
difficult to identify. Once a volcano has been dormant for more than 10,000 years, it is
termed extinct.

Evidence for volcanism throughout geological time can be found in every Australian
State and Territory, with extensive volcanism down the east coast during the past 60
million years. This volcanic activity can be divided into areas where large amounts of
lava flowed from diffuse dykes and pipes over a wide area and others where volcanism
was produced from either a single central vent or a cluster of vents.

It is thought that the central volcanoes were produced as the Australian continent
moved over a hot spot in the underlying mantle which melted through the plate to form
the volcano. As the continent moved northward, the stationary hot spot formed
volcanoes further to the south of the continent. As a result, the rocks of central
volcanoes down the east coast become younger as one move southward.

Essay # 3. Causes of Volcano:

Volcanic activity frequently occurs at the boundaries of the Earth’s tectonic plates which
are a series of large blocks moving between each other. The movement of these plates
plays a significant role in the type of volcano formed which influences its shape.

i. Spreading Plate Margins:

Where plates move away from each other at spreading or divergent plate margins,
volcanic eruptions are gentle extrusions of basaltic lava. Most of these occur
underwater where magma rises from great depth below to fill the space created by
seafloor spreading of which occurs at a rate of about 10 centimetres a year.

ii. Subducting Plate Margins:

At subducting plate margins, one plate is pushed under a neighbouring plate as they
squeeze together. In addition to the old, weathered plate being forced down and melted
wet sediment and seawater is forced down creating andesitic lava and more violent
eruptions containing ash. These volcanoes form classic cone shapes.

Some volcanoes are found at great distances from plate boundaries and are referred to
as intra- plate, within plate or hot spot volcanoes. These are formed above hot mantle
upwellings or plumes which rise from great depths. As the plate overlying the plume
moves away from the hot spot and a new volcano is formed, the previous one cools to
become dormant and eventually extinct.

This sequence forms a volcanic chain such as the one currently found in the Hawaiian
Islands. Hotspot volcanism forms very large, low gradient shield volcanoes and are
similar in composition and eruption style to those found at divergent plate boundaries.

iii. Predicting Eruptions:

Understanding how volcanoes work and how their eruptions can be predicted is
essential for the well-being and preservation of people who inhabit volcanically
vulnerable areas. Eruptions can occur withou
 Healthcare(System,problem,issues,covid 19 etc)

Suicide

Patients, not criminals

In September 2021, the Taskeen Health Initiative launched a nationwide campaign under the
banner “Mujrim Nahin Mareez” (patients, not criminals) to repeal Section 325.

September was declared the National Suicide Prevention Awareness month in 2008

Last year marked a major victory for mental health in Pakistan. Parliament finally amended a
colonial-era law and abolished punishment for those who attempt suicide, opening the doors for
proper suicide intervention and counseling in the country

46 % of people who die by suicide have a diagnosed mental health condition

90% of people who die by suicide have experienced symptoms of a mental health condition
The repeal of Section 325 will help to make suicide a medical and public health issue. It will also
reduce the stigma associated with mental health

Suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death for people ages 10-34

75% of all people who die by suicide are male

12x Transgender people are 12 times more likely to attempt suicide than the general population

4x Lesbian, gay and bisexual youth are four times more likely to attempt suicide than straight youth

The overall suicide rate has increased 31% since 2001

Section 325 of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) is a law from 1860 that originates from the British
Common Law. It was used as a means to discourage suicide and allow the state to re-possess assets
of those who committed suicide. In the United Kingdom, the law was repealed in 1961 because it
discouraged those with mental illness to seek help, while in Pakistan it remained effective for almost
half a century. Under the section, suicide or attempted suicide was an offence punishable by one
year of imprisonment, fine or both
Environment (climate change/justice ,global warming ,water etc)
 
The Industrial Revolution was primarily driven by the use of coal as an energy source. Before the use of coal, wood
was the primary energy source; coal provided three times more energy than wood, and Britain had large coal
deposits.
Judiciary (law & order , crime & justice, system etc )
 Industry (technology, innovative , entrepreneurship ,tourism ,energy etc)

What Was the Industrial Revolution (Short Answer)?

The first Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-to-late 1700s when innovation led to
goods being produced in large quantities due to machine manufacturing. This spread around the globe,
and the Second Industrial Revolution began in the U.S. in the late 1800s that saw further advancements
in technology that led to greater efficiency.

When Did the Industrial Revolution Start?

The first Industrial Revolution began in the second half of the 18th century while the Second Industrial
Revolution began in the late 19th century.7

What 3 Things Played a Role in the Industrial Revolution?

Technological changes, such as the use of iron and steel, new energy sources such as coal and steam,
and the factory system, led to a division of labor and specialization, which increased efficiency.

What Were the 3 Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution?

The three most important inventions of the first Industrial Revolution include the steam engine, the
spinning jenny, and the telegraph. The three most important inventions of the Second Industrial
Revolution include the combustible engine, electricity, and the lightbulb.

The Industrial Revolution was primarily driven by the use of coal as an energy source. Before the use of coal,
wood was the primary energy source; coal provided three times more energy than wood, and Britain had large
coal deposits
IT (media , social media ,AI,digitalization etc)
1. Politics(democracy ,populism ,provinicial discord ,national unity)
Women empowerment (feminism ,gender related issues ,equality etc

Quotes from 'The Feminine Mystique'

Here are some memorable passages from the book:

“Over and over again, stories in women's magazines insist that women can know
fulfillment only at the moment of giving birth to a child. They deny the years when she
can no longer look forward to giving birth, even if she repeats the act over and over
again. In the feminine mystique, there is no other way for a woman to dream of creation
or of the future. There is no other way she can even dream about herself, except as her
children's mother, her husband's wife.” 
“The only way for a woman, as for a man, to find herself, to know herself as a person, is
by creative work of her own.” 
“When one begins to think about it, America depends rather heavily on women's passive
dependence, their femininity. Femininity, if one still wants to call it that, makes
American women a target and a victim of the sexual sell.”
"The cadences of the Seneca Falls Declaration came straight from the Declaration of
Independence: When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one
portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position
different from that they have hitherto occupied. . . . We hold these truths to be self-
evident:that all men and women are created equal.
Social issues(poverty ,corruption,human equality ,unemployment etc)
Human rights (Freedom of speech ,movement ,climate justice etc )
Major international issues and Pakistan’s foreign
relations(UN,US-China,Kashmir,globalization,regional,political dynamics ,Foreign policy etc)
Aspects of religious tolerance (Islamophobia, minorities)
Pakistan Crises (water,energy,economy,governace,food)