Telephone - Wikipedia

2/4/23, 7:55 PM Telephone - Wikipedia
Telephone
(Redirected from Phone)
A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or

more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart
to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically
and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals that
are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to
another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving
user. The term is derived from Greek: τῆλε (tēle, far) and φωνή
(phōnē, voice), together meaning distant voice. A common short
form of the term is phone, which came into use early in the
telephone's history.[1]
An old rotary dial telephone
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a
United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible
replication of the human voice at a second device.[2] This
instrument was further developed by many others, and became
rapidly indispensable in business, government, and in households.
The essential elements of a telephone are a microphone

(transmitter) to speak into and an earphone (receiver) which
reproduces the voice at a distant location.[3] The receiver and
transmitter are usually built into a handset which is held up to the
ear and mouth during conversation. The transmitter converts the AT&T push button telephone made
sound waves to electrical signals which are sent through the by Western Electric, model 2500
telecommunication system to the receiving telephone, which DMG black, 1980
converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver or
sometimes a loudspeaker. Telephones permit transmission in both
directions simultaneously.
Most telephones also contain an alerting feature, such as a ringer or a visual indicator, to announce an
incoming telephone call. Telephone calls are initiated most commonly with a keypad or dial, affixed to
the telephone, to enter a telephone number, which is the address of the call recipient's telephone in
the telecommunication system, but other methods existed in the early history of the telephone.
The first telephones were directly connected to each other from one customer's office or residence to
another customer's location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were
quickly replaced by manually operated centrally located switchboards. These exchanges were soon
connected together, eventually forming an automated, worldwide public switched telephone network.
For greater mobility, various radio systems were developed for transmission between mobile stations
on ships and automobiles in the mid-20th century. Hand-held mobile phones were introduced for
personal service starting in 1973. In later decades, their analog cellular system evolved into digital
networks with greater capability and lower cost.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone 1/15
Convergence in communication services has provided a broad spectrum of capabilities in cell phones,
including mobile computing, giving rise to the smartphone, the dominant type of telephone in the
world today.
Early history
Before the development of the electric telephone, the term
telephone was applied to other inventions, and not all early
researchers of the electrical device used the term. Perhaps the
earliest use of the word for a communications system was the
telephon created by Johann Sigismund Gottfried Huth in 1796.
Huth proposed an alternative to the optical telegraph of Claude
Chappe in which the operators in the signaling towers would shout
to each other by means of what he called "speaking tubes", but
would now be called giant megaphones.[5] A communication
device for sailing vessels, called telephone, was invented by
Captain John Taylor in 1844. This instrument used four air horns
to communicate with vessels in foggy weather.[6][7]
Johann Philipp Reis used the term in reference to his invention,

commonly known as the Reis telephone, in c. 1860. His device
appears to be the first device based on the conversion of sound
into electrical impulses. Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone
Patent Drawing
The term telephone was adopted into the vocabulary of many
languages. It is derived from the Greek: τῆλε, tēle, "far" and φωνή,
phōnē, "voice", together meaning "distant voice".
Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently

disputed. As with other influential inventions such as radio,
television, the light bulb, and the computer, several inventors
pioneered experimental work on voice transmission over a wire
and improved on each other's ideas. New controversies over the
issue still arise from time to time. Charles Bourseul, Antonio
Meucci, Johann Philipp Reis, Alexander Graham Bell, and Elisha Replica of the telettrofono, invented
Gray, amongst others, have all been credited with the invention of by Antonio Meucci and credited by
the telephone.[8][9] several sources as the first
telephone[4]
Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be awarded a patent for the
electric telephone by the United States Patent and Trademark
Office (USPTO) in March 1876.[10] Before Bell's patent, the telephone transmitted sound in a way that
was similar to the telegraph. This method used vibrations and circuits to send electrical pulses, but
was missing key features. Bell found that this method produced a sound through intermittent
currents, but in order for the telephone to work a fluctuating current reproduced sounds the best. The
fluctuating currents became the basis for the working telephone, creating Bell's patent.[11] That first
patent by Bell was the master patent of the telephone, from which other patents for electric telephone
devices and features flowed.[12]
In 1876, shortly after Bell's patent application, Hungarian

engineer Tivadar Puskás proposed the telephone switch, which
allowed for the formation of telephone exchanges, and eventually
networks.[13]
In the United Kingdom, the blower is used as a slang term for a

telephone. The term came from navy slang for a speaking tube.[14]
In the U.S., a somewhat dated slang term refers to the telephone
as "the horn," as in "I couldn't get him on the horn," or "I'll be off
the horn in a moment."[15]
Timeline of early development

1844: Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a "speaking
telegraph" or telephone. Use of the "speaking telegraph" and
"sound telegraph" monikers would eventually be replaced by Bell placing the first New York to
the newer, distinct name, "telephone". Chicago telephone call in 1892
26 August 1854: Charles Bourseul published an article in the
magazine L'Illustration (Paris): "Transmission électrique de la
parole" (electric transmission of speech), describing a "make-
and-break" type telephone transmitter later created by Johann
Reis.
26 October 1861: Johann Philipp Reis (1834–1874) publicly
demonstrated the Reis telephone before the Physical Society
of Frankfurt.[9] Reis's telephone was not limited to musical
sounds. Reis also used his telephone to transmit the phrase
"Das Pferd frisst keinen Gurkensalat" ("The horse does not eat
Reis's telephone
cucumber salad").
22 August 1865, La Feuille d'Aoste reported "It is rumored that
English technicians to whom Manzetti illustrated his method for
transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intend to
apply said invention in England on several private telegraph
lines". However, telephones would not be demonstrated there
until 1876, with a set of telephones from Bell.
28 December 1871: Antonio Meucci files patent caveat No.
3335 in the U.S. Patent Office, titled "Sound Telegraph",
describing communication of voice between two people by
wire. A patent caveat was not an invention patent award, but
only an unverified notice filed by an individual that he or she
intends to file a patent application in the future. Bell's first telephone transmitter, ca.
1874: Meucci, after having renewed the caveat for two years 1876, reenacted 50 years later
does not renew it again, and the caveat lapses.
6 April 1875: Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 "Transmitters and
Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-
break circuits.
11 February 1876: Elisha Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with the telephone but does not
build one.
14 February 1876: Gray files a patent caveat for transmitting the human voice through a
telegraphic circuit.
14 February 1876: Alexander Graham Bell applies for the

patent "Improvements in Telegraphy", for electromagnetic
telephones using what is now called amplitude modulation
(oscillating current and voltage) but which he referred to as
"undulating current".
19 February 1876: Gray is notified by the U.S. Patent Office of
an interference between his caveat and Bell's patent
application. Gray decides to abandon his caveat.
7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. patent 174,465 "Improvement in
Telegraphy" is granted, covering "the method of, and
apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds
telegraphically…by causing electrical undulations, similar in
form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or
other sound."
10 March 1876: The first successful telephone transmission of
clear speech using a liquid transmitter when Bell spoke into his
device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and
Acoustic telephone ad, The
Watson heard each word distinctly.
Consolidated Telephone Co., Jersey
30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. patent 186,787 is granted for an City, New Jersey, 1886
electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron
diaphragms, and a call bell.
27 April 1877: Thomas Edison files a patent application for a carbon
(graphite) transmitter. It was published as No. 474,230 on 3 May
1892, after a 15-year delay because of litigation. Edison was granted
patent 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879.
Early commercial instruments

Early telephones were technically diverse. Some used a water
microphone, some had a metal diaphragm that induced current in an
electromagnet wound around a permanent magnet, and some were 1896 telephone from
dynamic – their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a Sweden
permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. The sound-
powered dynamic variants survived in small numbers through the 20th
century in military and maritime applications, where its ability to create its own electrical power was
crucial. Most, however, used the Edison/Berliner carbon transmitter, which was much louder than the
other kinds, even though it required an induction coil which was an impedance matching transformer
to make it compatible with the impedance of the line. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly
viable into the 20th century, by which time the network was more important than the instrument.
Early telephones were locally powered, using either a dynamic transmitter or by the powering of a
transmitter with a local battery. One of the jobs of outside plant personnel was to visit each telephone
periodically to inspect the battery. During the 20th century, telephones powered from the telephone
exchange over the same wires that carried the voice signals became common.
Early telephones used a single wire for the subscriber's line, with ground return used to complete the
circuit (as used in telegraphs). The earliest dynamic telephones also had only one port opening for
sound, with the user alternately listening and speaking (or rather, shouting) into the same hole.
Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each end, making conversation more convenient
but also more expensive.
At first, the benefits of a telephone exchange were not exploited. Instead,

telephones were leased in pairs to a subscriber, who had to arrange for a
telegraph contractor to construct a line between them, for example,
between a home and a shop. Users who wanted the ability to speak to
several different locations would need to obtain and set up three or four
pairs of telephones. Western Union, already using telegraph exchanges,
quickly extended the principle to its telephones in New York City and San
Francisco, and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential.
Signalling began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted

the other end, or the exchange operator, by whistling into the transmitter.
Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a
bell in a ringer box, first operated over a second wire, and later over the
same wire, but with a condenser (capacitor) in series with the bell coil to
allow the AC ringer signal through while still blocking DC (keeping the
Wooden wall telephone with
phone "on hook"). Telephones connected to the earliest Strowger switch
a hand-cranked magneto
automatic exchanges had seven wires, one for the knife switch, one for
generator
each telegraph key, one for the bell, one for the push-button and two for
speaking. Large wall telephones in the early 20th century usually
incorporated the bell, and separate bell boxes for desk phones dwindled away in the middle of the
century.
Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had a magneto hand-
cranked generator to produce a high voltage alternating signal to ring the bells of other telephones on
the line and to alert the operator. Some local farming communities that were not connected to the
main networks set up barbed wire telephone lines that exploited the existing system of field fences to
transmit the signal.
In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, packaged in three parts. The transmitter
stood on a stand, known as a "candlestick" for its shape. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook
with a switch in it, known as a "switchhook". Previous telephones required the user to operate a
separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell. With the new kind, the user was less likely to
leave the phone "off the hook". In phones connected to magneto exchanges, the bell, induction coil,
battery and magneto were in a separate bell box or "ringer box".[16] In phones connected to common
battery exchanges, the ringer box was installed under a desk, or other out-of-the-way place, since it
did not need a battery or magneto.
Cradle designs were also used at this time, having a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached,
now called a handset, separate from the cradle base that housed the magneto crank and other parts.
They were larger than the "candlestick" and more popular.
Disadvantages of single-wire operation such as crosstalk and hum from nearby AC power wires had
already led to the use of twisted pairs and, for long-distance telephones, four-wire circuits. Users at
the beginning of the 20th century did not place long-distance calls from their own telephones but
made an appointment and were connected with the assistance of a telephone operator.[17]
What turned out to be the most popular and longest-lasting physical style of telephone was introduced
in the early 20th century, including Bell's 202-type desk set. A carbon granule transmitter and
electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle, which when not in use was
secured in a cradle in the base unit. The circuit diagram of the model 202 shows the direct connection
of the transmitter to the line, while the receiver was inductively coupled. In local battery
configurations, when the local loop was too long to provide sufficient current from the exchange, the
transmitter was powered by a local battery and inductively coupled, while the receiver was included in
the local loop.[18] The coupling transformer and the ringer were mounted in a separate enclosure,
called the subscriber set. The dial switch in the base interrupted the line current by repeatedly but
very briefly disconnecting the line one to ten times for each digit, and the hook switch (in the center of
the circuit diagram) disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the
cradle.
In the 1930s, telephone sets were developed that combined the bell and induction coil with the desk
set, obviating a separate ringer box. The rotary dial becoming commonplace in the 1930s in many
areas enabled customer-dialed service, but some magneto systems remained even into the 1960s.
After World War II, the telephone networks saw rapid expansion and more efficient telephone sets,
such as the model 500 telephone in the United States, were developed that permitted larger local
networks centered around central offices. A breakthrough new technology was the introduction of
Touch-Tone signaling using push-button telephones by American Telephone & Telegraph Company
(AT&T) in 1963.[19]
Ericsson DBH 1001 (ca. Telephone used by Video shows the operation
1931), the first combined American soldiers (WWII, of an Ericofon.
telephone made with a Minalin, Pampanga,
Bakelite housing and Philippines)
handset
Modern sound-powered
emergency telephone
Digital telephones and voice over IP

The invention of the transistor in 1947 dramatically changed the
technology used in telephone systems and in the long-distance
transmission networks, over the next several decades. With the
development of stored program control and MOS integrated
circuits for electronic switching systems, and new transmission
technologies such as pulse-code modulation (PCM), telephony
gradually evolved towards digital telephony, which improved the
capacity, quality, and cost of the network.[20]
An IP desktop telephone attached to
a computer network
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) was launched in the 1980's, providing businesses and
consumers with access to digital telephony services such as data, voice, video, and fax services. [21]
The development of digital data communications methods made it possible to digitize voice and
transmit it as real-time data across computer networks and the Internet, giving rise to the field of
Internet Protocol (IP) telephony, also known as voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). VoIP has proven
to be a disruptive technology that is rapidly replacing traditional telephone network infrastructure.[22]
By January 2005, up to 10% of telephone subscribers in Japan and

South Korea had switched to this digital telephone service. A
January 2005 Newsweek article suggested that Internet telephony
may be "the next big thing."[23] The technology has spawned a new
industry comprising many VoIP companies that offer services to
consumers and businesses. The reported global VoIP market in
October 2021 was $85.2 billion with a projection of $102.5 billion
by 2026.[24]
IP telephony uses high-bandwidth Internet connections and

specialized customer premises equipment to transmit telephone Fixed telephone lines per 100
calls via the Internet, or any modern private data network. The inhabitants 1997–2007
customer equipment may be an analog telephone adapter (ATA)
which translates the signals of a conventional analog telephone; an
IP Phone, a dedicated standalone device; or a computer softphone application, utilizing the
microphone and headset devices of a personal computer or smartphone.[25]
While traditional analog telephones are typically powered from the central office through the
telephone line, digital telephones require a local power supply.[26] Internet-based digital service also
requires special provisions to provide the service location to the emergency services when an
emergency telephone number is called.[27]
Cordless telephones
A cordless telephone or portable telephone consists of a
base station unit and one or more portable cordless handsets. The
base station connects to a telephone line, or provides service by
voice over IP (VOIP). The handset communicates with the base
station via radio frequency signals. A handset's operational range
is limited, usually to within the same building or within a short
distance from the base station.
Base station A cordless telephone system

consisting of a handset resting on a
Base stations include a radio transceiver which enables full- base station (left) and a second
duplex, outgoing and incoming signals and speech with the handset resting on a battery charger
handsets. The base station often includes a microphone, audio unit (right)
amplifier, and a loudspeaker to enable hands-free speakerphone
conversations, without needing to use a handset. The base station
may also have a numeric keypad for dialing, and a display for caller ID. In addition, answering
machine function may be built in.[28]
The cordless handset contains a rechargeable battery, which the base station recharges when the
handset rests in its cradle. Muilt-handset systems generally also have additional charging stands. A
cordless telephone typically requires a constant electricity supply to power the base station and
charger units by means of a DC transformer which plugs into a wall AC power outlet.[28]
Mobile phones
A mobile phone or cellphone or hand phone is a handheld
telephone which connects via radio transmissions to a cellular
telephone network. The cellular network consists of a network of
ground based transmitter/receiver stations with antennas –
which are usually located on towers or on buildings – and
infrastructure connecting to land-based telephone lines.[29]
Analog cellular networks first appeared in 1979, with the first
An SMS
digital cellular networks appearing in the early 1990s.[30] A cellular mobile message written
phone (cell on a Motorola
Mobile phones require a SIM card to be inserted into the phone. phone). This RAZR V3
The SIM card is a small PVC card containing a small integrated model is a
circuit which stores the user's international mobile subscriber Motorola Slvr
identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to L71, released in
identify and authenticate subscribers to the cellular network. 2006.
Mobile phones generally incorporate an LCD or OLED display,

with some types, such as smartphones,
having touch screens. Since the 1990s, mobile
phones have gained other features which are
not directly related to their primary function
Most mobile as telephones. These include text messaging,
phones contain a calendars, alarm clocks, personal schedulers,
SIM card to cameras, music players, games and later,
identify the phone internet access and smartphone functionality.
to a network. This Nearly all mobile phones have the ability to
mini-SIM card send text messages to other users via the SMS
has cutouts to (Short Message Service) protocol. The
convert the card multimedia messaging service (MMS) protocol
to micro-SIM size enables users to send and receive multimedia
content, such as photos, audio files and video Two decades of evolution of mobile
files. As their functionality has increased over phones, from a 1992 Motorola
the years, many types of mobile phone, notably smartphones, 8900X-2 to the 2014 iPhone 6 Plus
require an operating system to run. Popular mobile phone
operating systems in the past have included Symbian, Palm OS,
BlackBerry OS and mobile phone versions of Windows. As of 2022, the most used operating systems
are Google's Android and Apple's iOS.[31]
Before the era of smartphones, mobile phones were generally manufactured by companies specializing
in telecommunications equipment, such as Nokia, Motorola, and Ericsson. Since the advent of
smartphones, mobile phone manufacturers have also included consumer electronics companies, such
as Apple, Samsung and Xiaomi.
Mobile phone usage
In 2002, only 10% of the world's population used mobile phones and by 2005 that percentage had
risen to 46%.[32] By the end of 2009, there were a total of nearly 6 billion mobile and fixed-line
telephone subscribers worldwide. This included 1.26 billion fixed-line subscribers and 4.6 billion
mobile subscribers.[33]
Smartphones
As of 2022, most mobile phones are smartphones, being a

combination of a mobile phone and a personal computing device
in the same unit. Most smartphones are primarily operated using a
graphical user interface and a touch screen. Many phones have a
secondary voice user interface, such as Siri on Apple iPhones,
which can operate many of the device's functions, as well as
enabling users to use spoken commands to interact with the
internet. Typically alphanumeric text input is accomplished via an A smartphone with a touchscreen
on-screen virtual keyboard, although some smartphones have a user interface, held in landscape
small physical keyboard. Smartphones offer the ability to access orientation
internet data through the cellular network and via wi-fi, and
usually allow direct connectivity to other devices via Bluetooth or a
wired interface, such as USB or Lightning connectors. Smartphones, being able to run apps, have
vastly expanded functionality compared to previous mobile phones. Having internet access and built
in cameras, smartphones have made video calling readily accessible via IP connections. Smartphones
also have access to a large number of web services and web apps, giving them functionality similar to
traditional computers, although smartphones are often limited by their relatively small screen size and
the size of their keyboards. Typically, smartphones feature such tools as cameras, media players, web
browsers, email clients, interactive maps, satellite navigation and a variety of sensors, such as a
compass, accelerometers and GPS receivers. In addition to voice calls, smartphone users commonly
communicate using a wide variety of messaging formats, including SMS, MMS, email, and various
proprietary messaging services, such as iMessage and various social media platforms.
Satellite phones
A satellite telephone, or satphone, is a type of mobile phone that connects to other phones or the
telephone network by radio link through satellites orbiting the Earth instead of terrestrial cell sites, as
cellphones do. Therefore, they can work in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface, as long as
open sky and the line-of-sight between the phone and the satellite is provided. Depending on the
architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth or only specific regions.
Satellite phones provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones; voice calling, text
messaging, and low-bandwidth Internet access are supported through most systems. The advantage of
a satellite phone is that it can be used in such regions where local terrestrial communication
infrastructures, such as landline and cellular networks, are not available.
Satellite phones are popular on expeditions into remote locations,

hunting, fishing, maritime sector, humanitarian missions, business trips,
and mining in hard-to-reach areas, where there is no reliable cellular
service.[34] Satellite telephones rarely get disrupted by natural disasters
on Earth or human actions such as war, so they have proven to be
dependable communication tools in emergency situations, when the local
communications system can be compromised.[35]
See also
Telephones portal
Bell System
Bell Telephone Memorial First generation late 1990s
Cellular network Iridium satellite phone
Cordless telephone
Harvard sentences
Index of telephone-related articles
Jipp curve
List of telephone operating companies
Mobile operating system
Multimedia messaging service (MMS)
Party line (telephony)
Phone hacking
Radiotelephone
Satellite phone
SIM card
Spamming
Telephone keypad
Telephone jack and plug
Telephone tapping
Tip and ring
Videophone
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and more..." (https://web.archive.org/web/20050118033848/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6831938/sit
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24. "Global VoIP Services Market 2021–2026" (https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/545749
7/global-voip-services-market-2021-2026). Research and Markets. October 2021.
25. "VoIP Equipment Guide 2022: Types of Hardware + Top Manufacturers" (https://getvoip.com/blog/
2020/10/27/voip-equipment/). getvoip.com. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
26. "VoIP Phone System Battery Backups | voipreview.org" (https://www.voipreview.org/blog/voip-pho
ne-system-battery-backups). VoipReview. 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
27. "VoIP and 911 Service" (https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/voip-and-911-service). Federal
Communications Commission. 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
28. Freudenrich, Craig (2000-12-11). "How Cordless Telephones Work" (http://electronics.howstuffwor
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30. Galazzo, Richard (2022-01-24). "From 1G to 5G: The History of Cell Phones and their Cellular
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Further reading
Brooks, John (1976). Telephone: The first hundred years. HarperCollins.
Bruce, Robert V. (1990). Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude (https://books.
google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9691-2.
Casson, Herbert Newton. (1910) The history of the telephone online (https://archive.org/details/his
torytelephon00goog/page/n29).
Coe, Lewis (1995). The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland
& Co.
Evenson, A. Edward (2000). The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray –
Alexander Bell Controversy. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
Fischer, Claude S. (1994) America calling: A social history of the telephone to 1940 (Univ of
California Press, 1994)
Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). The Worldwide History of Telecommunications Hoboken: NJ: Wiley-
IEEE Press.
John, Richard R. (2010). Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
MacDougall, Robert. The People's Network: The Political Economy of the Telephone in the Gilded
Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Mueller, Milton. (1993) "Universal service in telephone history: A reconstruction."
Telecommunications Policy 17.5 (1993): 352–69.
Todd, Kenneth P. (1998), A Capsule History of the Bell System (https://web.archive.org/web/20080
711065530/http://www.porticus.org/bell/capsule_bell_system.html). American Telephone &
Telegraph Company (AT&T).
External links
Early U.S. Telephone Industry Data (http://galbithink.org/telcos/early-telephone-data.htm)
"Telephone" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Teleph
one). New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Kempe, Harry Robert; Garcke, Emile (1911). "Telephone" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_En
cyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Telephone). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 547–
557.
Virtual museum of early telephones (http://www.sparkmuseum.com/TELEPHONE.HTM)
The Telephone, 1877 (https://web.archive.org/web/20080828132509/http://www.theengineer.co.u
k/Articles/294346/July+1877+The+Telephone.htm)
The short film "Now You're Talking (1927)" (https://archive.org/details/now_youre_talking_1927) is
available for free download at the Internet Archive.
The short film "Communication (1928)" (https://archive.org/details/history_of_communication) is
available for free download at the Internet Archive.
The short film "Telephone Memories (Reel 1 of 2) (1931)" (https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.
arc.89089.r1) is available for free download at the Internet Archive.
The short film "Telephone Memories (Reel 2 of 2) (1931)" (https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.
arc.89089.r2) is available for free download at the Internet Archive.
The short film "Far Speaking (ca. 1935)" (https://archive.org/details/FarSpeak1935) is available for
free download at the Internet Archive.
"US 174,465" (http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00174465&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft1.us
pto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPA
LL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D
1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0174,465.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0174,465%2526
RS%3DPN%2F0174,465&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+pa
ge). pdfpiw.uspto.gov.—Telegraphy (Bell's first telephone patent)—Alexander Graham Bell
US 186,787 (https://web.archive.org/web/20131207123744/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Par
ser?patentnumber=0186787)—Electric Telegraphy (permanent magnet receiver)—Alexander
Graham Bell
ser?patentnumber=0474230)—Speaking Telegraph (graphite transmitter)—Thomas Edison
ser?patentnumber=0203016)—Speaking Telephone (carbon button transmitter)—Thomas Edison
ser?patentnumber=0222390)—Carbon Telephone (carbon granules transmitter)—Thomas Edison
ser?patentnumber=0485311)—Telephone (solid back carbon transmitter)—Anthony C. White (Bell
engineer) This design was used until 1925 and installed phones were used until the 1940s.
US 3,449,750 (https://web.archive.org/web/20131207121651/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-P
arser?patentnumber=3449750)—Duplex Radio Communication and Signalling Apparatus—G. H.
Sweigert
arser?patentnumber=3663762)—Cellular Mobile Communication System—Amos Edward Joel
(Bell Labs)
arser?patentnumber=3906166)—Radio Telephone System (DynaTAC cell phone)—Martin Cooper
et al. (Motorola)
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2/4/23, 7:55 PM Telephone - Wikipedia

A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or

The essential elements of a telephone are a microphone

Johann Philipp Reis used the term in reference to his invention,

Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently

In 1876, shortly after Bell's patent application, Hungarian

In the United Kingdom, the blower is used as a slang term for a

Timeline of early development

14 February 1876: Alexander Graham Bell applies for the

Early commercial instruments

At first, the benefits of a telephone exchange were not exploited. Instead,

Signalling began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted

Digital telephones and voice over IP

By January 2005, up to 10% of telephone subscribers in Japan and

IP telephony uses high-bandwidth Internet connections and

Base station A cordless telephone system

Mobile phones generally incorporate an LCD or OLED display,

Mobile phone usage

As of 2022, most mobile phones are smartphones, being a

Satellite phones are popular on expeditions into remote locations,

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