What is Social Psychology

The study of Individual behaviour or individual thought when you are in a social setting, whether
physically or in mind,

We are impacted by others, whether they are there or not they will influence the mind

Research

Unit 1
Research methods

Survey
Open Ended - wanting the person to elaborate
Closed Ended questions - locked in to respondeing to what you have provided.
Natralistic Observation
behaviour changes when told that research is being done ususaly in the natral setting
Case study
Indepth inestigation ina particular phenomenon or life of a person or dynamics or war of life of a
small group.
Correlation looks on relationship between variables
Hyperrelation is when yeu have a relationship between 2 variables
Correlation is positive when the alues increase together and negative when one increases then
the othe decreases.
eg grade 6 stu get 90% and grade 7 same student get 50% i a negative corelation

Leads to EXPERIMENT
2 requirements of the experiment

Random assignments

Controlled environment

Random Assignment -each research participant must have an equal chance of being exposed
to each level of the independent variable.

Controlled Env. other than the independent variable, all factors that might also affect
participants behaviour must be constant.
Mediating variable is affected by what we are seeing
Confounding variable are ones we cannot control.

BIAS - affect the way we carry out our study

is onesided thinking
Types of Bias
emotional one sided way of lookig at thing based on emotions
expectancy
Controlling bias
Blind control - participants dont kno what is happening
Placebo - given a false treatment, eg given a fake and a false vaccine and observe the
persons who got the false vaccine without telling them
Double blind control - participants dont know, researchers dont kno weither
Ethical Guidelines - rights of individiual Participants
1. No harm or distress
2. There should be informed consent, signing or agreeing in document
3. Participants should be given as much information as possible to determine if tey want to be in
or not
DECEPTION - technique to hold back information about the purpose or procedure of a study
from peopl partípating in it.
DEBRIEFING- what takes place at the end of a research study

Unit 2

SOCIAL COGNITION - how we interpret the social world, other people, relationships with them
in our social env. Not always rational.
Schema - are mental structure centred around a specific theme that allows you to exercise
social information. Type of People, social group.

- Help us to minimize the effort of social thought

- If the effort is high we refer to COGNITIVE load and tend to reduce this load, there is a
downside to reduce this,
- 1. Stereotyping can be faulty and can lead to wrong assumptions. LEADS to prejudice
and discrimination.
- 2. Having a strong perseverance effect remaining unchanged even when there is
strong contradictory evidence. Evaluating in a particular way and find that they were
wrong, but still old on tho that evaluation.
- A self-fulfilling prophecy based on observation, they draw a hasty conclusion based on
1st experience.

- Schemas influence the processes of attention encoding and retrieving.

Attention - what we notice

Notice - information that fits in with existing schemas more like fits into long term memory

Encoding - what is entered into long term memory

Inconsistent Information is stored in a separate memory location and are identified with a unique
tag

Retrieval - We remember information that is both consistent and inconsistent with our schemas

Heuristics
Rules and methods we used to come to conclusions and making judgments when demands are
greater than the ability we use Heuristics, maybe too preoccupied in regular function to make a
proper conclusion so we use Heuristics
It is a way to reduce mental effort that is put into decision making
3 types of Heuristics

Representative Heuristics - a situation in which resembles a past experience cause you to

draw a conclusion. Judging by resemblance.

Availability Heuristic - making a judgment on how easily we get this info or how easy it comes
to mind. Can usually be inaccurate or incomplete.

Anchoring and Adjustment - tendency to make a judgment using a number or value as a

starting point (the anchor-based on the previous experience are arbitrary) to which adjustments
can be made.

SOURCES OF ERROR - Potential Sources of Error in Cognition

A lot of Thining discussing and analysing that we gather in the social world and there are times
we make mistake.

Negativity Bias - So we should a greater sensitivity to negative info that to positive information.
(even though we get positive information we read into the negative information)

Optimism Bias - Not looking at the risk and expert positive outcomes, trying to find a middle
ground.

Over Confidence Barrier - greater confidence in our own belief or judgments

than is justified. (Unhumbled)
The Planning Fallacy - our tendency to believe that we can get more done in a
given period of time than we actually can
Due to focus on the future and motivation to complete the task
Thinking about the future can increase creativity.

SITUATION SPECIFIC SOURCES OF ERROR in social cognition: - thinking of what could

have happened.

Counterfactual thinking looks at what might have occurred as opped to what has, it
sometimes helps us perform better.

Eg we didn’t give ourselves enough time to do HW, and we get a low grade, but you know you
have the ability, thinking next time or ill do better.

Magical Thinking - involve irrational assumptions that don’t hold up to rational scrutiny.
THE INFLUENCE OF AFFECT on COGNITION

AFFECT - speaks to emotion, a person emotional state, both positive and neg.
MOOD - is an emotional experience, a long-lasting feeling over time. It can influence the world
around us.

MOOD CONGRUENCE EFFECTS- Storing positive or negative info when we are in the
respective mood.

MOOD DEPEPNDET MEMORY - determined by memories and past leant experience.

Unit 3 - Impression management the fine art of looking good

Universal Emotions -

THE FACIAL FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS

- there is a link btw the expression on our face and the internal feelings.
-we don’t always show it

Channels of Nonverbal communication

Facial expression

EYE Contact - most accurate predictor of how a person is feeling. Prolonged eye contact is
intrusive and intimidating, sustained eye contact show trustworthiness.
Good eye contact is to maintain gaze for 7 sec, then look away, then back. If a person is not
being honest with you. Not too short not oo long.or you can be intrusive.

Body language - How we use our bodies to express emotions such as touching rubbing,
scratching. The greater the frequency, the higher the arousal of nervousness.
Lager patterns of body movement
Greater frequency of Such behaviour can be informative, Posture and Gesture

Gesture - a movement that expresses meaning, waving, pointing, rolling of eyes suggest
something.

Scents - gathering information based on the scent of objects

MAKING JUDGMENT ABOUT DECEPTION in non verbal communication

Making judgments on whether personas are being honest about what they are feeling.

Exaggerated facials expression suggest person is lying smile more or broadly than usual or
show greater sorrow than is expected or warranted in the situation. Trying to over compensate
for not being honest with us.

Eye Contact - Efforts of Deception are often revealed by certain aspects of eye contact.
People who are lying may often blink more than often and show dilated pupils,
widening.
May also show a low level of eye contact or surprisingly and unusually high level
of eye contact.Faking honest by looking right in the eye

MicroExpression - Expressions that last as short as a tenth of a sec. This emothin may be
difficult to suppress, but quickly removed or switching, not necessarily lying but are they honest
about how they are felling.

Pitch May be higher

May not be as fluent
MAy take longer to respond to a question or describing events

Interchannel Discrepancies - the term channel refers to the nonverbal cues. There maybe
inconsistencies between nonverbal cues from different channels.
People who are lying find it difficult to control all these channels at once. Body is still but eys
blinknig hard,

OBSTACLES TO NON-VEBRAL COMMUNICATION

Cultural Difference countries view eye contact as impolite.

Conclusion
Persons tend to conceal how they are feeling, hiding emotions , lying or just plain not being
honest.
The nonverbal information is based on emotional reaction so it is coming form the motions
which are expressed through changes in tis channels of communication. So if you see changes
this may suggest persons are hiding or not being honest in expressing thier emothings.

We can come to assumptions on wheter person ar being deceptive.

with...
 Attibution the causes of a person behaviour seeking to get info on why pesons do what
they do..

Jones and davis - Theory of correspondent inference

Whether the bahaviour was chosen
Whether it was specific to what took place
Whetehr it was low in social desirability
We are more like ly to be live that it is a part of thier character if they are free to do what it
is

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Spring 2021 :Social Psychology - SOC300

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Started on Thursday, 18 February 2021, 8:10 AM
 State Finished
Complete Tuesday, 23 February 2021, 12:00 AM
d on
Time 4 days 15 hours
taken
Grade 3 out of 25 (12%)

Question 1

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Our self-concept varies periodically because ________.

a.

our experiences cause subtle changes in our personalities

b.

our subjective experience of in-groups and out-groups changes over time

c.

we do not experience all aspects of our self-concept simultaneously

d.

our intergroup comparisons change over time

e.

we do not consciously recognize negative aspects of our self-concept

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 we do not experience all aspects of our self-concept simultaneously

Question 2

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James, a 17-year-old high school student, has just moved to a new city and
enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms
against teenagers smoking cigarettes. At his new school, however, several of
his new friends regularly smoke and say to him, "C'mon, don't be a jerk, have
one of mine." As a result, James is likely to begin smoking because of
________.

a.

the informational social influence

b.
 the normative social influence

c.

ingratiation

d.

the foot-in-the-door technique

e.

the normative focus influence

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the normative social influence

Question 3
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Judging individuals based on their similarity to persons who you have met
before is known as the ________.

a.

similarity heuristic

b.

automatic priming

c.

representativeness heuristic
 d.

availability heuristic

e.

anchoring heuristic

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representativeness heuristic

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Question text

A researcher thinks that a person's mood has an effect on how helpful that
person is likely to be. To test this, the researcher has some research
participants come to the laboratory where they are first given a difficult test
and then either heavily praised or strongly criticized for their test
performance. Afterwards, participants are asked to help the researcher's
assistant move some heavy boxes into another room. The researcher makes
careful note of how many and which participants help with moving the
boxes. In this example, the hypothesis is ________.

a.

a person's mood has an effect on how helpful that person is likely to be

b.

helping the researcher's assistant will change a participant's mood

c.

some participants will be in a better mood than others

d.

praise will improve the mood of research subjects and criticism will worsen
 their mood

e.

the difficulty of the test will cause participants to be in a bad mood

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a person's mood has an effect on how helpful that person is likely to be

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The fundamental purpose of a theory is to ________.

a.

generate statistical analyses for further exploration

b.

provide practical applications for observed data

c.

produce evidence in support of a hypothesis

d.

explain some particular group of events or processes

e.

unify all the known factors that contribute to human behavior

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explain some particular group of events or processes

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Researchers were recently surprised to learn that the correlation between the
type of clothing people wear when they are not at work and the type of jobs
they hold is approximately zero. Based on this, we can conclude that
________.

a.
there is no relationship between the types of clothing worn in non-work
settings and the type of work that people do

b.

people with lower status jobs tend to dress worse than people with higher
status job

c.

people with lower status jobs tend to wear the same clothing both on and off
the job

d.

people with higher status jobs tend to dress worse when they are not at work

e.

people with higher status jobs tend to dress better on and off the job

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there is no relationship between the types of clothing worn in non-work

settings and the type of work that people do

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In experimental research, one variable is systematically changed. This

variable is known as the ________.

a.
dependent variable

b.

independent variable

c.

confounding variable

d.

control variable

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 independent variable

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The procedure that ensures that participants are not assigned to an

experimental group on the basis of any preference or bias is called ________.

a.

interaction

b.

confound control
 c.

random assignment

d.

generic subjectification

e.

informed consent

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random assignment

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. Henry feels helpless at his job, feels that he cannot control his workday,
and feels that he is useless, worthless, and inept. These characteristics
would probably mean that Henry has ________.

a.

high locus of control

b.

low self esteem

c.

high self-insight
 d.

low locus of control

e.

negative possible selves

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low self esteem

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Question text

Social psychologists seek to find basic principles that will explain social
behavior; however, both _____differences and _____ social world make this
challenging.

a.

biological; a rapidly changing

b.

cultural; religious

c.

cultural; a rapidly changing

d.

intrapersonal; a conforming
 e.

rapidly changing; an evolution-based

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cultural; a rapidly changing

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Injunctive norms ________.

a.

specify what ought to be done in a particular situation

b.

encourage the adoption of certain attitudes but not others

c.

are unspoken, implicit standards for behavior

d.

determine the ways in which we interact with other people

e.

specify what most people do in a particular situation

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specify what ought to be done in a particular situation

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Erin's boyfriend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant.
Erin notices that he can't seem to sit still during the meal, and is constantly
rubbing his left knee, scratching an itch, or pulling his earlobe. This type of
body language usually indicates ________.

a.
correspondent inference

b.

emotional arousal

c.

deception

d.

nothing; it cannot be interpreted without more information

e.

nothing; it cannot be interpreted without more information

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 emotional arousal

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Researchers who systematically change one variable in order to determine

what effect this has on another variable are using ________.

a.

control group

b.

dependent variable
 c.

correlational method

d.

experimental method

e.

independent variable

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experimental method

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An example of an interchannel discrepancy during deception would be

________.

a.

smiling more frequently and broadly than would be expected in a given

situation

b.

showing one expression quickly followed by another

c.

displaying a pleasant facial expression while not making much eye contact

d.
 blinking very often

e.

using pronouns such as "I" or "we" very frequently

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displaying a pleasant facial expression while not making much eye contact

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Heuristics exert a strong influence on our thinking in large measure because
________.

a.

they allow us to process more information than would otherwise be

considered

b.

they are effortful processes that require an expenditure of mental energy

c.

they reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions

d.

they activate critical brain structures such as the amygdala

e.

they rely on our internal personal biases and unknown prejudices

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they reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions

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Who of the following individuals is MOST likely to experience information

overload?

a.

A person who is dancing and talking at a party

b.

A person who is eating dinner while watching television

c.

A person who is singing in the shower

d.

A person who is talking on a cell phone while driving a car

e.

A person who is chatting with his wife while dressing for work

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A person who is talking on a cell phone while driving a car

Question 17

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Social psychologists sometimes conceal information about the true purpose

of a study from the research participants until after the study is completed.
This use of deception is justified when ________.

a.

knowledge of the study's purpose may alter the behavior of the participants

b.

the participants would otherwise not agree to participate in the study

c.
 approval from the researcher's review board has been granted

d.

social behavior and thought is the subject of the experiment

e.

the deception will not harm the participants in any way

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knowledge of the study's purpose may alter the behavior of the participants

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The personal identity ________.

a.

allows us to attribute our successes to external causes

b.

allows us to attribute our failures to external causes

c.

prevents us from recognizing most discrepancies between our behavior and

our attitudes

d.

conceptualizes the self as a unique individual

 e.

conceptualizes the self as a member of particular social groups

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conceptualizes the self as a unique individual

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Question text

The personal-social identity continuum recognizes that we ________.

a.

are part of a number of different social groups

b.

see ourselves as being more consistent across situations than we really are

c.

are part of a number of different social groups

d.

present many different "selves," depending on the social grouping

 e.

can see ourselves differently, depending on the context

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can see ourselves differently, depending on the context

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As players on a social "stage," we may wish to emphasize some personal

aspect to others, as well as to ourselves. This is called ________.
a.

self-aggrandizement

b.

self-efficacy

c.

self-delusion

d.

self-promotion

e.

ingratiation

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self-promotion

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The planning fallacy is ________.

a.

a tendency to rely on our memories of previous similar activities when

planning future projects

b.

the mistaken belief that one can completely plan for social encounters

c.

a technique used by some social psychologists when studying group

interactions

d.

a bias that some people have in planning for worst-case scenarios

e.

a tendency for individuals to believe that projects will take less time than
they actually do

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a tendency for individuals to believe that projects will take less time than
they actually do

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Imagine that you see a friend arguing with a sales clerk in a store. You have
never seen your friend argue with anyone in public before. Therefore, you
think that the clerk did something to cause the argument. The theory that
most directly explains how you reached this conclusion is ________.

a.
the theory of correspondent inference

b.

the actor-observer effect

c.

the theory of discounting and augmenting

d.

the theory of consensus consistency

e.

the inferential correspondence effect

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 the theory of correspondent inference

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A correlation exists between two variables when ________.

a.

the two variables are inversely related – as one increases, the other
decreases

b.

changes in the two variables are related to each other

 c.

changing one variable has no effect on the other variable

d.

changing one variable sometimes causes the other to change and

sometimes not

e.

changing one variable causes the other to change by the same amount

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changes in the two variables are related to each other

Question 24

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All of the factors that bind group members together into a coherent social
entity are collectively known as ________.

a.

individuation

b.

social influence

c.

social norms

d.
 ingratiation

e.

cohesiveness

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cohesiveness

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with groups to which we belong and this identification with a group raises
our self-esteem. As a result, we frequently see other groups as being
________ to our own group.

a.

unimportant

b.

irrelevant

c.

superior

d.

equivalent
 e.

inferior

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inferior

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 ◄ Group Presentations
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Jump to... Announcements Janice Speid Welcome - Social
Psychology Online Class Janice Speid's Personal Meeting Room Social
Psychology Textbook Course Outline SOC 300 - Spring 2021 - Weekly
Class Schedule Group Presentations Mid-Module Assessment Section L
Reflection Discussion Question 1 Discussion Question 2
Discussion Question 3 January 10,2021 Jan 17, 2021
January 24, 2021 January 31, 2021 February 07, 2021
February 14, 2021 January 12,2021 Jan 19, 2021 Jan 26
Feb 02, 2021 Feb.9,2021 February 16, 2021 Lecture 1:
Introduction to Social Psychology Lecture 2 - Social Cognition Lecture 3
- Social Perception Advantages and Disadvantages - Research Methods in
Psychology Lecture 4 - Attitudes Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Social Psychology The Stanford Prison Experiment
Lecture 5 - The Self Lecture 6 - Social Influence Lecture 7 - Prosocial
Behaviour Why I, as a Black man, attend KKK rallies - Janice Speid
Nuh Compatible - Janice Speid Interview with member of the Proud Boys Group
Mid-Module Assessment Section L ►
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