ls/0f sfsL{ (KIRAN KARKI )

SCIENCE CLASS 10

Publisher : Kiran pustak sankalan

Laligurans municipality 3- Terhathum
Phone : 9800914049 / 9762217097
E-mail : karkikiran252@gmail.com

;a=O{lGhlgo/ ls/0f sfsL{ ¢f/f ;Íng

ul/Psf] lj1fg sIff !) sf s]lx lx;fax? :

of] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] o'u ePsfn] clxn]sf ljBfyL{sf nflu lj1fg

lgs} dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . j}1flgs cfljisf/ / cfljisf/n] ljZjdf 7"nf]
kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . g]kfnh:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf ljBfyL{sf nflu
lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cWoogn] w]/} pknlAw xfl;n ug{ 7"nf] dxQ\j
/fv]sf] 5 .
oL tYox¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} sIff !) sf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu
ljBfno txdf lj1fgsf] cWoognfO{ tfhf / cfsif{s b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy
cl3 a9fpg' k5{ eGg] pb]Zon] d ls/0f sfsL{ l;Sb} / l;sfpb} ug]
{ s|ddf ;fgf] c+z tof/ kf/]sf] 5' . cfzf 5 oxfFx? ;Dk"0f{sf]
k9fOdf s]lx xb ;Dd dBt k'Ug] 5 .
Hope for your positive response
 Numerical of Science (la1fgsf s]xL lx;fax¿)

Force (Afn)
1. olb k[YjLnfO{ v'DrfP/ rGb|dfsf] ;fOh hÌ} agfOof] eg] k[YjLsf] ;txdf
%) s]=hL lk08 ePsf] dflg;sf] tf}n slt xf]nf < -k[YjLsf] k[08 Ö
24
6×10 kg 3
rGb|dfsf] cw{Jof; Ö 1. 7×10 km (If earth is
sequeezed into the size of moon ,what will be the weight of a person
of 50 kg. mass on the surface of earth?) [Mass of Earth =
24
6×10 kg 3
,Radius of Moon 1. 7×10 km ]
Solution
24
Mass of earth (M1)= 6×10 kg
Mass of person(M2)= 50 kg
3
Radius of Moon(R)= 1. 7×10 km
If the earth is compressed to the size of moon then, the mass of earth
remains constant but the radius of earth is equal to the radius of Moon
so,
GM 1
Acceleration due to gravity (g)= R2

−11 24
6 . 67×10 ×6×10
= ( 1. 7×106 )2
2
= 138 . 4 m/s
Now, Weight of person(W)= M2g
 = 50×138 . 4
=6923.87 N
Alternative method
GM 1 M 2
Force act on two bodies(F)= R2

−11 24
6 . 67×10 ×6×10 ×50
= (1 . 7×10 6 )2
= 6923.87 N
Therefore the force act between two bodies is equal to the weight of
person.
2. k[YjL / d+un u|x;DaGwL s]xL t'ngfx? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\: (Some
comparison about earth and mars are: )

k[YjLsf] lk08 = 10׿ ¿ d+unu|xsf] lk08

Mass of Earth = 10׿ ¿ mass of Mars

k[YjLsf] cw{Jof; = 2׿¿ d+unu|xsf] cw{Jof;

Radius of Earth = 2׿¿ radius of Mars

k[YjLdf Ps lsnf]u|fd kfgLsf] tf}n 10N dfGg ;lsG5 eg] du+nux|df ePsf] Ps
lsnf]u|fd kfgLsf] tf}n stL xf]nf < ( If the weight of 1 kg of water is 10N
on Earth. Calculate the weight of 1 kg of water on Mars.)
Solution
Initially,
weight of water(W)=10N
mg=10
1.g=10
g=10m/s2
Now,
 Let mass of mars be 'M' and its radius be 'R' so,
GM
aceeleration due to gravity = R2

For earth
G×10 M
2
g = (2 R ) (i)
For Mars
GM
g' = R2 (ii)
Dividing both eqn
G×10 M
(2 R )2
g GM
g' = R2

g 10
g' = 4

10g'=4g
4g
g'= 10
4×10
g= 10
g=10m/s2
Now,

W=mg = 1×10 = 10N

27 4
3. j[x:kltsf] lk08 1. 9×10 kg / cw{Jof; 7.1×10 km 5 eg]
j[x:kltsf] ;txdf u'?Tjk|j]s slt x'G5 < 85 kg lk08 ePsf] dflg;sf] tf}n To; u|
27
xdf slt xf]nf < (The mass of Jupiter is 1. 9×10 kg and it's radius is
4
7 .1×10 km . Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the
 surface of Jupiter. What will be the weight of the person of mass 85 kg
on that planet ?
soln
27
Mass of Jupiter(M) = 1. 9×10 kg
4 4
Radius of Jupiter(R) = 7.1×10 km = (7.1×10 )×1000 m
7
= 7.1×10 m
Mass of person(m) = 85 kg
now,
GM
acceleration due to gravity(g) = R2

−11 27
6 . 67×10 ×1 . 9×10
= ( 7 . 1×107 )2
2
= 0 .2513×10 =25.13m/s2
Again,

weight of person(W) = mg = 85×25. 13 = 2136.05N

4. b'O{cf]6f lk08x?nfO{ 2m 6f8f /fVbf 100N u'?Tjfsif{0f an pTkGg x'G5
eg] 4m /fVbf slt u'?Tjfsif{0f an k}bf xf]nf <(If the gravitational force
produced between two masses kept 2m apart is 100N,what will be it's
value when the masses are kept 4m apart ? Show your calculation .)
Soln
Case (i)
Distance between two bodies (d) = 2m
Gravational force (F) = 100N
We know,
 GM 1 M 2
F= d2

GM 1 M 2
100= 22

GM1M2 = 100×4 =400 eq(i)

Case(ii)
Distance between two bodies (d1) = 4m
GM 1 M 2 400
d
Gravitation force (F1) = 12 = 42 (from eq i) =25N
30 30
5. j[x:kltsf] lk08 1.9×10 kg 5 / ;"o{sf] lk08 2×10 kg 5 . tL
29
b'O{ lk08x?larsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f an 4 . 3×10 N eg] tL b"O{ lk08x?larsf]
30
b'/L kTtf nufpg'xf]; < (Mass of Jupiter is 1.9×10 kg and mass of the
30
Sun is 2×10 kg . Find the distance between them if the gravitational
29
force between them is 4 . 3×10 N . )
Soln
30
Mass of Jupiter(M1) = 1.9×10 kg
30
Mass of Sun(M2) = 2×10 kg
29
Gravitational force = 4 . 3×10 N
Now,
GM 1 M 2
F= d2
−11 30 30
6 . 67×10 ×1 . 9×10 ×2×10
29
4 .3×10 = d2

25×10 49
29
4 .3×10 = d2
 49
25×10
29 20 20
√
d2 = 4 . 3×10 , d2 = 5.81×10 , d = 5.81×10 ,d = 2. 41×10 m
10

4
6. s'g} b'O{ j:t'nfO{ 2. 5×10 km 6f9f /fVbf 580N u'?Tjfsif{0f an pTkGg
x'G5 eg] u'?Tjfsif{0f an klxn] eGbf cfwf pTkGg ug{ slt b'/Ldf
/fVg'knf{ < (The gravitational force produced between any two object
4
kept 2. 5×10 km apart is 580N. At what distance should they be kept
so that gravitational force become half. )
Soln
Case(i)
4
Distance between two object(d 1) = 2. 5×10 km =
4
(2. 5×10 )×1000 m
7
= 2. 5×10 m
Gravitational force(F) = 580N
Now,
GM 1 M 2
F= d2

GM 1 M 2
580 = (2. 5×10 7 )2

GM 1 M 2
580 = 6 . 25×1014

14
GM1M2 = 580×(6 .25×10 )
17
GM1M2 = 3.625×10 eq(i)
Case(ii)
If force is half to the initial force then,
580
F' = 2 =290N
 now,
17
GM 1 M 2
3 . 625×10 3 . 625×10
17

d d2
F' = 12 , 290= 1 , d12 = 290 ,
17
d12 = 0 . 0125×10

d1 = √ 0.0125×1017 = 35,355,339.05m

7. Pp6f 9'ª\uf 72m cUnf] 6fj/af6 :jtGq ?kdf tn v;fNbf 6 ;]s]G8kl5 hldgdf
k'Ub5 eg] pSt 9'ª\ufsf] u'?Tj k|j]s slt xf]nf < s'g cj:yfdf u'?Tj k|j]sf] dfg
z'Go x'G5 < ( A stone dropped freely from 72 m height of the tower
and reaches to the ground in 6 seconds. What is acceleration due to
gravity of that stone. At what condition does acceleration due to
gravity becomes zero.)
Soln
Height(h) = 72m
Time (t) = 6 sec
Initial velocity(u) = 0 m/s
Using the equation of straight line
1
H=ut + g×t 2
2
1
72=ut+ g×6 2
2
1
72= g×62
2
144=a×62
2
g=4m/s
Condition of acceleration due to gravity be zero
 a. When a body falls freely under the influence of the force
of gravity or when the acceleration of a falling body is equal
to the acceleration due to gravity. ha s'g} z/L/ u'?Tjfsif{0f ansf]
k|efj cGtu{t :jtGq ¿kdf v:5 jf ha emg]{ z/L/sf] k|j]u u'?Tj k|
j]u ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 .
b. When a body is at the earth's centre or in the space at null
point (g = 0 → w = mg = 0) . ha s'g} z/L/ k[YjLsf] s]G›df jf
cGtl/Ifsf] z"Go laGb'df x'G5 (g Ö 0 → w Ö mg Ö 0) .
c. The body in the artificial satellite (rocket) becomes
weightless when the artificial satellite is orbiting around a
heavenly body. s[lqd pku|x -/s]6_ sf] z/L/ tf}n ljxLgtf x'G5 ha
s[lqd pku|x cGo u|x jl/kl/ kl/qmdf ub{5 .

8. Pp6f 9'ª\ufnfO{ 20 m prfO{af6 v;fNbf k[YjLsf] ;txdf cfOk'Ug slt ;do

nfU5 / 3 ;]s]G8 kl5 o;sf] k|j]s slt xf]nf < (g=10 m/s2 ) ( How much time
does a stone take to reach on the surface of the earth drop from
height of 20 m and what will be its acceleration due to gravity after 3
second. ) (g = 10 m/s2 )
Soln
Height(H) = 20 m
Acceleration due to gravity(g) = 10 m/s2
Initial velocity(u) = 0 m/s
Using the equation of straight line
1
H=ut + g×t 2
2
1
20=ut + 10×t 2
2
1
20= 10×t 2
2
2
40=10 t
t 2=4
t=√ 4
t=±2 ( For time take 't' +ve)
so, t=2 sec
 The stone reach to the ground after 2 second so, the final velocity at
time 2 sec. is 0 m/s , that is why acceleration due to gravity at time 3
sec is 0 m/s2.
22 6
9. rGb|dfsf] lk08 / cw{Jof; s|dzM 7 .2×10 kg / 1. 7×10 m 5g\ eg] rGb|
dfsf] u'?Tj k|j]s slt xf]nf < 80 kg lk08 ePsf] j:t'sf] tf}n rGb|dfdf slt xf]nf
22 6
< ( The mass of moon is 7 .2×10 kg and radius 1. 7×10 m
respectively. What is the acceleration due to gravity of the moon and
also calculate the weight of an object of mass 80 kg on the lunar
surface ?)
Soln
22
Mass of Moon(M) = 7 .2×10 kg
6
Radius of Moon(R) = 1. 7×10 m
we know,
GM
2
Acceleration due to gravity(g) = R
−11 22
6 . 67×10 ×7 . 2×10
= ( 1 .7×106 )2
−11 22
6 . 67×10 ×7 . 2×10
6 2
= ( 1 .7×10 )
11
48 . 024×10
12
= 2 .89×10
−1 2
= 16 .61×10 = 1. 661 m/s
again,
mass of body(m) = 80kg
Weight of body(W) = m.g
= 80×1. 661

= 132. 88 N
10. Pp6f pNsf k[YjLtk{m vl;/x]sf] 5 . olb k[YjLsf] lk08 / cw{Jof; s|d; M
24 3
6×10 kg / 6 . 4×10 km eP k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 slt prfO{df pNsfsf] u'?
 2
Tj k|j]u 4 m/s x'G5 < sf]Onf vfgLsf] leqkl§ hfFbf j:t'sf] tf}n 36\5, lsg
< ( A meteor is falling towards the earth. If mass and radius of earth
24 3
are 6×10 kg and 6 . 4×10 km respectively. what is the height
of meteor from the earth surface where it's acceleration due to
2
gravity becomes 4 m/s ? The weight of a body decrease in a coal
mine, why ?
Soln
24
Mass of Earth(M) = 6×10 kg
3 3
Radius of Earth(R) = 6 . 4×10 km = (6 . 4×10 )×1000 m
6
= 6 . 4×10 m
2
Acceleration due to gravity(g) = 4 m/s
let, height of meteor from earth surface be 'h'
Now,
Acceleration due to gravity at height 'h' from earth surface is given by
GM
2
(g) = ( R+h )
−11 24
6 . 67×10 ×6×10
4=
(6 . 4×107 +h )2
13
6 40. 02×10
2
(6 . 4×10 + h) =
4
6 2 13
(6 . 4×10 +h) =10 . 005×10
(6 . 4×106 +h)=√10 . 005×10 13
(6 . 4×106 + h)=10002499. 68
6
h=10002499. 68−6. 4×10
h=3602499. 68 m

As we khow that coil mine is located inside the earth. So the mass of
earth is assumed to be decrease as we go inside it. So acceleration due to
gravity is directly proportional to the mass of a Earth i.e gαM. Due to the
decrease of acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a body is also
decreased,i.e.W=mg. That is why the weight of a body decreases in a coil
mine. xfdLnfO yfxf 5b} 5 ls sf]Onf vfgL k[YjL leq cjl:yt 5 . To;}n]
k[YjLsf] ›Jodfg xfdL leq hfFbf 36\b} uPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . To;}n] u'?Tj k|j]u
k[YjLsf] ›Jodfg;Fu k|ToIf ;dfg'kflts x'G5 cyf{t\ (gαM) . u'?Tj k|j]u 36\g]
sf/0fn], z/L/sf] tf}n klg sd x'G5, cyf{t\ W=mg . To;}n] sf]Onf vfgLdf
z/L/sf] tf}n 36\5 .
11. 2073 sflt{s 29 ut] k[YjLaf6 rGb|df ;a}eGbf glhssf] b'/Ldf cfof] . pSt
19
lbg k[YjL / rGb|df larsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f an sl/a 7 .37×10 N lyof] eg]
24
lolgx?larsf] b'/L slt lyof] xf]nf < (k[YjLsf] lk08 = 6×10 kg , rGb|
22 −11 2 2
dfsf] lk08 = 7×10 kg , G = 6.67×10 Nm /kg ) (On November
14, 2016 moon approached closest to the earth on that day, the force
19
of gravitational between the earth and moon was about 7 .37×10 N
. What was the distance between two bodies ?) ( Mass of earth =
24 22
6×10 kg , Mass of moon = 7×10 kg , G =
−11 2 2
6.67×10 Nm /kg )
Soln
19
Gravitational force(F) = 7 .37×10 N
24
Mass of earth = 6×10 kg
22
Mass of moon = 7×10 kg
−11 2 2
G= 6.67×10 Nm /kg
Now,
GM 1 M 2
Gravitational force(F) = d2
GM 1 M 2
d 2=
F
2 6 . 67×10−11×6×1024 ×7×10 22
d =
7 .37×1019
 35
2 280 .17×10
d =
7 . 37×1019
2 16
d =38 .01×10
d= √ 38. 01×1016
8
d=6 . 165×10 m

12. b'O{cf]6f lk08x?nfO{ 4 m 6f9f lgsfNbf 25 N u'?Tjfsif{0f an pTkGg

eP 2 M 6f9f /fVbf slt u'?Tjfsif{0f an pTkGg xf]nf < lx;fa ug'{xf];\ . (The
gravitational force produced between two bodies is 25 N when they
are at the distance of 4 m . how much gravitational force is produced
when they are kept 2m apart? Calculate.
soln
Case(i)
Gravitational force(F) = 25 N
Distance(d) = 4 m
Now,
GM 1 M 2
Gravitational force(F) = d2
GM 1 M 2
25=
42
GM 1 M 2 =400 eq(i)
Case(i)
Distance(d1) = 2 m
GM 1 M 2
d2
Gravitational force(F') = 1

400
2
= 2
= 100 N

22
13. rGb|dfsf] lk08 / cw{Jof; s|dzM 7 .2×10 kg / 1. 7×103 km 5 .
rGb|dfsf] ;txdf u'?Tj k|j]s slt x'G5 < 60 kg lk08 ePsf] dflg;sf] tf}n rGb|
 22
dfdf slt x'G5 <(The mass and radius of the moon are 7 .2×10 kg
3
and 1. 7×10 km respectively . Calculate the acceleration due to
gravity on the moon surface. What will be the weight of a man of
60 kg mass on the moon?
Soln
22
Mass of moon(M) = 7 .2×10 kg
3 3
Radius of moon(R) = 1. 7×10 km = (1. 7×10 )×1000 m
6
= 1. 7×10 m
GM
2
Acceleration due to gravity(g) = R
−11 22
6 . 67×10 ×7 . 2×10
= (1 .7×106 )2
−11 22
6 . 67×10 ×7 . 2×10
= (1 .7×106 )2
11
48 . 024×10
12
= 2 .89×10
−1 2
= 16 .67×10 m/ s
2
= 1. 667 m/s
Again,

Mass of Man(m) = 60 kg
Weight of man(w) = m.g

= 60×1 . 667 = 100 .02 N

24
14. k[YjLsf] lk08 6×10 kg 5 . k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 19200 km 6f9f
/x]sf] j:t'sf] u'?Tj k|j]s slt x'G5 < ( The mass of the earth is
 24
6×10 kg . What is the value of acceleration due to gravity of an
object which is at distance of 19200 km from the centre of earth)
−11 2 2
(G=6. 67×10 Nm /kg )
Soln
24
Mass of earth(M) = 6×10 kg
Distance of object(D) = 19200 km = 19200×1000 m = 19200000 m
−11 2 2
G=6 . 67×10 Nm /kg
Now,
GM
2
Acceleration due to gravity(g) = R
−11 24
6 . 67×10 ×6×10
2
= 19200000
13
40 . 02×10
14
= 3 . 6864×10
−1
= 10.85×10
2
= 1. 085 m/s

24 30
15. z's| u|x / ;"o{sf lk08x? s|dzM 4 . 89×10 kg / 2×10 kg 5g\ .
8
lolgx? larsf] b'/L 1. 072×10 km 5 eg] oL j:t'x?lar pTkGg xg] u'?
−11 2 2
Tjfsif{0f an kQf nufpg' xf];\ . (G=6 . 67×10 Nm /kg ) (The mass
24 30
of venus and sun are 4 . 89×10 kg and 2×10 kg respectively
8
and distance between them is 1. 072×10 km . Find out the
−11 2 2
gravitational force between them. ) (G=6 . 67×10 Nm /kg )
Soln
24
Mass of venus(M1) = 4 . 89×10 kg
30
Mass of sun(M2) = 2×10 kg
8 11
Distance between them(d) = 1. 072×10 km = 1. 072×10 m
−11 2 2
(G=6 . 67×10 Nm /kg )
 Now,
GM 1 M 2
Gravitational force(F) = d2
−11 24 30
6 .67×10 ×4.89×10 ×2×10
= (1 .072×1011 )2
65.2326×1043
22
= 1.149×10
21
= 56 .78×10 N

27 6
16. olb j[x:klt lk08 1. 9×10 kg / cw{Jof; 71×10 m 5g\ eg]
j[x:kltsf] u'?Tj k|j]s slt x'G5 < 75 kg lk08 ePsf] j:t'sf] tf}n To; u|xdf slt
27
x'G5 < ( The mass and radius of Jupiter is 1. 9×10 kg and
6
71×10 m respectively., find the acceleration due to gravity of it.
What will be the weight of an object having mass 75 kg on that
planet?)
Soln
27
Mass of Jupiter(M) = 1. 9×10 kg
6
Radius of jupiter(R) = 71×10 m
we know,
GM
2
Acceleration due to gravity(g) = R
−11 27
6 . 67×10 ×1 . 9×10
= ( 71×10 6 )2

12. 673×1016
12
= 5041×10
4 2
= 0 . 002513×10 = 25 .13 m/s
 again,

mass of body(m) = 75kg

Weight of body(W) = m.g
= 75×25 . 13

= 11884 . N

24
17. k[YjLsf] lk08 6×10 kg / cw{Jof; 6400 km 5 . 1000 kg lk08sf]
Pp6f pNsf k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 10 km prfOdf x'bf tf}n slt xf]nf < lx;fa
24
ug{'xf];\ . (Mass of earth is 6×10 kg and radius is 6400 km . What
will be the weight of meteor having mass 1000 kg at the height
10 km from the earth surface ? Calculate. )
Soln
24
Mass of earth(M1) = 6×10 kg
Mass of meteor(M2) = 1000 kg
6
Radius of earth(R) = 6400 km = 6400×1000 m = 6 . 4×10 m
Height of meteor(h) = 10 km = 10×1000 m = 10000 m
Distance between earth and meteor(d) = R + h
6
= 6 . 4×10 m+10000
6
= 6 . 41×10 m
Now,
GM
2
Acceleration due to gravity(g) = R
−11 24
6 . 67×10 ×6×10
= ( 6 . 4×106 )2

40 . 02×1013
12
= 40 . 96×10
 2
= 0 . 977×10 = 9 .77 m/ s
again,

mass of meteor(M2) = 1000 kg

Weight of body(W) = m.g
= 1000×9. 77
= 9770 N
Alternative method
GM 1 M 2
Force act on two bodies(F)= R2

−11 24
6 . 67×10 ×6×10 ×1000
= ( 6 . 41×106 )2

40 . 02×1016
12
= 41 . 0881×10
4
= 0 . 974×10 = 9740 N

4
18. s'g} b'O{cf]6f j:t'x?nfO{ 400 m sf] b'/Ldf /fVbf 4 . 16875×10 N
7
u'?Tjfsif{0f an k}bf x'G5 . olb Pp6f j:t'sf] lk08 2×10 kg eP csf]{ lk08
kQf nufpg'xf];\ . (If two bodies are kept at a distance of 400 m , the
4
gravitational force between the bodies is 4 . 16875×10 N . The mass
7
of one body is 2×10 kg ,find the mass of another body.)
−11 2 2
[G=6.67×10 Nm /kg ]
Soln
4
Gravitational force(F) = 4 . 16875×10 N
Distance between two bodies(d) = 400 m
7
Mass of one body(M1) = 2×10 kg
Mass of another body(M2) = ?
 Now,
GM 1 M 2
Gravitational force(F) = d2

6 . 67×10−11×2×107 ×M 2
4 2
4 . 16875×10 N = ( 400)
−4
13 .34×10 ×M 2
4
4 . 16875×10 N = 160000

−4
4 . 16875×10 N ×160000 = 13 .34×10 ×M 2
4

12
M2 = 5×10 kg
2
19. lrqdf b]vfOPsf] cfsflzo j:t'sf] ;txdf u'?Tj k|j]ssf] dfg 4.6 m/s 5 . To;
2
j:t'sf] ;txaf6 prfO{df u'?Tj k|j]usf] dfg 2. 25 m/s x'G5 <pko'St ;'qsf] k|
of]u u/L u0fgf ug'{xf];\ . ( Value of acceleration due to gravity at the
2
surface of a heavenly body is 4.6 m/s . At what height from the surface
of heavenly body, the value of acceleration due to gravity will be
2. 25 m/s 2 ? Calculate by using suitable formula.)

prfOdf /x]sf] j:t'

Body at height

h=?

4
4. 5×10 m
 cfsflzo j:t'\
Heavenly body
Soln
2
Acceleration due to gravity(g) = 4.6 m/s
2
Acceleration due to gravity at height(h) = 2. 25 m/s
Now,
GM
2
Acceleration due to gravity at it's surface(g) = R
eq(i)
GM
2
Acceleration due to gravity at height'h'(g') = ( R+h )
eq(ii)
Dividing eq(ii) by eq(i)
GM
2
g ' ( R+h )
=
g GM
R2
2
g' GM R
= ×
g (R+h)2 GM
2
g' R
=
g (R+ h)2
2
R
g '= ×g
( R+ h)2
( 4 .5×10 4 )2
2. 25= ×4 . 6
(4 . 5×10 4 +h)2
 9
2. 025×10
2. 25= ×4 . 6
(4 . 5×10 4 +h)2
9
4 2 9 .315×10
(4 . 5×10 +h ) =
2. 25
4 2 4
( 4 . 5×10 +h ) =4 .14×10

(4 . 5×10 4 +h )=√ 4 . 14×104

4
(4 . 5×10 +h )=64342. 84
4
h=64342. 84−4 . 5×10
h=19342. 84 m

2
20. k[YjLsf] ;txdf g sf] dfg 9.8m/ s 5 . olb j[x;kltsf] lk08 k[YjLsf]
lk08sf] 319 u'0ff 5 / cw{Jof; k[YjLsf] cw{Jof;sf] 11 u'0ff 5 eg]
j[x:kltsf] ;txdf 'g' sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . ;fy} 50kg lk08 ePsf] dfG5]sf]
tf}n j[x:kltsf] ;txdf slt xf]nf < ( The value of 'g' on the surface of earth
2
is 9.8m/ s . If mass of Jupiter is 319 times the mass of the earth and its
radius is 11 times the radius of the earth. Find the value of 'g' on the
surface of Jupiter. What will be the weight of a man having mass
having mass 50kg on the surface of Jupiter? )
Soln
2
Acceleration due to gravity of earth(g) = 9.8m/ s
Let the mass and radius of earth be 'M' and 'R' respectively,
Mass of Jupiter = 319׿ ¿ Mass of earth i.e. 319 M
Radius of Jupiter = 11׿ ¿ Radius of earth i.e. 11 R
Now,
GM
2
aceeleration due to gravity = R
For earth
 GM
2
g= R (i)
For jupiter
G×319 M
2
g' = (11 R ) (ii)
Dividing both eqn
GM
R2
g G×319 M
g' = (11 R )2

g GM 121 R2
×
g' = R 2 319GM
g 121
g' = 319
g' 319
g = 121
319
×g
g' = 121
g' = 25 .84 m/ s 2

Again,

mass of a man(m) = 50 kg
Weight of a man(W) = m.g
= 50×25 . 84
= 1292 N
21. tnsf] lrqdf ;dfg lk08 ePsf ;fy} x/tx/n] p:t} wft'sf b'O{cf]6f lk08x? A /
B nfO{ k[YjL / rGb|dfsf] ;txlt/ v;fOFb}5 . lbOPsf] tYofª\snfO{ ljZn]if0f
u/L tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . ( In the figure below: two identical
metal balls A and B having equal masses are being dropped towards
the earth and moon. Analyse the given data and answer the following
question. )

30Kg 30Kg

10m 10m

rGb|dfsf] ;tx k[YjLsf] ;tx

2 2
g = 1. 67 m/s g = 9 . 8 m/ s
i. olb b'a} uf]nfx? (lk08x?) nfO{ Ps}k6s v;fOof] eg] s'grfxLF
hldgdf l56f] 7f]lsG5 < lx;fa u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ . (If both the metal
ball are released simultaneously, which one does stike the
ground faster? Show with calculation.)
Soln
Height of both metal(H) = 10 m
2
Acceleration due to gravity of earth(g) = 9.8m/ s
2
Acceleration due to gravity of moon(g') = 1. 67 m/s
Initial velocity(u) = 0 m/s
Now, using equation of straight line.
For earth
 1
H=ut + g×t 2
2
1
10=ut + g×t 2
2
1
10= 9.8×t2
2
2
t =2.04
t=√ 2.04
t =1. 43 sec .
For moon
1
H=ut + g'×t 2
2
1
10=ut + 1.67×t2
2
1
10= 1.67×t 2
2
2
t =11 .98
t=√ 11.98
t=3 . 45 sec.
Therefore the metal object would reached to the ground earlier
in earth suface.

ii. Ps hgf dflg;n] k[YjLsf] ;txdf 30kg. p7fpF5 . p;n] Tolt g} an k|of]u
u¥of] eg] rGb|df] ;txdf slt lk08 p8fpg ;S5 xf]nf < (A person lifts
30kg. on the surface of earth. How much mass can lift on the
surface of the moon if he applies same magnitude of force? )
Soln
Mass of a object(m) = 30kg.
2
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth(g) = 9.8m/ s
Now,Weight(w) = m.g
= 30×9.8
= 294 N
Again,
Weight of a object(w) = 294 N
 Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon(g) =
2
1. 67m/s
Now, weight(w) = m.g
294 N = m×1 .67
m=176.24kg
22. lbOPsf] lrqsf] cfwf/df lgDg k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . (Answer the
following questions on the basis of the given diagram ):

m1 d m2
fig. (x)

m1 d m2
fig. (x)

i. lrq (x) / (y) dWo] s'gdf u'?Tjfsif{0f an a9L x'G5, lsg < (Which
has more gravitational force between fig. (x) and (y) ? Why?)
Ans
As we khow that that newton law of gravitational is given by:
GM 1 M 2
2
F= d
From here we can clearly see that foce is dependend upon the
product of masses and the square of a distance between their
centre. From the above fig.(x and y) their mass is same i.e.

ii. b'/L ;dfg /fvL / lk08x?nfO{ b'O{ u'0ff a9fPdf ltgLx?lar nfUg]
u'?Tjfsif{0f andf s] k|efj k5{ < lsg < (What happens to the
gravitational force if the distance of the object is kept same and
masses are increase by two times ? Why?
soln
As we khow that that newton law of gravitational is given by:
GM 1 M 2
2
F= d
if the distance between two object Is kept same and masses
are increase by two times then,
G 2 M1 2 M 2
F' = d2
4 GM 1 M 2
2
F' = d
F" = 4F
If the distance between two object Is kept same and masses
are increase by two times then, the gravitational forceis
increase by 4 times .

pressure numerical
1. lk:6g A1 df 50 N an nfu" ubf{ lk:6g A2 df p7fpg ;lsg] jhg u0fgf ug{'xf];\
. Calculate weight that can be lifted in piston A 2 when 50 N force
is applied on piston A1.
Solution: = 50 N

Given, 10 cm 2 50 cm 2

Force in piston A1 (F1) = 50

Area in piston A1 = 10 cm2 =
0.001m2
Force in piston A2 (F2) = ?
Area in piston A2 = 50 cm2 0.005m
We know that,
F1 F2
=
A1 A2

50 F
= 2
0. 001 0 .005

∴ The weight that can be lifted in piston A2 is 250 N.

2. lbOPsf] /]vflrqdf x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . Find out x in the given
diagram. x
5000
4 cm2 25 cm2

Solution:
In the diagram,
Cross sectional area of the big cylinder (A) = 25 cm 2 Cross
2
sectional area of the small cylinder (a) = 4 cm a hydraulic machine

Load overcome by the big piston (F) = 5000 N

Effort applied in the small piston (f) = ?
We have,
F f
=
or, A a
 5000 f
=
or, 25 4

or, 25f = 20000

∴ f = 800 N
Thus, 800 N effort will be required on the small piston.

3. sG6]g/df kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ 5 ld6/ 5 eg] sG6]g/sf] km]bdf bafa u0fgf

ug{'xf];\ .
Calculate the pressure at the bottom of the container if the depth
of the water in the container is 5m.
Solution:
Given, depth of water (h) = 5m
Density of water (d) = 1000 kg/m3
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s2
Liquid pressure (p) = ?
We have, from the relation
P =hdg
= 5 × 1000 × 10
= 5 × 104 Pascal
Hence, the pressure of the water is 5 × 104 Pa.
4. 4000 kg / cfoftg 4m3 ePsf] t/nsf] 3gTj / ;fk]lIfs 3gTj u0fgf ug{'xf];\ .
Calculate the density and relative density of the liquid having mass 4000
kg and volume 4m3.
Solution:
Given, mass of liquid (m) = 4000 kg
Volume of liquid (V) = 4 m3
3
1000 kg/ m
Density of pure water at 4°c =
Density of liquid (D) = ?
Relative density of liquid (R.D.) = ?
 We have,from the relation,

M
d=
V
4000
d=
4
3
d=1000 kg /m

Again,
R . D= Density of liquid/ density of pure water at 4°c
1000
RD= =1
1000
Hence, the density of liquid is 1000 kg/m3 and its relative density is 1.

5. Ps O{+6sf] 3gTj 2.5 gm/cm3 5 / o;sf] ›Jodfg 1 lsnf]u|fd 5 . of] O§f

kfgLdf 8'Abf lj:yflkt kfgLsf] jhg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . The density of a brick
is 2.5 gm/cm3 and its mass is 1 kg. Find the weight of water displaced
when this brick is immersed in water.
Solution:
Given, density of brick (d) = 2.5 gm/cm3
Mass of brick (m) = 1 kg = 1000 gm
Volume of brick (V) = ?
Wt. of water displaced = ?
We have,
M
d=
V
M 1000
V= = =400 cm3
d 2. 5
 Volume of brick = volume of water displaced = 400 cm 3
Now, mass of water displaced = volume of water displaced × density
of water
= 400 × 1 = 400 gm = 0.4 k.g
Weight of water displaced (w) = m.g = 0.4 × 10 = 4N

6. lbOPsf] /]vflrqdf x,y,z sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . Find the values of X, Y,
Z in the given diagram.
Solution: P 20N

For the value of X, we have, 10 cm 2

AA = 10 cm2 4 cm2 A

Z X
AB = 80 cm2 D B

FA = 20 N C 80 cm2

FB = X = ?
Y
According to formula, 30N

FA FB
=
AA AB

20 X
=
10 80
or, 10 X = 80×20
∴ FB = X = 80×2 = 160 N
Again for Y, we have,
FA = 20 N
FC = 30 N
AA = 10 cm2
AC = Y = ?
According to formula,
FA Fc
=
AA Ac
 20 30
=
10 Y
or, 20 Y = 30×10
∴ A = 15 cm2

Finally for Z, we have,

AA = 10 cm2
AD = 4 cm2
FA = 20 N
FD = Z = ?
According to formula,
FA FD
=
AA AD

20 F D
=
10 4

or, 10 FD = 80
∴ FD = 8 N
Thus value of X is 160 N, Y is 15 cm2 and of Z is 8 N.
7. 7f]; j:t'sf] tf}n xfjfdf 24 N / kfgLdf 10 N x'G5 . lj:yflkt t/n sf] cky|:6 /
jhg slt xf] < lgsfNg'xf];\ . A solid object weighs 24 N in air and 10 N
in water. What is the upthrust and weight of the liquid displaced?
Solution:
Here,
Weight of the object in air (W1) = 24 N
Weight of the object in water (W 2) = 10
Upthrust (U) = ?
Weight of the water displaced (W2) = ?
We know that,
Upthrust = W1 - W2
= 24 - 10 = 14 N
Again,
We know,
Upthrust (U) = Weight of the liquid displaced (W2)
∴ The weight of the liquid displaced = 14 N
Thus, upthrust on the body is 14 N and the weight of displaced
fluid is 14 N.

8. Three objects with different densities A, B and C are in water as shown

in the figure. Now, answer the following questions: lrqdf b]vfOP cg';f/
A, B / C ljleGg 3gTj ePsf tLg j:t'x¿ kfgLdf 5g\ . ca, lgDg k|Zgx¿sf]
hjfkm lbg'xf]:f\M

i. Which object has more density? why? s'g j:t'sf] 3gTj

a9L 5 < lsg<
ii. If the mass of object A is 1 kg. How much kg of water is
displaced by the object? olb j:t' A sf] ›Jodfg 1 kg 5 . j:t'n]
slt lsnf] kfgL lj:yflkt x'G5 <
Solution:
i. Substance C has more density because it's sinks more
then other substance in a liquid. kbfy{ C df clws 3gTj
x'G5 lsgeg] of] t/ndf cGo kbfy{ eGbf a9L 8'Ag ;S5 .
ii. If the mass of object A is 1 kg then, 1 kg. of water is
displaced by the object. whereas the volume of a body
is greater then volume of liquid displaced i.e V 1 > V2 and
d1 < d2 . olb j:t' A sf] ›Jodfg 1 kg 5 eg], 1 kg . kfgL sf] j:t'
 åf/f lj:yflkt 5 . hals z/L/sf] cfotg lj:yflkt t/n kbfy{sf]
cfotg V1 > V2 / d1 < d2 eGbf a9L x'G5 .

9. A body ABCD is completely immersed into water as shown in the

figure. Study it and answer the following questions. lrqdf b]vfOP cg';f/
ABCD z/L/ k"0f{ ¿kdf kfgLdf 8'a]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ cWoog ug{'xf];\ / lgDg
k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg'xf];\ .

A B
D C

a. What is the resultant pressure on the surfaces BC and AD.

b. Out of the surfaces AB and CD which one will experience more
pressure? Why? ;txx¿ AB / CD dWo] s'gn] a9L bafa cg'ej ug]{5 < lsg
<
Solution:
a. The resultant pressure on the surfaces BC and AD is zero due
opposide thrust act on it and cancel each other. BC / AD ;txx¿df
glthfsf] bafa z"Go 5 lsgeg] o;df ljk/Lt y|:6 PS6 / Pscsf{nfO{ /2
ub{5.
b. Pressure will be greater on the surface CD because of mo re
depth (i.e. p = dgh ). clws ulx/fO{ -h:t} p = dgh_ sf] sf/0f ;tx CD
df rfk clws x'g]5 .

10. 9'Ëfsf] 6'qmfnfO{ tLg km/s dfWoddf tf}n ubf{ ljleGg tf}nx¿ – xfjf,
kfgL / g'gsf] 3f]n lgDg lbOPsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . Different
weights of a piece of stone on weighing in three different media-
air, water and salt solution are shown in the table
given. Mediu Weigh
m t
(i) A, B / C tLgj6f dfWod dWo] s'g kfgL xf] / s'g g'g
A 15 N
3f]n
B 18 N
C 16 N
 xf] < sf/0f ;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . Which one is water and which one is the
salt solution out of the three media A, B and C? Write with reasons.
(ii) If the weight of 1kg of mass in air is 10 N

, find out the mass of the piece of stone. olb xfjfdf 1 kg ›Jodfgsf] jhg
10 N 5 eg] 9'Ëfsf] 6'qmfsf] ›Jodfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
(iii) 9'Ëfsf] 6'qmfaf6 lj:yflkt kfgLsf] ›Jodfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . Find out the
mass of water displaced by the piece of stone.
Solution:
(i) Since the density of water is higher than the density of air but less
than the density of a salt solution, water exerts more upthrust on
the body than air but it exerts less upthrust than the salt solution.
So, the apparent weight of the body is highest in air and least in
the salt solution. From the given table, we conclude that the
medium C is water and the medium A is salt solution. kfgLsf] 3gTj
xfjfsf] 3gTj eGbf a9L x'G5 t/ g'gsf] 3f]nsf] 3gTj eGbf sd x'g] ePsfn]
xfjf eGbf kfgLn] z/L/df a9L pTk|]l/t u5{ t/ g'gsf] 3f]neGbf sd
pTk|]l/t u5{ . t;y{, z/L/sf] :ki6 jhg xfjfdf ;a}eGbf a9L / g'g 3f]ndf sd
x'G5 . lbOPsf] tflnsfaf6, xfdL lgisif{df k'U5f}+ ls dfWod C kfgL
xf] / dfWod A g'g xf] .
(ii) The weight of the stone in air is 18 N.
According to the question,
mass(m)= 1kg
weight in air(w) = 10N
Now,
weight(w) m.g
10 = 1.g
2
g = 10 m/s
Now again,
According to diagram
weight in air(w) = 18N
2
g = 10 m/s
now, weight(w) = m.g
18 = m.10
m = 1.8kg
(iii) We know that‚ upthrust due a liquid = Wt. of the liquid displaced
 or, loss in wt. of the stone in the liquid = wt. of the liquid displaced
∴ wt. of the stone in air - wt. of the stone in water = wt. of the liquid
displaced (w2)

or, 18-16 = m2 × g

2 = m2 × 10

m2 = 0.2kg

Therefore, the mass of water displaced = 0.2 kg

11.= s]xL kbfy{sf] 3gTj tn lbOPsf] 5 . oL k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg'xf];\ . The
density of some substance are given below. Answer these questions.
i. tLgj6}sf] a/fa/ lk08 lng] xf] eg] s'g kbfy{sf] Substanc Density
cfotg ;a}eGbf sd x'G5 < lsg < Which e
substance will have the least volume if the A 18g/cm3
equal masses of all the three of them are B 12g/cm3
taken ? Why ? C 0.9g/cm3
ii. s'g kfgLdf t}l/G5 < ts{ ;+u n]Vg'xf];\ .
Which one will float in water ? Write with reason.
iii. ;a} kbfy{sf] a/fa/ cfotg lng] xf] eg] s'g kbfy{sf] ef/ ;a}eGbf sd
x'G5 < lsg < Which substance will have the least mass if the
equal volume of all substance are taken ? Why?
i.

Ans:

let 'm' be the mass taken. Then,

m m
d= v=
v d
i.e.

since dA > dB > dC ; the volume of the substance vC > vB > vA .

Therefore substance A will have least volume

dfgf} m lk08 xf] . To;kl5,

 m m
d= v=
v d
i.e.

dA > dB > dC b]lv Ù kbfy{sf] cfotg vC > vB > vA. To;}n] kbfy{ A
sf] sd cfotg x'g]5 .
ii.

Ans:

The density of the substance is 0.9g/cm3 while the density of

water is 1g/cm3. Since the density of substance C is less then
density of Water . So substance 'C' will float on water . kbfy{sf]
3gTj 0.9g/cm3 5 hals kfgLsf] 3gTj 1g/cm3 5 . kbfy{ C sf] 3gTj
kfgLsf] 3gTj eGbf sd 5 . To;}n] kbfy{ ÚCÚ kfgLdf t}/g]5 .
iii.

Ans:

Let 'v' be the volume taken. Then ,

m
d=
v

m=d×v

Since, dA > dB > dC and mA > mB > mC . Therefore substance 'C' will
have least mass.

dfgf} ÚvÚ cfotg xf] . To;kl5,

m
d=
v

m=d×v

To;}ul/ dA > dB > dC / mA > mB > mC . To;}n] kbfy{ ÚCÚ sf] sd

›Jodfg x'g]5 .
12.Study the diagram and answer the following questions. /]vflrq cWoog
ug{'xf];\ / lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg'xf];\ .
i. Find upthrust due to water and weight of the liquid displaced.
kfgL ¢f/f pTkGg x'g] pmWj{rfk / tf}n kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ii. Write the conclusion of the experiment. k|
10 N 7N
of]usf] lgisif{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
iii. State the principle can be verified by the
4
experiment.

a.

Ans:

Upthrust = 7N – 4N

= 3N
Again,
We know,
Upthrust (U) = Weight of the liquid displaced (W2)
∴ The weight of the liquid displaced = 3N
Thus, upthrust on the body is 3N and the weight of displaced fluid
is 3N.

b.

Ans:

The conclusion of the experiment is weight of object is equal to the

weight of liquid displaced by it . k|of]usf] lgisif{ eg]sf] j:t'sf] tf}nn] lj:yflkt
t/n kbfy{sf] jhg a/fa/ x'G5 .

Ans:
It states that,” When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a liquid, it
experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by
it.”o; egfO{ cg';f/, æha s'g} z/L/nfO{ cf+lzs jf k"0f{ ¿kdf t/n kbfy{df
8'afOG5, To;n] lj:yflkt t/nsf] jhg a/fa/sf] pTk|]/s cg'ej ub{5 .æ

tfk

1. 0.1kg kfgLsf] tfkqmd 10°C af6 95°C ;Dd a9fpg slt tfk rflxG5 < How
much heat is required to raise the temperature of 0.1kg water from
10°C to 95°C?
Solution:
Given, mass of water (m) = 0.1 kg
Initial temperature of water (t1) = 10°C
Final temperature of water (t2) = 95°C
Specific heat capacity (S) = 4200 J kg–1°C–1
Amount of heat supplied (Q) = ?
We have, from heat equation,
Q = msdt
= 0.1 × 4200 × (95 – 10)
= 0.1 × 4200 × 85
= 35700 J
∴ The amount of heat supplied is 35700 J.
 2. 100 u|fd kfgLsf] tfkqmd 5°C af6 90°C df a9fpg slt udL{ cfk"lt{
ul/G5 < kflgsf] ljlzi6 tfkwf/0f zlSt = 4200 Jkg–1°C–1 . How much heat
is supplied to raise the temperature of 100 g of water from 5°C to
90°C? (sp. heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg –1°C–1).
Solution:
Here, mass of water (m) = 100 g = kg = 0.1 kg
Initial temperature (t1) = 5 °C
Final temperature (t2) = 90 °C
∴ Rise in temperature (dt) = t2 - t1 = 90 - 5 = 85 °C
Specific heat capacity of water (S) = 4200 Jkg–1 °C–1.
∴ Amount of heat supplied (Q) = ?
We have,
Q = msdt
= 0.1 × 4200 × 85 = 35700 J
Hence, the amount of heat supplied to water is 35700 J.

3.hf8f]df kfgLsf] tfkqmd @ l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'G5 . olb 25 ln6/ kfgL 35 l8u|
L ;]lN;o;df ttfpg] xf] eg] o;sf] nflu cfjZos udL{sf] dfqf u0fgf ug{'xf];\ . -
kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf Ö 4200 Jkg–1 °C–1._. ! ln6/ kfgLsf] lk08 Ö ! lsnf]u|fd .
The temperature of water is 2°C in winter. If 25 litres of water is to be
heated to 35°C. Calculate the amount of heat required for it. (Given
specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg –1 °C–1). Mass of 1 litre water = 1
kg
Solution:
Here, mass of water (m) = 25kg [Mass of 1 litre water = 1 kg]
Initial temperature (t1) = 2 °C
Final temperature (t2) = 35 °C
∴ Rise in temperature (dt) = t2 - t1 = 35 - 2 = 33 °C
Specific heat capacity of water (S) = 4200 Jkg–1 °C–1.
 ∴ Amount of heat supplied (Q) = ?
We have,
Q = msdt
= 25 × 4200 × 33 = 3465000 J
Hence, the amount of heat supplied to water is 3465000 J.

4. olb k|];/ s's/sf] ef/ 3 s]hL 5 / o;sf] k|f/lDes tfkdfg 85000J sf]
tfkn] cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] 25°C 5 eg] k|];/ s's/sf] tfkqmd u0fgf ug{'xf];\ .
(k|]z/ s's/sf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf Ö 1000 Jkg–1 °C–1) Calculate the
temperature of a pressure cooker if its mass is 3 kg and its initial
temperature is 25°C supplied with the heat of 85000J. (sp. heat
capacity of pressure cooker = 1000 Jkg–1 °C–1)
Solution:
Here,
Heat supplied (Q) = 85000J
Mass of water (m) = 3kg
Specific heat capacity of water (S) = 1000 Jkg–1 °C–1.
Initial temperature (t1) = 25°C
Final temperature (t2) = ?
We have,
Q = mS(t2 – t1)
Q
t 2−t 1 =
or, mS
85000
t 2−25=
3×1000
t 2−25=28 .34
¿
t 2=53 . 33 C

Therefore, the rise in temperature of water is 53.33°C.

 5. If 50 kJ of heat is transferred to 10 kg of water, what is the
rise in its
temperature? The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg –1°C–1.
Solution:
Here,
Heat supplied (Q) = 50 kJ = 50 × 1000J ( 1 kJ = 1000 J) = 50000J
Mass of water (m) = 10 kg
Specific heat capacity of water (S) = 4200 Jkg–1 °C–1.
Rise in temperature (dt) = ?
We have,
Q = mSdt
Q 50000
= =
or, dt mS 10×4200 = 1.19 °C

Therefore, the rise in temperature of water is 1.19 °C.

6. g'xfpgsf] nflu, 40 l8u|L ;]lN;o; kfgL rflxG5 . 15 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df lr;f]

kfgLsf] ›Jodfg u0fgf ug{'xf];\, h'g g'xfpg] p2]Zosf] nflu 100 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df
60 lsnf]u|fd kfgLdf yKg' k5{ . For taking a bath, water at 40°C is required.
Calculate the mass of cold water at 15°C, which is to be added in 60kg
water at 100°C for bathing purpose.
Solution:
Given, mass of hot water (m1) = 60 kg
Temperature of hot water (t1) = 100°C
Final temperature (t) = 40°C
Temperature of cold water (t2) = 15°C
Mass of cold water (m2) = ?
We have, from principle of calorimeter,
Heat lost by hot water = Heat gained by cold water
m1s1dt1= m2s2dt2
or, 60 × (t – t1) = m × (t – t2) [ s1 = s2]
or, 60 × (100 – 40) = m2 × (40 – 15)

or, m2 =
∴ m2 = 144 kg
Hence, 144 kg of cold water should be added.

7. clGtd tfkqmd u0fgf ug{'xf];\ ha 20 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df 2 lsnf]u|

fdsf] kmnfdnfO{ 2400J tftf] lbOG5 . -kmnfdsf] ljlzi6 tfk 460J/Kg° C–
1
l8u|L ;]lN;o; xf] ._ Calculate the final temperature when 2400J of
heat is given to the iron of mass 2 kg at 20 °C. (The specific heat of
the iron is 460 J/kg° C–1.)
Solution:
Here,
Heat supplied (Q) = 2400J
Mass of iron (m) = 2Kg
Initial temperature (t1) = 20°C
Final temperature (t2) = ?
Specific heat capacity (S) = 460J/Kg° C–1
We have,
Q = m× S × (t2–t1)
Q
=
∴ t2 - 20°C mS
2400
=
or, t2 - 20°C 2×460

or, t2 = 2.6 + 20 = 22.6°C

Therefore, the final temperature of the iron mass is 22.6°C.

8. 90 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df 200 ldnLnL6/ lrofnfO{ 10 ldnLnL6/

b"wdf 15 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df ld;fOof] eg], ld>0fsf] clGtd tfkqmd
slt x'G5 < dfGg'xf];\ ls b"wsf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf lrofsf] a/fa/ 5 -
 dfGg'xf];\ 1ml b"wsf] ›Jodfg Ö 1ml lrofsf] ›Jodfg Ö 1 u|fd_. If
200 ml of tea at 90°C is mixed with 10 ml of milk at 15 °C,
what will be the final temperature of the mixture? Assume
that the specific heat capacity of milk equals to that of the
tea (Suppose the mass of 1ml of milk = mass of 1ml of tea = 1
g).
Solution:
Here, mass of tea (m1) = 200 ml = 200g ( mass of 1ml of tea = 1g)
= 0.2 kg ( 1000 g = 1kg)
Temperature of tea (t1) = 90 °C
Mass of milk (m2) = 10 ml = 10 g ( mass of 1 ml of milk = 1g) = 0.01 kg
Temperature of milk (t2) = 15 °C.
Let 't' be the final temperature of the milk. If S 1 and S2 are the specific
heat capacities of tea and milk respectively, then according to the
question S1 = S2.
Heat lost = Heat gained
m1s1dt1= m2s2dt2
0.2 S1 (90 - t) = 0.01 . S2 (t - 15) [ specific heat capacity is same] or,
18 - 0.2t = 0.01t - 0.15
18 + 0.15 = 0.01t +0.2t
0.21t = 18.15
∴ t = 86.43°C
Hence, the temperature of the mixture is 86.43°C.

9. 100 °C df tftf] kfgL 0 ° C df 300 u|fd kfgLdf clGtd tfkdfg 40

l8u|L ;]lN;o; ;Dd ylkG5 . ylkPsf] tftf] kfgLsf] ›Jodfg kQf nufpg'xf];\
. kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf 4200 Jkg–1°C-1 xf] . Hot water at 100 °C is
added to 300 g of water at 0 °C until the final temperature is 40 °C.
Find the mass of the hot water added. The specific heat capacity of
water is 4200 Jkg–1°C-1.
Solution:
Hot water Cold water
mass(m1) = ? mass(m2) = 300g = 0.3kg
Temperature (t1) = 100°C Temperature (t2) = 0°C
 Common temperature(t) = 40 °C
We have, from principle of calorimeter,
Heat lost by hot water = Heat gained by cold water
m1s1dt1= m2s2dt2
or, m1 × (t1 – t) = m2 × (t – t2) [ s1 = s2]
or, m1 × (100 – 40) = 0.3 × (40 – 0)
12
=
or, m1 60

∴ m2 = 0.2 kg
Hence, the mass of hot water is 0.2 kg.

10. The temperature of 600 g of a certain metal is 100 °C. It is

then placed in 300 g of water at 15 °C. If the final temperature is 20
°C, calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal. Ps lglZrt wft'
sf] 600 u|fd sf] tfkdfg 100 l8u|L ;]lN;o; 5 . To;kl5 o;nfO{ 300 u|fd
kfgLdf 15 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df /flvG5 . olb clGtd tfkdfg 20 l8u|L ;]lN;o; 5
eg], wft'sf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf u0fgf ug{'xf];\ .
Solution
Given
First Case
Mass of metal (m1) = 600 g = 0.6 kg
Change in temperature (dt1) = (100 – 20) °C
= 80°C
Specific heat capacity of metal (S1) =?
Second Case
Mass of water (m2) = 300 g = 0.3 kg
Change in temperature (dt2) = (20 – 15) °C
= 5°C
Specific heat capacity of water (S2) = 4200 Jkg–1°C-1
We Know
Heat lost = Heat Gained
m1S1dt1= m2S2dt2
 m2 S 2 dt 2
=
S1 m 1 dt 1
0 .3×4200×50
=
S1 0 .6×80
S1 = = 131.2525Jkg–1°C-1

Hence, the specific heat capacity of metal is 131.25Jkg –1°C-1

11. 70 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df 100 u|fd kfgLnfO{ 10 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df 200 u|

fd lr;f] kfgLdf yKbf ld>0fsf] clGtd tfkqmd slt x'G5 <kfgLsf] ljlzi6
tfk Ifdtf 4200 Jkg–1°C-1 xf]. -sG6]g/ åf/f cjzf]lift udL{nfO{ a]jf:tf
ug{'xf]:f\\\_. What is final temperature of the mixture if 100 g of
water at 70 °C is added to 200 g of cold water at 10 °C? The specific
heat capacity of water is 4200 25Jkg–1°C-1 (Neglect heat absorbed
by the container).
Solution

Given

First Case

Mass of water (m1) = 100 g = 0.1 Kg

Initial temperature of water (t1) = 70°C

Second Case

Mass of cold water (m2) = 200 g = 0.2 Kg

Initial temperature of cold water (t2) = 10°C
Specific heat capacity of water (S) = 4200 Jkg–1°C-1
Final temperature of mixture (t) =?

We Know

Heat lost = Heat gained

Or, m1S (t1 - t) = m2S(t –t2) [ s1 = s2]
Or, 0.1 (70 - t) = 0.2(t –10)
Or, (70 - t) = 2(t –10)
Or, 70 – t = 2t – 20
Or, 3t = 90
t = 30°C

Hence, the final temperature of mixture is 30°C.

12. Anssf] ›Jodfg 1 kg 5 . 48W kfj/sf] ljB'tLo lx6/n] Anssf]

tfkqmd @) l8u|L ;]lN;o;af6 %) l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd a9fpg % ldg]6 lnG5
. Anssf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf kQf nufpg'xf];\ . The mass of a block is 1 kg.
An electric heater of power 48 W takes 5 minutes to raise the
temperature of the block from 20 °C to 50 °C. Find the specific heat
capacity of the block.
Solution
Given
Mass of block (m) = 1 kg
Power (P) = 48watt
Time taken (t) = 5 min = 5 * 60 sec = 300 sec
Initial temperature (t1) = 20°C
Final temperature (t2) = 50°C
Change in temperature (dt) = t2 –t1
= (50 -20) °C
= 30°C
We Know,
Work /Energy
power=
time
Energy= power×time
Energy=48×300
Energy=14400 J
Also
Q = msdt
Q
S=
m. dt
14400
S=
1×30
= 480 Jkg–1°C-1
Hence, Specific heat capacity of block is 480 Jkg–1°C-1
13. hf8f] df};ddf kfgLsf] tfkqmd % l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'G5 . olb
g'xfpgsf] nflu 20 ln6/ kfgL 35 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df ttfpg' kof]{ eg], o;sf]
nflu cfjZos tfksf] dfqf u0fgf ug{'xf];\ . -kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf
4200Jkg–1°C-1, 1 ln6/ kfgLsf] ›Jodfg Ö 1kg_ The temperature of
water is 5 °C in winter season. If 20 liters water has to be heated to
35 °C for taking a bath, calculate the amount of heat required for it.
(Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg –1°C-1, mass of 1 litre of
water = 1kg)
Solution
Given
Mass of Water (m) = 20litres = 20 Kg
Initial temperature of water (t2) = 50°C
Final temperature of water (t2) = 35°C
Change in temperature (dt) = t2 – t1
= (35-5) °C
= 30°C
Specific heat capacity of water (s) = 4200Jkg–1°C-1
Heat required (Q) =?
We know
Q = msdt
Q=20×4200×30
Q=2.52×106 J
6
Hence, heat required is 2. 52×10 J

14. g'xfpg] qmddf, 40 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df kfgL cfjZos 5 . 15 l8u|

L ;]lN;o;df lr;f] kfgLsf] ›Jodfg u0fgf ug{'xf];\ h'g g'xfpg] p2]Zosf]
nflu 100 l8u|L ;]lN;o;df 60 lsnf]u|fd kfgLdf ylkg]5 . For taking a
bath, water at 40 °C is required. Calculate the mass of cold water at
15 °C which is to be added to 60 kg water at 100 °C for bathing
purpose.
Solutio
First Case
Mass of cold water (m) =?
Initial temperature (i) = 15°C
 Final temperature (f) = 40°C

Second Case
Mass of water (m2) = 60 kg
Initial temperature (i2) = 100°C
Final temperature (f2) = 40°C
We Know
Heat loss =Heat Gained
Or, mS (i-f) = m2S(i2-f2)
Or, m (40-15) = 60(100-40)
Or, m = 144Kg
Hence, mass of cold water is 144 Kg.

15. Study the given table and answer the following questions.
lbOPsf] tflnsf cWoog ug{'xf];\ / lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
i If the equal mass of X, Y and Z has the Substance Sp.heat capacity
same temperature, which one has s
maximum heat ? olb X, Y / Z sf] ;dfg X 380J/kg°C-1
›Jodfgsf] tfkqmd ;dfg 5 eg], s'gdf clwstd
Y 910J/kg°C-1
tfk 5 < -1
ii If three pieces of them have equal Z 470J/kg°C
temperature and equal amount of heat, which one of them has the
maximum mass ? olb tL tLg 6'qmfx¿df ;dfg tfkqmd / ;dfg dfqfdf tfk 5
eg], ltgLx¿dWo] s'gsf] clwstd ›Jodfg 5 <
-
iii What do you mean by specific heat capacity of 'Z' is 470 J/kg°C
1
? 'Z' sf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf 470 J/kg°C-1 xf] eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
iv If the equal mass of the same shape and size of them at 100° C
temperature is kept over a wax slab, which of them will melt the
wax for the maximum depth ? olb 100 l8u|L ;]lN;o;
tfkqmddf ;dfg cfsf/ / cfsf/sf] ;dfg lk08nfO{ df]dsf] :Nofadf
/flvPsf] 5 eg], ltgLx¿dWo] s'gn] clwstd ulx/fOsf] nflu
df]dnfO{ kufNg]5 <

i.
Ans:
Y has maximum heat because its specific heat capacity is high and
liberates less heat. Y df clwstd tfk 5 lsgeg] o;sf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf pRr 5 /
sd tfk kmfGg] ub{5 .
 

ii.
Ans:
X has more mass because its specific heat capacity is less than others
which can be seen from this relation: X sf] clws ›Jodfg 5 lsgeg] o;sf]
ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf cGo eGbf sd 5 h'g o; ;DaGwaf6 b]Vg ;lsG5M
Q
=
m S .dt
X sf] clws ›Jodfg 5 lsgeg] o;sf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf cGo eGbf sd 5 h'g
lgDg ;DaGwaf6 b]Vg ;lsG5 .
Q
=
S .dt
m
iii.
Ans:
Specific heat capacity of Z is 470 JKg -1 0C-1means that 470 joule of heat
is required to raise the temperature of body Z by 1 0C . Z sf] ljlzi6 tfk
Ifdtf 470 JKg-1 0C-1 eGg'sf] dtna z/L/ Z sf] tfkdfg 10C n] a9fpgsf] nflu 470
h'n tfk rflxG5 .
 
iv.
Ans:
Y will melt the wax for maximum depth because Y has large specific
heat capacity and it liberates heat slowly than others. Y ;Fu clwstd
ulx/fOsf] nflu d}g klUng]5 lsgeg] Y ;Fu 7"nf] ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf 5 / o;n]
c¿sf] t'ngfdf la:tf/} udL{nfO{ d'Qm u5{ .
 16. Answer the questions on the basis of the given table. lbOPsf]
tflnsfsf] cfwf/df k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

i If A, B and C are taken in equal mass and Substance Sp.heat capacity

heated by giving equal heat, which one s
of them gains the maximum
A 2100J/kg°C-1
temperature and why ? olb A, B / C a/fa/
B 910 J/kg°C-1
lk08df lnP/ ;dfg tftf] lbP/ ttfOof] eg] tL
dWo] s'gn] clwstd tfkqmd k|fKt u5{ / lsg C 138kg°C-1
<
ii If all of them are liquid, which one of them is suitable for cooling and
heating purposes? Why ? olb tL ;a} t/n 5g\ eg], tL dWo] s'g lr;f] /
ttfpg] p2]Zosf nflu pko'Qm 5 < lsg <
iii If equal mass of A and B are taken at 80°C and left to cool, which
will be cooled faster and why ? A / B sf] a/fa/ lk08 80°C df lnP/
lr;f] x'g 5f]l8of] eg] s'g rfF8f] lr;f] x'G5 / lsg <
iv If all of them are liquid, which is suitable as a thermometric
liquid? Why ? olb tL ;a} t/n 5g\ eg], ydf]{d]l6«s t/nsf] ¿kdf s'g
pko'Qm 5 < lsg <

a.
Ans:
C will gain maximum temperature because it has less specific
heat capacity. 'C' n] clwstd tfkqmd k|fKt ug]{5 lsgeg] o;df sd
ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf 5 .

b.
Ans:
'A' is suitable for cooling and heating purposes because it has
high specific heat capacity. 'A' zLtng / ttfpg] p2]Zosf nflu
pko'Qm 5 lsgeg] o;df pRr ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf 5 .

c.
Ans:
B will cool faster because object having less specific heat
capacity cools or heats faster. 'B' l56f] lr;f] x'g]5 lsgeg] sd ljlzi6
tfk Ifdtf ePsf] j:t' l56f] lr;f] jf tftf] x'G5 .

d.
Ans:
'C' is suitable for thermometric liquid because it has less
specific heat capacity than others. 'C' ydf]{d]l6«s t/nsf] nflu
pko'Qm 5 lsgeg] o;df cGo eGbf sd ljlzi6 tfk Ifdtf 5 .

light
Memorize
physical quantity SI unit
focal length metre (m)
power of lens dioptre (D)

1
P=
f
1. Ps JolQmn] cfˆgf] rZdfdf kmf]sn nDafO 10 ;]G6Lld6/sf] pQn n]G; k|
of]u ub{5 . n]G;sf] zlQm kQf nufpg'xf];\ . A person uses a convex lens
of focal length 10 cm in his/her spectacles. Find the power of the lens.
Solution:
Here,
Focal length (f) = 10 cm = 0.1m
Power (P) = ?
We have,
1
P=
f
1
P=
0 .1
P=10 D
Hence, the power of the lens is 10 D.
2. kmf]sn nDafO 20 ;]dL ePsf] n]G;sf] zlQm kQf nufpg'xf];\ . Find the
power of the lens having the focal length 20cm.
Solution:
Given, focal length (f) = 20 cm = 100 m = 0.2 m
Power of lens (P) = ?

We have,
1
P=
0 .2

∴ P=5D
Hence, the power of the lens is 5 Dioptre.

3. ;f]lkmofn] kfj/ –1.5D sf] Ps hf]8L rZdf nufpFl5g\ . kmf]sn nDafO / p;n]
nufpg] n]G;sf] k|sf/ u0fgf ug{'xf];\ . Sophia wears a pair spectacles of
power –1.5D. Calculate the focal length and the type of lens she wears.
Solution:
Given, power of lens (P) = – 1.5D

Focal length (f) = ?

We have,

1
P=
f
1
f=
P

1
f=
−1. 5

∴ f = – 0.66 m

Hence, the focal length is – 0.66m and since the focal length is –ve,
the lens is concave.

4. Ps ljBfyL{n] zlQmsf] rZdf nufpF5 – 2 D. ljBfyL{sf] cfFvfdf s:tf]

k|sf/sf] bf]if 5 < k|of]u ul/Psf] n]G;sf] kmf]sn nDafO kQf nufpg'xf]:f\ <
A student wears spectacles of power – 2 D. What type of defect of the
eye does the student have? Find the focal length of the lens used ?
Solution
Given
Power of spectacles (P) = -2D
Focal length of the lens (f) =?
We Know
1
P=
Power f
1
f=
Or, p
1
f=
Or, −2
Or, f = -0.5 meter (-50 cm)
 Hence, the focal length of lens is -0.5 m or -50 cm.

Since the power is -2D the student has problem of near sightedness,
which means the student can see near object but cannot see far
object. To remove this defect concave lens of suitable focal length has
to be used.
kfj/ –2D ePsf]n] ljBfyL{nfO{ glhssf] b[li6sf] ;d:of x'G5, h;sf] dtna
ljBfyL{n] glhssf] j:t' b]Vg ;S5 t/ 6f9fsf] j:t' b]Vg ;Sb}g . of] bf]if x6fpg
pko'Qm kmf]sn nDafOsf] cjtn n]G; k|of]u ug{'k5{ .

5. glagn] zlQm +1D sf] rZdf k|of]u ub{5. n]G;sf] kmf]sn nDafO u0fgf
ug{'xf];\ . pxfF s:tf] k|sf/sf] bf]ifaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'G5 < Nabin uses the
spectacles of power +1D. Calculate the focal length of the lens. What
type of defect is he suffering from?
Solution
Given
Power of spectacles (P) = +1D
Focal length of the lens (f) =?
We Know
Power (P) = 1f
Or, 1 = 1f
Or, f = 1 meter (100 cm)

Nabin is suffering from far sightedness, which means he can see far
object but cannot see near object. To remove this defect convex lens
of suitable focal length has to be used. glag 6f9fsf] b[li6af6 kLl8t
5g\, h;sf] dtna p;n] 6f9fsf] j:t' b]Vg ;S5 t/ glhssf] j:t' b]Vg ;Sb}g. of]
bf]if x6fpg pko'Qm kmf]sn nDafOsf] sGe]S; n]G; k|of]u ug{'k5{

6. Ps JolQmn] cfˆgf] rZdfdf kmf]sn nDafO 10 ;]G6Lld6/sf] pQn n]G; k|

of]u ub{5 . n]G;sf] zlQm kQf nufpg'xf];\ . An object is placed at a
 distance of 25 cm from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Find the
image distance and magnification ?
Solution:
Here,
Object distance (u) = 25cm
Focal length (f) = 10 cm
Image distance (v) = ?
Wehave,
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= +
10 25 v
1 1 1
= −
v 10 25
1 1 1
= −
v 10 25
1 5−2
=
v 50
1 3
=
v 50
50
v=
3
v=16 .67 cm
We have,
v
magnification = u
16 .67
= 25
v =0 .6668

Therefore, the image distance is 16.67 cm and magnification is 0.6668.

7. s'g} j:t'nfO{ cjtn n]G;af6 @) ;]lG6ld6/ 6f9f /flvPsf] 5 . n]G;sf] kmf]sn

nDafO 10 ;]dL 5 . 5lj b"/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ . An object is placed 20 cm
 away from a concave lens. The focal length of the lens is 10 cm. Find
the image distance .
Solution:
Here,
Object distance (u) = 20 cm
Focal length (f) = –10 cm
Image distance (v) = ?
We have,
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= +
−10 20 v
1 1 1
= −
v −20 10
1 −1−2
=
v 20
1 −3
=
v 20
v=−6 . 67 cm
∴
Hence, the virtual image is formed at a distance of -6.67 cm from the lens
on the same side as the object .
8. kmf]sn nDafO 15 ;]lG6ld6/sf] sGe]S; n]G;af6 20 ;]lG6ld6/sf] b"/Ldf
j:t' /flvPsf] 5 .
An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a convex lens of focal
length 15 cm.
i. Find the image distance. 5lj b"/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ii. Is the image real or virtual? 5lj jf:tljs xf] ls er{'cn <
iii. is the image erect or inverted? 5lj7f8f] jf pN6f] 5 <

Solution
In Convex Lens
 Object distance (u) = 20 cm
Focal length (f) = 15 cm
Now

a.
For Image distance (v)

1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= +
Or, 15 20 v
1 1 1
= −
Or, v 15 20
1 4−3
=
Or, v 60
Or, v =60 cm

Hence, image distance is 60 cm.

b.
Since the value of focal length (f) is positive the image formed is
real. kmf]sn nDafO (f) sf] dfg ;sf/fTds ePsf]n] agfOPsf] 5lj jf:tljs
xf] .

c.
Real image are always inverted. jf:tljs 5lj ;w}+ pN6f] x'G5 .

Diagrammatic questions

i.
1. What is the defect of vision of retina

the eye in the given figure? image

infinity far point

 retina

image
N

What is to be done to correct the defect of vision and why? lbOPsf]

B
lrqdf cfFvfsf] b[li6sf] bf]if s] xf] < b[li6bf]if ;'wf/ ug{ s] ug{'k5{ /
lsg < F 2F

2. What is the defect of vision in the eye shown in the given figure?
2F A F
O

What is to be done to correct this defect of vision and why?

lbOPsf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] cfFvfdf b[li6sf] bf]if s] xf] < b[li6sf] of]
sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Rofpg s] ug{'k5{ / lsg <
3. Complete the diagram and write the features of the image formed.
lbOPsf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] cfFvfdf b[li6sf] bf]if s] xf] < b[li6sf] of]
sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Rofpg s] ug{'k5{ / lsg <

1. Solution:
The defect is short-sightedness (myopia). For the
correction of this defect, a concave lens of suitable focal
length is used in spectacles . The lenses diverse the rays
passing from distant object which are again converged at
the retina for the clear vision of object . bf]if cb"/ b[li6 -
dfof]lkof_ xf] . o; bf]ifsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu, rZdfdf pko'Qm
kmf]sn nDafOsf] cjtn n]G; k|of]u ul/G5 . n]G;x¿n] 6f9fsf]
j:t'af6 lg:sg] ls/0fx¿ cfjt{gkl5 Pp6f laGb'af6 ljs]lGb|t
eP/ :ki6 b[li6sf] nflu /]l6gfdf km]l/ ldnfOG5 .
Solution:
The defect is long-sightedness (Hypermetropia) . For the
correction of this defect, a convex lens of suitable focal
length is used in spectacles . The lenses conversed the rays
passing from distant object at the retina for the clear
vision of object . bf]if b"/ b[li6 -xfOk/d]6«f]lkof_ xf] . o;
bf]ifsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu, rZdfdf pko'Qm kmf]sn nDafOsf]
sGe]S; n]G; k|of]u ul/G5 . n]G;x¿n] j:t'sf] :ki6 b[li6sf]
nflu /]l6gfdf 6f9fsf] j:t'af6 u'h/g] ls/0fx¿nfO{ cfjt{gkl5 Ps
laGb'df sl]Gb|t u5{ .

2. Solution:
 B

F 2 F

A O
2 F F

When an object is placed between F and 2F, its image is formed

beyond 2F on the other side of the object in the convex lens. The
image is real, inverted and magnified. This type of image formation is
used in side projectors to produce a magnified image on the screen.
ha s'g} j:t'nfO F / 2F aLrdf /flvG5, To;sf] 5lj pQn n]G;df j:t'sf] csf]
{ 5]pdf 2F eGbf k/ ag]sf] x'G5. 5lj jf:tljs, pN6f] / 7'nf] x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf]
5lj lgdf{0fnfO{ ;fO8 k|f]h]S6/x¿df, l:qmgdf 7'nf] 5lj pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u
ul/G5 .

ii. Sheetal wears a lens of power +2 D. Answer the following

questions.
lztnn] zlQm +2 D sf] n]G; nufpFl5g\ . lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
a. What is the defect of Sheetal's vision called ? zLtnsf] b[li6sf]
bf]ifnfO{ s] elgG5 <
b. How is it corrected by using a lens? Show with the help of a
suitable diagram. n]G; k|of]u u/]/ o;nfO{ s;/L ;RofOG5 <
pko'Qm /]vflrqsf] d2tn] b]vfpg'xf];\.
c. Name the lens used. k|of]u ul/Psf] n]G;sf] gfd lbg'xf];\ .
d. How does she hold a newspaper while reading without using
the lens ? Why? n]G; k|of]u gu/L k9\bf s;/L klqsf ;dflT5g\ <
lsg<

a.
Ans:

The defect is long-sightedness . sdhf]/L eg]sf] b"/ b[li6 x'g' xf]

.

b .Ans:

normal
object near point
retina

image
N N
convex
lens

Fig: 5.31 remedy of long-sightedness

 It corrected by using a convex lens. The lenses converge the
light rays passing from closer objects which are again
converged by the eye lens on the retina. It helps to from a
clear image of closer objects also on the retina. o;nfO{ pQn
n]G; k|of]u u/]/ ;RofOPsf] 5 . n]G;x¿n] glhssf j:t'x¿af6 hfg] k|
sfz ls/0fx¿nfO{ cle;/0f ub{5 h'g /]l6gfdf cfFvfsf] n]G;åf/f
km]l/ ldnfOG5 . o;n] /]l6gfdf klg glhssf j:t'x¿sf] :ki6 5ljaf6 d2t
ub{5 .

c.
Ans:

Convex lens

d.
Ans:

She should hold newspaper 25 cm to infinity away from her

because person suffering from this defect cannot see objects
nearer than 25 cm. p;n] cvaf/nfO{ 25 ;]lG6ld6/;Dd 6f9f
/fVg'k5{ lsgeg] of] ;d?ofaf6 u'h|]sf] JolQmn] 25 ;]lG6ld6/eGbf
glhssf] j:t'x¿ b]Vg ;Sb}g .

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

1. . In a room a bulb of 100 watt is connected to 220 V supply. Find the

current passing in it. Pp6f sf]7fdf 100 jf6sf] aNa 220 V cfk"lt{df
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . o;df ljB'tsf] dfq lgsfNg'xf];\ .
Solution:
Given,
 Power of bulb (P) = 100 W
Voltage (V) = 220 V
Current (I) = ?
We have,
P=I×V
or, 100 = I × 220
100
I=
or, 220
Or, I= 0.45 A
Hence, the current passing in the bulb is 0.45 A

2. The number of turns in primary and secondary coils of a transformer

are 1600 and 240 respectively. If the primary voltage is 220 V, find its
secondary voltage. 6«fG;kmd{/sf] k|fOd/L / ;]s]G8/L sf]Ondf 3'dfpg] ;
+Vof qmdzM !^)) / @$) xf] . olb k|fOd/L ef]N6]h 220 V 5 eg],
o;sf] ;]s]G8/L ef]N6]h kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
Solution:
Here, number of turns in primary coil (NP) = 1600
Number of turns in secondary coil (NS) = 240
Primary voltage (VP) = 220 V
Secondary voltage (VS) = ?
We have,
NS VS
=
NP VP

240 VS
=
Or, 1600 220
220×240
V S=
or, 1600

or, VS = 220 × 240 = 33 V

1600
Hence, voltage across the secondary coil of the transformer is 33V.
3. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2400 V to a step down
transformer with its primary windings having 2000 turns. What should
be the number of turns in the secondary coil in order to get output
power at 220 V? kfj/ 6«fG;ld;g nfOgn] :6]k 8fpg 6«fG;kmd{/df @$)) V
df Ogk'6 kfj/ lkm8 u5{ h;sf] k|fOd/L ljlG8ªdf @))) 6g{ x'G5 . 220 V df
cfp6k'6 kfj/ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;]s]G8/L sf]Ondf 3'dfpg] ;+Vof slt
x'g'k5{ <
Solution:
Here,
primary voltage (VP) = 2400 V
Secondary voltage (VS) = 220 V
Number of turns in primary coil (N P) = 2000 turns
Number of turns in secondary coil (NS) = ?

We have,
NS VS
=
NP VP

NS 220
=
or, 2000 2400

or, N S =183 . 34 i.e. 184

Hence, the number of turns in the secondary coil of the transformer is
184.

4. If you have an electric iron which works on 110 V only, how will you
operate it, if 220 volt line is available in your house? olb tkfOF;Fu 110
V df dfq sfd ug]{ ljB'tLo kmnfd 5 eg], tkfOFsf] 3/df 220 ef]N6sf] nfOg
pknAw 5 eg] tkfOF o;nfO{ s;/L ;~rfng ug{'x'G5 <
Solution:
The electric iron may be damaged if it is directly connected to 220
V line. Using a step down transformer, 220 V line is stepped down
to 110 V. This 110 V is then used to operate the electric iron.
lah'nLsf] kmnfdnfO{ ;Lw} 220 V nfOgdf hf]l8Psf] v08df Iflt x'g ;S5
. :6]k 8fpg 6«fG;kmd{/ k|of]u u/]/, 220 V nfO{g 110 V df :6]k 8fpg
ul/G5 . To;kl5 lah'nLsf] kmnfd110 V df rnfpg k|of]u ul/G5.

5. In a house, 12 tube lights of 40W for 4 hours, 3 televisions of 40W for 4

hours and 2 bulbs of 100W for 2 hrs in a day and 2 electric irons for 2
hrs are used in a week. Now calculate the cost of electricity in that
house in a month if the rate of electricity is Rs 7. 3/df $ 306f $) jf6sf] !
@ j6f 6\o'anfO6, $ 306f $) jf6sf] # j6f 6]lnlehg / lbgdf @ 306f ! ))
jf6sf] @ j6f aNa / xKtfdf @ 3G6f ljB'tLo cfO/g k|of]u ul/G5 . ca
lah'nLsf] efp & ?k}ofF 5 eg] Ps dlxgfdf Tof] 3/sf] lah'nLsf] nfut
u0fgf ug{'xf];\ .
Solution:
Here, if 40 W tube lights glow for 4 hours

P= = 0.04 KW
N = 12
t = 4 hrs
Electricity consumed (E.C.) = ?
From formula,
Electricity consumed in one day = P × N × t = 0.04 × 12 × 4 = 1.92 kWh
∴ E.C. in one month by the tube light = 1.92 × 30 = 57.6 kWh

If 3 televisions of 40W are used for 4 hours

Then,
P = 40W = 0.04 kw, N = 3, t = 4 hrs, E.C. = ?
From formula,
E.C. (consumed) in one day = P × N × t = 0.04 × 3 × 4 = 0.48 kWh
∴ E.C (consumed) in one month = 0.48 × 30 = 14.4 kWh
If two bulbs of 100W are used for 2 hrs,
P = 100W = 0.1 kw, N = 2, t = 2hrs, E.C = ?
We have,
E.C. (consumed) in one day = P × N × t = 0.1 × 2 × 2 = 0.4 kWh
∴ E.C. (consumed) in one month = 0.4 × 30 = 12 kWh
If two irons of 750W each are used for 2 hours,
P = 750W = 0.75 KW, N = 2, t = 2 hrs per week We have,
E.C. in one week = P × N × t = 0.75 × 2 × 2
= 3 kWh
∴ E.C. in one month = 3 × 4 = 12 kWh
Thus, total E.C. consumed in that house in one
month
= (57.6 + 14.4 + 12 + 12) kWh
= 96 kWh
= 96 unit
∴ Total cost = 96 × Rs. 7 = Rs 672