Kurdistan Region Government - Iraq

Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical Engineering College
Energy Engineering Department

Subject: COOLING TOWER

Prepared By
Name Of Student: Omran Jameel Shareef

Name Of Lecture: fundamental of thermometer

Name Of Lecturer: MR.ZEYAD - RAVEEN
Class : 2 Year
Date : 10/10/2021
Group: B

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Introduction:
GKM Dry Cooling Series have been developed since 2012, with a wide
range of cooling capacities. Enclosure made special alloy coated steel,
or stainless steel optional. Heat exchange coils made in copper tube or
stainless steel tubes fitted with aluminum or copper fins around the
tubes. The fluid inlet and outlet are set on the same side, easy in
installations. The overall dimensions can be tailor-made to suit
standard containers or particular project conditions. GKM Towers are
more widely applied to cool process fluids (water, oil, or gas) of
generally higher temperature, such as for Air Compressors, Furnaces,
Heaters, and other utilities in Gas Stations, Refinery Industries, etc.,
especially in the area short of water resources.

STRUCTURE & CASING

The standard enclosure is made of a special type of highly
corrosionresistant steel sheet coated with a composition of
Zn+Al(11%)+Mg(3%), and a trace amount of silicon, originally imported
from Nippon Steel or Posco. The panels are sheared and folded
precisely in whole cold machining process, then densely bolted and
sealed for water tightness, with sufficient reinforcing bars, preventing
deforming during hoisting process in fields. Each tower is completed
with maintenance access and doors of maximized size, for internal
inspection convenience. Heat exchange section is firmly supported by
frame made in stainless steel, or H.D.G steel plated entirely after
welding.

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DRY/AIR COOLING COILS

The dedicated dry cooling coils in GKM Series is used exclusively for the
purpose of dry cooling, fitted with particularly shaped aluminum or
steel fins around the coils tubes, to maximize heat transfer surface and
efficiency. The gap between the neighbouring fins can be customized
and depends on the environment and other working conditions of the
project sites. Dry cooling coils with suitable fin gaps can also work with
spray water in cases the temperature drop becomes a challenge in the
hot season, and save operation power greatly. Rest of specifications is
common to above evaporative cooling coils.

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DIRECT-DRIVE AXIAL FANS

The standard closed loop series adopt direct-drive axial fans, fitted with
resin or al-alloy airfoil blades perfectly balanced and coupled to a
weather proof TEFC three-phases electric motor. The fan casing is a
galvanized steel cylinder to draw the air vertically and avoid the risk of
recirculation. The tip speed of the impeller is limited to keep the noise
level within acceptable limits.

AIR INLET LOUVERS

Cellular air Inlet louvers with advanced design improve air flow into the
cooling tower, keep out debris, reduce noise from the tower, and
improve the tower's appearance.

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OBJICTIVE
TO STUDY THE BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
EVAPORATIVE WATER COOLING TOWER SYSTEM.
TO INVESTIGATE COOLING TOWER PERFORMANCE AND KEY DESIGN
FACTORS.

Procedure

IN THE FIRST STEP

WE RAN THE COOLING TOWER WHEN THE LOAD WAS EQUAL TO ZERO
AND WE MEASURED THE SIX TEMPERATURES
1- IN THE SECOND STEP
WE RAN THE LOAD EQUAL TO 0.5 AND MEASURED THE SIX
TEMPERATURES
2- IN THE THIRD STEP
WE RAN THE LOAD EQUAL TO 1 AND MEASURED THE SIX
TEMPERATURES
3- IN THE FOURTH STEP
WE RAN THE LOAD EQUAL TO 1.5 AND MEASURED THE SIX
TEMPERATURES

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DATA
COOLING TOWER EXPERIMENT 1
OBSERVATION SHEET
G (B)
Date: Objective: Atmospheric Pressure: kP

TEST No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Packing Installed Type B B B B

Packing Density A/V(m-1) 110 110 110 110

T1: Air Inlet Dry Bulb (°C) 26.5 27.4 27.9 28

T2: Air Inlet Wet Bulb (°C) 18.5 19.2 19.9 21.2

T3: Air outlet Dry Bulb (°C) 20.2 22.8 25.3 28

T4: Air outlet Wet Bulb (°C) 17.4 20.4 23 26.4

T5: Water Inlet Temp. (°C) 18.2 24 28.5 34.5

T6: Water Outlet Temp. (°C) 17.3 20.4 22.4 24.9

T7: Water Make-Up Temp. (°C)
Assumed T7=T1
Orifice Differential x mm H2O 10 10 10 10

Water Flow Rate ṁw (gm/sec) 40 40 40 40

Make-Up Quantity ṁE (kg)

Cooling Load Q̇ (kW) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Time Interval y (sec)

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calculation
0.0KW
Cooling range = mw*cpw(t5-t6)
1kg = 1000g
M=40/1000=0.04kg
Cp=4.18kj/kg.k
Cooling range = (0.04kg)(4.18)(18.2+273)-(17.3+373)
Cooling range=0.15kj
0.5KW
cooling range = m*cp(t5-t6)
1kg = 1000g
M=40/1000=0.04kg
Cp=4.18kj/kg.k
Cooling range=(0.04)(4.18)(24+273)(20.3+273)
Cooling range=0.61kj

1.0KW
cooling range = m*cp(t5-t6)
1kg = 1000g
M=40/1000=0.04kg
Cp=4.18kj/kg.k
Cooling range=(0.04)(4.18)(34.6+273)-(22.4+273)

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Cooling range=1.01KJ
1.5KW
cooling range = m*cp(t5-t6)
1kg = 1000g
M=40/1000=0.04kg
Cp=4.18kj/kg.k
Cooling range=(0.04)(4.18)(34.6+273)-(25+273)
Cooling range=1.60KJ

Approach of wet bulb

Q=0.0 kw
Approach of wet bulb = t6-t2
Approach of wet bulb = 17.3-18.5
Approach of wet bulb =- 1.2
Q=0.5 kw
Approach of wet bulb = t6-t2
Approach of wet bulb = 20.4-19.2
Approach of wet bulb =1.2
Q=1.0 kw
Approach of wet bulb = t6-t2
Approach of wet bulb = 22.4-19.9
Approach of wet bulb =2.5
Q=1.5 kw

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Approach of wet bulb = t6-t2
Approach of wet bulb = 24.9-21.2
Approach of wet bulb =3.7

CTC = cooling range /cooling range +Approach of wet bulb

CTC=(T5-T6)/(T5-T6)+(T6-T2)
0.0 kw
CTE=291.35-290.45/(291.35-290.45)+(291.35-290.45)
CTE=0.428K
0.5 KW
CTE=297.15-293.45/(297.15-293.45)+(293.45-292.35)
CTE=0.77K
1.0 KW
CTE=301.65-295.55/(301.65-295.55)+(295.55-293.05)
CTE=0.709K
1.5 KW
CTE=307.75-298.16/(307.75-298.16)+(298.16-294.35)
CTE=0.716K

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Result and discussion
The performance of a cooling tower depends on several parameters such as the range of
cooling temperature, the inlet water temperatures, (L/G) variation ratio and wet bulb
temperature approach. At given operating conditions, the outlet-water temperature provides
a measure of tower capabilities. Right axis of Fig. 6 shows the variation of the outlet water
temperature with (L/G) ratio for different water mass-flow rates. In average 0.4 – 1.5 of (L/G)
ratio the water temperature exhibits slight increase with water mass-flow rate at low (L/G)
ratios. Furthermore, the outlet water temperature increases monotonically with increasing
(L/G) ratio. This is due to the variation of the amount of exchanged energy between the
water and the air. At a greater water mass-flow rate (i.e., the ratio (L/G) increases) the range
of cooling tower increases.
The heat absorption effectiveness in terms of flow rate ratios (L/G) with
different inlet water temperatures has been illustrated in the left axis of Fig. 6. This figure
shows that the effectiveness of the tower progressively decreases with the increase in the
ratio (L/G) for different inlet water temperatures, whereas the better efficiency was observed
with high temperature values. A minimum efficiency was recorded for the rate ratio (L/G)
greater than 1 and lower water temperatures.
Figures 7 and 8 present the variation of the cooling tower effectiveness with the

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FIGURES & GRAPHS
1-cooling range

Cooling range

0.0KW 0.5KW 1.0KW 1.5KW

T5 291.35 297.15 301.65 307.75

T6 290.45 293.45 295.55 298.16

Total 0.150 0.6186 1.019 1.6051

M*CP(T5-T6)
1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

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2-Approach of wet bulb
Approach Cooling
Load
0.0KW 0.5KW 1.0KW 1.5KW

T6 291.65 293.45 295.55 298.15

T2 290.45 292.35 293.55 294.35

TOTAL 1.2K 1.1K 2.5K 3.8K

T
4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

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 3-CTE
TOTAL cooling Total approach
range of wet bulb
0 0.15048 1.2

0.5 0.6186 1.1

1 1.019 2.5

1.5 1.6051 3.8

4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

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DISCUISSION
First, cooling range The difference in temperature between the hot
water entering the tower and the cold water leaving the tower is the
cooling range. Second is approach. The difference between the
temperature of the cold water leaving the tower and the wet-bulb
temperature of the air is known as the approach Establishment of the
approach fixes the operating temperature of the tower and is a most
important parameter in determining both tower site and cost. Others is
heat load and wet-bulb temperature. Heat Load is the amount of heat
to be removed from the circulating water within the tower.

REFERENCE

https://www.sjcooling.com/GPM-F-Series-FRP-Open-Cooling-Towers-
pd6636054.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI0LCZtJ_I8wIVVODtCh0cigeCEAAY
ASAAEgIGzfD_BwE

https://www.flycoolingtower.com/products/index.html?gclid=EAIaIQob
ChMI0LCZtJ_I8wIVVODtCh0cigeCEAAYAiAAEgJxvvD_BwE

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