Lecture 5

Economic dispatch of thermal units

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Economic dispatch problem (neglecting
transmission losses)
Fuel cost characteristics
•*

• **

• F(P) = a𝑃2 + bP + c
Total fuel cost of operating N generators is given by,
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹1 (𝑃1 ) + 𝐹2 (𝑃2 ) + ... + 𝐹𝑁 (𝑃𝑁 )
• = σ𝑁𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖 (𝑃𝑖 )
• Neglecting transmission losses, total generation should meet the total
load. Hence, the equality constraint is,
• σ𝑁𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (1)
• * 𝑃𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑃𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (2)
**L = 𝐹𝑇 + λϕ
• Where , ϕ= 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − σ𝑁 𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 , λ is the Lagrange
Multiplier.
L =σ𝑁 𝐹 (𝑃
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖 ) + λ(𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − σ 𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 )
•*

• **
•
• fuel cost characteristics of all the generators are expressed as,
𝐹𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝑖2 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑃𝑖 + ci i=1 2 3….n

λ −𝑏𝑖
σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 , σ𝑁
𝑖=1 = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
2𝑎𝑖
• Examples
• Two generating units of a power system are having the following cost
curves:
𝐹1 (𝑃1 ) = 0.05𝑃12 + 22𝑃1 + 120 $/h
• 𝐹2 (𝑃2 ) = 0.06𝑃22 + 16𝑃2 + 120 $/h
• P1,P2 are in MW. Both the units operate all the time. Maximum and
Minimum load on each unit are 100MW and 20 MW respectively. Determine
the economic dispatch for the units for a total load of 80MW, neglecting the
transmission lines losses.
• Now, P1;min = 20 MW. Hence P1 is fixed at 20MW and the rest of
the demand is
supplied by P2. Therefore the economic dispatch is as followed:
P1 = 20 MW
P2 = 80 - 20 = 60 MW
• Example 2. three power plants of total capacity425 MW are scheduled
for operation to supply total system load of 300 MW. Find optimum
load scheduling if the plants have the following fuel cost and generator
constraints.
• 𝐹1 (𝑃1 ) = 300+30𝑃1 +0.075𝑃12 25 ≤ 𝑃1 ≤125
• 𝐹2 (𝑃2 ) = 250+40𝑃2 +0.1𝑃22 30 ≤ 𝑃2 ≤100
• 𝐹3 (𝑃3 ) = 400+15𝑃3 +0.09𝑃32 50 ≤ 𝑃3 ≤ 200
• example 3. A cost function of 50 MW generator is obtained and given
by c1= 225+3pi+0.02pi2 $/hr
• Find incremental cost expression
• Ifc when 100% loading is applied
• Ifc when 50% loading is applied
ans
• B) 55$/MW hr
• C)54$ /MW hr
• Example 4. incremental fuel cost in Br/MWh for a plant
𝑑𝐹1 𝑑𝐹2
consisting of two units are = 0.2𝑃𝐺1 + 40, = 0.25𝑃𝐺2 + 30
𝑑𝑃𝐺1 𝑑𝑃𝐺2
find the saving in fuel cost in Br/ hr. for the optimal scheduling of
total load of 130 MW as compared to equal distribution of the
same load between the two loads.
• Example 5. Two units each of 200 MW in thermal power plant are operating
all the time through out the year. The maximum and the minimum loads on
each unit is 200 MW and 50 MW respectively. Incremental fuel cost
characteristics for the two units are

𝑑𝐹1 𝑑𝐹2
• = 0.08𝑃𝐺1 + 15, = 0.1𝑃𝐺2 + 13 Rs/MWh
𝑑𝑃𝐺1 𝑑𝑃𝐺2
• If the total load varies between 100MW and 400MW , find the incremental
fuel cost and allocation of load between the two units for minimum total fuel
cost for various total loads.
Economic dispatch of thermal units
considering network losses
•*
• Total fuel cost rate is given by
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹1 (𝑃1 ) + 𝐹2 (𝑃2 ) + ... + 𝐹𝑁 (𝑃𝑁 )
• = σ𝑁𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖 (𝑃𝑖 )
• The power balance equation including transmission losses is now given by,
ϕ= 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − σ𝑁 𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 = 0 (a)
• where 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 is the total transmission loss in the system.
The problem here is to find Pi’s that minimize FT, subject to the constraint
Using the method of Lagrange multipliers,

• where ϕ is given by (a)

•*
Relating to the case of units in same plant, or generators connected to the
same bus
When units are connected to the same bus, incremental change with
transmission loss with change in generation is the same for all the units.
Hence,
• Where 𝑃𝐿 = σ𝑛𝑖=1 σ𝑛𝑗=1 𝑃𝐺𝑖 𝐵𝑖𝑗 𝑃𝐺𝑗