RÉPUBLIQUE DUCAMEROUN REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

PAIX – TRAVAIL - PATRIE PEACE – WORK FATHERLAND

Université de Douala The University of Douala

Faculté des Sciences Faculty of Science

COURSE: METHODE DE RECHERCHE EN SCIENCE

SOCIALES

ASSESSING KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS THE

PREVENTION OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN OF
REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN NGWELLE COMMUNITY.

A research protocol submitted to the faculty of Science University of Douala partial

fulfillment of the award of a master’s degree in Epidemiology

WRITTEN AND PRESENTED

BY:
EVETTE KINYUY
MATRICLE: 21S65556

Course instructor academic year 2022/2023

Dr HAROUNA
 LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix 1: Activities timeline

Appendix 2: Itemized Budget

Appendix 7: Research consent form

Appendix 8: Questionnaire

Appendix 9: References
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Unintended pregnancy is a worldwide public health problem. It affects not only women, but it

affects their families and society as well (Mohamed et al., 2019). Unintended pregnancy is a

pregnancy which is not wanted and/or not planed at the time of conception(Goshu & Yitayew,

2019). The concept of unintended pregnancy has been essential to demographers in seeking to

understand fertility, to public health practitioners in preventing unwanted childbearing and to

both groups in promoting a woman's ability to determine whether and when to have a child

(John et al.,2020).

Globally, an estimated 80 million unintended pregnancies occur each year worldwide,

resulting in 42 million induced abortions and twenty millions of these induced abortions are

performed in unsafe circumstances or by untrained providers and 34 million unintended

births(Kassahun etal., 2019).Approximately 14 million unintended pregnancies are recorded

annually in sub-Saharan and theAfrica  prevalence rate of 29%, ranging from 10.8% in

Nigeria to 54.5% in Namibia.(Ameyaw et al., 2019a). Cameroon is ranked 18th among 20

countries in the world with the second largest contributor to the under-five and maternal

mortality rate globally(Mohammed ,2020).

These unintended pregnancies have grave consequences for the health and well-being of

women and their families, particularly in low and middle-income countries where maternal

mortality is high and abortions often unsafe and by one or another means, unintended

pregnancies contribute a lot to maternal and child morbidity and mortality (Kassahun etal.,

2019). Some studies have revealed complex underpinnings influencing unintended

pregnancies in various pathways. These include poor knowledge in contraceptive use, low
socio-economic status, contraceptive failure, sexual violence, shortage in contraceptive

supply, unmarried status and other socio-demographic(Ameyaw et al., 2019a). Other findings

from some countries within the sub-region have attributed the current unintended pregnancy

situation to inconsistent and incorrect condom use, contraceptive failure, and lack of

knowledge on emergency contraception.(Ameyaw et al., 2019a)

Unintended pregnancy is the major sexual and reproductive health problems that impose to

substantial health, economical and psychosocial costs to individual and society as well as

significant emotional distress to women, families, and society(Kassahun et al., 2019). Besides,

contributing to late antenatal care (ANC) visit, increase exposure to the substance, less care

for their child, and experiencing physical and psychological violence(Kassahun etal.,

2019).The impact of unintended pregnancy is higher during the adolescent period that levy to

dropping out of school, unstable and lack of proper management of family

relationships(Kassahun etal., 2019). In addition, children born to teenage mothers are much

more likely to experience a range of negative outcomes in later life, such as developmental

disabilities, behavioural issues and poor academic performance(Kassahun et al., 2019).

Although unintended pregnancy has been very high in Cameroon, Availability of valuable

information regarding preventive measures towards unintended pregnancy regarding women

of reproductive age in Ngwelle community is insufficient. So the purpose of this study is to

assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy

among women of reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Inadequate knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy

among women of reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala contributed to an increase

rate of abortions which is a leading factor of maternal mortality rate. It is a call for concern

which possess a problem to the public health sector. Despite, the fact that the use of

contraceptive method has been approved as an alternative towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy, which reduces the rate of abortion practices, women of reproductive

age do not practice it well causing many abortions. Moreover, there is no or little study

carried out on the knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention of unintended

pregnancy among women of reproductive age in Ngwelle community Douala. Thus value the

purpose of this study.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

TO WOMEN:
This study will be advantageous to women as it increases awareness towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy which will intern influence their attitude and practice.

TO THE COMMUNITY:

This study will provide useful insight to individual and community towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy.

TO FUTURE RESEARCHERS:

It will serve as baseline data or reference for their research work.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.4.1 Main Research Question
What is the knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy

among women of reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala?

1.4.2 Specific Research Question

1. What is the knowledge towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy among women of

reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala?

2. What is the attitude towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy among women of

reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala?

3. What is the practice toward the prevention of unintended pregnancy among women of

reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala?

1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1.5.1 Main Research Objective

To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention of unintended

pregnancy among women of reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala.

1.5.2 Specific Research Objective

1. To evaluate the knowledge towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy among women

of reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala.

2. To assess the attitude towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy among women of

reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala.

3. To determine the practice towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy among women

of reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala.

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1.6.1 NULL HYPOTHESIS

Women of reproductive age do not have knowledge, attitude and practice towards the

prevention of unintended pregnancy

1.6.2 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

Women of reproductive age have knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy

1.8 RESEARCH SCOPE AND DELIMINATION

The study will be limited to assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy among women of reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala.

The spacial scope of this study will be limited in Ngwelle Community Douala. This study

period will be for duration of one month.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

TO WOMEN:
This study will be advantageous to women as it increases awareness towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy which will intern influence their attitude and practice.

TO THE COMMUNITY:

This study will provide useful insight to individual and community towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy.

TO FUTURE RESEARCHERS:

It will serve as baseline data or reference for their research work.

1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Knowledge: A fact of knowing something or awareness with a familiarity gained through

experience.

Attitude: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.

Practice: It is an application of an idea regularly to improve skills.

Prevention:The action of stopping something from happening or arising.

Unintended pregnancy: these are pregnancies that are mistimed, unplanned or unwanted at

the time of conception.

Women: An adult female person.

Reproductive age: It is the age number of 15-49years.

 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.0 OVERVIEW OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCY

Unintended pregnancies have a substantial impact on public health. Women with unintended

pregnancies have a higher percentage of late entry to care, alcohol and drugs use during

pregnancy and higher rates of preterm birth .. Unintended pregnancy, especially among

adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remains a concerning health and social problem

in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and worldwide.(Ajayi & Ezegbe, 2020). Unintended pregnancy

occurs due to incorrect or inconsistent use of a contraception method. Such pregnancies can

create an economic burden on the family, society and nation as a whole. Unintended

pregnancy is the underlying cause of abortion which can also result in infertility and maternal

death.(Mutsindikwa et al., 2019).

2.1 DEFINITION OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCY

 Unintended pregnancy is defined when women did not desire to become pregnant at that time

or at any time in the future(Sarder et al., 2021).

Another author defines" Unintended pregnancy"as a pregnancy that occurs either when no

child or children are desired (unwanted) or when it was not expected (mistimed) .(Ameyaw et

al., 2019b)

According to other authors, they defined Unintended pregnancy as a pregnancy which is not

wanted and/or not planed at the time of conception.(Goshu & Yitayew, 2019b)

According to other authors, they defined Unintended pregnancy as a pregnancy that was not

wanted at the time conception occurred, irrespective of whether or not contraception was

being used.(Yenealem & Niberet, 2019)

An unintended pregnancy has been defined as the kind of pregnancy that is reported to be

either unwanted or mistimed. (Nyarko, 2019a)

2.1.2 CAUSES OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES(Mohamed et al., 2019)

1.Contraceptive failures ;result in about 50% of all unintended pregnancies in the United

States . Efficacy rates for various contraceptive methods are dependent on the correct and

consistent use of the method as well as the failure rate inherent in the method itself, even with

perfect use. (Mohamed et al., 2019)

2. Oral contraceptives; are the most popular form of reversible contraception in the United

States and 1 million unintended pregnancies occur each year related to their use, misuse, or

discontinuation. (Mohamed et al., 2019)

3. Poverty; play a major role in unintended pregnancy. Seventy-five percent of the

pregnancies to women with incomes that are 100% below the federal poverty level are

unintended. . (Mohamed et al., 2019)

 4. Marital status; also seems to be a major determinant of whether an unintended pregnancy

will result in an abortion. Fifty percent of women who were previously married and 75% of

unmarried women ended their pregnancies with abortion, whereas only 25% of married

women chose to terminate their pregnancies. Regardless of the identified characteristics of

women who are likely to experience unintended pregnancy, it is important for health care

providers to remember that any sexually active woman is at risk for unintended pregnancy

and its untoward consequences. . (Mohamed et al., 2019)

5. AGE; older women also seem to be at high risk for unintended pregnancy. In contrast to

adolescents whose first pregnancies are often unintended, older women will experience an

unintended pregnancy after they have reached their desired number of children. Seventy-

seven percent of pregnancies in women 40–44 years of age are unintended, although the
reasons why are less clear. Older women may have fewer contraceptive options as medical

problems may put them at risk for hormonal contraception . Then, too, some premenopausal

women may erroneously assume that they are no longer fertile and be surprised by an

unintended pregnancy. . (Mohamed et al., 2019)

6. CULTURAL NORMS; the transition in cultural norms over time has pushes many girls to

pushed many young girls to unintended pregnancy. for example, recent research illustrates

that there is now considerably less stigmatisation enclosing extramarital sex and out of

wedlock childbearing than which was the case a few decades ago. . (Mohamed et al., 2019)

7.ILLITRACY; According to UNESCO 2016,70% of Cameroonian women lack access to

basic primary education and end up being illiterate. With the political instability in the far

north, southwest and northwest regions the situation threatens to rise due to under enrolment

and school dropouts which are significant problem that hinder the full coverage of primary

education especially among girl. . (Mohamed et al., 2019)

2.1.3Consequence of unintended pregnancy

Unintended pregnancies are associated with negative consequences for both mother and

child, including receiving late prenatal care, physical and sexual violence, postpartum

depression, suicide, anxiety during pregnancy, low birth weight, lower mother’s self-care

behaviours such as the lack of using supplements, vaccinations and nutrition, higher rates of

risky behaviours of mothers such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, negligence and

shortcomings in the care and upbringing of the child, child abuse, behavioural problems in

children, induced abortion,decreased employment opportunities, economic and educational

problems of families(Afkhamzadeh et al., 2020)

2.1.4 RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH UNINTENDED PREGNANCY

Several risk factors have been expressed in relation to unintended pregnancy in different

studies in which factors such as low educational level of mothers, maternal age,

inaccessibility or non-use of contraception, ineffective use of contraceptive methods,

changing contraceptive methods, lack of national contraception guidelines and unintended

pregnancies management, and lack of implementation of these guidelines, mothers’ suffering

from chronic diseases such as diabetes, Spouses’ sexual and domestic violence, physical

activity and obesity can be mentioned (Afkhamzadeh et al., 2020)

2.1.5 Solutions for the prevention of unintended pregnancy

1. Making reproductive health care services available to all women and their partners who

wish to prevent pregnancy is one way to realize a reduction of unintended pregnancy. A

reduction in unintended pregnancy has far-reaching effects and can positively impact the

health of women, their families, and society. If unintended pregnancy is reduced, then

maternal morbidity and mortality will be decreased, abortion morbidity and mortality will be

decreased, and the overall health of the family can improve with appropriate child spacing and

family size(Klima, 2015)

2. The governments around the world should recognize the role that family planning services

have in improving the health of their citizens. According to the World Bank, “One third of the

total disease burden (ill health and premature death) that women face is linked to pregnancy,

childbirth, abortion, HIV and other reproductive tract disorders”. Access to reliable
contraception allows women to delay childbearing, prevent unintended pregnancy, limit the

need for abortion, and adequately space their children, thereby resulting in a 25% decrease in

maternal mortality (Klima, 2015)

3. Women affected by poverty must have access to contraceptive services and the means to

control the size of their families. Insurance plans must be convinced of the long-term health

and economic benefits of preventing unintended pregnancy. Current federal legislation, the

Equity in Prescription Insurance and Contraception Coverage Act of 1997, addresses the

inequities women face in obtaining contraceptive services. (Klima, 2015)

4. The unmet family planning need must be reduced not only by increasing the number of

family planning services but by expanding the number of women who may be served by

existing services. This will not occur without a commitment by the international community

to realize the role increased services may play in improving the health of families. To meet

the projected needs for reproductive health, including family planning, overall funding will

need to increase to 17 billion U.S. dollars by the year 2000. Currently, only 2% of all

international aid to the developing world goes to fund reproductive health care

initiative(Klima, 2015)

2.1.6 Preconception Health Promotion

Health promotion is aim at promote the health of women (and men) of reproductive age

before conceiving a child, and thereby help to reduce pregnancy-related adverse outcomes,

such as low birth weight, premature birth, and infant mortality. Moreover, preconception
health services may improve a woman’s health and wellbeing, regardless of her childbearing

intentions.

Women of reproductive age can make choices about their health and health care that helps to

keep them healthy, and if they choose to be pregnant, have a healthy baby. Adopting healthy

behaviours is the first step women can take to get ready for the healthiest pregnancy possible.

Unintended pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of problems for the mom and baby.

If the mom was not planning to get pregnant, she may have unhealthy behaviours or delay

getting health care during the pregnancy, which could affect the health of the baby. Therefore,

it is important for all women of reproductive age to adopt healthy behaviours such as:

Take folic acid.

Maintain a healthy diet and weight.

Be physically active regularly.

Quit tobacco use

Refrain from excessive alcohol drinking.

Abstain from alcohol if pregnant or planning to become pregnant.

Take only medicines prescribed by your doctor.

Talk to your health care provider about screening and proper management of chronic diseases.

Visit your health care provider to receive recommended health care for your age, learn about

possible health risks, and discuss if or when you are considering becoming pregnant.

Use effective contraception correctly and consistently if you are sexually active but choose to

delay or avoid pregnancy( Recherche Google, n.d.)

2.0 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCY

Globally about 40% of pregnancies were unintended in 2012. From these 50% were ended

with abortion(Mehiret & Tesfaw, 2022).Approximately 14 million unintended pregnancies are

recorded annually in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)(Ameyaw et al., 2019c)The overall magnitude

of unintended pregnancy was ranged from 13.7% to 42.4% in Ethiopia(Mehiret & Tesfaw,

2022).

The total prevalence of unintended pregnancies among pregnant women in Ghana was found

to be 40%.(Nyarko, 2019b).In Bangladesh, around 48% of total pregnancies are unintended at

conception, and a significant percentage of these occur among women with previous

experience of unintended pregnancy(KHAN, 2020)

According to a study carried out by china ,2020, 23% of the sexually active unmarried

females in China have had unintended pregnancy, and roughly 90% of them resulted in

abortion.

2.2.1 KNOWLEDGE OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE TOWARDS THE

PREVENTION OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCY

Unintended pregnancy is a major driver of poor maternal and child health in resource-limited

settings. Data on pregnancy intention and use of family planning (FP) is scarce in Papua New

Guinea (PNG), but are needed to inform public health strategies to improve FP accessibility

and uptake. Data from a facility-based cross-sectional sample of 699 pregnant women
assessed prevalence and predictors of unintended pregnancy and modern FP use among

pregnant women in East New Britain Province, PNG. More than half (55%) the women

reported their pregnancy as unintended. Few (18%) reported ever having used a modern FP

method, and knowledge of different methods was low.(Peach et al., 2021)

According to a study carried out in Ilu Gelan District Western Ethiopia, 2021.. The

prevalence of unintended pregnancy among the pregnant women living in the Ilu Gelan

district was found to be high. This study identified widowed marital status, low family

monthly income, grand multi gravidas, birth interval less than two years, lack of awareness

about contraceptive, and health care autonomy decided by their husband as factors

significantly associated with unintended pregnancy.[ Sarvestani et al., 2017 ]

In a descriptive cross sectional study carried out by Fite et al., 2018 among women living in

IRAN. There is still unmet need in family planning. The main predictors of unintended

pregnancies are high prevalence of traditional contraception methods and insufficient

knowledge about modern contraception methods. Policymakers should pay more attention to

these issues. Furthermore, although Iranian policy makers are worried about low fertility, they

need to be aware that new population policy through restriction of access to family planning

services is effective, but also may exacerbate the problem by leading to a higher chance of

unintended pregnancy [Fite et al., 2018]

2.2.2ATTITUDE OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE TOWARDS THE

PREVENTION OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCY

Unintended pregnancies pose a major challenge to the reproductive health of young adults in

developing countries. According to a cross- sectional descriptive study that was carried out

using a pretested interviewer administered questionnaire. A total of 289 female students were

selected using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Data was collected and analyzed

using SPSS version 23 and results were presented using tables.The mean age of the

respondents was 21 ±28 years. Only 37.9% of the respondents were aware of emergency

contraception. Combined oral contraceptive pill was the most commonly identified (74.5%)

emergency contraceptive. Only 37.9% of respondents had good knowledge on emergency

contraception and about half (50.9%) of the respondents showed positive attitude towards

emergency contraception. (Bellizzi et al., 2020)

2.2.3 PRACTICES TOWARDS THE PREVENTION OF UNINTENDED

PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE

In a descriptive cross sectional study carried out among university students in Chon Buri

province, Thailand. Questionnaire was then applied to collect data from 418 university

students. Descriptive statistical and binary logistic regression methods were used for data

analysis in this study. Half of the students exhibited inappropriate behaviours to prevent

unintended pregnancies. However, half the respondents had been educated to prevent

unintended pregnancies. Nearly one-third of the students had experienced sexual intercourse.

Binary logistic regression was used to analyze an association between the behaviour for

unintended-pregnancy prevention with socio demographic characteristics and the health

literacy of university students(Thongnopakun et al., 2018)

 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is aimed at providing information on how this research study will be carried out.

it is important because it will determine if the findings of the study to be carried out can be

generalised or not. This chapter will involve research design, study area, study population,

sample size determination, sample size calculation, ethical consideration, research instrument,

data collection and data analysis, data management.

3.2 Study Area

This study will be carried out in Ngwelle Community. Ngwelle community is located in

Bonaberi new road littoral region Cameroon. Ngwelle community is found in Douala

IV.Douala IV is located in one of the sub-district in the wouri district. It is inhabited mostly

by Anglophones from the west, Francophones, Doualaꞌs, Western, North and other Region.

This is because of the enormous amount of unintended pregnancy in the Ngwelle Community

3.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR MY STUDY AREA

It has a large population of women of reproductive age which will be easy to get the sample
size.
3.4 Study Design
This research will be a community based descriptive cross sectional study that will be carried

out from the 1 of February to the 3 of March 2023.Data will be collected to provide factual

descriptive picture of the situation knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy among women of reproductive age in Ngwelle community. It is a cross

sectional because it will be done at a short period of time.

3.4 Study Duration

This study will be from November 2022 to March 2023.Proposal writing started from

November to December 2022, data collection will begin from 1 of February to the 3 of March

2023.

3.5 Study Population

The targeted population will be women of reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala

3.6 Sample Technique

A convenient sampling technique will be used to select participants there by providing equal

chances for all women of reproductive age to be chosen to prevent any form of bias.

3.7 Sample Size Determination

The sample size will be calculated using the Fischer Formula which states that;

N=Z²Pq/d²

Where n=Desired sample size

Z=standard normal deviation set at 1.96(95% confidence interval)

p=proportion of the target population that have the characteristic focusing in the study.in this

study,the proportion of unintended pregnancy from the previous study 10.8%[0.108]

Q=1–p=[1–0.108]=0.892

D=degree of accuracy set at 5%[0.05]

Thus N=[1.96]²[0.108][0.892]/0.0025

Sample Size=148.0

3.8 Selective Criteria

3.8.1 Inclusion Criteria

 1. All women of reproductive age in Ngwelle Community Douala during the time of data

collection.

2. All women of reproductive age who will be willing to take part in the study by giving

consent.

3.8.2 Exclusion Criteria

1. All women of reproductive age who will not willing present during the time of data

collection.

2. All women of reproductive age who will not be willing to take part in the study by not

giving consent.

3.9 Data Collection

3.9.1 Data Collection Instrument

A structured questionnaire which will consist of close ended questions design by researcher

based on the specific objectives will be used to collect data. The first part will consist of

socio-demography data while the second part will consist of three sections;

Section one: containing 5 questions assessing knowledge towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy

Section two: containing 5 questions assessing attitude towards the prevention of unintended

pregnancy.

Section three: containing 5 questions to identify the practice towards the prevention of

unintended pregnancy.

3.10 Data Management and Analysis

Data from the completed questionnaires’ will be later transferred to Microsoft Excel 2016

weekly after being coded, stored and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2016.Results will be

presented on frequency distribution table, pie and bar chart.

3.11 Ethical Consideration

The following consideration will be needed;

1. A research clearance from the administration of St Jude Polytechnic Higher Institute of

Health Douala will be collected

2. An authorization from Regional Delegation of Public Health will be collected

3. An authorization from the head of Ngwelle Community Douala will be collected

3.12 Plan of activities

Activities November December January Febuary March April

Choosing of research topic

Assigning supervisor

Writing research proposal

Pre defense of research proposal

Data collection

Data analysis

Activities Months

November December January February March

 Choosing a research X
topic

Choosing of supervisor X

Writing of Research X X
proposal

Predefense proposal X

Data X x
Collection

Data analysis

Predefense of project x

Defense of project X

Table 1: plan of activity

3.13. Budget
 No Items Unit Quantity Total price

1 Pen 200

2 Transport fee 11000

3 Gloves 4500 1 4500

4 Questionnaire 50 148 7500

5 Feeding 1000 30days

6 Airtime credit 3 30days 10000

7 Printing 5000
APPENDIX I

CONSENT FORM
I am Evette Kinyuy, a final year nursing student from St Jude Polytechnic Higher Institute of

Health Douala. I am currently carrying out a research on the topic ꜠Assessing knowledge,

Attitude and Practice towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy among women of

reproductive age in Ngwelle Community. The information that will be obtained will be

treated with confidentiality and no one will be identified in the research.

C O N S E N T

I have read and I understood the provided information and have had the opportunity to ask

questions. I voluntarily agree to take part in the study.

Participant signature…………………………… Date………………………

APPENDIX II

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
Assessing knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards the prevention of unintended pregnancy

in Ngwelle Community.

Please Cross [× ] to the option that applies to you and fill in the blank spaces

SECTION A; Socio demographic characteristics

1. Age

12-20[ ] 21-30[ ] 31-35[ ] 36-40[ ]

2. Marital status?

Married [ ] Single [ ] Divorced [ ] Window [ ]

3. Level of education

None [ ] primary school [ ] Secondary [ ] University [ ]

4. Religion

Christian [ ] Muslim [ ] none [ ] other [specify]

5. Occupation…………………………………………………………

SECTION B; Knowledge on the prevention of unintended pregnancy

1. What is unintended pregnancy according to you?

A] This is when a woman does not desire to get pregnant

B] This is when a woman wants a child

C] I don’t know

2. What do you think are the causes of unintended pregnancy?

A] Contraceptive failures
B] Poverty

C] I don’t know

3. What do you think are the consequences of unintended pregnancy?

A] Abortion

B] High mortality rate

C] I don’t know

4. Do you know that contraceptive method can prevent unintended pregnancy?

A] Yes

B] No

C] I don’t know

5] What is the best method to prevent unintended pregnancy?

A] Avoid sex totally

B] Through contraceptive use

C] I don’t know

SECTION C; Attitude on the prevention of unintended pregnancy

6] Do you plan before getting pregnant?

A] Yes

B] No

7] Will you like to plan before getting pregnant?

A] Yes
B] No

8] How will you feel when taken by surprise with pregnancy?

A] Sad

B] Confused

C] I don’t know

9] Do you think as a woman of reproductive age, you should control your rate of conceiving

A] Yes

B] NO

C] I don’t know

10] How will you feel, when you hear that unintended pregnancy can be prevented?

A] Anxious

B] Moody

C] I don’t know

SECTION D; Practices on the prevention of unintended pregnancy

11] Have you been using any contraceptive method?

A] Yes

B] No

12] Which contraceptive method you ever

A] Condom

B] Oral contraceptive pills

C] None of the above

REFERENCES
Afkhamzadeh, A., Rahmani, K., Felehgary, M., Farhadifar, F., & Faraji, O. (2020). Risk

factors for unintended pregnancy in women: A nested case-control study. Shiraz E-

Medical Journal, 21(1).

Ajayi, A. I., & Ezegbe, H. C. (2020). Association between sexual violence and unintended

pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa. BMC Public

Health, 20(1), 1–10.

Ameyaw, E. K., Budu, E., Sambah, F., Baatiema, L., Appiah, F., Seidu, A.-A., & Ahinkorah,

B. O. (2019a). Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy in sub-Saharan

Africa: A multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys. PloS One, 14(8),

e0220970.

Ameyaw, E. K., Budu, E., Sambah, F., Baatiema, L., Appiah, F., Seidu, A.-A., & Ahinkorah,

B. O. (2019b). Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy in sub-Saharan

Africa: A multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys. PloS One, 14(8),

e0220970.

Ameyaw, E. K., Budu, E., Sambah, F., Baatiema, L., Appiah, F., Seidu, A.-A., & Ahinkorah,

B. O. (2019c). Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy in sub-Saharan

Africa: A multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys. PloS One, 14(8),

e0220970.

Bellizzi, S., Palestra, F., & Pichierri, G. (2020). Adolescent women with unintended

pregnancy in low-and middle-income countries: Reasons for discontinuation of

contraception. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 33(2), 144–148.

CAUSES OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCY - Recherche Google. (n.d.). Retrieved December

6, 2022, from https://www.google.com/search?

q=CAUSES+OF+UNINTENDED+PREGNANCY&ei=MUGOY9jvEN3k0PEP_MO

CgAI&ved=0ahUKEwiYzIiSluP7AhVdMjQIHfyhACAQ4dUDCA8&oq=CAUSES+
 OF+UNINTENDED+PREGNANCY&gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQDDIHCAA

QgAQQEzIICAAQFhAeEBMyCAgAEBYQHhATMggIABAWEB4QEzIICAAQFh

AeEBMyCAgAEBYQHhATOgoIABBHENYEELADOgcIABCwAxBDOg0IABDkA

hDWBBCwAxgBOhIILhDHARDRAxDIAxCwAxBDGAI6CggAELEDEIMBEEM6

BwgAEIAEEAo6DAgAEOoCELQCEEMYAzoSCC4QxwEQ0QMQ6gIQtAIQQxgD

OgQIABBDOgoILhDHARDRAxBDOggIABCxAxCDAToLCC4QgwEQsQMQgAQ

6BQgAEIAEOgsIABCABBCxAxCDAToFCC4QgAQ6DQguEMcBENEDENQCEE

M6CwguEIAEELEDENQCOgsILhCABBCxAxCDAToICAAQgAQQsQM6CQgAE

EMQRhD5AToJCAAQgAQQDRATOggIABAeEA0QEzoKCAAQCBAeEA0QE0oE

CEEYAEoFCEASATFKBAhGGAFQlhFYsuEFYOCABmgDcAF4BIABqAuIAfBlkg

EOMi0yNy41LjAuMS4wLjOYAQCgAQGwAQrIARPAAQHaAQYIARABGAnaA

QYIAhABGAjaAQQIAxgH&sclient=gws-wiz-serp

Fite, R. O., Mohammedamin, A., & Abebe, T. W. (2018). Unintended pregnancy and

associated factors among pregnant women in Arsi Negele Woreda, West Arsi Zone,

Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 11(1), 671. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3778-

Goshu, Y. A., & Yitayew, A. E. (2019a). Prevalence and determinant factors of unintended

pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of Addis Zemen

hospital. PloS One, 14(1), e0210206.

Goshu, Y. A., & Yitayew, A. E. (2019b). Prevalence and determinant factors of unintended

pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of Addis Zemen

hospital. PloS One, 14(1), e0210206.

Kassahun, E. A., Zeleke, L. B., Dessie, A. A., Gersa, B. G., Oumer, H. I., Derseh, H. A.,

Arage, M. W., & Azeze, G. G. (2019). Factors associated with unintended pregnancy
 among women attending antenatal care in Maichew Town, Northern Ethiopia, 2017.

BMC Research Notes, 12(1), 1–6.

KHAN, M. N. (2020). Effects of Unintended Pregnancy on Maternal Healthcare Services Use

in Bangladesh. Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public

Health, The, 1.

Klima, C. S. (1998). Unintended pregnancy: Consequences and solutions for a worldwide

problem. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery, 43(6), 483–491.

Mehiret, G., & Tesfaw, A. (2022). A Review of Unintended Childbirth in Ethiopia:

Magnitude and Contributing Factors. Children, 6, 7.

Mohamed, E. A.-E. B., Hamed, A. F., Yousef, F., & Ahmed, E. A. (2019). Prevalence,

determinants, and outcomes of unintended pregnancy in Sohag district, Egypt. Journal

of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 94(1), 1–9.

Mutsindikwa, T., Ashipala, D. O., Tomas, N., & Endjala, T. (2019). Knowledge, Attitudes

and Practices of Contraception among tertiary students at the University Campus in

Namibia. Glob. J. Health Sci, 11, 180.

Nyarko, S. H. (2019a). Unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in Ghana: Prevalence

and predictors. Journal of Pregnancy, 2019.

Nyarko, S. H. (2019b). Unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in Ghana: Prevalence

and predictors. Journal of Pregnancy, 2019.

Peach, E., Morgan, C., Scoullar, M. J., Fowkes, F. J., Kennedy, E., Melepia, P., Homiehombo,

P., Au, L., Luchters, S., & Umbers, A. J. (2021). Risk factors and knowledge

associated with high unintended pregnancy rates and low family planning use among

pregnant women in Papua New Guinea. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–13.

Sarder, A., Islam, S. M. S., Talukder, A., & Ahammed, B. (2021). Prevalence of unintended

pregnancy and its associated factors: Evidence from six south Asian countries. PLoS

One, 16(2), e0245923.

Sarvestani, K. A., Ahmadi, A., Enayat, H., & Movahed, M. (2017). Level and factors related

to unintended pregnancy with a brief review of new population policies in Iran.

Iranian Journal of Public Health, 46(7), 973.

Thongnopakun, S., Pumpaibool, T., & Somrongthong, R. (2018). The association of

sociodemographic characteristics and sexual risk behaviors with health literacy toward

behaviors for preventing unintended pregnancy among university students. Journal of

Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 11, 149.

Yenealem, F., & Niberet, G. (2019). Prevalence and associated factors of unintended

pregnancy among pregnant woman in Gondar town, North west Ethiopia, 2014. BMC

Research Notes, 12(1), 1–5.