ACHYUTA PUBLIC SCHOOL

BIOLOGY PROJECT
REPORT
TO STUDY DRUG RESISTANCE IN
BACTERIA USING ANTIBIOTICS

By

Sahul Hameed

Class : 12
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO

Abstract 1

Transmission of 3
antibiotic resistant
bacteria
Sources of resistance 5
genes

Prevention and 8
control

WHO Response 12

Bibliography 13
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat
bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when
bacteria change in response to the use of these
medicines. Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria are
able to survive and grow in the presence of one or more
antibiotics. When this occurs, the resistant bacteria
continue to cause infection. Bacterial antibiotic
resistance is a specific type of antimicrobial drug
resistance. Other microbes, like viruses and fungi, can
also become resistant to antimicrobial drugs used to
treat infections with these microbes, but this article
focuses on bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics.
Without effective antibiotics, common infections such as
bacterial pneumonia, would become life-threatening
once again. Complex procedures, such as open-heart
surgery, would become much more dangerous and
deaths from infection more common. Now we’ll talk
about the various aspects of antibiotic resistance.

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TRANSMISSION OF ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANT BACTERIA IN THE
COMMUNITY
A large number of Human Beings, animals and plants are
being infected by various deadly diseases caused by bacteria
every year. The most effective treatment for such bacterial
diseases is to use antibiotics. It has been an effective method
of saving many people and is a huge step in eradicating many
deadly diseases like Yaws, Tetanus, Typhoid etc. Even though
antibiotics are very effective at doing its job, several bacteria
have evolved certain genes which make it resistant to particular
antibiotics. The resistance to do not stay to the bacteria but
also spreads to other bacteria through plasmids, transposons
etc. and make other bacteria resistant to the antibiotic too. This
makes the other bacteria survive and even reproduce in the
antibiotic medium. This in turn causes the formation of
multidrug resistance which may turn out to be a huge problem
in treatment of diseases.
Multidrug resistance in bacteria may be generated by one of
two mechanisms. First, these bacteria may accumulate multiple
genes, each coding for resistance to a single drug. This
accumulation occurs typically on resistance plasmids. Second,
multidrug resistance may also occur by the increased
expression of genes that code for multidrug efflux pumps,
extruding a wide range of drugs. This report discusses about
what causes these mutations, methods to reduce the spread of
such resistance to antibiotics and ways we can treat such
bacterial diseases.

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4
Sources of the resistance
genes
There are so many resistance genes that relay on so many mechanisms.
Where did they come from?

Producing organisms
As described above, some of the aminoglycoside-resistant
genes appear to be derived from sterpomycetes producing
these antibiotics. The genes coding for vancomycin resistance
appear to originate in the similar way. Resistance here requires
the production of several new enzymes, and it is unlikely that
the genes coding for these enzymes evolved in the few
decades after vancomycin-resistant clinical isolates of
enterococci were found to be homologous of those found in the
strepotmycetes, organized in exactly in the same manner, an
observation that leaves no doubt on the origin of these
resistance genes.

Microorganisms in the Environment

Especially Soil
Some resistance genes are found in the chromosomes of the
environmental bacteria. A classic case is the ampC gene in the
environmental genera of Enterobacter,Serratia, and Proteus
and in the soil organism P. These genes do not show signs that
they have been imported in the recent past and it is reveling
that the ampC gene of the exclusive animal symbiont E.coli
lacks the induction mechanism and that the pathogen
Salmonella spp lacks the ampC gene entirely.In this

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connection, examination of a random collection of soil-dwelling
strains of Streptomyces and their relatives show that 60%
to100% of them were resistant to several antibodies tested,
suggesting that antibiotics tested, suggesting that antibiotic
resistant genes are abundantly present in this habitat. Although
most antibiotics may be present in soil only at very low
concentrations the recent discovery of microorganisms that
utilize antibiotics as nutrients is suggestive of the evolutionary
origin of same antibiotic degradation genes.

Nature Medicine Agriculture

Protection against Pharmaceutical Antibiotic
endogenous production of consumption
antibiotics antibiotic Applications of
Protection against Antibiotic antibiotic on to field
naturally occurring consumption
antibiotic and other
stress compound
Alternative cellular
function of the
resistance protein

Physical forces Biological forces

Wind and water Human activities, animals, insects,
Birds.

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PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Antibody resistance is accelerated by misuse and
over use of antibody , as well as poor infection prevention and
control . step can be taken at all level of society to reduce the
impact and limit the spread of resistance
INDIVIDUAL
To prevent and control the spread of
antibiotics resistance, individual can :
 Only use antibiotics when prescribed by certified health
professional .
 Never demand antibiotics if your health workers say you
don’t need them
 Always follow your health workers advice when using
antibiotics
 Never share or use leftover antibiotics
 Prevent infections by regularly washing hands ,preparing
food hygienically ,avoiding close contact with sick
people , practicing safer sex ,and keeping vaccination up
to date
 Prepare food hygienically , following the WHO five Key
to Safe food (keep clean , separate raw and cooked ,
cook thoroughly , keep food safe temperature , use safe
water and raw materials ) and choose food that have
been produced without the use of antibiotics for growth
promotion or disease in healthy animals

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POLICY MAKER
To prevent and control the spread of antibodies
resistance , policy makers can:
 Ensure a robust national action plan to tackle
antibiotic resistance is in place
 Improve surveillance of antibiotic resistant
infection
 Strengthen policies , programs , and implement of
infection prevention and control measure
 Regulate and promote the appropriate use and
disposal of quality medicines.
 Make information available on the impact of
antibiotic resistance

HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
To prevent and control the spread of
antibiotic resistance , health professionals can :

 Prevent infections by ensuring your hand ,

instruments , and environment are clean
 Only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when they
are needed , according to current guidelines
 Report antibiotic –resistant to surveillance teams
 Talk to your patients about how to take correctly ,
antibiotic resistance and that danger of misuse
 Talk to your patients about preventing infections
(for example ,vaccination ,hand washing ,safe
sex ,and covering nose and mouth when sneezing)

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HEALTHCARE INDUSTERY
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotics
resistance , the health industry can :
 Invest in research and development of new antibiotics,
Vaccines , diagnostics and other tools.

AGRICULTURAL SECTORS
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic
resistance , the agriculture sectors can :

 Only give antibiotics to animals under veterinary

supervision
 Not use antibiotics for growth promoters or to prevent
disease in healthy animals.
 Vaccinate animals to reduce the need for the need for
antibiotics and use in alternatives to antibiotics when
available
 Promote and apply good practices at all step of products
and processing of foods and from animals and plants
sources
 Improve bio security on farms and prevent infection
through improve hygiene and animal welfare

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11
WHO RESPONSE
Tackling antibiotic resistance is a high priority of WHO. A global
action plan on antimicrobial resistance including antibiotic
resistance was endorsed at the World Health Assembly in May
2015. The global action plan aims to ensure prevention and
treatment of infectious diseases with safe and effective
medicines.
The “Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance” has 5
objectives:

 To improve awareness and understanding of

antimicrobial resistance.
 To strengthen surveillance and research.
 To reduce the incidence of infection.
 To optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines.
 To ensure sustainable investment in countering
antimicrobial resistance.
WHO is supporting Member States to develop national action
plans on antimicrobial resistance based on the global action
plan. WHO has been leading multiple initiatives to address
antimicrobial resistance:

 World Antimicrobial Awareness Week

 The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance
System(GLASS)
 Global Antibiotic Research and Development
Partnership(GARDP)
 Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial
Resistance(IACG).

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Bibliography

 NCERT Class 12 Biology Textbook

 Grammarly
 Wikipedia
 Quora

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