Johnrose I.

Hynson
1. Parallel Transmission

Binary data, consisting of 1s and 0s, will be organized into groups of n bits each. Computers
produce and consume data in groups of bits. By grouping, we can send data n bits at a time
instead of 1. This is called parallel transmission. The advantage of parallel transmission is speed.
All else being equal, parallel transmission can increase the transfer speed by a factor of n over
serial transmission.

Shortcoming of Isochronous parallel transmission it requires n communication lines just to

transmit the data stream. Hence it is expensive, parallel transmission is usually limited to short
distances.

2. Serial Transmission

In serial transmission one bit follows another, so we need only one communication channel
rather than n to transmit data between two communicating devices.

The advantage of serial over parallel transmission is that with only one communication channel,
serial transmission reduces the cost of transmission over parallel by roughly a factor of n.

Since communication within devices is parallel, conversion devices are required at the interface
between the sender and the line (parallel-to-serial) and between the line and the receiver (serial-
to-parallel).

Serial transmission occurs in one of three ways: asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous.

1. Asynchronous
2. Synchronous, and
3. Isochronous.

2.1 Synchronous Transmission

In synchronous transmission, we send bits one after another without start or stop bits or gaps. It
is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits. 

2.2 Isochronous Transmission

A sequence of events is isochronous if the events occur regularly, or at equal time intervals. The
isochronous transmission guarantees that the data arrive at a fixed rate.

In real-time audio and video, in which uneven delays between frames are not acceptable,
synchronous transmission fails.
For example, TV images are broadcast at the rate of 30 images per second; they must be viewed
at the same rate. If each image is sent by using one or more frames, there should be no delays
between frames.

2.3 Asynchronous Transmission

In asynchronous transmission, we send 1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or more stop bits (1)
at the end of each byte. There may be a gap between each byte.

2. Asynchronous: Add 3 bits (1 Start and 2 Stop bits) for every byte transmitted.

80 kbits + 30 kbits = total of 110 kbits transmitted

Synchronous: Add 4 bytes (32 bits) for the complete 10K byte data packet.

80 kbits + 32 bits = total of 80.032 kbits transmitted

efficiency = data transmitted x 100 = 80 kbits x 100 = 99.9%

3.

Transmission Advantages Disadvantages

Asynchronous Simple and Inexpensive High Overhead
Synchronous Efficient Complex and Expensive

4. Simplex:
In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one of the
two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive which can be represented in the
following figure.
Half-Duplex:
 
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time. When
one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa which will represent in the
following figure.
Full-Duplex:
 
In full-duplex mode (also called duplex), both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously
as shown in the following figure.
5.
6. Data transmission: In computer networking, Data transmission is nothing but the process
of transmitting digital or analog data over a network from one device to more network or
communication devices.
II.
1. Attenuation is the loss of signal strength in networking cables or connections.
This typically is measured in decibels (dB) or voltage and can occur due to a
variety of factors. It may cause signals to become distorted or indiscernible.
2. Propagation delay is defined as the flight time of packets over the transmission
link and is limited by the speed of light. For example, if the source and destination
are in the same building at the distance of 200 m, the propagation delay will be ∼
1 μsec.
3. Crosstalk is a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one
telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. ... Whenever
these fields overlap, unwanted signals -- capacitive, conductive or inductive
coupling -- cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) that can create crosstalk.

3
In this type of media, signal energy is enclosed and guided within a solid medium.
The guided media is used either for point to point link or a shared link with
various connections. In guided media, interference is generated by emissions in
the adjacent cables. Proper shielding of guided media is required to reduce the
interference issue.
In the unguided media, the signal energy propagates through a wireless medium.
The wireless media is used for radio broadcasting in all directions. Microwave
links are chosen for long distance broadcasting transmission unguided media.
Interference is also a problem in unguided media, overlapping frequency bands
from competing signals can alter or eliminate a signal.

4. Attenuation- A t t e n u a t i o n i n a c o a x i a l c a b l e d e p e n d s o n
t h e frequency and length of the cable itself.

Propagation delay - Excessive propagation delay can have only onecause: the
cable is too long. If you fail propagation delay, check to ensure that the
 pass/fail criteria match the design specifications. If so,the cable is too long. In
many cases, a cable up to 25% too long (125mfor Category 5e) will still support
most LAN applications

5. Grade index: The graded index multimode fibre is an optical fibre with a refractive
index that is higher at the core axis and progressively falls at the core-cladding
interface. 
For an optical fiber, a step-index profile is a refractive index profile characterized
by a uniform refractive index within the core and a sharp decrease in refractive
index at the core-cladding interface so that the cladding is of a lower refractive
index.
Single-mode fiber is a common type of optical fiber that is used to transmit over
longer distances. ... Single-mode fiber features only one transmission mode.
Compared with multi-mode fiber, it can carry higher bandwidths; however, it
needs to have a light source having a narrow spectral width.

7. Everything has signal loss the further down the line a signal travels. Running a signal
down copper line the loss per 6 miles of line would require 10 amplifiers. With fiber
optic line they use a laser beam to send a light down the same 6 miles of optic. No
amplifier is required for 6 miles of line. As a matter of fact it would take about 40 miles
of optic line before an amplifier would be required. The optic cable can handel more
subscribers that anything else. Then there is bandwidth and speed. Fiber optic can give
you the fastest speed. With copper line I get 100 megebit download and 10 mega uplink
speed. If you have fiber optic in your home were looking at 1,000 megabits download
and 900 megabits upload. That speed is good for any office of 30 computer. At home it's
fast.

8. Ground wave propagation is a form of signal propagation where the signal travels over
the surface of the ground, and as a result it is used to provide regional coverage on the
long and medium wave bands.

The ionosphere is defined as the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is ionized by solar
and cosmic radiation. ... Because of the high energy from the Sun and from cosmic rays,
the atoms in this area have been stripped of one or more of their electrons, or “ionized,”
and are therefore positively charged.
Line of sight (LoS) is a type of propagation that can transmit and receive data only where
transmit and receive stations are in view of each other without any sort of an obstacle
between them. FM radio, microwave and satellite transmission are examples of line-of-
sight communication.
9. the major types of wireless media are microwave, satellite, and radio. The frequency
varies from 300MHz to 300GHz. must have unobstructed line of sight susceptible to
environmental interference. Determine the Ethernet frame efficiency.