ETHICS OF

JUSTICE &CARE
DISCUSSANTS
ETHICS OF JUSTICE
 What is justice?
Justice is the principle that people receive what they deserve or, in more
traditional terms, giving each person his or her due.
What is Ethics of justice?
Ethics of justice is characterized by fairness and
equality and rational-objective decision-making
based on universal rules and principles.
 Kinds of justice

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
The extent to which society's institutions ensure that benefits and burdens are distributed among
society's members in ways that are fair and just.

Believes that everyone should get the same kind and amount of stuff no matter what, known as
justice of equality.
 Kinds of justice

NEED- BASED JUSTICE

Need - based Justice argues that goods, especially basic commodities including food, shelter,
and medical care, should be dispersed to meet the basic necessities of people in the society.

Everyone shouldn't get the same because our needs aren't the same.
 Kinds of justice

MERIT- BASED JUSTICE

Justice entails giving unequally, based on what each person deserves. Depending on what you've
done, you either deserve or don't deserve those things.
 Kinds of justice

JUSTICE IS FAIRNESS
John Rawls argues that Any inequalities that exist in a social system, should favor the least well-
off because this levels the playing field of society.

Rawls reasoned that the world is full of natural inequalities. Therefore, justice means correcting
for those disadvantages that are beyond our control.
 Kinds of justice

REBTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
The only way for justice to be served is for a wrongdoer to suffer
proportionally to the harm he has caused others.
 Kinds of justice

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
Focuses on making amends, rather than on making the wrongdoer suffer.

If you've wronged others, you should try to make it right.

"EQUALS SHOULD BE TREATED AS
EQUALS AND UNEQUALS
UNEQUALLY."- Aristotle
 WHY DO WE NEED TO
UNDERSTAND JUSTICE?
Justice is one of the most fundamental social, ethical, and moral values with which we deal
on a daily basis. It is central part of ethics and should be given due consideration in our
moral lives.
What Justice means to you determines how you believe society should function.
Justice is an expression of our mutual recognition of each other's basic dignity, and an
acknowledgement that if we are to live together in an interdependent community we must
treat each other as equals.
Kohlberg’s Stages of
Moral Development
The theory states that we progress through three levels of moral thinking that build on
our cognitive development. Kohlberg believed that moral development follows a series
of stages. He used the idea of moral dilemmas

To gather information about his theory, he uses Dilemmas as questions to his

respondents which are mainly white males. His most famous dilemma is the “Heinz”
theory where he discusses the idea of obeying the law or saving a life. Kohlberg
stressed that positive moral development is determined by how a person reasons about
a dilemma. After presenting people with multiple moral dilemmas, Kohlberg reviewed
people’s answers and put them in different stages of moral reasoning.
Level 1: Preconventional (before age 9)

A child's sense of morality is externally guided throughout the

preconventional stage. Children acknowledge and believe authority
figures' laws, such as those imposed by parents and teachers. A child
with pre-conventional morality has not yet followed or internalized
society's conventions as to what is right and wrong, but still insists on
the external implications of such behavior.
Level 2: Conventional (early adolescence)

A child's sense of morality is interconnected to personal and social

interactions at the conventional level. Children prefer to follow authority
figures' laws, but this is now because they believe it is important to maintain
good interactions and social order. During these periods, adherence to rules
and conventions is somewhat strict, and the appropriateness or fairness of a
rule is seldom challenged.
Level 3: Postconventional (once Piaget’s idea of formal operational thought
is attained)

A person's sense of morality is characterized in terms of more abstract concepts

and values at the postconventional stage. Most people now feel that such laws
are unconstitutional and should be modified or repealed. This degree is
distinguished by an increasing recognition that individuals are distinct from
society and that individuals can disobey rules that contradict their own
principles. Post-conventional moralists abide by their own ethical values, which
usually require basic human rights like life, liberty, and justice, and regard laws as
important but changeable mechanisms rather than absolute dictates that must
be obeyed without doubt. Since post-conventional individuals prioritize their
own moral appraisal of a circumstance above social norms, their behaviour,
especially at stage six, may be confused with that of preconventional individuals.
Some theorists believe that certain people would never achieve this degree of
logical moral logic.
Critiques Of Kohlberg’s
Theory
 Critiques Of Kohlberg’s
Theory

1st it only emphasize the

value of justice
Critiques Of Kohlberg’s
Theory

2nd culturally biased

Critiques Of Kohlberg’s
Theory

3rd gender biased

 Critiques Of Kohlberg’s
Theory

4th The dilemmas are

artificial
Critiques Of Kohlberg’s
Theory

5th The dilemmas are

hypothetical
Critiques Of Kohlberg’s
Theory

6th its Androcentric

Critiques Of Kohlberg’s
Theory
ETHICS OF CARE
 What is care ?
The process of protecting someone or something and providing what
that person or thing needs.
 What is care ?
In theory, “Care” means maintaining the world of, and meeting the
needs of, yourself and others.

It builds on the motivation to care for those who are dependent and
vulnerable, and it is inspired by both memories of being cared for
and the idealizations of self.
What is ethics of care?
Ethics of care focus on the morality and integrity of women which
primarily center on interpersonal relationships. Feminine values such as
gentleness, sympathy, and genuine caring are devalued and deemed
irrelevant to the public world where self-rule and power thrive.
 What is ethics of care?
The ethical philosophy known as "the ethics of care" asserts that the
basic elements of human relationships and dependencies have moral
meaning. Care ethics, on the other hand, aims to preserve relationships
by contextualizing and encouraging the well-being of care-givers and
care-receivers in a web of social relationships.
Carol Gilligan
Carol Gilligan
born November 28, 1936
American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist
Professor of Humanities and Applied Psychology at New York University
best known for her work on ethical community, ethical relationships and
certain subject-object problems in ethics.
known for her book “In a Different Voice (1982)”
 In a Different Voice:
Psychological Theory and
Women’s Development (1982)
 In a Different Voice:
Psychological Theory and
Women’s Development (1982)
Gilligan presented her ethics of care theory.

Women's moral viewpoints center around the understanding of

responsibilities and relationship.
Gilligan says "a distinction come to see as pivotal to
understanding care ethics".
A feminist ethic of care is a different voice within a patriarchal culture
because it joins reason with emotion, mind with body, self with relationships,
men with women, resisting the divisions that maintain a patriarchal order.
3 Stages of Moral
Development
gam
lli
Gi
rol
Ca
 tio n:
a ns i
d Tr
n
Post-conventional Seco
d ne ss to
Morality of Non-violence Goo truth

t io n :
a ns i
t T r
Firs to
n e s s
lfis h il ity
Conventional e
S pons
Res
i b

Goodness as Self-Sacrifice

Pre-conventional
Morality
Orientation to Individual's Survival
A group of moles give shelter to a porcupine. But
they are being continuously stabbed by the
porcupine’s quills. Now, what should they do?

Ouch!
Aww!
Levels of
Thinking
gam
lli
Gi
rol
Ca
Care-based Morality
More emphasis is given to inter-connected relationships
and universality.

Acting justly focuses on avoidance of violence.

Women with this are usually interested in helping others.

More common in girls because of their connections

to their mothers.
Girls remain connected to their mothers, they are less inclined to
worry about issues of fairness.
Justice-based Morality
They view the world as being composed of autonomous
individuals who interact with one another.
Acting justly means avoiding inequality.

Individuals with this are usually interested in protecting individuality.

Thought to be more common among boys because of their need to

differentiate between themselves and their mothers.

They are separated from their mothers, boys become more concerned
with the concept of inequality.
Two friends, Mae and Isabelle are
walking at the park and a bully
approaches Isabelle for a fight..
THANK YOU!
Group 1