Social Awareness Introduction

SOCIAL AND ITS UNDERSTANDING

•SOCIAL ISSUES AND INVOLVEMENT
•THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
•THE ROLE OF SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) IN DEVELOPMENT
INDONESIAN ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS
• WASTE PROBLEMS
LIST OF TABLES •TOTAL KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CARE BEHAVIORS
•QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL AWARENESS
•UNDERSTANDING ABOUT SOCIAL AWARENESS
•DEVELOPING SOCIAL AWARENESS IN YOURSELF
•EXAMPLES OF ACTION AND ENVIROMENTAL APPLICATIONS
•SOCIAL ACTION PLANNING
SOCIAL AND ITS UNDERSTANDING
 SOCIAL AND ITS UNDERSTANDING
• The word “social” is a term that comes from the Latin word 'socius’, which means everything that is
born, grows, and develops in life together. According to the main Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), social is
related to society. Another term for social is like to pay attention to the public interest (like to help,
donate, etc.)

• Social Interaction Factor:

Imitation: In social science, imitation is a form of action to imitate other people, including attitudes,
behavior, and physical appearance. This imitation factor can affect the process of social interactions.

Suggestion: Socially, a suggestion is a psychic influence, whether it comes from oneself or from others,
which is generally accepted without any power of criticism. The meaning of a suggestion and imitation in
relation to a social interaction is almost the same. The difference is that in imitation one person follows
something outside of himself; whereas in a suggestion, someone gives a view or attitude from himself
which is then accepted by others outside him.
 SOCIAL AND ITS UNDERSTANDING

Identification: Identification in psychology means the drive to be identical (same) with another person,
both physically and non-physically. Identification is more profound because individual personalities can
be formed on the basis of the identification process. This process can take place on its own or on
purpose because individuals need certain ideal types in their life processes.

Sympathy: It is a process by which the individual feels attracted to the other party. In this process
individual feelings play an important role, although the main impetus for sympathy is the desire for
cooperation.

Artikel ini telah ta yang di Ka tada ta.co.id dengan judul "Sosial

Adalah Pola Interaksi dengan Manusia Lain,Ini Penjelasannya" ,
https://ka tada ta.co.id/i ntan/beri ta/6205e516aa74b/sosial-
a dalah-pola-interaksi-dengan-manusia-lain-ini-penjelasannya
Penulis: Muhammad Irfan Al -Amin
 SOCIAL ISSUES AND INVOLVEMENT
• Social Problem: A social problem is a condition in a society that is undesirable to occur. These problems must
be addressed and resolved immediately. Social problems do not only concern one or two people. But also it
concerns many people or the wider community.

• Examples of Social Problems :

• Social Inequality, Poverty, Unemployment, Crime, Infectious Diseases, Juvenile Delinquency, Heresies, Sara
Conflicts, Environment, Sexual Harassment, Corruption and Legal Disparities.
• Self and Community Involvement :
• Supporting government programs and collaborate
• Collaborating with the private sector
• Collaborating with Local and International NGOs (Non Government Organizations)
• Contributing positively to yourself and the environment around you to do things that have a good impact

Gramedia blog
SOCIAL ISSUES AND INVOLVEMENT

Factors That Cause Social Problems

ECONOMY CULTURE BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL

 • Definition of an International Organization: According to N.A. Maryam
Green, the definition of an international organization is an organization
formed based on an agreement when three or more countries become
participants.
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL
• The function of an International Organization: To improve the welfare of the
ORGANIZATIONS IN HANDLING countries in the world, especially the members, which is carried out in
SOCIAL ISSUES various ways according to each organization.
• Examples of International Organizations: Association of South East Asian
Nations (ASEAN), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), United Nations
https://www.maxmanroe.com/vid/organisasi/organisasi-internasional.html#fungsi_organisasi_internasional
(UN), and so on.
THE ROLE OF SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) IN DEVELOPMENT

Before the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ended, at the 2010 UN Summit
on MDGs, a post-2015 world development agenda was formulated. This was reinforced by an agreement
on the document "The Future We Want" at the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development.
preparation of the post-2015 development agenda agreed at the UN General Assembly in September
2015, namely the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs aim to maintain a
sustainable increase in the economic welfare of the community, maintain the sustainability of the social
life of the community, maintain the quality of the environment as well as inclusive development and
implementation of governance that is able to maintain the improvement of the quality of life from one
generation to the next.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a development that maintains the sustainable improvement
of the economic welfare of the community, a development that maintains the sustainability of community
social life, a development that maintains environmental quality, and a development that ensures justice
and the implementation of governance capable of maintaining and improving the quality of life from one
generation to the next.
THE ROLE OF SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) IN DEVELOPMENT

The SDGs are global and national commitments in an effort to

improve the welfare of society, including 17 goals, namely: (1)
No Poverty; (2) No Hunger; (3) Healthy and Prosperous Life;
(4) Quality Education; (5) Gender Equality; (6) Clean Water
and Proper Sanitation; (7) Clean and Affordable Energy; (8)
Decent Work and Economic Growth; (9) Industry, Innovation
and Infrastructure; (10) Reducing Gaps; (11) Sustainable
Cities and Settlements; (12) Responsible Consumption and
Production; (13) Climate Change Management; (14) Ocean
Ecosystems; (15) Mainland Ecosystems; (16) Peace, Justice
and Strong Institutions; and (17) Partnership to Achieve
Goals.
ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS IN INDONESIA
WASTE PROBLEMS

In 2016, the amount of waste generated in Indonesia reached 65,200,000 tons

per year with a population of 261,115,456 people.

By 2030, every country substantially reduces waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse.
This is the target of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ensure sustainable production and consumption
patterns (SDGs target 12.5). This is in line with the target of reducing and handling household waste and waste similar
to household waste in the Presidential Regulation (Pepres) of the Republic of Indonesia Number 97 of 2017
concerning National Policies and Strategies for household waste and waste similar to household waste management.

Population growth is one of the factors that increase the amount of waste generation. In 2025, the estimated
population of Indonesia will be 284,829,000 people or an increase of 23,713,544 from 2016. If it is assumed that the
amount of waste produced per year will be the same. The amount of waste that will increase is 5,928,386 tons (in
2016 the amount of waste generated in Indonesia reached 65,200,000 tons per year with a population of 261,115,456
people, KLHK and the Ministry of Industry in the World Bank.
Sumber : www.bps.go.id
WASTE PROBLEMS

Garbage piles produce runoff of a toxic liquid called leachate, which can flow into rivers,
groundwater, and soil. Organic waste entering waterways reduces the amount of available
oxygen and promotes the growth of harmful organisms (Bhada-Tata & Hoornweg, 2016).

The quality of river water in Indonesia is generally in a heavily polluted status. Of the 82 rivers monitored in 2016 and 2017, there are 50 rivers whose
condition is relatively unchanged and there are 18 rivers whose quality is improving, but as many as 14 rivers are of deteriorating quality.

Number of Flood Events based on Death and Missing Victims by Island, 2016-2017
Kalimantan
182 iIncidents Sulawesi
9 Victims 189 Incidents Piles and poor handling indirectly contribute to floods (World
Died and Missing 44 Victims
Died and Missing Bank) and sources of diseases such as diarrhea (UN-Habitat,
Maluku+Papua
Sumatra 66 Incidents 2010). In Indonesia, based on data from the National Disaster
30 Victims
385 Incidents
Died and Missing Management Agency (BNPB), there were 1,805 flood events in
94 Victims Died and
Missing 2016-2017. This number continues to increase when
compared to previous years. In addition to the number of
incidents, the impact of the flooding caused the death and
Jawa
897 Incidents Bali+Nusa Tenggara
missing victims to reach 433 victims..
242 Victims Died and 86 Incidents
Missing 14 Victims Died and
Missing
Sumber : www.bps.go.id

Sumber/Source : Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/ National Agency for Disaster Management
WASTE PROBLEMS
Garbage accumulation is a problem that can cause other
problems if not handled, such as water, soil, and air pollution
(Pervez Alam & Kafeel Ahmade). The results of the 2014 and
2018 Village Potential Surveys show an increase in water
pollution and a decrease in air quality pollution.

Improper waste management will also have an impact that has

the world's attention, namely GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions).
The World Bank estimates that 1.6 billion tonnes of GHG
emissions (CO2e) were generated from waste in 2016. This is
about 5 percent of global emissions. Without improvements in
this sector, waste-related emissions are expected to increase to
2.6 billion tonnes of CO2e by 2050. GHG emissions from the
waste sector in Indonesia in 2014 accounted for 30.26 percent..

Sumber : www.bps.go.id
WASTE PROBLEMS

3.5 TOTAL DEATH NUMBER Areas with poor waste management services have twice the
3 2.94 3.04 incidence of diarrhea and six times higher acute respiratory
2.5 2.47
infections than areas with good waste collection (UN-
2 Habitat 2010). Estimates of diarrhea in health facilities from
1.74 1.74 2015-2017 continue to increase. The mortality rate (CFR)
1.5 1.53
1 1.11 1.14 during an extraordinary event (KLB) of diarrhea is expected
0.5 0.4
to be less than 1 percent but from 2008 to 2016 it can be
0 seen that the CFR during an outbreak is still quite high
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 (greater than 1 percent), except in 2011, the CFR at the time
of the outbreak. KLB by 0.40 percent, while in 2016 it
increased to 3.04 percent.

Sumber : www.bps.go.id
TOTAL KNOWLEDGEMENT RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CARE
BEHAVIOR
A person's level of knowledge is needed as a basis for behavior, both in the household environment, living
environment, and workplace. Likewise, in behavior related to the environment, knowledge of behavior
related to the environment is required. The level of knowledge that a person has regarding friendly
behavior or care for the environment does not necessarily encourage the person to behave in an
environmentally friendly manner. However, the knowledge factor regarding environmental care behavior
must be pursued by everyone. Correct knowledge about environmentally friendly behavior is the main
component of internal factors that can encourage changes in a person's attitude to be more
environmentally friendly.

Sumber : www.bps.go.id

Sumber/Source : Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/ National Agency for Disaster Management
 P E R CE N TAG E O F R E S PO NDE NTS W H O H AVE K N OWLE DG E O F E N VI R O NME NTAL CA R E B E H AVI OR BY T Y P E O F
K N O W LE DG E A N D A R EA O F R E S I D ENCE

Urban Rural Urban + Rural

85.9

80.57
76.12

48.72

43.1
37.55

11.05

B UR NI NG T R AS H POL L UT E S T H E AI R
PL AS T I C W AS T E , FOOD W AS T E , PAPE R W AS T E
AND OT H E R W AS T E NE E D T O B E S OR T E D
B E FOR E B E I NG D I S POS E D OF.
9.97
8.55
G AR B AG E T H AT CONT AI NS CH E MI CAL S (S UCH
A S B A T T E R I E S , U S E D M O S Q U I TO R E P E L L E N T
S PR AY CANS , S H OUL D NOT B E B UR I E D .
TOTAL KNOWLEDGEMENT RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CARE
BEHAVIOR
Various policies have been carried out by the government to solve the waste problem in Indonesia.
Apart from the government, the community can also take part in reducing waste, for example, by using
their own shopping bags. The results of the Susenas Hansos Module show that 54.8 percent of
households never bring their own shopping bags. Only 8.7 percent always carry their own shopping
bags when shopping; the remaining 26.5 percent stated that sometimes, and 9.9 percent said they
often carry shopping bags when shopping.

In addition, the community can also play a role in managing the waste produced, for example, by
recycling and disposing of it in a place that does not cause pollution or new problems. Susenas results
show that only 1.2 percent of households carry out recycling activities. In addition, what is quite a
concern is that the number of households that burn waste has reached 66.8 percent, even though
burning waste is a source of pollution that can cause respiratory diseases.

Sumber : www.bps.go.id
TOTAL KNOWLEDGEMENT RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CARE BEHAVIOR

Sumber : www.bps.go.id
QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Since 2007, more than half of the world's population lives in an urban area. It is estimated that by
2030, cities will be occupied by 60 percent of the global population, and will increase to 68.4
percent by 2050. Between 2010 and 2050, the world's urban population is expected to grow by
about 2.5 to 3 billion people; with the highest growth projected to be in less developed areas such
as East Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa (SDG 11 Synthesis Report, 2018).

In Indonesia in 2015, more than half of Indonesia's population lived in urban areas than in rural
areas. This trend is expected to continue until 2035, where it is projected that around 67 percent of
Indonesia's population will live in urban areas..

Sumber : www.bps.go.id
 QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The energy sector accounts for the largest emissions

from fuel combustion, especially for power generation,
manufacturing, and transportation. In 2015, emissions
from the energy sector accounted for around 22.6
percent of total emissions, which is equivalent to 536.3
million tons of CO2. Emissions from the energy sector
for 2016 slightly increased to the equivalent of 538
million tons of CO2 , and by 562.2 million tons of CO2 in
2017 or 48.6 percent of the total GHG in 2017.
QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The high GRK emissions and the high consumption of

BPO in the world are the causes of the increase in the
Earth's temperature. These air contaminants are
transboundary and have a global impact. In Indonesia,
climate change is marked by changes in daily average
temperature, rainfall patterns, sea level, climate
variability (El-nino and La-nina, Indian dipole) and
further causes of disasters. Climate change also worsens
the quality of health. It occurs because the increase in
temperature in tropical climates causes the
development of diseases that endanger humans.
QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Sumber : www.bps.go.id
 QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND CHANGES

The awareness that human well-being depends on the
environment results in various environmental issues that require
supporting data and information, such as climate change, the
decline in biodiversity, and natural resource management.
Environmental statistics inform about the state and changes in
environmental conditions, the quality and availability of
environmental resources, the impact of human activities and
natural events on the environment, the impact of changes in
environmental conditions, as well as social and economic actions
taken by the community to avoid or reduce these impacts and to
restore them and maintain the capacity of the environment to
provide essential functions for human life and well-being.

Sumber : www.bps.go.id
SOCIAL AWARENESS
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS
Social awareness is the ability to take a perspective and empathize with others, including people from different
backgrounds and cultures. Social awareness is a way that individuals strive to analyze, remember, and use
information about social events or activities, so that individuals can be more sensitive to events that occur in the
surrounding environment.

Social Awareness According to Experts:

Prasolva - Forlanda (2002) proposed that social awareness relates to one's awareness of social situations
experienced by oneself and others, so that individuals can become aware of the things that are happening around
them, such as about what other people are doing, whether someone is engaged in a conversation and can be
disturbed, who is around, and what circumstances occur.

1. Goleman stated that social awareness is a person's ability to recognize other people, or an awareness that fosters
a concern, which can then show a person's ability to empathize with others around him.

Sumber : www.social79.com
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS
• Cognition is a mental process that occurs about something that is obtained from

COGNITION
thinking activities about someone or something. The process carried out is to
acquire knowledge and manipulate knowledge through activities of remembering,
analyzing, understanding, assessing, reasoning, imagining, and speaking.

• A goal is an idea of a future or desired outcome that a person or group of people

PURPOSE
wants, plans, and commits to achieve. People strive to achieve goals within a
limited time by setting deadlines.

• Motives are impulses in humans that arise due to the needs that humans want to

MOTIVE
fulfill. The word “motive” comes from the Latin word ‘movere’, which means to
move. Therefore, a motive is defined as the power contained in an organism that
drives it to act or the driving force.

Sumber : www.social79.com
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS

Franzoi, Davis, and Markweise (1990) added that social awareness can be influenced by goals and motives. These
goals and motives reflect the social information that a person needs. For example, people who often position
themselves as other people in order to understand what other people feel will have a tendency to do so because of a
high need for friendship or intimacy.

Sumber : www.social79.com
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS
DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL AWARENESS

Sheldon (1996) explained that social has 3 dimensions, namely tacit awareness (perspective of the self and
others), focal awareness (the self as the object and others as the object) and awareness content
(observable appearance and unobservable experience).

Meanwhile, Wegner and Guiliano (1982) introduced two basic dimensions of social awareness, namely
tacit awareness and focal awareness.

1. Tacit awareness can be defined as a person's perspective or "from which side he sees something". Tacit
awareness is divided into two parts, namely the perspective of the self and the perspective of others.

2. Focal awareness can be defined as the object of an evaluation or "what he sees". Focal awareness is
divided into two parts, namely oneself as an object and others as objects.

3. According to Figurski (1987), awareness content is a perspective that is carried out by individuals based
on the results of their observations, which can provide their personal experiences to others. Sumber : www.social79.com
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS
HOW TO BUILD SOCIAL AWARENESS
How to build EMPATHY for others:

1. Put yourself in someone else's position.

2. Recognize your own emotions first in order to be able to recognize the feelings of others.
3. Become an active listener or actually listen to the person you are talking to.
4. Paraphrase or restate what the other person is saying to get a better understanding.
5. Reflect back on the other person's speech, by showing feelings after hearing their story.
6. Learn stories from other people; with that, at least you will feel like you are in their position.
7. Look for similarities between oneself and others.
8. Share complaints with others.

Sumber : www.social79.com
 SOCIAL AWARENESS EXAMPLES
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS
Case examples of some social awareness in everyday life:

1. Helping Neighbors Affected by a Disaster

In everyday social life, of course, it cannot be separated from

the presence of neighbors in the social environment. The
attitude of helping each other should be cultivated in fellow
neighbors, considering the interactions that are often carried
out in daily life.

Once upon a time, there was a neighbor who was in trouble

due to an accident, for example a house on fire, as the nearest
neighbor needed to show empathy for the disaster that befell
his neighbor by offering temporary shelter and also providing
assistance in the form of suitable clothing and basic
necessities.
Sumber : www.social79.com
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS
2. Doing social activities in the surrounding environment
/ orphanages

In everyday life, not everyone is lucky enough to have a

decent life, both in terms of economy, education, health,
environment, and other things.

We as individuals can make activities together with the

community in the surrounding environment/ orphanage.
Activities can be in the form of: teaching, community
service, reforestation, and so on. Social awareness can be
fostered through our concern for the problems that occur
in the surrounding environment.

Sumber : www.social79.com
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS

3. Dispose of trash in its place

Garbage at this time is one of the complex problems in

everyday life. The amount of garbage that is scattered or
thrown about and not in its proper place causes
environmental pollution problems.

The growth of social awareness to create a clean and tidy

environment, which is free from waste needs to be
improved in every individual.

Sumber : www.social79.com
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS
SOCIAL AWARENESS OF NONVERBAL SIGNALS:

Here are some highlights from this important area, which will help
you start improving this important aspect of your Emotional
Intelligence.

Eye Contact - Never underestimate the power of this simple piece

of social signal that you send and receive all the time. Basically,
just do it. Avoiding eye contact is a strong rejection signal that
never communicates anything positive.

Facial Expression - This research shows that your facial

expressions carry a lot of information. The best idea is to smile. It
benefits you personally, and it makes others more likely to trust
you.
www.goodfinding.com/social-awareness.html
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS

Posture & Position - Side by side say, "We're headed in the same direction.
We're together in this," whereas face-to-face is sometimes seen as
confrontational. Knowing this is a good way to avoid conflict. Having an
upright posture is good for you and all your interactions.

Touch or embrace - Be alert, sensitive, and careful... but don't let that stop
you from embracing the other person appropriately. Shake hands and
embrace, depending on the relationship. They need to embrace, and when
you use these powerful nonverbal signals, you fulfill a very basic need.
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS
THE IMPORTANCE OF A POSITIVE SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE:

A positive social awareness will lower your stress levels, and greatly increase
your ability to form healthy relationships with others.

Humanity - As human beings, we need to be better. Contrary to what social

media presents today, there are more good people in this world than most
people realize. An optimistic view of humanity will serve you well in every
aspect of your life.

Assume the best - When you assume someone else is of the same or higher
degree, you rise to a higher level of consciousness within yourself. You are
more likely to see the best coming from others, and make yourself more
valuable.
www.goodfinding.com/social-awareness.html
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL AWARENESS

Recognize Value - If you're looking for a value, you'll find it. And the
more you practice this, the more skilled you will become. Appreciation is
all about increasing value, so the best way to add value to your social
awareness is to express appreciation.

Seek Connections - As humans, we are all about making connections.

We have more in common than you might think when you look at our
differences. Look for similarities, and you will find them. The more you
connect with others, the smarter and healthier you will be.
EXAMPLES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS AND
THEIR APPLICATIONS

https://environment-indonesia.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/IEC.jpg
SOCIAL ACTION PLANNING
 WHY MUST YOU DESIGN A SOCIAL PROJECT

The social action plan aims to make it easier for the team to monitor a project. The Simple Plan of Action
can be in a ToR (Term of Reference)/Framework.
The design of a social program can be carried out in several stages:
• ISSUE IDENTIFICATION: Issue identification is the initial stage to determine policies in the formation of
social projects. Identification can be done by looking for sources of information with organizations, data
research, and valid data through trusted institutions such as the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency.
• ADVOCACY: After obtaining identification and the current issue, it becomes a source of data to
communicate with policy makers. Information through communities, organizations, or movements to
involve policy makers can make and determine policies as needed.
 WHY MUST YOU DESIGN A SOCIAL PROJECT

• ACTION / SOCIAL PROJECTS: Actions are activities carried out to voice/change/activities that can have
an impact on the community. Actions can be in the form of policy campaigns, training, outreach, and
positive social behavior for the community.

• EVALUATION: Evaluation and monitoring are the final stages to carry out an evaluation of the activities
/ social projects that have been carried out. The purpose of an evaluation is to determine the success
in social activities/projects such as measuring community awareness, quality of community knowledge,
and even the impact of changes such as getting a better position/change in life.
SOCIAL ACTION PLANNING

Building a Core Issue Developing a Setting Project

Analyzing Project
Team Identification Project Goals

Formulating
Target Groups

Planning an Action Project Strategic

Action Mobilization Coalition
Plan

Formulating
Message Content
and Media

Evaluation
SIMPLE SOCIAL ACTION PLANNING STRUCTURE

• You can create a simple ToR (Term of Reference)/Framework to help you develop social
projects/actions. The goal is that you can identify projects and project achievements in one
document.
• You are looking for Issue Identification: Using the Issue Identification form. If you want a valid
identification, you can look for issue data from www.bps.go.id or data from the International Labor
Organization.
• Develop a Social Action Theme: Build a project theme based on the goals or achievements of the
project.
 SIMPLE SOCIAL ACTION PLANNING STRUCTURE

• Defining Social Action Goals: The project objectives are the goals in the implementation of the
project or the goals of the project, for example, reducing waste into useful goods or planting trees
to reduce flooding in the city of Semarang.
• Action Plan: An action plan can be in the form of a timeline and the activities that will be carried
out in the activity.
• Action Implementation: Action implementation can be done by carrying out activities that involve
communities, organizations, and the society.
• Evaluation Concept: It is the concept of evaluating simple activities by reporting actions such as
photos and actions taken.