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Centre of mass of a body or a system of particles
is the point at which the whole mass of the body
or system is supposed to be concentrated and
moves as if the whole external force is applied
at that point.
‘The motion of centre of mass of a body represents
the motion of the whole body.
Two particles of masses m, and m, are separated
by a distance ‘d’, Ifx, and x, are the distances
of their centre of mass from m, and m,, then
My, = MX,
m,d d
tm X= em,
b) The centre of mass of heavier and lighter mass
system lies nearer to the heavier mass .
c) Number of particles lying along the x-axis.
Particles of masses m,, mz, m, are at
distances x, Xp X, from the origin, the
distance of centre of mass from the origin.
+m,X,
_ myx, +mMyxy HMGXs +
Xem
my +m) +My 4o.bMy
4d) Number of particles lying in a plane.
Particles of masses m,, m,, mg, are lying
in xy plane at positions (X,,9,), (Xp¥p)s (Xp¥g)~
., then the position co-ordinates of their
centre of mass.
MjXp + MgXQ terse AMX
Xom ~
m,+mp +.
a MY + MY? +. MAY y
Yem =
mj, +m +.
©)Particles distributed in space.
If (x,y 42h (Xp¥o%p)one are the position co
ordinates of particles of ma: the
position co-ordinates of their centre of mass are
+M,2y
mz, +myZ, +
Zem
my; +m) +...
f) In Vector notation.
+m,
If Ee,6, -
particles of masses m,, m,, m, ...... then the
position vector of their centre of mass is
MT HME gtintMn hy
Tem =
MyM Ho My
g) Relative to centre of mass :
. are the position vectors of
my emg t+
where m,, m,
+m, =>
m, have position
vectors»... Telative to centre of masse.
Algebraic sum of the moments of masses of a
system about its centre of mass is always zero.
h) Incase of continuous distribution of mass to
locate the centre of mass we use.
1 1, at
\ Kan = 940% IM Yon = OY OM Zoy= G2 M
4, Locating centre of mass can be done in following
ways.
a) Method of symmetry
Ex: I) For a circular hoop the centre of mass
lies at its centre.
Il) For a homogencous sphere, centre of mass
lies at its geometric centre, because of its
symmetry the sum of moments of mass about
its centre is zero ie., Srdm=0
III) For an equilateral traingle the centre of mass
is at its centroid.
IV) If two circular discs of radii r, and r, of same
material are kept in contact then the distance of
centre of mass of system from centre of a dise
of radius r, is given by
mx, +M)x, +......+M)X,
Xom = .
my +Mp+......+M,
Yen =A AY +t My
m, +m) +......+M,
V) If two spheres of radii r, and r, of same
material are kept in contact, then the distance of
centre of mass of the system from centre of a sphere of radius ‘r,’ is given by
+5)
Xoog =
Ren
VI) If two thin uniform rods of lengths L, and
L, of same material are joined to form ‘T’ shape
's shown in the figure, then the distance of centre
of mass of the system from centre of mass of
first rod of length L, is given by
<=
—
x. = v2
“" 2(L, + L,)
VII) If two cylinders of lengths L, and L,, radii
r, and r, made up of same material are kept in
contact as shown in the figure, then distance of
centre of mass of the system from the centre of
first cylinder is given by
VIII) Ifa wire of length ‘/’ is bent in the form
acircular ring then the shift in center of mass is
re.
2p
IX) Ifa uniform rod of length L is bent at the
mid point so that the two halves are inclined by
an angle gq with each other then the shift in
L
center of mass, X= 4 Cos
X) Distance of centre of mass of'a uniform cone
of height ‘h’ and base radius R, from the vertex
3h
on the line of symmetry is =.
b) Method of decomposition
Some of the surfaces can be divided into singular
parts whose centre of mass can be found by the
method of symmetry.
» x|
10] vol i Dea]
00 0 "2030
C. Pappus theorems
law
The volume ‘V’ generated as a result of the
revolution of a closed plane area about an axis
(such that every point moves perpendicular to
the plane) equals to the area S of the palne times
the circumference (2x x,) of the circle
described by the centre of mass of the plane.i.e.,
V=S 2nx,
Ex: Distance of centre of mass of a semi circular
4r
°” 3p
plate from its center is |x
2" Jaw:
‘The surface area $ generated by revolution of a
plane curved line about an axis such that every
point moves perpendicular to the line of the
curve is equal to the product of length of the
line and the distance through which the centre
of mass moves.
Ex : The distance of centre of mass of a wire
bent into the form of a half circle of radius R
| 2R
from its center is X_ =
5. Position of centre of mass of a body
a) depends on shape of the body.
b) depends on distribution of mass for a given
shape of the body.
©) coincides with centre of gravity of the body
if the body is in uniform gravitational field.
6. There may or may not be any mass at centre of,
mass. Ex uniform ring
Centre of mass may be within or outside the
material of body.
a) Fora circular disc the centre of mass is at
its geometric centre where there is mass.
b) Fora triangular plane lamina, the centre of
mass is the point of intersection of the medians
of the triangle. 10.
Vee
13.
14.
If Dx,,Dx, are shift in position of 1° and 2"!
particle then shift in centre of mass along x -
axis is given by
m, +m,
+ when shifted along + ve x ~ direction and
— when shifted along — ve x - direction
simillary along y - axis
_ =mDy, = mDy.
Dyn =
f Ya, Ue,Ba nen Yo ate the velocities of
particles of masses .m,, m,, m,
the velocity of their centre of mass.
., then
Jem = MAME M, VotMy Vat
" m,+m,+m, +
M Vou = Pit Po+..u-+ Pq be total momentum of
the system is the product of mass of the whole
system and the velocity of the centre of mass.
If two particles of masses m, and m, are moving
with velocities y, and V2 at right angles to each
other, then the magnitude of velocity of their
If 4,,4,,4,> jy are the accelerations of
particles of masses m,, m,, m......, then the
accelaration of their centre of mass is
dono Mim, at tm, de
a My +My tee FM,
my + m+ my + ....m,=M, total mass of the
M, a.=
system, then m, 4, +m,3, +.
Fit Pot et Fa = Fox
DIM aem = Fess
Centre of mass can be accelerated only by a net
external force.
Internal forces cannot accelerate the centre of
mass or change the state of centre of mass.
In the absence of external forces,
a) the centre of mass of a system i:
centre of mass is initially at re
b) if the centre of mass of a system is moving
with constant velocity, it continues to move with
the same velocity.
at rest if the
15. Shift in centre of mass when a small portion of
mass is removed from a uniform body is
Mera
(Mor = Meenoves)
16. Out of a uniform circular disc of radius R, if a
circular sheet of radius ‘r’ is removed then the
centre of mass of remaining part shifts by a
rd
distance =5—>
Ror?
Xin =
where d is the distance of the
©
centre of the smaller part from the centre of the
original dise
(i) If circular portion is removed from the edge
oie
Rer|
then, shift is maximum and |.
(ii) If a circular portion of diameter R is removed
from a uniform circular plate of radius R, from.
one edge then shift in the center of mass
x ok
sin = G
) If the centre of removed plate and the
original plate coincide then shift is zero.
17. Out of a uniform solid sphere of radius R, if a
sphere of radius r is removed then the centre of
rd
mass of the remaining part shifts by v5,
where d is the distance of the smaller sphere from
the centre of the original sphere
(j) If spherical portion is removed from the edge
then, shift is maximum and
7
r
“Rerek
Gi) If a spherical portion of diameter R is
removed from a uniform sphere of radius R,
from one edge then shift in the center of mass
R
=
18, When a triangular portion is removed from one
edge of a square plate of side ‘a’ as shown in the
figure then shift in centre of mass is given by
0s goed
Xie
Raise =
i
in = 19, When a triangular plate is removed from one
edge of a rectangular plate of length a and
breadth b as shown in the figure then shift in
centre of mass is given by Xwin = =
—_— i 9
20. When a shell in flight explodes,
a) The acceleration of centre of mass before and
immediately after explosion is a, = g
downward.
b) The centre of mass of all the fragments will
continue to move along the same trajectory as
Jong as all the fragments are still in space.
c) If all the fragments reach the ground
simultaneously, the centre of mass will complete
the original trajectory.
d) If some of the fragments reach the ground
earlier than the other fragments, the acceleration
of centre of mass changes .
When a person initially at rest in a boat at rest in
still water, walks on a boat. Centre of mass of
person + boat system is not displaced.
a) If the man walks a distance L on the boat, the
boat is displaced in the opposite direction relative
to shore or water by a distance
mL
21.
~M+m
(m = mass of man, M = mass of boat)
b) distance walked by the man relative to shore
or water is (L-x)
If two masses starting from rest move under
mutual force of attraction towards each other,
then they meet at their centre of mass.
a) in the above case, v,,, =Oand a. =0
b) If the two particles are m, and m, and their
22.
velocities are y, and vy, , then
my =—
o) If the t two particles have accelerations
a; and , , then a,,, = 0
So, m,a, =-mya,
d) Ifs, and s, are the distances travelled before
they meet
density of a rod oflen
+ Bx, determine the p
mass. (where x isthe
ends)
Sol. Let the X-axis be along the length of the rod with
origin at one of its end as shown in figure. As the
rod into along x-axis, $0, y..,=Oand 2,,,=0ie.,
centre of mass will be on the rod
Now consider an element of rod of length dx at
a distance x from the origin, mass of this element
frum fr(avprjar
rete
[(aeanyar
L(3A+2BL)
3(2A+ BL)
Note :(i) If the rod is of uniform density then
A=constant & B =0 thenx,=L/2
(ii) Ifthe density of rod varies linearly with x, then
4 =Bxand A=0 then x,,,=2L/3
(vii) Circular are (viii) Sector of a circular plate
_ 2Rsind
“30
Note : Here @ isinradians. Example : Firing a Bullet from a Gun :
<—_yv M. m
Gun
If the bullet is the system, the force exerted by
trigger will be external and so the linear momentum
of the bullet will change from 0 to my. Thisis not
the violation of the law of conservation of linear
‘momentum as linear momentum is conserved only
in the absence of external force .
Ifthe bullet and gun is the system, then the force
exerted by trigger will be internal so. total
momentum of the system p, = Pp, = Pg =
)
constant...
Now, as initially both bullet and gun are at rest so
by + PB, =O. From this it is evident that :
Po = — Pp, if bullet acquires forward momentum,
the gun will acquire equal and opposite
(backward) momentum.
vie, V=
From (i) mii + MV if the
bullet moves forward, the gun ‘recoils’ or ‘kicks
backwards’. Heavier the gun lesser will be the
recoil velocity V.
Kinetic energy K = Sy and |P,|
Kinetic energy of gun K,, a
"2M"
Kinetic energy of bullet
K, =. Kee ™ c-:M>>m).
2m’ K, M
Example : Block-Bullet System :
(a) When bullet remains embedded in the block
“sh=L-Leos0.. cosa 1-4-5 0 cos"(
Conserving momentum of bullet and block
mv+0=(M+m)V
Velocity of block V = wom i)
Byconservation of mechanical energy
3(u +m)V? =(M +m) gh= V = J2gh ....ii)
Fromegn. (i) and eqn. (ii) om? 2h
Speed of butler v=(MtmIV2eh yar
m
Maximum height gained by block
2 my?
ho—=—"
2g 2¢(M +m)
If bullet emerges out of the block
lL)
m M m
Fromeqn. (i) & eqn. (ii)
m(v=y,)= M f2gh => h= 2
oo P
Kinetic energy KE =~ and
Conserving momentum By Om
Example : Explosion of a Bomb at rest
B+ By + P,=0> p, =-(P,+ B,)> pee +P? lal KE, im or the kinetic energy of
as BL By two blocks will not be equal but in the inverse
. = ae a ratio of their masses and so lighter block will
Angle made by , with p, = +0 have greater kinetic energy.
Initially kinetic energy of the blocks is zero (as.
both are at rest) but after some time kinetic energy
of the blocks is not zero (as both are in motion).
So, kinetic energy is not constant but changes.
Here during the motion of the blocks KE is
converted into elastic potential energy ofthe spring
and vice-versa but total mechanical energy of the
system remain constant.
Kinetic energy + Potential energy = Mechanical
Energy- Constant
as of masses 2 kg
ching towards eacl
Energy released in explosion of Lim/s?and 2
2 2 horizontal
=K,-Ket Pt ge A ey Be ion of centre of mass
2
Angle made by , with P. = +0
Pu : .
2m 2m, 2m, 2m Im, My Soh. The acceleration of centre of mass of the system.
Esample: Motion of Two Masses Connected mim, _ [d+
md + mad, 4 Pa +a
ponEne . _ m,+m, mom, +m,
Consider two blocks, resting on a frictionless
surface and connected by a massless spring as Since , and @, are anti-parallel, so
shown in figure. If the spring is stretched (or
compressed) and then released from rest, gamez mised _((2)00)-(4V2)|_,,
, om, +m, 244
the direction of acceleration
is along in the direction of a,.
Since ma,>m,a
of centre of mas
of mass M is placed
; eae of mass 10Mas:
Then F,,, =0 so p, = p,+ p, = =constant ace trial
However, initially both the blocks were at rest so, from rest.
BtP,=0
It isclear that :
}, = —P,, ie., at any instant the two blocks will
have momentum equal in magnitude but opposite
indirection (though they have different values of
momentum at different positions).
As momentum, -/-2.2m—4
Find the distance moved by the bigger block at the
instant when the smaller block reaches the ground.
“Theses tiactecunn meeinoipte dieidinns As the sumof mass moments about centre of mass
with lighter block moving faster. iszer0 Le. EmXjq = 0.
P.
p=mi,my¥, +m,
M (2.2-x)=10Mx=> x=0.2m. Collision is the interaction between two (or)
more particles where exchange of momentum
takes place.
Incase of collisions as the impulsive force acting
during collision is internal, the total momentum
of system always remains conserved.
In acollision, "total energy” is also conserved.
If the velocities of the colliding particles are
along the same line before and after the collision
then the collision is said to be one dimensional
collision.
Inacollision, ifthe motion of colliding particles
before and after the collision are not along the
initial line of motion, then the collision is said
to be oblique collision.
Inelastic collision both the total momentum and
KE are conserved before and after the collision.
Tn inelastic coll
conserved.
jon only momentum is
If velocity of separation along the line of impact
just after collision becomes zero then the
collision is perfectly inelastic.
The line passing through the common normal
to the surfaces in contact during impact is called
line of impact. The force during collision acts,
along this line on both the bodies.
. fu, and u, are the velocities of m, and m, before
collision and v, and v, are their velocities after
collision, then for elastic collision.
dine? ttn mvi+d
2 2° 2 2
and m,u,+m,u,=m,v,+m,v,
. In one dimensional elastic collision, the
coefficient of restitution e = 1
. In one dimensional elastic collision, relative
velocity of separation after collision is equal to
the relative velocity of approach before collision.
ie (v,-v)=(u,-u)
. In One dimensional elastic collison, formulas
for final velocities.
. In one dimensional elastic collision, ifm, = m,
= mthen v, = u,and v, =u, ie., the particles
mutually exchange their velocities.
15.
20.
21,
In one dimensional elastic collision if m, is at
rest before collision (u,=0) then
Vv, =|———
(a
2m,
mmm,
. If m, is at rest and kinetic energy of m, before
collision with m, is E, then kinetic energies of
m, and m, after collision are
-m,) 4m,m,E,
K, (22) B, K,=™m
m+m,
(m, +m,
. In the above case, fraction of KE retained by
_ (m,—m,\"
m, is [
m, +m,
Fraction of KE transferred by m, to m, (or)
4m,m,
fraction of KE gained by m, is (m,+m,)°
. In the above case if the target particle is
massive and at rest (m, >> m, & u, =0) then m,
rebounds with almost the same speed it had
before collision, and the target particle
continues to remain at rest
V, ~-u,and V, = 0
. If target particle is very light (m, >> m,) and
initially at rest (u, = 0), then
V, =u, and V, ~2u,
‘Transfer of K.E in a head - on elastic collision
is maximum (100%) when m, = m, and m, is
initially at rest.
Coefficient of restitution
relative velocity of separation
afier collision along the line of impact
relative velocity of approach
before collision along the line of impact
vy
uj-u,
u,, u,are the components of the velocities of
m, and m, before collision along the line of
impact and v,,v, are the components of the
velocities of m, and m, after collision along the line
of impact.
22.
The value of coefficient of restitution (e) is
independent of masses and velocities of the
colliding bodies. It depends on their materials. 23. e has no units and no dimensions.
24. For a pertectly elastic collision, e = 1
For a perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0
For other collisions, e lies between 0 and 1
25. Ifa body falls from a height ‘h’ and strikes the
level ground with velocity 'V' in time 't
seconds and rebounds with velocity V, upto a
height h, in time t, seconds.
The coefficient of restitution is given by
e=+ one (or)e=
For a perfectly elastic collision, H, = H
For a perfectly inelastic collision, H, = 0
For other collisions, H, < H
For any collision, H, cannot be greater than h
26. A small metal sphere falls freely from a height
“H’ upon a fixed horizontal plane. If ¢ is the
coefficient of restitution, then
a) the height to which it rebounds after n
collisions is H, = e* H
b) the velocity with which it rebounds from the
ground after n collision is
v, =e°v. Where v is the velocity of the sphere
just before first collision.
©) the total distance travelled by it before it stops
rebounding is,
a=n( 25)
-¢
d) the total time taken by it to come to rest is,
[2H ( +s)
g \I-e
Note : In the above discussion the net
displacement of the body = h
In the above discussion average speed =
Total time (2H lte
g LI-e
In the above discussion average velocity =
Net displacement H
Total time Hf i+e
g LI-e
27. In one dimensional semi elastic (or) inelastic
collisions, Linear momentum is conserved but
kinetic energy of the system is not conserved.
28. In above collisions, there is loss of kinetic
energy from the system in the form of heat,
sound, light ete.,
29,
31)
32.
a5.
36.
aa.
In one dimensional semi elastic collision relative
velocity of seperation = e x realtive velocity of
approach
ie,
= e(u-t,)
Formulas for final velocities in case of one
dimensional semi elastic collision are
(m-em,) _( 1+e )
ace —|m.
“nem, J" — ?
(m,-em, Ite a
(aoatee (atm)
Loss in Kinetic energy of the system in one
dimensional semi elastic collision is
mm,
AE, ; [22+] [1-e"] [u,-
In one dimensional Perfectly inelastic collision
the two particles stick together after the collision
and move with common velocity .
. For a perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0
‘The formula for common velocity of compound
body after perfectly inelastic collision is
mu, +m,u;
v=
m,+m,
The loss of kinetic energy in a perfectly
inelastic collision (e = 0) is given by
1| mm, 2
AE, ==| = —u,)
Hf Boe)
Ina perfectly inelastic collision, the ratio of loss
of energy of the system and its initial energy, if
u, is zero, is given by
E, m,+m,
Inaperfectly inelastic collision, the ratio of final
energy to initial energy of the system, if u, is
zero, is given by
m, <(m, +m,) >E, 7,+T, = 400+ 200 = 600N .....(i)
»
n tes 4,
M.
A B hea
For the motion of the block 2¢-T = 2a
400N
Rotational equilibrium: Applying the condition
about A, we get T,
LF, =0= 400(1/4)-200(1/2)+7, =0
7, =200N
From equation (i) Forthe motion of the pulley ¢ = 7R = lar
T, =400N
Ta Ta g
14
about an edge. oR
10 10
F + 145
oll om 2x 0.2k10.2
Sol. When the block is about to topple the normal
reaction N shifts to the edge through O.
FBD during toppling
Talking torque about O ves over two p
the figure. The p
horizontal
A and Hare 50
ly. Pulley A is
cceleration of 0.8
an angular veloci
not slide on either
(a) Find the acceleration of a point C on the belt
and angular acceleration of the pulley B.
(b) How long does it take for the pulley B to
acquire an angular velocity of 10 rad/s ? s
Sol. Since the belt does not slide on the pulleys,
magnitudes of velocity and acceleration of any
point on thebelt are same as that of any point on
the periphery of either of the two pulleys.
G,=GxF de = 4,7, = Aghy
Substituting r, = 0.5m,r, = 0.8m and a, = 0.8
rad/s, we have dp = 0.4m/s? and 1, = 0.8m
and 4 =
de Oyr,
AE = A882 05 rag?
ON
o,-0
+ 0= 0, t+ at>t=—2—
a,
Substituting @).=0,@,=10 rad/s and
Gt, = 0.5 rad/s*, we have t = 20s
figure, the blocks
and m, and m,(m,
acceleration a.
and some mass. The
pulley. Find the
angular accelration
of inertia of pulley)
mgs m8
T,-mg =ma wee()
mg -T,=m,a (2)
Total torque = Ja
(7,-1,)R=la 3)
a=aR (4)
By Eq. (1), (2) (3) and (4) ‘A and B are
moment of inerti:
©, whileB isstat
aclutch they mo
‘o’ then find
p% Sol. Initial angular momentumof cylinder = J
rotating Initial angular momentum of particle =mvR
A Before
1,
stationary ab yy a )"
I, j ¥
é
(pe m
Before collision the total angular momentum
[> L,=lo+mvR
Both are Rotating After collision the total angular momentum
L,=(1+mR*)o'
L,= 1, > (1+mR*)o'= lo+ mR,
Sol. Thephenomenon occurs in the absense of extemal
torque, so applying law of COAM, we have ._lo+mvR
New angular velocity "=" "==
Le, (I-41 1 Oro (Oy T+mR
AsO 4 = (I, 1p) = p= = | Note : Initial kinetic energy of the system
ach of mass ‘m’ is
Io,
==10*+=m". neti
a" ae z/o'+5mv*. Final kinetic energy of the
of radius R. The ; ao
asis ‘T’ and itis system = (7 +R’) co”
with an angular Sea carries thred
stops then calcu iowa in the fl
pe. ity of B in the
if it is released
shown in the figure’
SF 0/3 €/3 6/3
cccetmaien
Stace “So
ce AB
Sef l4gf 2g 10gé
SS alee offo;e
oe 7 7 7 7
Sol. Applying law of conservation of mechenical energy
Loss in gravitational PE. = Gainin rotational K.E.
ie,
Sol. The phenomenon occurs in the absense of extemal
torque, so applying law of COAM, we have
- 6. (2
1,,0-mvR = (Ig, +mk?)o'= o' = fam me +e (2) omer
$) om(24) sare eo
3 3
fe t
yp = ot, = 2 [208 - [S86
3 Vie V7 14. ROLLING MOTION
When a body performs translatory motion as well
as rotatory motion combinedly then it is said to
undergo roling motion. The velocity ofthe centre
of mass represents linear motion while angular
velocity about the centroidal axis represents
rotatory motion.
Total energy in rolling = Translatory kinetic energy
+Rotatory kinetic energy
Rolling without slipping (Pure rolling)
Yow
Ifthe velocity of the point of contact of the rolling
body with the surface is zero then it is known as
pure rolling.
Contact point
Ifa bodyis performing rolling then the velocity of
any point of the body with respect to the surface
is givenby #
oR~«-->
Pure rotation
Vy =Vey + OR
You + Vou = 2¥eu
oR v, 3
= Vey t= Vey +h = Hy,
‘ 2
¥, cM 2 2 cM
B
Vo = Voy + O= Voy
oR v%
= Voy —— = Voy —
p= Yow om
4 4
Ve = Voy — OR = Voy — Vou
Pure translational
Avoy
F Et
B
Pure rotational
A oR
oR (/
E
“\ oR >
R
on B
Rolling without slipping
A Vou +OR = Woy
vy
B Yew ~OR =0
Pure Translatory motion + Pure Rotatory Motion
=Rolling motion
For pure rolling motion of the above mentioned
body, we have
¥4 = Wey vp =V2¥ ey
vp = V2 cy v,=0
Te
as Vex
y -Centre of mass
cm
% Surface Velocity at a point on the rim of a rolling *
sphere
leer”
P
R,
v, = Vv? + Ria? + 2vReocos 8
For purerolling y= Reo
= Vi? 40? +217 c080 = V2? + 2" cos
; 6
= 2v? (140s) = 2veos
)
since 1+ cos @ = 2cos*
Ng = 20008
2
Rolling Kinetic Energy
Rolling body
Surface
Rolling Kinetic Energy
mda? obo alma
pial ym em]
7
2
Lf Ke
Rolling Kinetic Energy © 3 I+
E, ze
‘wanstarion > Eroeation 15. ROLLING MOTION ON AN INCLINED
PLANE
A body of mass M and radius R is rolling down a
plane inclined at an angle @ with the horizontal.
‘The body rolls without slipping. Thecentre of mass
of the body moves in a straight line. External forces
acting on the body are:
Weight Mg of the body vertically downwards
through its center of mass. The normal reaction N
of the inclined plane.
The frictional force f acting upwards and parallel
to the inclined plane.
For linear motion Mgsin0- f = Ma:
For angular motion 7 = fR = la
From the condition for pure rolling
- gsino- =a {2 \-u{
a=aR= Mg sind-f u( =| u()
Mg sind
(+5)
e
But f < Mg cos =>
=>f-
< Mg cos
Mgsin0
R
tan@
Rolling Motion on an inclined plane
(i) Velocity at the bottom of the inclined plane
Applying Conservation of mechanical energy
principle
Rolling body
gh = “ny? +4 re?
2 2
mgh = Sm" vmx |
}
meh =! mv*( 14%
gh=5 Fe)
h=ssin0 (2)
from (1) & (2)
Rotting =
When the body slides
Velocity when the body slides
Vsiting = ¥2gh =\2gssind SVs > Vp
(ii) Acceleration of the body
v =u? +2as Co
7 =2as
2es si
2gssin® a=
_ K
When body slides >
Acceleration when the body slides
d, = gsinO => a, > a,
(iii) Time taken by the rolling body to reach
the bottom
Time of descent when the body slides
|, - | 2s__ [2h _ 1 pan
‘"Ygsind Vgsin?@ sind Vg
50, t, >t,
Note : If different bodies are allowed to roll down
‘onan inclined plane then the body with
K
@ east Pe willreach first
(i maximum
willreach last
K
Gi) equal “a willreach together. (iv) Change in kinetic energy due to rolling v, > v
Fromthe figured, <0, <8,
a,t >t, =yy
When abody performs pure rolling then its motion,
is pure rotatory about an axis passing through the
point of contact, parallel to the surface and
perpendicular to the direction of motion. It is,
known as the instantaneous axis of rotation.
When a ring, disc, hollow sphere and a solid
sphere roll on the same inclined plane then
Vp Vp > Vy > Ve dg > Ap > Gy > Ay
ly Sty willreach togetehr ‘of mass M and radi
‘on asmooth hori
inclined
#/4g). Compute the
‘and comment on its
()--
Sol. The total kinetic energy of the body E=E, +E,
1
[1+(1/Mr?)] fas v= ro}
When it rolls up on an irregular inclined plane of
height = (3»* /4g), its KE is fully converted
into PE, so by conservation of mechanical energy
3
ae | which on
simplification gives I= (1/2) Mr. Thisresult clearly
indicates that the body ‘seithera disc or a cylinder.
mtal force F acts
Sol. For linear motion F - f = Ma and for rotational
motion ¢ = Ja
22a 2 5
=
5
“Pa feof or
2F 2F
fas suMg =< uMe so
7
F<
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