INNATE 1Mi\1UNITY
VERSUS
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Innate immuni1 y refers to
a naturally occ urring
imm unit y by the genetic
cons titu e nt s and the
physio logy of a person
• • • • • ■ •••••••• ■ •••••
Kn own as natural
immu nity
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Generates a non-specific
imm une response
•••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••••
A lways prese nt in the
body
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••••••
Generates a rapiJ
res ponse
• ■ ••••••• ■ ••••••••••
Plasma proteins. phagocytes,
physical and chemical
barriers are the componen 1s
• • • • • ■ ••••••••••••••
T empera ture, pH. sk in .
and mucous membranes
are th e barriers
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Does not develop memory
ce ll s
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••••••
Possesses a less diversity
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Less potent
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Does not produce allergic
reactions
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••••••••••
Ex: Redness and swelling
caused by the white blood
cells around a wo und
Ad apli \'e immunit y refe rs to
an acqui red immun it y.
med iated by T ce ll s and B
c ell s a nd c harac te rized by a n
immun o log ica l me mory
••••••••••••••••••••
Kno w n as ac quired
immunit y
Ge nerates a s pe c iri c
immun e respu nse
Generated in res po nse
to ex pos ure to an
ex tern al fa cto r
Del aye d 5-6 days
••••••••••••••••••••
Hum o ral a nd ce ll -
mediated immunit y are
th e co mpon ent s
••••••••••••••••••••
Ly mph nod es. s pl ee n.
and ly mphoid ti ss ues
are th e barri e rs
Devel ops memory cell s
Possesses a hi gher di ve rsit y
Exhibi1 s a higher po tency
Deve lops allergic reactions:
immediate and delayed
hypersen siti vity
Ex: Vacci nati on aga inst a
viru s
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 Natural
&
Artificial Immune System

Characteristics Natural Artificial

Immune Immune
System Syst e m

Definition A biological Computing

organism's system based off
defense of the various
mechanism principles,
against invading processes and
objects from its theories of the
environment or natural immune
against harmful system
bodies within
itself

Alternative The first Field of study

definition subsystem of the linking
immune system immunology and
of a vertebrate computer
organism, also engineering also
called the innate variously called
immune system. Immunity-Based
It is "natural" in Systems,
that it is present Immunological
at birth as Computation, etc.
opposed to the
acquired
immune system
which develops
after exposure to
a foreign object

Function Protection Comput ational

against disease problem solving

Field of study Immunology, Artificial Immune

under biology Systems (AIS),
under artificial
intelligence

Kind of system A biological A computer

system, system,
structural and procedural and
organizational methodological

Significant Complex, High parallel

aspect evolutionary and intelligence
adaptive enabling
simultaneous
task execution

Significant Capable of Capable of

capability recogniti-o n of all learning, memory
objects within and associative
the body and retrieval
categorize as self
or nonself

~Difference
~ Between.net
Sll/YVYW'y
0 Natural 011d artificial immune
systems are interrelated terms
fram different but also
interrelated fields of study,
0 Natural immune systems are
biological systems with strUctu.res
011d pracesses that a.ct as the
defense mech011isms of org011isms
09ainst foreign and harmful
objects.
0 Artificial immune systems are
computer systems with rules 011d
pracedu.res based fram the
principles of natural immune
systems that enable computational
prablem solving,
 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
VERSUS
POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES
M o noc lo n a l an tib o di es re fer Po lyclo nal an tibodi es re fer
to a ho mogeneo us to a mi xt ure of
popu lati on o f antibodi es th at i m munog l obul i n mo
are produced by a s ing le are secreted -a-.,o- -,--
clone of plas ma B ce ll s parti cu lar anti g
• • ■ • • • • ■ • • • • • ■ • • • • ■ • ••
Produ ced by th e sam e
c lo ne of pl as ma B ce lls
••••••••••••••••••••
Produced by di ffere nt
c lo nes of pl as ma B ce ll s

0~
I
I ■ ]

Producti o n requires
hybridoma ce ll lines hybrido rn a ce -18:ti
Prod uc ti o n does r
'
• • • • • • • • • • • ■ • • • • • • • •
'
A ho moge neous ant ibod y

•••••••••••••••••••• •
populati on
I A heterogeneo us
anti body pop ul ati o n

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Interact with a part ic ul ar
epitope on the anti gen
• ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
I Interact wit h d ifferent
epitopes o n the same ant ige n

• ■ ■
P rodu cti o n is ex pe ns ive

■ • ■ • • • • • • • • • • ■ • • •
I Produ cuon is nm ex pensive

• ■ ■
Skil ls are req uired to
ha ndl e th e tec hn o logy
■ ■ ■ • ■ ■ • • • • ■ ■ ■ ■ • ■ ■
I Fewer s k ill s are requ ired
fo r th e prod uct ion

• ■
P rodu ction ta kes so me time
• ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ • • • • • • ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
I Prod ucti on takes less Li me

■ ■ ■ ■ •
Possess less cross

■ ■ •
reacti vity
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ • • • • •
I
•
Possess comparati ve ly
high cross reac tivity

•
Used as th erapeutic dru gs

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Ad vantages inc lude i111111rn1al

••• ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■•
I
'

Advantaoes
e inc lude hi euh
suppl y, hi gh specific it y, and affi nity, to lerance of mrnor
high reproducibility c hanges. and more robus t
lf.Jt-#hillll
V 1s11 W\\ w pe<l1 a.1 co m
 POLYCLONAL MONOCLONAL
• Inexpensive lo produce • Constant and renewable source

V)
• High affinity • Consistency between lots
w • Recognize multiple epitopes (generally • Less background relative to polyclonal
(!)
~ provides more robust detection} antibodies
z • Polyclonal antibodies are often preferred • Homogeneity ensures reproducible results
~
0
<:
for detection of denatured proteins • Specificity of monoclonal antibodies make
• Higher tolerance for differences in them extremely efficient for binding of antigen
antigen (i.e. glycosylation of proteins) within a mixture of related molecules

• Prone to botch to botch variability • Monoclonal antibodies may be too specific

• They produce large amounts of non-
specific antibodies which con result in a
background signal in some applications
• Multiple epitopes make it important to
check for cross reactivity
(e.g. less likely to detect across a range of
species)
• Cover only one epitope
 T CELLS
VERSUS

T cells originate in the B cells originate and

bone marrow and mature
in the thymus
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Mature cells occur
inside the lymph nodes
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Bear TC R receptor
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Recognize vira l antigens
on the outside of the
infected cells
1 ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ ••••••••••••••••••••
Have longer lifespans
•••••• ■ ••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Lack surface antigens
••••••••••••••••••••
Secrete lymphokines
··················••
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Involved in the ce ll *
mediated immuni ty (CMI)
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
80% of 1hc blood
lymphocytes are T ce lls
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Have three types: helper T
ce lls. cytotoxic T cells. and
suppressor T cell s
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Move lO the site of
infection
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
Act against tumor cells
or transplants
mature in the bone
marrow
Mature cells occur
outside the lymph nodes
Bear BCR receptor
Recognize antigens on
Lhe surface of the
bacteria and viruses
Have shorter lifespans
Have s.urfoce antigens
Secrete antibodies
J
I nvolved in humornl or
antibody-mediated
immunity (A M I )
20'7c- or the blood
lymphocytes arc B cells
Have two types : plasma
cells and memory cells
Docs nm move to the
site of infection
Do not act against tumor
cells or transplants

1••·················
Have an inhibilOry effect
••••••••••••••••••••
Do 1101 have any inhibitory
on the immune system effect on the immune system
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••••••
Defend agai nst pathogens Defend against bacteria
includ ing viruses, protists, and viruses in the
and fung i that enter the bloodstream or lymph
ce lls in the body
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 HUMORAL IMMUNITY
VERSUS
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
moral immunity re fers
a component of th
plivc immunity wh ere
ells sccrele a111ibod ies.
,,vhich circulate in thee
blood as a soluble' prmcrn
~··················· ................... .
;\1ediated by B cells
Mediated hy T cells. B
cells. and macrophages
killer cells. and macrophages
•••••••••••••••••••
Involves BCR rcccp1or:-.
••••••••••••••••••
Igo . 11$. CNO. CD2 1. and
Fe rcccplo~ arc lhc
·-
accessory reccplOrs
ID£itll)iffi41 1il[iJl•ISiiiYD
ehJIW,!h b presentell by MHC complexes
Plasma B cell, s<-Crele
em m1 ms,
1
PliHII
Docs not ad on the tumor
cdb and 1ransplant~
Cell mediated immunity
refers to the other
component of the :H..l:1ptiivc
vc
immunity. which is
mediated hy the ucti\'atcd.
antigcn •spccific T cells
Mediated by" cells
~1cdialcd hy helper T cells.
cy101oxic T cells. natural
Acts on 1n1rncellular
microhcs such as viruses.
bactcri.a. and r.ara.,itcs and
tumor cell-,
,1,HUGdki$,;;11.m1;.,
CD2. CD3. CD-I. CD8.
CD28 . .and intcgrins arc lhL~
accessory receptor\
Antigtns are pmccssc<l an<l
~ celh. secrete cytok1nes
IWHDYO
4Ptli4i]IY4➔4,~➔IIGliJ
A,ts on tumor cells an<l
-i!i·•;ijiil
CHARACTERISTICS TYPEI lYPE II TYPE Ill TYPE IV
ALSO KNOWN AS Allergic, Immediate/ Cytotoxic/ Antibody- Immune-complex Delayed-type cell-
Anaphylactic mediated hypersensitivity mediated
hypersensitivity hypersensitivity hypersensitivity
IMMUNOGLOBULIN lgE lgM, lgG lgM, lgG T-cells
INVOLVED
CAUSES Common allergens; - Interactions between - Viruses such as
plant pollen; antigen & antibody Hepatitis A,
Certain foods on cell membrane serum sickness &
(nuts, eggs, sea surfaces drug reactions
food);
certain drugs
(penicillin,
salicylates, local
anesthetics;
Dust mites, etc.
PHASES Anaphylaxis Tuberculin-type
Atopy hypersensitivity;
Contact
hypersensitivity
EXAMPLES Blood transfusion Arthus reaction;
reaction; Serum sickness
Erythroblastosis
fetalis;
Drug induced
hemolysis
TIME 15-30 mins; Varies from mins to 3-10 hours Days to weeks to
Occasionally It may hours manifest
take 10-12 hours
SYMPTOMS Skin rash; Redness or swelling Fever; Redness &
Tingling around due to tissue death Rash; hardness;
the mouth; Joint pain; Pain
Diarrhea Lymph node
enlargement;
Protein in the
urine
CELLULAR Mast cells; T-lymphocytes; Platelets & Monocytes;
COMPONENTS Eosinophils Natural killer (NK) neutrophils Cytotoxic cells
INVOLVED cells
DIAGNOSIS Skin test: Biopsies using Tissue biopsies Delayed
Puncture immunofluorescence cutaneous
intra dermal resistance;
Patch test for
dermatitis
TREATMENT Antihistamines; Anti-inflammatory; Anti- There is no cure;
lgG blocker; immunosuppressive inflammatory Treatment is
Epinephrine agents agents; aimed at
lmmunosuppress managing
ive drugs such as symptoms by
methotrexate/ avoiding
cyclosporine allergens;
steroids;
Cyclosporine;
immunotherapy
 Im mun osu ppressants:
The se are a structurally
and
lmm uno adju va nts : .. ln11nunostimulants: 1· functionally
The se agents are hete roge neo us gro up of
l-;f:!;Pff! r:i,1l.:Jffl£; 1U1::: ~ inherently nonspecific dru gs, which are often
I~ rt:' I tt:.[jf-J
in nature as they con com itantly
• ·--- --·- - l
env isag ed to enh anc e adm inistered in
bod y's com bina tion regimen s to
...... , • : .9; ~

resistance aga inst treat

infection. vari ous type s of orga n
tran spla nt rejection and
auto imm une
Dise ase s.
 lmmunomodulators

lmmunostimulants lmmuno
i
Spec,hc' i
Nonspec,hc
•mmunost,mulants ,mmunost,mulants
1unosup ---~~.J
Activates the Che
immune system sY,Stem

•
Enhances lhe defense mechanism: ejaelk>n medecatlon In~-
used ,n treatment of cancers. treatment of I

1nrectton disorders
Characteristic Live Vaccine Killed Vaccine

Duration of immunity Longer Shorter

Effectiveness of protection Greater Lower
1
lmmunoglobulins (lg} produced lgA and lgG lgG
Cell-mediated immunity Yes Weakly or none
produced
Interruption of transmission of More effective Less effective
virulent virus
Reversion to virulence Possible No
Stability at room temperature Low High
Excretion of vaccine virus and Possible No
transmission to nonimmune
contacts
Live Attenuated vs Inactivated vaccines
More Information Online ~\IIIW.OIFFE■ENCE8£TIIIEEN.CO&III

Live attenuated Inactivated vaccines are

vacc i n es are vaccines vaccines that contain
that contain w eakened killed or altered
or attenuated pathogens
patho gens

, l r■lt11Ut4E · Stimulate a strong and Stimulate a weaker

effective immune and less effective
response immune response

~ \P,Sr HoGert Pathogens are not

-
.. VIA 'B ILIT.V '
1
Pathogens are viable ··_

·, '

Live attenuated viral

1~Eli3§diJ{ij vaccines and live
,~
attenuated bacterial
vaccines

r . -.
om......·......~.. Mild adverse reactions
., '
are created such as .not:'f reated.typical:~
WiGii0sfil@ nasal congestion I
'
I
'

More prone to
immunization errors

Not recommended for i RecQcnm -octea fo

elderly people. immune- elderly P,9R.e~'imro.."
e ..:
defic ient people and in deficie_n_t_:cp eo·p_l~ -nC
Un
pregnancy ~,r~gnan~ ~ _ _,

Mumps. rubella. yellow

fever. and some
i nfluenza vaccines