CoordinateGeometryAdv Guide A DL

Coordinate Geometry II
Questions with Guided Solutions
Question 1
R(10, 6)
P(4, 2)
x
O
S
A rhombus PQRS is shown where the coordinates of P and R are (4, 2) and (10, 6)
respectively. The point Q lies on the y-axis.
(a) Find the coordinates Q and S. [6]
(b) Find the area of the rhombus. [2]
© ACE-Learning 1
Question 2
y
R(p, 16)
Q(6, 10)
O x
S
P(0,  2)
In the diagram, the coordinates of P, Q and R are (0,  2), (6, 10) and ( p, 16) respectively.
A line is drawn from Q meets the x-axis at S such that PS = RS.
(a) Given that PQ = QR, find the value of p. [4]
(b) Find the coordinates of S. [2]
(c) Find the equation of QS. [2]
(d) Find the area of quadrilateral PQRS. [3]
Question 3
A curve is given by y = axk, where a and k are constants. The curve passes through
the points P(2, 20), Q(4, 160) and R(6, n). Find the values of k, a and n. [5]
Question 4
PQ is the diameter of a circle with P(0, 1) and Q(6, 9). C is the centre of the circle.
(a) Find the coordinates of C and the radius of the circle. [4]
(b) Find the equation of the circle. [2]
(c) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at Q. [3]
(d) If the lowest point on the circle is S, find the coordinates of S. [1]
(e) The tangents to the circle at Q and S intersect each other at R. Find the
coordinates of R. [1]
© ACE-Learning 2
Question 5
P C(1, 2)
x
O
A circle has a centre C(1, 2) and radius 3 cm. The points P and Q lie on the circle such that
PC is parallel to the x-axis and the line PQ passes through the point (0, 0).
(a) If the equation of the circle is x2 + y2 + 2dx + 2ey + f = 0, find the values of d, e
and f. [3]
(b) Find the coordinates of P. [1]
(c) Find the equation of PQ. [2]
(d) Find the coordinates of Q. [4]
© ACE-Learning 3
Question 6
3
2.5
2
1.5
C Q A(1, 1)
1 C
0.5 B
O x
 3  2.5  2  1.5  0.5 0
 1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
 0.5 P
1
 1.5
2
 2.5
A circle C has a centre O(0, 0) and a smaller circle C  passes through the point O and has a
centre at B. The point A(1, 1) lies on both the circles and OA is the diameter of the smaller
circle C .
(a) Find the equation of the bigger circle C. [2]
(b) Find the equation of the smaller circle C  . [3]
(c) If the perpendicular line to OA through B intersects the bigger circle C at the
points P and Q, find the x-coordinates of P and Q. [7]
Question 7
Two variables x and y are related by an equation of the form yxn = k, where n and k are
constants.
x 1 2 3
y 4 0.5 0.15
(a) Using a scale of 1 cm to 0.1 unit on each axis, plot lg y against lg x. [4]
(b) Estimate the values of n and k using graphs. Correct your answers to one
decimal place. [3]
© ACE-Learning 4
Question 8
C(8, 6)
D
B(10, 3)
x
O
The diagram shows a trapezium ABCD in which AB is parallel to CD and ABˆ C  90 . The
coordinates of B and C are (10, 3) and (8, 6) respectively.
(a) Find the equation of CD. [3]
(b) If D also lies on the line 4 x  5 y  0 , find the coordinates of D. [2]
(c) If the length of AB is thrice of the length of CD, find the coordinates of A. [3]
(d) Hence, find the area of trapezium ABCD. [2]
© ACE-Learning 5
Question 9
y  3x  8
A(8, 6)
x 6
B(4, 0)
x
8 0 4
A circle passes through points A(8, 6) and B(4, 0) . The centre of the circle lies on the line
y  3x  8 .
(a) Find the equation of perpendicular bisector of AB. [3]
(b) Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. [3]
(c) Find the equation of the circle. [3]
© ACE-Learning 6
Question 10
y Q(3, 17)
R(12, 14)
P(0, 8)
x
O S
The diagram, which is not drawn to scale, shows a quadrilateral PQRS in which P is (0, 8),
Q is (3, 17) and R is (12, 14). D lies on the x-axis such that PS = RS.
(a) Show that triangle PQR is isosceles. [3]
(b) Find the coordinate of S. [3]
(c) Find the ratio of area of triangle PQR to the area of triangle PSR. [3]
© ACE-Learning 7
Answer Key
1. (a) Q(0, 14.5), S (14,  6.5)
(b) 91 units2
2. (a) p = 18
(b) S(16, 0)
(c) y   x  16
(d) Area = 180 units2
5
3. k  3, a  , n  540
2
4. (a) C(3, 5), radius = 5 units

(b) x  32   y  52  25
3 27
(c) y  x
4 4
(d) S(3, 0)
(e) R(18, 0)
5. (a) d  1, e  2, f  4

(b) P (2, 2)
(c) y  x
(d) Q (1,  1)
6. (a) x2 + y2 = 2
(b) x2  y2  x  y  0
1 3 1 3
(c) x - coordinate of P  ; x - coordinate of Q 
2 2
© ACE-Learning 8
7. (a) lg y
0.6
0.4
0.2
lg x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
 0.2
 0.4
 0.6
 0.8
(b) n = 3, k = 3.98
2 2
8. (a) y x
3 3
(b) D(5, 4)
(c) A(1,  3)
(d) 26 units2
© ACE-Learning 9
9. (a) y = 2x + 7
(b) (3, 1)
(c) x 2  y 2  6 x  2 y  40  0
 23 
10. (b) S , 0
 2 
(c) Area of PQR : Area of PSR  6 : 11
© ACE-Learning 10
Solution
Question 1
(a)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: Diagonals of rhombus bisect each other and perpendicular to each other.
Two lines y = m1x1 + c1 and y = m2x2 + c2 are perpendicular if m1m2  1 .
Given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2),
 the gradient, m, of the line joining A and B is given by the equation
y  y1 y  y2
m AB  2 or m AB  1 .
x2  x1 x1  x2
 the coordinates of midpoint, M, of the line joining A and B are given by
 x  x y  y2 
M  1 2 , 1 .
 2 2 
To find for the coordinates of Q, first find the coordinates of the midpoint of PR (let the
midpoint be T). Since PR and QS are diagonals of the rhombus, T is also the midpoint
QS.
Next, find the gradient of PR using the formula for gradient given above. Then, find
gradient of QT. Since the diagonals are perpendicular to each other, then
gradient of PR  gradient of QT  1 . (Note: gradient of QT = gradient of QS as Q, T
and S lie on the same line). Since gradient of PR would have been found, use the
relationship to find gradient of QT.
Since gradient of QT would have been found, use the above formula for gradient to find
the coordinates of Q. Take note that since Q is on the y-axis, its x-coordinate is 0.
To find the coordinates of S, since the midpoint of PR and QS are the same, use this
relationship to form an equation. Hence, by comparison, the coordinates of S can then be
found.
[Working Steps]
Let T be the midpoint of P(4, 2) and R(10, 6).
 4  10 2  6   x  x y  y2 
T  ,  M ( x, y )   1 2 , 1 
 2 2   2 2 
 T  7, 4
© ACE-Learning 11
62 y2  y1
Gradient of PR  m AB 
10  4 x2  x1
2

3
R(10, 6)
T(7, 4)
P(4, 2)
x
O
Since the diagonals QS and PR of a rhombus are perpendicular,

3
Gradient of QT   m1m2  1
2
Since Q is on the y-axis, its x-coordinate = 0
Let Q be (0, y).
3
Since gradient of QT   and T (7, 4) ,
2
y4 3 y 2  y1
 m AB 
07 2 x2  x1
y4 3

7 2
2( y  4)  21
2 y  8  21
2 y  29 (Add 8 to both sides)
 y  14.5 (Divide both sides by 2)
Hence, the coordinates of Q are (0, 14.5).
© ACE-Learning 12
Let the coordinates of S be (x, y).
Midpoint of QS  Midpoint of PR
 x  0 y  14.5   x  x y  y2 
 ,   (7, 4) M ( x, y )   1 2 , 1 
 2 2   2 2 
Comparing the x-coordinates and y-coordinates on both sides in the above equation:
x0
7
2
 x  14 (Multiply both sides by 2)
y  14.5
4
2
y  14.5  8 (Multiply both sides by 2)
 y  6.5 (Subtract 14.5 from both sides)
Hence, the coordinates of S are (14,  6.5) .
(b)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: For quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) and D(x4, y4)
arranged in an anticlockwise direction, the area is given by
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
Area of quadrilateral ABCD  , where
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
 sum of all products   sum of all products 
y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
[Working Steps]
© ACE-Learning 13
y
Q(0, 14.5)
R(10, 6)
P(4, 2)
x
O
S(14, 6.5)
1 4 14 10 0 4
Area of the rhombus 
2 2  6.5 6 14.5 2
1
 [4(6.5)  14(6)  10(14.5)  0(2)]  [4(14.5)  0(6)  10(6.5)  14(2)]
2
 91 units 2
Hence, the area of the rhombus is 91 units2.
© ACE-Learning 14
Question 2
(a)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: Given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the length of the line segment joining A
and B is given by the equation AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2 or
AB  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2 .
Since PQ = QR, use the above formula and equate the lengths of PQ and QR to find the
value of p.
[Working Steps]
Given P(0,  2), Q(6, 10) and R( p, 16),

PQ  QR
(6  0) 2  [10  (2)] 2  ( p  6) 2  (16  10) 2 AB  ( x 2  x1 )  ( y 2  y1 )
2 2
(6  0) 2  (10  2) 2  ( p  6) 2  (16  10) 2 (Square both sides)

36  144  p 2  12 p  36  36
180  p 2  12 p  72
p 2  12 p  108  0 (Subtract 180 to both sides)
( p  18)( p  6)  0 (Factorise the expression)
p  18  0 or p6 0
 p  18 (Add 18 to both sides)  p  6 (Subtract 6 from both sides)
Since R lies in the first quadrant as shown in the diagram, p = 18.
Hence, the value of p is 18.
(b)
[Thinking Process]
AB  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2 .
© ACE-Learning 15
Since S lies on the x-axis, its y-coordinate is 0. Since PS = RS and the coordinates of P
are given and coordinates of R would have been known in (a) use the above formula and
equate the lengths of PS and RS to obtain the x-coordinate of point S.
[Working Steps]
Since S lies on the x-axis, its y-coordinate is 0. Let S be (x, 0).
Points: P(0,  2), R(18, 16) and S ( x, 0)
PS  RS
( x  0) 2  [0  (2)] 2  ( x  18) 2  (0  16) 2 AB  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2

( x  0) 2  [0  (2)] 2  ( x  18) 2  (0  16) 2 (Square both sides)
x 2  4  x 2  36 x  324  256 (Subtract x2 from both sides)
4  36 x  580 (Subtract 580 from both sides)
 576  36 x [Divide both sides by (36) ]
x  16
Hence, the coordinates of S are (16, 0).
(c)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: Equation of a line with gradient, m, and passing through the point (x1, y1) is given
by y  y1  m( x  x1 ) .
Given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the gradient, m, of the line joining A and B
y y y y
is given by the equation m AB  2 1 or m AB  1 2 .
x2  x1 x1  x2
Since the coordinates of Q are given and the coordinates of S would have been found, the
gradient of the line QS, m, can be solved using the formula above. Hence, the equation
can then be obtained.
[Working Steps]
Since the line passes through Q(6, 10) and S(16, 0),
Equation of QS:
© ACE-Learning 16
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
y 2  y1 y 2  y1
y  y1  ( x  x1 ) m AB 
x 2  x1 x2  x1
0  10
y  10  ( x  6)
16  6
y  10  1( x  6)
y  10   x  6
y   x  16 (Add 10 to both sides)
Hence, the equation of QS is y   x  16 .
(d)
[Thinking Process]
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
[Working Steps]
y
R(18, 16)
Q(6, 10)
O x
S(16, 0)
P(0,  2)
© ACE-Learning 17
Area of quadrilateral PQRS

1 0 16 18 6 0

2  2 0 16 10  2

1
0(0)  16(16)  18(10)  6(2)  0(10)  6(16)  18(0)  16(2)
2
 180 units 2
Hence, the area of quadrilateral PQRS is 180 units2 .
© ACE-Learning 18
Question 3
[Thinking Process]
Since the curve passes through the points P(2, 20) and Q(4, 160), formulate two
equations, (1) and (2) in terms of a and k by substituting the corresponding values of x
and y into the equation y = axk. Take the ratio of the two formulated equations. The
value of k would then be found. Then, substitute the value of k, which would have been
just found, into any of the two formulated equations, to find for the value of a.
To find the value of n, substitute the values of a and k, which would have been found
earlier, into the equation y = axk to formulate equation (3). Since the curve passes
through R(6, n), substitute x = 6 and y = n into equation (3). Solve the equation to find n.
[Working Steps]
Since the curve passes through the points P(2, 20) and Q(4, 160),
y  ax k
 
20  a 2 k (1) (Substitute y  20, x  2 )
y  ax k
 
160  a 4 k (2) (Substitute y  160, x  4 )
Dividing (2) by (1),

160 a 4 k

 
20 a 2 k  
8  2k
23  2 k a x  a n then x  n
 k 3
Substituting k = 3 into (1),

 
20  a 23
20  8a
5
a (Divide both sides by 4)
2
5 3
So, the equation of the curve is y  x .
2
5 3
y x (3)
2
© ACE-Learning 19
Since the curve passes through the point R(6, n),

5 3
y x
2
5
n  63
2
  (Substitute y  n and x  6 )
 n  540
5
Hence, k  3, a  , n  540 .
2
© ACE-Learning 20
Question 4
(a)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: Given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2),

 x  x y  y2 
M  1 2 , 1 .
 2 2 
 the length of the line segment joining A and B is given by the equation
AB  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2 or AB  ( x1  x2 ) 2  ( y1  y2 ) 2 .
Since PQ is the diameter of the circle and C is the centre, then C is the midpoint of PQ.
Use the midpoint formula above to find the coordinates of C.
Since radius is the distance between the centre and a point on the circle, it is equal to the
length of the line segment joining C and P. Since the coordinates of P are given, i.e. (0,
1) and coordinates of C would have been found, substitute the values of x and y into the
above formula for length of a line segment to find the radius.
[Working Steps]
Given: PQ is a diameter; P(0, 1) and Q(6, 9).
Centre, C = Midpoint of PQ
 0  6 1 9  x x y y 
 ,  M ( x, y )   1 2 , 1 2 
 2 2   2 2 
 (3, 5)
Since C(3, 5) and P(0, 1),
Radius  3  02  5  12 AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
 25
 5 units
Hence, the coordinates of the centre C are (3, 5) and the radius is 5 units.
(b)
[Thinking Process]
© ACE-Learning 21
Recall: The equation of a circle with centre, C(a, b), and radius, r, is given by
( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  r 2 .
Since the centre, C, and the radius, r, would have been found in (a), use the above
equation to find the equation of the circle.
[Working Steps]
Since the centre is C(3, 5) and the radius is 5 units,

Equation of the circle:
( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2  r 2
( x  3) 2  ( y  5) 2  5 2 (Substitute a  3, b  5 and r  5)
( x  3) 2  ( y  5) 2  25
Hence, the equation of the circle is x  3   y  5  25 .

2 2
(c)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: A tangent to the circle at a point is perpendicular to the radius drawn at the point of
contact.
y y y y
x2  x1 x1  x2
Equation of a line with gradient, m, and passing through the point (x1, y1) is given
by y  y1  m( x  x1 ) .
To find the equation of tangent to the circle at Q, its gradient should be known.
Since the tangent is perpendicular to the radius drawn from Q, i.e. QC, the gradient of the
tangent can be found by finding the gradient of QC first. Substitute the given coordinates
of Q and C, which would have been found in (a), into the formula for gradient above to
find gradient of QC. Then, use the relationship between the gradients of two
perpendicular lines to find the gradient of the tangent.
Finally, since the gradient of the tangent would have been found and a point where the
tangent is passing through is given, its equation can then be obtained.
© ACE-Learning 22
[Working Steps]
Q(6, 9) and C(3, 5):
95 y 2  y1
Gradient of QC  m AB 
63 x2  x1
4

3
Since the tangent is perpendicular to the radius drawn from Q, i.e. QC,
3
Gradient of tangent at Q   m1m2  1
4
Equation of tangent at Q:
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
3
y  9   ( x  6)
4
3 9
y 9   x
4 2
3 27
 y  x (Add 9 to both sides)
4 2
3 27
Hence, the equation of the tangent to the circle at Q is y   x  .
4 2
(d)
[Thinking Process]
The lowest point on the circle means S is vertically below the centre of the circle. This
implies that the x-coordinate of S is the same as the x-coordinate of C which would have
been found in (a).
Subtract the radius from the y-coordinate of C to obtain the y-coordinate of S.
[Working Steps]
© ACE-Learning 23
x - coordinate of S  x - coordinate of C
3
y - coordinate of S  y - coordinate of C  Radius

55
0
Hence, the coordinates of S are (3, 0).
(e)
[Thinking Process]
We have to find the coordinates of the point where the tangents at Q and S intersect each
other. As the x-axis is the tangent to the circle at S (since the y-coordinate of S is 0),
substitute y = 0 into the equation of tangent at Q and solve for x to find the coordinates of
R.
[Working Steps]
3 27
y  x
4 2
3 27
0 x (Substitute y = 0)
4 2
0  3 x  54 (Multiply both sides by 4)
3 x  54
(Divide both sides by 3)
 x  18
Hence, the coordinates of R are (18, 0).
© ACE-Learning 24
16
14
12
10
Q(6, 9)
8
6
C(3, 5)
4
2
P(0, 1) S(0, 3) R(18, 0)
x
4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2
© ACE-Learning 25
Question 5
(a)
[Thinking Process]
( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  r 2
Since the centre of the circle and the radius of the circle is given, first, obtain an equation
of the circle using the above formula. Then expand this equation and compare the result
with x2 + y2 + 2dx + 2ey + f = 0 to find the values of d, e and f.
[Working Steps]
Since the circle has a centre C(1, 2) and radius 3 cm,

 x  a 2   y  b 2  r2
x  12   y  22  32 (Substitute a  1, b  2 and r  3)
x  2x  1  y  4 y  4  9
2 2
x 2  y 2  2x  4 y  5  9
x 2  y 2  2x  4 y  4  0 (Subtract 9 from both sides)
Comparing x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  4  0 with x2 + y2 + 2dx + 2ey + f = 0,

d  1
e  2
f  4
(b)
[Thinking Process]
Since PC is parallel to the x-axis then PC is a horizontal line. So, the y-coordinate of P is
the same as that of C, i.e. 2. Since PC is a horizontal line and the centre, C, is positioned
to the right of P, x - coordinate of P  x - coordinate of C  radius .
[Working Steps]
Since PC is parallel to the x-axis then PC is a horizontal line.
y-coordinate of P = y-coordinate of C
 y-coordinate of P = 2
© ACE-Learning 26
Since PC is a horizontal line and the radius is 3,

x - coordinate of P  x - coordinate of C  radius
 1 3
 2
Hence, the coordinates of P are (2, 2) .
(c)
[Thinking Process]
by y  y1  m( x  x1 ) .
y y y y
x2  x1 x1  x2
Since PQ passes through P, which would have been found in (b), and the origin (0, 0),
the equation of PQ can be obtained by using the two points and the formulae.
[Working Steps]
Since the line PQ passes through P(2, 2) and O(0, 0) ,

Equation of PQ:
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
y 2  y1 y 2  y1
y  y1  ( x  x1 ) m AB 
x 2  x1 x2  x1
02
y2 [ x  (2)]
0  ( 2 )
y  2  1( x  2)
y  2  x  2
y  x (Add 2 to both sides)
Hence, the equation of PQ is y   x .
(d)
[Thinking Process]
© ACE-Learning 27
Since Q lies on the circle and on the line PQ, the equations of the line PQ and the circle,
which would have been solved in (c) and (a) respectively form a pair of simultaneous
equations whose solution is Q.
Solve the simultaneous equations using substitution. The values of x and y that would be
obtained would then be the coordinates of Q.
[Working Steps]
Since Q lies on the circle and on the line PQ,
Simultaneous equations:
Equation of PQ: y  x (1)

Equation of the circle: x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  4  0 (2)
Substituting (1) into (2),

x 2  ( x) 2  2 x  4( x)  4  0
x2  x2  2x  4x  4  0
2x2  2x  4  0
x2  x  2  0 (Divide both sides by 2)
( x  1)( x  2)  0 (Factorise the expression)
x 1  0 or x20
 x 1 (Add 1 to both sides)  x  2 (Subtract 2 from both sides)
Since Q lies on the 4th quadrant x  2 is irrelevant.
x 1
Substituting x = 1 into (1),

y  1
Hence, the coordinates of Q are (1,  1) .
© ACE-Learning 28
Question 6
(a)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: Equation of a circle with radius, r, and centre at the origin is given by x2 + y2 = r2.
Given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the length of the line segment joining A
AB  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2 .
To find the equation of circle C, first find the radius. Since the centre of the circle is the
origin, (0, 0), and the circle passes through A(1, 1), use the formula for length of a line
segment joining two points shown above to find the radius, OA. After obtaining the
radius, the equation of the circle can then be obtained, by using the formula above.
[Working Steps]
Since the centre of the circle is the origin, (0, 0) and the circle passes through A(1, 1),
Radius, OA  (0  1) 2  (0  1) 2 AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
 2 units
Equation of circle C:
x2  y2  r 2
 
x2  y2  2
2
x2  y2  2
Hence, the equation of the bigger circle C is x2 + y2 = 2.
(b)
[Thinking Process]
( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  r 2 .
Given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the coordinates of midpoint, M, of the line
 x  x y  y2 
joining A and B are given by M   1 2 , 1 .
 2 2 
© ACE-Learning 29
To find the equation of the smaller circle C  , first find the coordinates of its centre, B.
Since centre B is the midpoint of the origin and the point A, use midpoint formula above
to find the coordinates of B.
Next, find the radius. Since the radius of the bigger circle C, which would have been
found in (a), is the diameter of the smaller circle C  , radius of the smaller circle, OB, is
1
equal to  radius of the bigger circle .
2
After finding the coordinates of the centre, B, and the radius, the equation of the smaller
circle can then be obtained using the formula above.
[Working Steps]
Since OA is a diameter, the centre, B, of the smaller circle is the midpoint of O(0, 0) and
A(1, 1).
 0 1 0 1 x x y y 
B ,  M  1 2 , 1 2 
 2 2   2 2 
1 1
 B , 
2 2
1
Radius, OB  OA
2
1
 2
2
2
 units
2
Equation of C  , the smaller circle:

( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2  r 2
2
1   2 
2 2
 1 
x  y    
 2  2   2 
1 1 1
x2  x   y2  y  
4 4 2
1 1
x2  y2  x  y  
2 2
 1 
x  y x y 0
2 2
 Subtract from both sides 
 2 
Hence, the equation of the smaller circle C  is x 2  y 2  x  y  0 .
© ACE-Learning 30
(c)
[Thinking Process]
by y  y1  m( x  x1 ) .
y y y y
x2  x1 x1  x2
Since P and Q lie on the bigger circle C and on the line PQ, then the equations of line
PQ, (1) and the bigger circle C, (2), form a pair of simultaneous equations whose
solutions are the coordinates of P and Q. Since the equation of the bigger circle C has
been found in (a), so, we need to find the equation of the line PQ.
To find the equation of PQ we need its gradient. Its gradient can be found by first
finding the gradient of OA, since PQ is perpendicular to OA. Use the relationship
between the gradients of perpendicular lines to find the gradient of PQ. Next, use the
above formula for finding the equation of a line to obtain the equation of PQ.
Lastly, find the values of x in the simultaneous equations by substitution, hence the x-
coordinates of P and Q.
[Working Steps]
1 0 y 2  y1
Gradient of OA  m AB 
1 0 x2  x1
1
Since PQ is perpendicular to OA,

 Gradient of PQ  1 m1m2  1
1 1
Since B ,  lies on PQ and gradient of PQ  1 ,
2 2
Equation of PQ:
© ACE-Learning 31
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
1  1
y  1 x  
2  2
1 1
y   x 
2 2
 1 
y  x  1  Add to both sides 
 2 
Since P and Q lie on circle C and on the line PQ,
Equation of PQ : y  x  1 (1)
Equation of circle C : x 2  y 2  2 (2)

x 2   x  1  2
2

x2  x2  2x  1  2
2x  2x  1  2
2
2x2  2x  1  0 (Subtract 2 from both sides)

 (2)  (2) 2  4(2)( 1)  b  b 2  4ac
x
2(2) 2a
2  12
x
4
22 3
x
4
1 3
 x
2
Since P is on the 4th quadrant, its x-coordinate is positive.
Since Q is on the 2nd quadrant, its x-coordinate is negative.
1 3 1 3
 The x-coordinates of P and Q are and respectively.
2 2
© ACE-Learning 32
Question 7
(a)
[Thinking Process]
To plot lg y against lg x, first, from the table of values of x and y obtain values for lg x
and lg y. Construct the table by adding two rows of lg x and lg y. Then plot the graph
using the specified scale.
[Working Steps]
Table of values:
x 1 2 3
y 4 0.5 0.15
lg x 0 0.30 0.48
lg y 0.60  0.30  0.82
Plot lg y against lg x using a scale of 1 cm to 0.1 unit on each axis.
© ACE-Learning 33
lg y
0.6
0.4
0.2
lg x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
 0.2
 0.4
 0.6
 0.8
(b)
[Thinking Process]
To obtain the values of k and n, first reduce the equation yxn = k in the form of linear
equation Y = mX + C using logarithms. Comparing the resulting equation with Y = mX +
C, obtain an equation in terms of k and find k. Similarly, by comparison obtain an
equation in terms of n and find n.
[Working Steps]
© ACE-Learning 34
Expressing the equation in the form Y = mX + C,

yx n  k
 
lg yx n  lg k (Take the lg of both sides)
lg y  lg x   lg k
n log a xy  log a x  log a y
lg y  n lg x  lg k log a x n  nlog a x
lg y  n lg x  lg k (Subtract mlg x from both sides)
So, the equation of the graph shown in (a) is lg y  n lg x  lg k .
Comparing lg y  n lg x  lg k with Y  mX  C , C  lg k and m  n.
Substituting C = 0.6 as shown from the graph into C = lg k,

0.6  lg k
10 0.6  k
 k  3.98 (Correct to 3 sig. fig)
Since m  n and taking two points from the graph, (0, 0.6) and (0.2, 0).
m  n
0.6  0 y 2  y1
 n m AB 
0  0.2 x2  x1
 3  n
 n3 [Divide both sides by (1) ]
Hence, n = 3, k = 3.98.
© ACE-Learning 35
Question 8
(a)
[Thinking Process]
by y  y1  m( x  x1 ) .
y y y y
x2  x1 x1  x2
To find the equation of CD, we need to know its gradient and a point where it passes
through. Since a point is already given, we then find its gradient. Its gradient can be
found by first finding the gradient of BC, since the points B and C are given and BC is
perpendicular to CD. Use the relationship between the gradients of perpendicular lines to
find the gradient of CD. Next, use the above formula for finding the equation of a line to
obtain the equation of CD.
[Working Steps]
B(10, 3), C(8, 6)
63 y 2  y1
Gradient of BC  m AB 
8  10 x2  x1
3

2
Since CD is perpendicular to BC,

2
Gradient of CD  m1m2  1
3
Equation of CD:
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
2
y6  ( x  8)
3
2 16
y6  x
3 3
2 2
 y  x (Add 6 to both sides)
3 3
© ACE-Learning 36
2 2
Hence, the equation of CD is y  x .
3 3
(b)
[Thinking Process]
Since D is the point of intersection of line 4 x  5 y  0 and CD, whose equation would
have been solved in (a), then the two equations form a pair of simultaneous equations
whose solution for x and y are the coordinates of D. Solve the simultaneous equations by
substitution and hence, the coordinates of D.
[Working Steps]
Since D is the point of intersection of line 4 x  5 y  0 and CD,

4x  5 y  0 (1)
2 2
Equation of CD: y  x (2)
3 3

2 2
4 x  5 x    0
3 3
12 x  10 x  10  0 (Multiply both sides by 3)
2 x  10  0
2 x  10 (Add 10 to both sides)
 x5 (Divide both sides by 2)
Substituting x = 5 into (2),

2 2
y
(5) 
3 3
 y4
Hence, the coordinates of D are (5, 4).
(c)
[Thinking Process]
© ACE-Learning 37
From D, draw a line parallel to the x-axis. From C, draw a line parallel to the y-axis. The
two lines intersect at point M.
From A, draw a line parallel to the x-axis. From B, draw a line parallel to the y-axis. The
two lines intersect at point N.
The two triangles CMD and BNA are similar. Use ratios of the corresponding sides to
find the length of AN and BN. Hence, find the coordinates of A.
[Working Steps]
C(8, 6)
D(5, 4)
M
B(10, 3)
x
O
N
A
Using the notations in the diagram, since D is (5, 4) and C is (8, 6),
Length of CM  6  4
2
Length of DM  8  5
3
In the diagram above, AB is parallel to CD, DM is parallel to AN, CM is parallel to BN.

CD ˆ M  BAˆ N and CMˆ D  BNˆ A . Therefore by AA property, CMD is similar to BNA .
Since AB = 3CD, then 3 is the common ratio.
BN  3CM AN  3DM
 3(2)  3(3)
 6 units  9 units
© ACE-Learning 38
C(8, 6)
D(5, 4)
M
B(10, 3)
x 6 units
O
N(10, y)
A
9 units
x-coordinate of A  10  9
1
y-coordinate of A  3  6
 3
Hence, the coordinates of A is (1,  3) .
(d)
[Thinking Process]
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
[Working Steps]
© ACE-Learning 39
C(8, 6)
D(5, 4)
B(10, 3)
x
O
A(1,  3)
Area of trapezium ABCD

1 1 10 8 5 1

2 3 3 6 4 3

1
1(3)  10(6)  8(4)  5(3)  1(4)  5(6)  8(3)  10(3)
2
 26 units 2
Hence, the area of trapezium ABCD is 26 units2.
© ACE-Learning 40
Question 9
(a)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: Given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2),

 x  x y  y2 
M  1 2 , 1 .
 2 2 
 the gradient, m, of the line joining A and B is given by the equation
y y y y
m AB  2 1 or m AB  1 2 .
x2  x1 x1  x2

Equation of a line with gradient, m, and passing through the point (x1, y1) is given
by y  y1  m( x  x1 ) .
To find the equation of the perpendicular bisector AB, we need its gradient and a point
where it passes through. Since the perpendicular bisector bisects AB, then the midpoint
of AB is a point on the perpendicular bisector. So, first find the midpoint of AB.
Next, find the gradient of perpendicular bisector by using the relationship between the
gradients of AB and its perpendicular bisector. So, find the gradient of AB using the
formula above and hence, find the gradient of its perpendicular bisector.
Since the gradient of perpendicular bisector and a point would have been known, the
equation can then be obtained using the formula above.
[Working Steps]
A(8, 6) and B(4, 0)
Let M be the midpoint of AB.
 8 4 6 0   x  x y  y2 
M  ,  M ( x, y )   1 2 , 1 
 2 2   2 2 
 (2, 3)
06 y 2  y1
Gradient of AB  m AB 
4  (8) x2  x1
1

2
© ACE-Learning 41
Gradient of perpendicular bisector of AB = 2 m1m2  1
Equation of perpendicular bisector of AB:

y  y1  m( x  x1 )
y  3  2( x  2)
y  3  2x  4
 y  2x  7 (Add 3 to both sides)
Hence, the equation of perpendicular bisector of AB is y = 2x + 7.
(b)
[Thinking Process]
Since A and B are points on the circle, then AB is a chord. The perpendicular bisector of
a chord passes through the centre.
Since the centre passes through the line y  3x  8 , then the perpendicular bisector and
the line y  3x  8 intersect each other at the centre. So, to find the coordinates of the
centre solve the simultaneous equations, i.e. equation of perpendicular bisector which
would have been found and y  3x  8 . Hence the values of x and y would then be the
coordinates of the centre.
[Working Steps]
Since the centre lies on the perpendicular bisector of chord AB and the line y  3x  8 ,
Equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB: y  2x  7 (1)
y  3x  8 (2)

2 x  7  3x  8
5 x  15  0 [Add (3x + 8) to both sides]
5 x  15 (Subtract both sides by 15)
 x  3 (Divide both sides by 5)
Substituting x  3 into (1),
© ACE-Learning 42
y  2(3)  7
 y 1
Hence, coordinates of the centre of the circle are (3, 1) .
(c)
[Thinking Process]
( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  r 2 .
AB  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2 .
Since a point on the circle is given and the centre would have been found, first, find the
radius of the circle using formula for length of a line segment. Then, use the formula
given above to obtain the equation of the circle.
[Working Steps]
Centre  (3, 1), B(4, 0)
Radius  CB
 4  (3)2  (0  1) 2 AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
 50 units
Equation of the circle:

( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2  r 2
x  (3)2   y  12   
2
50
( x  3) 2  ( y  1) 2  50
x 2
 6 x  9   y 2  2 y  1  50
x 2  y 2  6 x  2 y  10  50
x 2  y 2  6 x  2 y  40  0 (Subtract 50 from both sides)
Hence, the equation of the circle is x 2  y 2  6 x  2 y  40  0 .
© ACE-Learning 43
Question 10
(a)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: An isosceles triangle has two equal sides.

AB  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2 .
To show that PQR is isosceles, calculate the lengths of PQ, PR and QR using the
formula above. Compare to know if there are two lengths that are equal.
[Working Steps]
P(0, 8), Q(3, 17) and R(12, 14)
PQ  (3  0) 2  (17  8) 2 AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
 90 units
PR  (12  0) 2  (14  8) 2 AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
 180 units
QR  (12  3) 2  (14  17) 2 AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2

 90 units
Since PQ = QR, then PQR is isosceles. (shown)
(b)
[Thinking Process]
AB  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2 .
From the diagram, S lies on the x-axis and PS = RS. So, the y-coordinate of S is zero.
Since PS = RS, and the coordinates of P and R and y-coordinate of S are known, equate
© ACE-Learning 44
their lengths using the above formula to obtain an equation for x. Then, find the value of
x, and hence the coordinates of S.
[Working Steps]
From the diagram, S lies on the x-axis,

 y-coordinate of S = 0
From the diagram, PS = RS.
PS  RS
( x  0) 2  (0  8) 2  ( x  12) 2  (0  14) 2 AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
x 2  64  x 2  24 x  144  196
x 2  64  x 2  24 x  144  196 (Square both sides)
x 2  64  x 2  24 x  340
64  24 x  340 (Subtract x2 from both sides)
 24 x  276 (Subtract 340 from both sides)
23
 x [Divide both sides by (24) ]
2
 23 
Hence, the coordinates of S are  , 0  .
 2 
(c)
[Thinking Process]
Recall: For ABC with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) arranged in an
anticlockwise direction, the area is given by:
1 x1 x2 x3 x1
Area of ABC  , where
2 y1 y2 y3 y1
x1 x2 x3 x1
 ( x1 y2  x2 y3  x3 y1 )  ( x2 y1  x3 y2  x1 y3 )
y1 y2 y3 y1
Express the ratio of the area of PQR to the area of PSR using the formula above and
simplify.
[Working Steps]
© ACE-Learning 45
y Q(3, 17)
R(12, 14)
P(0, 8)
x
O  23 
S , 0
 2 
1 0 12 3 0
Area of PQR 2 8 14 17 8

Area of PSR 1 23
0 12 0
2
2 8 0 14 8
0 12 3 0
8 14 17 8

23
0 12 0
2
8 0 14 8
[0(14)  12(17)  3(8)]  [0(17)  3(14)  12(8)]

 23   23 
0(0)  2 (14)  12(8)  0(14)  12(0)  2 (8)
90

165
6

11
Hence, the ratio of the area of PQR to the area of PSR is 6 : 11.
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CoordinateGeometryAdv Guide A DL

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CoordinateGeometryAdv Guide A DL

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Coordinate Geometry II

Questions with Guided Solutions

4. (a) C(3, 5), radius = 5 units

5. (a) d  1, e  2, f  4

Let T be the midpoint of P(4, 2) and R(10, 6).

Since the diagonals QS and PR of a rhombus are perpendicular,

Since Q is on the y-axis, its x-coordinate = 0

Let Q be (0, y).

Hence, the coordinates of Q are (0, 14.5).

Let the coordinates of S be (x, y).

Hence, the coordinates of S are (14,  6.5) .

Hence, the area of the rhombus is 91 units2.

Given P(0,  2), Q(6, 10) and R( p, 16),

(6  0) 2  (10  2) 2  ( p  6) 2  (16  10) 2 (Square both sides)

Since R lies in the first quadrant as shown in the diagram, p = 18.

Hence, the value of p is 18.

Since S lies on the x-axis, its y-coordinate is 0. Let S be (x, 0).

Points: P(0,  2), R(18, 16) and S ( x, 0)

( x  0) 2  [0  (2)] 2  ( x  18) 2  (0  16) 2 AB  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2

Hence, the coordinates of S are (16, 0).

Hence, the equation of QS is y   x  16 .

Area of quadrilateral PQRS

Hence, the area of quadrilateral PQRS is 180 units2 .

Dividing (2) by (1),

Substituting k = 3 into (1),

Since the curve passes through the point R(6, n),

Recall: Given two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2),

Given: PQ is a diameter; P(0, 1) and Q(6, 9).

Since C(3, 5) and P(0, 1),

Radius  3  02  5  12 AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2

Since the centre is C(3, 5) and the radius is 5 units,

Hence, the equation of the circle is x  3   y  5  25 .

Q(6, 9) and C(3, 5):

Subtract the radius from the y-coordinate of C to obtain the y-coordinate of S.

y - coordinate of S  y - coordinate of C  Radius

Hence, the coordinates of S are (3, 0).

Hence, the coordinates of R are (18, 0).

Since the circle has a centre C(1, 2) and radius 3 cm,

Comparing x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  4  0 with x2 + y2 + 2dx + 2ey + f = 0,

Since PC is parallel to the x-axis then PC is a horizontal line.

Since PC is a horizontal line and the radius is 3,

Hence, the coordinates of P are (2, 2) .

Since the line PQ passes through P(2, 2) and O(0, 0) ,

Hence, the equation of PQ is y   x .

Since Q lies on the circle and on the line PQ,

Equation of PQ: y  x (1)

Substituting (1) into (2),

Since Q lies on the 4th quadrant x  2 is irrelevant.

Substituting x = 1 into (1),

Hence, the coordinates of Q are (1,  1) .

Hence, the equation of the bigger circle C is x2 + y2 = 2.

Equation of C  , the smaller circle:

Hence, the equation of the smaller circle C  is x 2  y 2  x  y  0 .

Two lines y = m1x1 + c1 and y = m2x2 + c2 are perpendicular if m1m2  1 .

Since PQ is perpendicular to OA,

Equation of circle C : x 2  y 2  2 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

2x2  2x  1  0 (Subtract 2 from both sides)

Since P is on the 4th quadrant, its x-coordinate is positive.

Since Q is on the 2nd quadrant, its x-coordinate is negative.

Plot lg y against lg x using a scale of 1 cm to 0.1 unit on each axis.

Expressing the equation in the form Y = mX + C,

So, the equation of the graph shown in (a) is lg y  n lg x  lg k .