SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.

GYANSHREE SCHOOL

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2022-23

Physical Chemistry Notes and Assignments
GRADE – XII
Shreeyan’s Name: Roll No.:

PART -1

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more components having uniform distribution of
all the components throughout the medium. Solvent is the components which is generally present
in larger amount and decides the physical state of solution, while other components are called as
solutes, so we define three types of solutions as Solid solutions, Liquid solutions and Gaseous
solutions on the basis of the physical states of solvent.

Types of solutions Solute Solvent Examples

Gaseous Solutions Solid Gas Camphor in N2
Liquid Gas Chloroform in N2
Gas Gas O2 in N2
Liquid Solutions Solid Liquid Sugar in water
Liquid Liquid Ethanol in water
Gas Liquid Air in water
Solid Solutions Solid Solid Copper in gold
(alloys)
Liquid Solid Amalgam of Hg in
Na
Gas Solid Hydrogen in Pd

*Note*: Solid solutions examples are asked in the examinations mostly.

Concentration: also known as composition of solution and is defined as the amount of solute per
unit amount of solvent or solution. Some common methods of expressing the concentration are
as follows:
i) Molarity – number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1000
M= = x M or Molar or mol
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿
-1
L ;
During dilution, molarity equation during dilution is M1V1 = M2V2.
1
Molarity is ∝ 𝑉and volume changes with change in temperature hence Molarity is a temperature
dependent method of finding concentration and decreases with increase in temperature.
ii) molality– number of moles of solute per Kg of solvent.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1000
m = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 x 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔 m or molal or mol Kg-1;
As molality depends only on masses of components so it is a temperature independent method of
finding concentration so it is considered as a better method of finding concentration than
molarity.
1|SOLUTIONS by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
*Note*: 1cc = 1cm3 = 1 mL; 1 molal solution is generally more concentrated than 1 M solution
of same solute and solvent due to lesser amount of solvent required for making 1 M solution than
1 m solution.

iii) mole fraction – number of moles of given component per total number of moles of mixture.
For a binary (two component system i.e. solute + solvent)
𝑛 𝑛
Mole fraction of ‘a’, Xa = 𝑛 +𝑎𝑛 and mole fraction of b, Xb= 𝑛 +𝑏𝑛 ; Xa + Xb= 1,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
or Xa =1 –Xb, here na = and nb = ,
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
mole fraction is also a temperature independent method of finding concentration as here also we
use masses of components only which are not affected by change in temperature.

iv) % method – It is of following four types

a) % by mass or % by (w/w) – If x % by mass or w/w is given then
mass of solute = x g, mass of solution = 100 g and mass of solvent = 100-x g,
if density is also given then it is density of solution(unless mentioned otherwise)
100
and hence volume of solution = 𝑑 𝑚𝐿, here ‘d’ is density of the solution in gmL-1.
b) % by volume or % by (v/v) – If x % by volume or v/v is given then
volume of solute = x mL, volume of solution = 100 mL and
volume of solvent = 100-x mL,
c) % by mass by volume or % by (w/v) – If x % by mass by volume or w/v is given
then mass of solute = x g, volume of solution = 100 mL,
d) % by volume by mass or % by (v/w) – If x % by volume by mass or v/w is given
then volume of solute = x mL, mass of solution = 100 g.
*Note*: Most commonly % by mass or w/w is given/used numerically.

v) ppm method– Most commonly used format is ppm by mass in which ‘x’ ppm by mass is
given, then mass of solute = x g and mass of solution as well solvent ≈ 106 g.

Solubility:It is defined as the maximum amount of solute which can be dissolved per unit
amount of solvent. Solubility depends on nature of solute, nature of solvent, temperature as well
as pressure in case of gaseous solutes.
Factors affecting solubility of a solute in a solvent:

a) Intermolecular Forces: As per like dissolves like rule, solutes having similar molecular
structure and similar intermolecular forces as that of solvent particles are more soluble in
those solvents e.g. Ionic salts are more soluble in water while covalent compounds are
more soluble in covalent solvents like CCl4, ether etc.
b) Temperature: For a soluble solid or gaseous solute in some solvent, we represent the
solution formation as – solute + solvent ⇆ solution, ∆H = ±ve, so according to Le-
Chatelier’s principle if ∆H is –ve, then on increasing temperature solubility decreases as
equilibrium shifts in backward direction e.g. gases dissolved in water and vice-versa if
∆H is +ve, e.g. NaCl or sugar in water.
c) Pressure: Effect of pressure for gaseous solutes was explained with help of Henry’s law
which states that partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is directly proportional
to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution, i.e. Pa∝Xa, or Pa= KhXa, so Pa= Kh x
𝑛𝑎
𝑛𝑎 + 𝑛𝑏

2|SOLUTIONS by Pardeep Sharma

THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
𝑛𝑎
as na≪ nb so na + nb≈ 𝑛𝑏 , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐾ℎ 𝑥 , here na = number of moles of solute and
𝑛𝑏
nb is the number of moles of solvent and Kh is Henry’s law constant which depends on
nature of solute, nature of solvent as well as on temperature. At a constant pressure, Kh∝
Temperature, so with increase in temperature Kh increases and Xa decreases, hence
solubility of gases decreases in water with rise in temperature.
*Note*: For numerical problems based on Henry’s law, water is taken as a common solvent and
density of water is taken as 1g/mL.

Applications of Henry’s law:Three main applications are as follows

i) To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed at high
pressure and is stored at low temperature.
ii) We provide tanks with air diluted with Helium (11.7% He + 56.2% N2 + 32.1 % O2) to scuba
divers and deep sea divers to prevent the painful conditions of ‘Bends’.As deep sea
diversbreathe air at high pressure under water which increases solubility of gases like N2in
blood. When diver comes out to surface pressure decreases and bubbles of N2 are formed in the
blood which blocks the capillaries and high N2 concentration in blood is toxic to us also. ‘He’
has nil solubility in blood even at high pressure so ‘He’ is used to dilute the air.
iii) At high altitudes climbers (or people) become weak and are unable to think clearly due to
‘Anoxia’ which arises due to low O2 concentration in blood and tissues because of low partial
pressure of O2 at high altitudes.

Raoult’s Laws of vapour pressure:

i) Raoult’s law for volatile solutes i.e. solutes which can evaporate or form vapours – for a
solution of volatile liquids, partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction in the liquid mixture. For a binary solution
Pa∝Xa and Pb∝Xb so Pa = PoaXa and Pb = PobXb, here
Pa and Pb are partial vapour pressures of components of the solution,

Poa and Pob are pure form vapour pressures of components of the solution and
Xa and Xb are mole fractions of components of the solution.
*Note*: For numerical problems in which composition is asked, we need to find the mole
fraction of the components.

According to Dalton’s law of partial pressure, total pressure is given as

P = Pa+ Pb, so P = PoaXa + PobXb = Poa (1–Xb ) + PobXb = Poa + (Pob –Poa)Xb,
hence total vapour pressure for solutions containing volatile solutes is given as
Figure - 1
P = Poa + (Pob – Poa)Xb,
Poa
Graphical representation of above equation is
P = Pa+ Pb
Vapour Pressure

shown in Figure-1. Here we have assumed that

liquid ‘a’ is more volatile than liquid ‘b’.
Pa = PoaXa Pob
If we discuss composition solution in vapour phase
i.e. mole fraction of components in vapour phase
then according to Dalton’s law of partial pressures
Pa= PoaXa = ƴa x P and Pb = PobXb = ƴb x P, Pb = PobXb
Here ƴa and ƴb are fraction of components in vapour phase.
Xa =1 Xa
=0
Raoult law as a special case of Henry’s law:
3|SOLUTIONS Xb =0 Xb
by Pardeep Sharma
THIS=1
BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
If we consider solution of a gas in a liquid as the solution of two volatile liquids out of which one
component is so volatile that it exists as a gas then if Poa = Kh for some liquid then Raoult’s law
becomes as a special case of Henry’s law.

Raoult’slaw for non-volatile solutes:

When some non volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent then vapour pressure of solution is
lower than that of a pure solvent. In pure liquid entire top surface is occupied by volatile solvent
particles so entire top surface forms vapours while in solution some of the top surface area is
occupied by non-volatile solute particles so number of solvent molecules escaping from surface
is reduced and vapour pressure is also reduced. Raoult’s law is generalized here is as partial
vapour pressure of each volatile component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole
fraction in the solution. So Pb = PobXb, as herePoa= 0 due to non-volatile nature of solute ‘a’,
𝑃𝑏 𝑃 𝑷𝒐𝒃 −𝑷𝒃 𝑷𝒐𝒃 −𝑷
= 𝑋𝑏 or 1 − 𝑃𝑏𝑜 = 1 − 𝑋𝑏 so = 𝑿𝒂 or = 𝑿𝒂 , this expression is also called as the
𝑃𝑏𝑜 𝑏 𝑷𝒐𝒃 𝑷𝒐𝒃
relative lowering of vapour pressure.

*Note*: For numerical problems in which vapour pressure is given or asked with following non-
volatile solutes as urea, glucose, sucrose, protein, gene fragment, some salt, ethylene glycol,
polymers etc. we need to use formula of relative lowering of vapour pressure.

Ideal and Non-Ideal solutions: (when both components ‘a’ and ‘b’ are volatile)
Ideal solutions are those which obey Raolut’s law of vapour pressure at all compositions (as per
fig-1) so that they have a-a interactions and ∆Hmixing = 0 as well as
∆Vmixing = 0. and = a-b interactions
b-b interactions
Due to no change in intermolecular interactions in between solute and solvent during mixing no
heat is released or absorbed so ∆Hmixing = 0 and change in volume i.e. obtained volume of
solution – expected volume of solution is also zero so ∆Vmixing = 0.
A perfectly ideal solution is rare but some solutions in which solute and solvent molecules have
similar molecular structure and similar molecular mass behave as nearly ideal solutions e.g.
Benzene + Toluene, Methanol + Ethanol, n-Hexane + n-Heptane, Cholroethane + Bromoethane
etc.

Non-Ideal solutions are those which don’t obey Raolut’s law of vapour pressure at all
compositions and show either more or less vapour pressure as compared to expected ideal
behavior so that they have a-a interactions and ∆Hmixing≠ 0 as well as
∆Vmixing≠ 0. and ≠ a-b interactions
b-b interactions
Due to some change in intermolecular interactions in between solute and solvent during mixing
some heat is released or absorbed so ∆Hmixing≠ 0 and change in volume i.e. obtained volume of
solution – expected volume of solution is also zero so ∆Vmixing≠ 0. So non-ideal solutions are of
two types;
A) Positive deviating non-ideal solutions:
They show higher vapour pressure as compared to expected ideal behavior as they have
a-a interactions and ∆Hmixing> 0 as well as ∆Vmixing> 0.
and > a-b interactions
b-b interactions
Due to decrease in intermolecular interactions in between solute and solvent during mixing some
heat is absorbed so ∆Hmixing> 0 and change in volume i.e. obtained volume of solution –
4|SOLUTIONS by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
 SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
expected volume of solution is also positive so ∆Vmixing> 0, e.g. Ethanol + Water, Carbon
disulphide + Acetone etc.
B) Negative deviating non-udeal solutions:
They show lower vapour pressure as compared to expected ideal behavior as they have
a-a interactions and ∆Hmixing< 0 as well as ∆Vmixing< 0.
and < a-b interactions
b-b interactions
Due to increase in intermolecular interactions in between solute and solvent during mixing some
heat is released so ∆Hmixing< 0 and change in volume i.e. obtained volume of solution – expected
volume of solution is also negative so ∆Vmixing< 0, e.g. Water + HNO3, Phenol + Aniline,
Chloroform + Acetone etc.

*Note*: In pure chloroform as well in pure acetone there in no intermolecular hydrogen bonding
but on mixing them with each other they form intermolecular hydrogen bonding with each other
and hence solution deviates negatively from Raoult’s law.
Figure 3
Poa Poa
Vapour Pressure

Vapour Pressure
Pob Pob
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding

Positive deviating Non-Ideal Solution

Figure 2 Negative deviating Non-Ideal Solution
Xa =1 Xa =0 Xa =1 Xa =0
Xb =0 Xb =1 Xb =0 Xb =1

Azeotropes: Binary mixtures which boil at a constant temperature and their components cannot
be separated by fractional distillation. They have same composition in vapour as well as liquid
phase. They are of two types:
a) Maximum boiling azeotropes: These azeotropes boil at a temperature more than the
boiling points of both of their components. They are formed by negative deviating non-
ideal solutions. Composition (or mole fraction) at which they show maximum deviation
from ideal behavior is their azeotropic composition, e.g. 68% HNO3 + 32% H2O by mass,
boils at 393.5 K whereas HNO3 boils at 356 K and H2Oboils at 373 K.

b) Minimum boiling azeotropes: These azeotropes boil at a temperature lesser than the
boiling points of both of their components. They are formed by positive deviating non-
ideal solutions. Composition (or mole fraction) at which they show maximum deviation
from ideal behavior is their azeotropic composition, e.g. 95% C2H5OH + 5% H2O by
volume, boils at 351.15 K whereas C2H5OH boils at 351.55 K and H2O boils at 373 K.

NCERT questions based on PART-1 of chapter:

Solved Examples:(2.1 to 2.6)
1. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) in a solution containing 20% of
C2H6O2 by mass.
2. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5 g of NaOH in 450 mL solution.
3. Calculate molality of 2.5 g of Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75 g of benzene.

5|SOLUTIONS by Pardeep Sharma

THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
4. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many millimoles of N2gas would
dissolve in 1 litre of water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given
that Henry’s law constant for N2 at 293 K is76.48 kbar.
5. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2)at 298 K are 200
mm Hg and 415 mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of the solution
prepared by mixing 25.5 g ofCHCl3 and 40 g of CH2Cl2 at 298 K and, (ii) mole fractions
of each component in vapour phase.
6. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850bar. A non-volatile,
non-electrolyte solid weighing 0.5 g when added to39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g
mol–1). Vapour pressure of the solution, then, is 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the
solid substance?
Intext Questions: (2.1 to 2.8)
1. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) if 22 g
of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride.
2. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon
tetrachloride.
3. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O in
4.3 L of solution (b) 30 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 diluted to500 mL.
4. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 kg of0.25 molal aqueous
solution.
5. Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20%
(mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL-1.
6. H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the
solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant.
7. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67x108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of
CO2 in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
8. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350
K . Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg.
Also find the composition of the vapour phase.

Exercise Questions: (2.1 to 2.19, 2.23 to 2.30 and 2.34 to 2.39, 2.37 is not to be done)
1. Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about
each type with an example.
2. Give an example of a solid solution in which the solute is a gas.
3. Define the following terms: (i) Mole fraction (ii) Molality (iii) Molarity (iv) Mass
percentage.
4. Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous
solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the
solution is 1.504 g mL–1?
5. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and
mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL–1,
then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
6. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of
Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
7. A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by
mass. Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting solution.
8. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and 200 g of
water. Calculate the molality of the solution.

6|SOLUTIONS by Pardeep Sharma

THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
If the density of the solution is 1.072 g mL–1, then what shall be the molarity of the
solution?
9. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform
(CHCl3) supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass):
(i) express this in percent by mass, (ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water
sample.
10. What role does the molecular interaction play in a solution of alcohol and water?
11. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
12. State Henry’s law and mention some important applications?
13. The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 × 10–3 g of ethane is 1 bar.
If the solution contains 5.00 × 10–2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of
the gas?
14. What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law and how is the sign
of ΔmixH related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law?
15. An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the
normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?
16. Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two
liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour
pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?
17. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal
solution of a non-volatile solute in it.
18. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol–1) which should be
dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
19. A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour
pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the
new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate:(i) molar mass of the solute (ii)
vapour pressure of water at 298 K.
23. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following
pairs.(i) n-hexane and n-octane, (ii) I2 and CCl4, (iii) NaClO4 and water, (iv) methanol
and acetone, (v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H6O).
24. Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing
solubility in n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3OH, CH3CN.
25. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and
highly soluble in water? (i) phenol (ii) toluene (iii) formic acid (iv) ethylene glycol (v)
chloroform (vi) pentanol.
26. If the density of some lake water is 1.25g mL–1 and contains 92 g of Na+ ions per kg of
water, calculate the molality of Na+ ions in the lake.
27. If the solubility product of CuS is 6 × 10–16, calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in
aqueous solution.
28. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when6.5 g of
C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.
29. Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine, is used to combat withdrawal symptoms
in narcotic users. Dose of nalorphene generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of 1.5
x10–3 m aqueous solution required for the above dose.
30. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250mL of 0.15
M solution in methanol.
34. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of
water at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.

7|SOLUTIONS by Pardeep Sharma

THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
35. Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 K is4.27 × 105 mm
Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 Kunder 760 mm Hg.
36. 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol–1) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B(molar
mass 180 g mol–1). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be500 torr.
Calculate the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if
the total vapour pressure of the solution is 475 Torr.
38. Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition. The
vapour pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm
Hg respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of
benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene.
39. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen and
nitrogen with approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298K. The water is
in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K if the Henry’s law constants for
oxygen and nitrogen at 298 K are 3.30 × 107 mm and6.51 × 107 mm respectively,
calculate the composition of these gases in water.

Previous Year’s Questions:

1. i) Define ideal solution with help of an example.
ii) Define azeotropes and explain briefly about minimum and maximum boiling
azeotropes with help of a suitable example of each.
2. i) State Raoult’s law for solution containing volatile solutes.
ii) State Raoult’s law for solution containing non-volatile solutes and give reason for
lowering of vapour pressure of solution containing non-volatile solute.
iii) Why is vapour pressure of Glucose solution in water, lower than that of pure water?
3. Which type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown, if liquids ‘A’ and ‘B’ on mixing
produce a warm solution?
4. Determine the molarity of an antifreeze solution containing 250 g water mixed with 222 g
of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2). Density of the solution is 1.07 gmL-1.
5. What is the effect of temperature on Molarity and molality?
6. i) Give one example each of miscible liquid pairs showing positive and negative
deviations from Raoult’s law, also give reason for such behavior.
ii) Graphically represent negative and positive deviation from Raoult’s law. What is the
sign of ∆Hmix and ∆Vmix for such solutions?
iii) What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviating non-ideal solution? Give an
example.
7. An aqueous solution is prepared by dissolving 10g of glucose in 90g of water. If pure
form vapour pressure of water is 32.8 mmHg, then find vapour pressure of solution.
8. How much urea should be dissolved in in 50g of water so as to reduce its vapour pressure
by 25%? Calculate the molality of solution also.
9. CCl4 is immiscible in water while ethanol is miscible in water in all proportions.
Correlate this behaviour with structure of the given solute and solvent.
10. Vapour pressure of aqueous solution of Glucose is 750mmHg at 373 K. Calculate mole
fraction of solute and molality of the solution.
11. For an ideal solution of ‘A’ and ‘B’, draw a labelled diagram to express the relationship
between vapour pressure and mole fraction of components at constant temperature.
12. If density of 2 m solution of methanol is 0.981 KgL-1 then calculate the number of moles
of methanol in 5 liters of this solution.
13. What is the sum of mole fractions of all the three components of the solution?
14. Define molality and mole fraction of a component of a solution.
8|SOLUTIONS by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
15. How is molarity different from molality of the solution?
16. i) State the formula relating the partial pressure of the gas with its mole fraction in a
liquid solution in contact with it.
ii) State the law relating the partial pressure of the gas with its mole fraction in a liquid
solution in contact with it and give two applications of this law.
17. Calculate molality of a solution containing 20.7 g of potassium carbonate dissolved in
500 mL of solution of density 1.02 gmL-1.
18. At a given temperature, Hydrogen is more soluble in water than Helium. Which of them
will have a higher value of Kh and why?
19. Two liquids ‘A’ and ’B’ boil at 110oC and 130oC respectively. Which of them has higher
vapour pressure at 100oC and why?
20. Define the term vapour pressure. Vapour pressure of a solution depends on which
factors?
21. 10 mL of a liquid ‘A’ is mixed with 10 mL of liquid ‘B’. The volume of the resulting
solution is found to be 19.9 mL. What do you conclude about the nature of the solution?
22. What is the mole fraction of a solute in its 2.5 m aqueous solution?
23. A 6.9M KOH aqueous solution contains 30% by mass of KOH. Find density of solution.
24. Calculate the molarity and molality of 15% by mass aqueous H2SO4 solution with density
1.02 gcm-3.
25. Under what conditions are the molarity and molality of a solution nearly same?
26. What is the concentration of N2 in a glass of water at 25oC and atmospheric pressure with
mole fraction of N2 in air as 0.78. KH for N2 in water is 8.42 x 107mmHg.
27. Why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water region as compared to warm
water region?
28. How does Raoult’s law become a special case of Henry’s law?

PART-2
Colligative Properties:
These are physical properties of solutions which depend on number of solute particles and not on
their nature. These are of following four types:
a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure: Already discussed under the topic of Raoult’s
𝑷𝒐𝒃 −𝑷
law for non-volatile solutes with formula as = 𝑿𝒂 .
𝑷𝒐𝒃
b) Elevation in Boiling point: Boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at
which vapour pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure i.e. 1 Atm or 1.013 Bar.
When some non-volatile solute is added to a solvent then vapour pressure of solution
decreases and hence to increase the vapour pressure again up to atmospheric pressure we
have to heat it more so its boiling point increases or there is an elevation in boiling point.
∆Tb ∝ m (molality); ∆Tb = Kbm,
where Kb is molal elevation constant 1 Atm
or ebulioscopic constant, nature of Kb Solvent
Vapour Pressure

depends only on nature of solvent, Solution

e.g. for H2O, Kb = 0.52 K Kg mol-1
∆Tb
c)Depression in Freezing point:
Freezing point is a temperature when liquid and
solid phase of a substance are in
Temperature
9|SOLUTIONS by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
equilibrium with each other. At freezing point
vapour pressure of solid and liquid phase of Solvent

Vapour Pressure
the substance are equal. When a non-volatile
solute is added to a solvent, its Solid Phase
vapour pressure decreases and now it Curve Solution
would become equal to that of solid
solvent at a lower temperature.
So there is a decrease or depression in
freezing point. ∆Tf ∝ m (molality); ∆Tf
∆Tf = Kfm ; where Kf is molal depression
constant or cryoscopic constant, Temperature
nature of Kf depends only on nature of solvent,
e.g. for H2O, Kf = 1.86 K Kg mol-1.
𝑀𝑅𝑇𝑏2 𝑀𝑅𝑇𝑓2
Kb = and Kf = ; here M = Molar mass of solvent, Tb and Tf are boiling point and
1000∆𝐻𝑏 1000∆𝐻𝑓
freezing point of solvent respectively, ∆Hb and ∆Hf are enthalpy of evaporation and fusion of
solvent respectively.

Osmosis : Flow of solvent molecules from low concentration area to high concentration area
through a semi permeable membrane.

Osmotic Pressure :Excess Pressure that must be applied to a solution separated from pyre
solvent by semi permeable membrane to just stop the osmotic movement of solvent
particles. 𝜋 ∝ 𝐶; 𝜋 = 𝒊 𝐶𝑅𝑇; R = 0.083 L bar mol-1K-1, C = Molarity, T = Temperature in K.
Osmotic pressure is considered to be the best colligative property to calculate molecular mass
of unknown solute particles due to following reasons:
i) It is calculated at room temperature due to which nature of solute particles (specially
macromolecules) is not affected and hence we are able to find their molecular masses accurately,
as at extreme temperatures (both high as well as low) macromolecules re unstable and polymers
have poor solubility.
ii) Molarity is used instead of molality.
iii) Magnitude of osmotic pressure is large even for dilute solutions.

Types of solutions based on their osmotic pressure:

a) Hypertonic Solutions: Solutions having higher concentration as compared to that of
inside the S.P.M. bag e.g. if some animal cell like R.B.C. or some plant cell is put into
some hypertonic solution, water moves out of these cells making them shrink or limp.
Preservation of meat, fruits or pickles by adding excess of salt or sugar is based in this
method as bacteria or fungi lose water, shrivels and dies.
b) Hypotonic Solutions: Solutions having lower concentration as compared to that of inside
the S.P.M. bag e.g.if some animal cell like R.B.C. or some plant cell is put into some
hypotonic solution, water moves into these cells making them swell or turgid and
10 | S O L U T I O N S by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
eventually burst in case of animal cells as they don’t have protective cell wall around
them.
c) Isotonic Solutions: Solutions having same concentration as compared to that of inside
the S.P.M. bag e.g. if some animal cell like R.B.C. or some plant cell is put into some
isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water due to which these cell are not
affected. Two isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure
at a given temperature e.g. 0.9% (w/v) aqueous NaCl solution is isotonic with blood. It is
called as normal saline solution and can be safely injected intravenously in to the blood.
All the injections and intravenous fluids need to be checked for their isotonicity with
normal saline water before injecting intravenously.
Edema: People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in tissue cells
and intercellular spaces because of osmosis, resulting in swelling in tissues which is
called as edema.

Reverse osmosis: If we apply pressure larger than osmotic pressure on the solution separated
from pure solvent with help of a semi permeable membrane then direction of osmosis is reversed
and solvent starts flowing from a region of high concentration area to a region of low
concentration area through semi permeable membrane. This is known as reverse osmosis and is
commonly used in desalination of sea water and in purification of drinking water at domestic
level. Commonly used S.P.M. is made up of cellulose acetate which is permeable to water but is
impermeable to ions and other impurities present in water.

Abnormal molecular masses: when a solute dissociates or associates in some solvent, its
number of particles change i.e. increase or decrease respectively so observed molar mass also
comes out to be lower or higher respectively and is called as the ‘abnormal molecular mass’.
Van’t Hoff introduced Van’t Hoff factor ‘i' to account for extent of dissociation or association of
solute particles in a solution.

𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚

‘i' =𝑨𝒃𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚;
During dissociation‘i' = 1+ (n–1) ∝, here ‘n’ is number of particles formed after dissociation
and ‘∝’ is degree of dissociation.
*Note*:‘i' = 1+ ∝, during dissociation of one molecule into two particles
(n–1) ∝
During association ‘i' = 1 – 𝑛 , here ‘n’ is number of particles associating to form a single
molecule and ‘∝’ is degree of association.
∝
*Note*:‘i' = 1– 2 , during dimerisation of two moleculesassociating into one particle.
We modify all colligative properties according to dissociation or association as : a)
𝑷𝒐𝒃 −𝑷
Relative lowering of vapour pressure = = 𝒊 𝑿𝒂 ,
𝑷𝒐𝒃
b) Elevation in boiling point = ∆Tb =𝒊 Kbm,
c) Depression in freezing point = ∆Tf = 𝒊 Kf m,
d) Osmotic pressure = 𝜋 = 𝒊 𝐶𝑅𝑇.
*Note*: For non-electrolytes, Glucose, Sucrose, Urea, Proteins, Polymers, Ethylene glycol, Gene
fragment etc.𝒊 = 𝟏and for a salt 𝒊 =number of ions formed on dissociation of salt e.g. for NaCl,
NaNO3, KCl, KNO3 etc. 𝒊 = 𝟐, for K2SO4, CaCl2 Mg(NO3)2 etc. 𝒊 = 𝟑,for Na3PO4, AlCl3,
Al(NO3)3, K3[Fe(CN)6] etc. 𝒊 = 𝟒,for Ca3(PO4)2, K4[Fe(CN)6] etc. 𝒊 = 𝟓.Forall carboxylic acids
∝
if dissolved in water 𝒊 = 𝟏+∝, andif they are dissolved in some organic solvent 𝒊 = 𝟏– 2 .

11 | S O L U T I O N S by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
NCERT questions based on PART-2 of chapter:
Solved Examples: (2.7 to 2.13)
7. 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6, is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan. At what temperature
will water boil at 1.013 bar? Kb for water is 0.52K kg mol–1.
8. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved
in 90 g of benzene, the boiling point is raised to354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of the
solute. Kb for benzene is 2.53K kg mol–1.
9. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate
(a) the freezing point depression and (b) the freezing point of the solution.
10. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of
benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1.
Find the molar mass of the solute.
11. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic
pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2.57 × 10–3 bar. Calculate the molar mass
of the protein.
12. 2 g of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a depression in
freezing point equal to 1.62 K. Molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9 Kkgmol–1. What
is the percentage association of acid if it forms dimer in solution?
13. 0.6 mL of acetic acid (CH3COOH), having density 1.06 g mL–1, is dissolved in 1 litre of
water. The depression in freezing point observed for this strength of acid was 0.0205°C.
Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and the dissociation constant of acid.

Intext Questions: (2.9 to 2.12)

9. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH2CONH2) is
dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its
relative lowering.
10. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g
of water such that it boils at 100°C.
11. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C6H8O6) to be dissolved in75 g of acetic acid
to lower its melting point by 1.5°C. Kf = 3.9 K kg mol-1.
12. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g
of polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37°C.

Exercise Questions:(2.20 to 2.22, 2.31 to 2.33, 2.40 and 2.41)

20. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271K.Calculate the
freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
21. Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20
g of benzene (C6H6), 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by2.3 K whereas 1.0 g of AB4
lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol–1. Calculate
atomic masses of A and B.
22. At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar.
If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what would be its
concentration?
31. The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid,
trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above. Explain briefly.
32. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g ofCH3CH2CHClCOOH is
added to 250 g of water. Ka = 1.4 × 10–3, Kf= 1.86 K kg mol–1.

12 | S O L U T I O N S by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
33. 19.5 g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in the freezing point of
water observed is 1.00 C. Calculate the Van’t Hoff factor and dissociation constant of
fluoroacetic acid.
40. Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic
pressure is 0.75 Atm at 27° C.
41. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2
litre of water at 25° C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.

Previous Year’s Questions:

1. A 6.2% by mass solution of menthol in cyclohexane freezes at -1.95oC. Determine the
molecular mass of menthol if depression in freezing point is 6.5oC and Kf for cyclohexane is
20.2 K Kg mol-1.
2. i) An aqueous solution of urea was found to have boiling point more than normal boiling point
of water, when the same solution was cooled down its freezing point was found to be lower
than normal freezing point of water. Explain these observations.
ii) An aqueous solution of urea was found to have boiling point as 373.278 K. What is its
freezing point if Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg mol-1and Kb for water is 0.52 K Kg mol-1.
3. i) On dissolving 3.2 g of Sulphur in 40 g of benzene, boiling point of solution was increased
by 0.81oC. What is molecular formula of Sulphur if Kb for benzene is 2.53 K Kg mol-1?
ii) When 3.26 g of Se (78.8 g mol-1) is dissolved in 226 g of benzene if Kf for benzene is 4.9 K
Kg mol-1. Find molecular formula of Selenium if depression in freezing point is 0.112oC.
4. When is the value of Van’t Hoff factor more than one?
5. Freezing point of 0.3 g of acetic acid in 30 g benzene is lowered by 0.45oC. Calculate the
percentage dimerisation of acetic acid if Kf for benzene is 5.12 K Kg mol-1.
6. Mass of one litre of aqueous solution of sucrose was found to be 1015 g. Osmotic pressure of
this solution is 4.82 Atm at 27oC. What is the molality of the solution?
7. i) A solution containing 3.1 g of BaCl2 in 250 g of water has boiling point of 100.083oC. What
is the value of Van’t Hoff factor if Kb for water is 0.52 K Kg mol-1? (Ba =137u)
ii) An aqueous solution containing 1.248 g of BaCl2 in 100 g of water has boiling point of
100.083oC. Calculate degree of dissociation of BaCl2,if Kb for water is 0.52 K Kg mol-1? (Ba
=137u)
8. A solution containing 12.5 g of non-electrolyte in 175 g of water increases the boiling point of
water by 0.7 K. Find molar mass of solute if Kb for water is 0.52 K Kg mol-1.
9. Why is there a rise in boiling point of solution when some non-volatile solute is added to it?
10. On adding 0.9 g of a non-electrolyte solute in 87.9 g of benzene, boiling point of benzene
increases by 0.25oC. Find Kb for benzene if molar mass of solute is 103u.
11.i) Calculate expected freezing point of solution prepared by dissolving 6 g of Na2SO4.10H2O
in 0.1 Kg of water assuming complete dissociation of solute. Given Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg
mol-1.
ii) Calculate freezing point depression for 0.0711 m Na2SO4 solution. What is Van’t Hoff
factor if this solution actually freezes at -0.32oC? Given Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg mol-1.
12. i) What is meant by Van’t Hoff factor?
ii) What is Van’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of K2SO4?
13. Osmotic pressure of a 0.0103 M solution is 0.7 Atm at 27oC. Calculate Van’t Hoff factor.
What conclusion do you draw about molecular state of the solute in the solution?
14. i) State the condition for reverse osmosis.
ii) Mention large scale use of the phenomenon called ‘reverse osmosis’.
iii) What are isotonic solutions?
iv) State Henry’s law. What is the similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law?
13 | S O L U T I O N S by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
15. An aqueous solution freezes at 272.4 K. Determine molality, boiling point and lowering of
vapour pressure of water (at 298 K). Given Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg mol-1, Kb for water is
0.52 K Kg mol-1 and Powater at 298 K is 23.756 mmHg.
16. i) Which one is a colligative property – osmosis or osmotic pressure?
ii) What is the osmotic pressure and how is it related to molecular mass of non volatile
solute?
iii) What advantage osmotic pressure method has over elevation in boiling point method for
determining the molar mass of an unknown solute particle?
17. i) A 4% by mass aqueous solution of sucrose is isotonic with 3% by mass aqueous solution
of an unknown organic substance. Find molecular mass of this unknown compound.
ii) A 5% aqueous solution of cane sugar is isotonic with 0.877% aqueous solution of substance
‘X’. Find molecular mass of ‘X’.
18. i) Why is elevation in boiling point different for 0.1 M NaCl aq. solution and 0.1 M sugar aq.
solution?
ii) Why is depression in freezing point of 0.1 M NaCl aq. solution nearly twice to that of 0.1
M glucose aq. solution?
iii) Which one out of 0.1 M NaCl aq. solution and 0.1 M glucose aq. solution, will have
higher boiling point and why? 19. i) Calculate freezing point of a solution containing 0.52 g
of Glucose in 80.2 g of water. Given Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg mol-1.
iv) Calculate freezing point of a solution containing 54 g of Glucose in 250 g of water. Given
Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg mol-1.
20. A 0.1539 m aqueous sugar solution has the freezing point as 272.86 K. If pure water freezes
at 273.15 K, find freezing point of 5%(w/w) aqueous solution of glucose.
21. A solution containing 8 g of substance in 100 g of Diethylether boils at 36.86oC, whereas
pure ether boils at 35.6oC. Determine the molar mass of solute. Given Kb for ether is 2.02 K
Kg mol-1.
22. Boiling point of a solution containing 0.3 g acetic acid in 100 g water is 100.0633oC. Find
molecular mass of acetic acid. What conclusion do you draw about molecular state of acetic
acid in the solution? Given Kb for water is 0.52 K Kg mol-1.
23. Freezing point of 0.2 g acetic acid in 20 g benzene is lowered by 0.45oC. Calculate Van’t
Hoff factor and molar mass of acetic acid. Given Kf for benzene is 5.12 K Kg mol-1.
24. 100 mg of protein is added to water to make 100 mL solution which has osmotic pressure as
13.3 mmHg at 25oC. What is the molar mass of protein?
25.i) If NaCl dissociates by 93.5%, calculate the amount of NaCl which should be added to 65g
of water to make it freeze at -7.5oC.Given Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg mol-1.
ii) Calculate the amount of NaCl which should be added to 1 Kg of water to make it freeze at
270 K. Given Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg mol-1.
iii) Calculate the amount of Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) which should be added to 5.5 Kg of
water to lower the freezing point by 10oC.Given Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg mol-1.
iv) Calculate the amount of Glycerol (C3H8O3) which should be added to 0.5 Kg of water to
make it boil at 100.42oC.Given Kb for water is 0.52 K Kg mol-1.
v) Calculate the amount of KCl which should be added to 1 Kg of water to depress its freezing
point by 2K.Given Kf for water is 1.86 K Kg mol-1.
26. A solution of 1.25 g of Methyl salicylate in 99 g benzene has the boiling point as 80.31oC.
Determine the molar mass of solute if pure benzene has the boiling point as 80.1oC and Kb
for benzene is 2.53 K Kg mol-1.
27. 15 g of an unknown substance is added to 450 g of water. What is the molar mass of solute if
the resulting solution freezes at -0.34oC? Given Kf for water is 1.86 KKgmol-1.

14 | S O L U T I O N S by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL
SOLUTIONS GS/2022-23/XII/PHY.CHEM.
28. A decimolar solution of Potassiumferrocyanide is 50% dissociated at 300K. Calculate its
Van’t Hoff factor.
29. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.5 g of MgBr2 in 200 g of
water. Given Kf for water is 1.86 KKgmol-1.
30. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35 mL of water has an
osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at 25oC. Assuming gene fragment to be non-electrolyte find its
molar mass.
31. 1m aqueous solution of Trichloroacetic acid has its boiling point as 100.81oC. Find its Van’t
Hoff factor. Given Kb for water is 0.52 K Kg mol-1.
32. Calculate the amount of acetic acid to be dissolved into 500 g of water to make it boil at
100.42oC. Assume acetic acid to be dissociated by 25% in this solution. Given Kb for water is
0.52 K Kg mol-1.
33. 18 g of glucose is dissolved in 1 Kg of water in a sauce pan. At what temperature will this
solution boil? Given Kb for water is 0.52 K Kg mol-1.
34. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point 1.62
K. Calculate the Van’t Hoff factor and nature of solute and Kf for benzene is 4.9 K Kg mol-1.
35. A solution containing 15 g of urea (NH2CONH2) per litre water has same osmotic pressure as
a solution of glucose in water. Calculate the mass of glucose in 1 litre of its solution.

15 | S O L U T I O N S by Pardeep Sharma
THIS BELONGS TO GYANSHREE SCHOOL