Jose Gabriel Mejias Figueroa

9/8/2022
Annotated Bibliography

Topic: Animal Testing and Alternatives

Dolgin, Elie. “Animal Testing Alternatives Come Alive in US.” Nature Medicine, vol. 16, no.
12, 2010, pp. 1348–1348, https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1210-1348.
Through this source, Elie Dolgin focuses on how various societies in the US are working
to minimize animal testing by researching and testing alternatives. Elie Dolgin describes
future projects that involve the EPA and the US National Institutes of Health with the
goal of developing fingerprints for compounds by comparing it to a database of known
compounds. This resource is stated to help the drug industry and benefit nonanimal
testing.
This source was useful because it offers descriptive information on animal testing
alternatives and research. It offers objective and reliable data which has helped me
understand the difficulty of finding alternatives to animal testing.
Meigs, L., L. Smirnova, C. Rovida, M. Leist, and T. Hartung. “Animal Testing and Its
Alternatives – the Most Important Omics Is Economics”. ALTEX - Alternatives to Animal
Experimentation, vol. 35, no. 3, July 2018, pp. 275-0, doi:10.14573/altex.1807041.
This article offers an economical point of view of the animal testing vs alternatives
debate. This source uses percentages and graphs to compare both sides. It also states that
animal testing is costly, time consuming and often misleading in comparison to
alternative methods. This source is useful for people who are interested in the economic
or business side of the debate between animal testing and alternatives. It used statistics
and data that was hard for me to understand and wasn’t very useful for my topic.
Huang, Hung-Jin, et al. “Current Strategies in Assessment of Nanotoxicity: Alternatives to In
Vivo Animal Testing.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 22, no. 8, Apr. 2021, p.
4216. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084216.
This report presents alternative strategies to replace or reduce the use of animal testing in
the assessment of nanotoxicity using the principle of the 3Rs.The 3Rs which stands for
Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement are used to ensure ethical application of
humane animal research. Additionally, it mentions and explains in vitro and in silico
which are two methods that are considered non-animal approaches and have been
implemented in many countries for scientific purposes. This article has served as my
 most useful source for my topic. This source has given me two good and proven
examples of alternatives to animal testing.
Hajar, Rachel. “Animal testing and medicine.” Heart views : the official journal of the Gulf
Heart Association vol. 12,1 (2011): 42. doi:10.4103/1995-705X.81548
In this essay, Rachel Hajar focuses on the contributions and different points of views of
animal testing. He talks about the major advances in medicine that were done in history
thanks to animal testing. Hajar also discusses how some people think that animal testing
is necessary, and others think it is morally wrong. He mentions examples of drug
incidents that occurred because they didn’t test on animals. He reaches the conclusion
saying that animal testing is necessary in order to advance if it is done in a humane
manner using the 3Rs which was previously explained. This source presented some
interesting points about animal testing which I considered to be valid.
Mandal, Jharna, and Subhash Chandra Parija. “Ethics of involving animals in
research.” Tropical parasitology vol. 3,1 (2013): 4-6. doi:10.4103/2229-5070.113884
In this article, the authors talk about the ethics in animal testing. They mention that
animals have suffered due to cruel experimenting that is justified by the means. The essay
discusses many national and international bodies that restrict animal testing. An example
they mentioned was the 4Rs which is like the 3Rs except with rehabilitation added to it.
This source was very useful since it offered a more ethical view on the subject.