Tavi VIII.

statistikuri hipoTezebis Semowmebis Sesavali: z

kriteriumi da erTi SerCevis t kriteriumi

statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmeba

parametruli da araparametruli kriteriumebi
statistikuri hipoTezebi
kriteriumis statistika: z
mniSvnelovnobis doneebi: statistikuri iSviaToba
gadawyvetilebis miReba statistikuri hipoTezebis Sesaxeb kriteriumis statistikisa
da mniSvnelovnobis donis gamoyenebiT
statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmebis etapebis Sejameba
erTi SerCevis t kriteriumi
t statistikis SerCeviTi ganawileba
statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmeba erTi SerCevis t kriteriumiT
erTi SerCevis t kriteriumis Sedegebis prezentacia
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi statistikuri hipoTezis SemowmebaSi
ratom ar viRebT nulovan hipoTezas?
I da II gvaris Secdomebi statistikuri kriteriumebis gamoyenebisas
statistikuri da mecnieruli mniSvnelovnoba
ndobis intervalebis ageba populaciis saSualosaTvis t statistikis gamoyenebiT
 wina TavebSi ganvixileT statistikis gamoyeneba monacemTa organizebis, aRweris mizniT da populaciis
parametrebis Sesafaseblad. am TavSi ki ganvixilavT statistikis gamoyenebas hipoTezis Semowmebis mizniT.
ganvixiloT Semdegi problema. adamianuri faqtori aris bihevioristuli mecnierebis sfero, romelic adamianis
SesaZleblobebisadmi manqanisa da teqnologiis Sesatyvisobas swavlobs. adamianuri faqtoris Semswavleli
fsiqologebi xSirad atareben adamianTa fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis gazomvebs, raTa Seqmnan skamebis, kontrolis
panelisa da monitoris iseTi dizaini, romelic adamians moergeba. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom xarT satvirTo
manqanebis mwarmoebeli kompaniis TanamSromeli, romelic pasuxismgebelia Sida dizainze. wlebis manZilze
skamebi Tqvens satvirTo manqanebSi iseTnairad iyo mowyobili, rom Seesatyviseboda mZRolebis populacias,
romelTa saSualo muxlqveSa simaRle iyo 42 santimetri (sm) da  _ 3 sm. fexis muxlqveSa simaRle aris vertikaluri
manZili mjdomare mZRolis muxlidan iatakamde.
axlaxan Tqvenma kompaniam daiwyo satvirTo manqanebis gayidva mTel msoflioSi da miiRo saCivrebi
skamebis arakomfortulobis Taobaze. Tqven ivaraudeT, rom SesaZloa zogierT qveyanaSi mZRolebis muxlqveSa
simaRle gansxvavdeba im populaciisagan, romlisTvisac Seqmnili iyo es skamebi. am hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad,
Tqven aiyvaneT satvirTo manqanis 25 mZRolisagan Semdgari SerCeva, romelic im qveynis mZRolebis
populaciisagan damoukideblad da SemTxveviTad iyo SerCeuli, romelTaganac iyo miRebuli saCivrebi. am
SerCevis mZRolebis saSualo muxlqveSa simaRle aris 44 sm. aSkaraa, rom am SerCevis saSualo _ 44 sm ar aris
igive, rac im populaciis saSualo, romelic 42 sm-is tolia. magram ras gveubneba es gansxvaveba populaciis
Sesaxeb? arsebobs ori SesaZlebloba. pirveli aris is, rom populacias, romlidanac iyo aRebuli realurad SerCeva,
saSualo muxlqveSa simaRle 42 sm-is toli aqvs, xolo Tqveni SerCevis saSualo _ 44 sm gansxvavdeba am -gan
mxolod SerCevis Secdomis gamo. SemTxveviT Tqven SearCieT iseTi SerCeva, romlis saSualo muxlqveSa
simaRle iyo 42 sm-ze meti.
meore SesaZlebloba isaa, rom SerCevis saSualo asaxavs populacias iseTi -iT, romelic gansxvavdeba 42
sm-isagan. mZRolebis populacias am qveyanaSi aqvs saSualo muxlqveSa simaRle, romelic gansxvavdeba 42 sm-
sagan. am ori SesaZleblobidan romeli unda airCioT rogorc im situaciis amsaxveli, romelic arsebobs im qveyanaSi,
saidanac iyo aRebuli SerCeva?
Cven gvaqvs problema, romelic moiTxovs statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmebas, raTa gavakeToT arCevani,
Tu romelia ufro metad mosalodneli im ori SesaZlo situaciidan. statistikuri terminebiT, es problema moiTxovs
statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmebas imis gadasawyvetad, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba Tu ara SerCevis saSualo _
44 sm populaciis saSualosagan, romelic 42 sm-is tolia. suraTi #8.1 am problemis ilustracias warmoadgens.

suraTi #8.1. ori SesaZlo situacia, romelic SeiZleba ganapirobebdes SerCevis realurad miRebul saSualos.
SerCevis realuri saSualo = 44 sm

qvemoT mocemuli ori SesaZleblobidan romeli ganapirobebs SerCevis am saSualos?

 populaciis saSualo, romlidanac
SerCeva iyo aRebuli, aris 42 sm.
SerCevis saSualo gansxvavdeba
populaciis saSualosagan
SerCevis Secdomis gamo.
populaciis saSualo, romlidanac SerCeva iyo
aRebuli, ar aris 42sm. SerCevis saSualo
gansxvavdeba populaciis saSualosagan ara
SerCevis Secdomis gamo, aramed sxva mizeziT.

rogor vupasuxoT SekiTxvas: gamoviyenoT statistikuri kriteriumi,

raTa ganvsazRvroT, gansxvavdeba Tu ara =44 sm
mniSvnelovnad =42 sm-sagan.

statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmeba

parametruli da araparametruli kriteriumebi

parametruli kriteriumebi

parametrulia kriteriumebi Tu hipoTezaSi aris gamoTqmuli varaudi populaciis iseTi parametrebis Sesaxeb
parametruli kriteriumi (parametric test) _ rogoricaa, magaliTad,  da 2. parametruli kriteriumebi xSirad
statistikur kriteriums ewodeba parametruli,
garkveul pirobebs warmoadgenen, rogorc WeSmarit daSvebas im
Tu hipoTezaSi aris gamoTqmuli varaudi
populaciis monacemebisaTvis, romlidanac aris aRebuli SerCeva. roca
populaciis parametris Sesaxeb.
gavecnobiT konkretul parametrul kriteriumebs, agreTve, unda
ganvsazRvroT am kriteriumebisaTvis gakeTebuli daSvebebi. am
TavSi gavecnobiT statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmebas, romelic
iyenebs or gansxvavebul parametrul kriteriums, erTi SerCevis z kriteriums da erTi SerCevis t kriteriums. sxva
parametrul kriteriumebs gavecnobiT IX-XII TavebSi.

araparametruli kriteriumebi

araparametruli kriteriumi (nonparametric test) _ statistikur araparametrulia kriteriumebi, Tu hipoTezaSi ar

kriteriums ewodeba araparametruli, Tu hipoTezaSi ar aris aris gamoTqmuli varaudi populaciis parametris
gamoTqmuli varaudi populaciis parametris Sesaxeb. Sesaxeb. Cveulebriv, araparametruli kriteriumebi ar
akeTeben daSvebebs im populaciis monacemebis
ganawilebis Sesaxeb, romlidanac aris aRebuli SerCeva. am mizeziT, isini xSirad miekuTvnebian e.w.
ganawilebisagan Tavisufal kriteriumebs. araparametruli kriteriumebi xSirad gamoiyeneba, roca parametruli
kriteriumebisaTvis aucilebeli daSvebebi ar Seesabameba monacemebs. parametruli kriteriumebis didi
nawilisaTvis, magram ara yvela kriteriumisaTvis, arsebobs alternatiuli araparametruli kriteriumebi igive
monacemebis gasaanalizeblad. ramdenime araparametruli kriteriumi warmodgenilia me-13 TavSi. statistikuri
hipoTezis Semowmebisas gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi cnebebis umravlesoba erTnairia parametruli da araparametruli
kriteriumisaTvis.

statistikuri hipoTezebi
statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmeba,
statistikuri hipoTeza (statistical hypothesis) _ debuleba populaciis
iqneba is parametruli Tu araparametruli,
parametris Sesaxeb(parametruli kriteriumis Sesaxeb).
iwyeba statistikuri hipoTezis CamoyalibebiT.
nulovani hipoTeza (null hypothesis) - aris im pirobis
Camoyalibeba, romelic mecniers populaciis Sesaxeb apriorulad
parametruli kriteriumisaTvis statistikuri

WeSmaritad miaCnia. es aris hipoTeza, romelic mowmdeba hipoTeza aris debuleba populaciis parametris
statistikuri kriteriumiT. Sesaxeb. es debuleba SeiZleba WeSmariti iyos
alternatiuli hipoTeza (statistical alternative hypothesis) _ aris da SeiZleba _ ara. is ubralod imisaTvis
debuleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda iyos WeSmariti, Tu nulovani keTdeba, raTa safuZveli daudos Semowmebas.
hipoTeza mcdaria. magaliTad, Cven SegviZlia CamovayaliboT
hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom muxlqveSa
simaRlis saSualo im populaciisaTvis,
romlidanac ayvanili gvyavda 25 kaciani
SerCeva, aris 42 sm. realurad populaciis saSualo SesaZloa iyos 42 sm an ar iyos. Cven ubralod vvaraudobT, rom
is 42 sm-ia da am hipoTezas SemdgomSi SevamowmebT. statistikuri kriteriumebi moiTxovs, rom formulirebuli
iyos ori hipoTeza, nulovani da alternatiuli.

nulovani hipoTeza
nulovani hipoTeza aris im pirobis Camoyalibeba, romelic mecniers populaciis Sesaxeb apriorulad
WeSmaritad miaCnia. es aris hipoTeza, romelic mowmdeba statistikuri kriteriumiT. nulovani hipoTeza,
Cveulebriv, aRiniSneba simboluri an pirobiTi formiT H0-is gamoyenebiT imis aRsaniSnavad, rom
SemoTavazebulia iseTi hipoTeza, rogoricaa =42 smis. nulovani hipoTezis _ =42 sm gamoxatva statistikur
CanawerSi Semdegnairad SegviZlia H0:=42sm, da es gamoiTqmis aseTnairad: `aS nuli: miu tolia 42 sm-is”.

alternatiuli hipoTeza
alternatiuli hipoTeza aris debuleba imis Sesaxeb, ra unda iyos WeSmariti, Tu nulovani hipoTeza mcdaria.
magaliTad, Tu H0 : =42 sm ar aris WeSmariti, maSin alternatiuli unda iyos, rom  ar aris 42 sm-is toli. es
alternatiuli hipoTeza aRiniSneba H1-iT da iwereba Semdegnairad: H1:   42 sm. es gamoiTqmis aseTnairad: `aS
erTi: miu ar aris 42 sm-is toli“.

statistikuri hipoTezebis Tvisebebi

TiToeuli statistikuri kriteriumi moiTxovs nulovani da alternatiuli hipoTezebis formulirebas. es hipoTezebi
iseTnairad unda iyos warmodgenili, rom akmayofilebdnen Semdeg pirobebs:
  isini arian urTierTgamomricxavni: urTierTgamomricxavi niSnavs, rom orive hipoTeza ar SeiZleba iyos
WeSmariti erTdroulad. magaliTad, SeuZlebelia H0 : = 42 sm da H1 :   42 sm iyos erTdroulad
WeSmariti erTi da imave populaciisaTvis.
 isini moicaven parametris yvela SesaZlo mniSvnelobas, romelic CarTulia hipoTezaSi. H0 : =42 sm da
H1 :  42 sm akmayofilebs am moTxovnas; maT Soris moTavsebulia -s yvela SesaZlo mniSvneloba
CvenTvis saintereso populaciisaTvis.
am Tvisebebis gamo mocemuli ori hipoTezidan mxolod erTi unda warmoadgendes populaciisaTvis WeSmarit
pirobas. magaliTad, populaciis saSualo an aris 42 sm-is toli da H0 : = 42 sm aris WeSmariti, an ar aris toli da
maSin alternatiuli hipoTeza H1 :  42 sm-s aris WeSmariti.
amrigad, ganxiluli problemisaTvis statistikuri hipoTezebia:
H0 : = 42 sm (nulovani hipoTeza)
H1 :   42 sm (alternatiuli hipoTeza)

statistikuri hipoTezebis funqcia

nulovani hipoTezis funqciaa statistikur kriteriumSi daadginos is pirobebi, romlis drosac statistikis SerCeviTi
ganawileba iyo miRebuli. me-7 TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT saSualos SerCeviTi ganawileba, rogorc -is
mniSvnelobebis ganawileba, roca N moculobis yvela SesaZlo SerCeva populaciidan iyo aRebuli. magaliTad, Tu
vivaraudebT, rom H0:=42 sm aris WeSmariti da =3 sm, Cven SegviZlia miviRoT -is SerCeviTi ganawileba
am populaciis iseTi SerCevebisaTvis, romelTa moculoba aris 25. suraTze #8.2 mocemuli es SerCeviTi ganawileba
aris normaluri ganawileba populaciis saSualoTi  =42.0 sm, standartuli SecdomiT _ -iT, sadac

am ganawilebaSi SerCeviTi saSualo _ 44 sm  -isagan daSorebulia saSualos sami standartuli SecdomiT.

Sesabamisad, im pirobebSi, roca H0:=42 sm-s, iseTi SerCevis albaToba, romlis saSualoa 44 sm, aris Zalian
mcirea, Tuki populaciidan aRebuli SerCevis moculoba iqneba 25. amitomac Cven ufro mivemxrobodiT nulovani
hipoTezis _ H0:=42 sm-is uaryofas, Tuki aRebuli SerCevis saSualo iqneboda 44 sm. -is aseTi mniSvneloba
aris statistikurad iSviaTi xdomiloba, roca H0 aris WeSmariti. magram sanam gadavwyvetdeT sabolood ganvixiloT
Tu ara H0 rogorc WeSmariti hipoTeza, Cven unda:
 davadginoT albaToba imisa, rom SeiZleba miviRoT -is iseTi mniSvneloba, romelic iqneba 44 sm-is
toli an masze meti, Tu
H0:=42 sm iqneba
WeSmariti. es nabiji
moiTxovs kriteriumis
statistikis gamoyenebas;

-3 -2 -1  +1 +2 +3

40.2 40.8 41.4 42.0 42.6 43.2 43.8

muxlqveSa simaRle (sm)

  ganvsazRvroT ras vgulisxmobT statistikurad iSviaT xdomilobaSi. es nabiji moiTxovs mniSvnelovnobis
donis gansazRvras.

suraTi #8.2. saSualos Teoriuli SerCeviTi ganawileba agebuli N=25 moculobis toli SerCevebisaTvis  =42.0 sm-is da _

=0.6-s mqone populaciidan.

kriteriumis statistika: z
kriteriumis statistika aris ricxvi, romelic nulovani hipoTezis Semowmebis saSualebas gvaZlevs da
gamoiTvleba SerCevis monacemebze dayrdnobiT. magaliTad, Cven gvinda kriteriumi, raTa davadginoT albaToba
imisa, rom SerCeviTi saSualo iqneba 44 sm-is toli an masze meti, Tu H0 : =42 sm aris WeSmariti. radgan suraTze
#8.2 ilustrirebuli SerCeviTi saSualos ganawileba aris normaluri ganawileba =42 sm-iTa da =0.6, Cven
SegviZlia -is nebismieri mniSvnelobis standartizacia:

z=

sadac:
=SerCeviTi saSualo
kriteriumis statistika (test statistic) aris
= populaciis hipoTeturi saSualo
ricxvi, romelic nulovani hipoTezis
Semowmebis saSualebas gvaZlevs da =saSualos standartuli Secdoma
gamoiTvleba SerCevis monacemebze z-is mniSvneloba gansazRvravs SerCeviTi saSualos mdebareobas
dayrdnobiT. standartul normalur ganawilebaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom es formula
identuria im formulisa, romelic mocemuli iyo z-isaTvis me-7 TavSi.
Tu =44 sm -s hipoTeturi mniSvneloba _ 42 sm, da =0.6, maSin zrealuris mniSvnelobaa

zrealuri=

z statistikuri sidide gansazRvrulia rogorc zrealuri, radgan is miRebulia SerCevis mniSvnelobebze dakvirvebiT. z
statistikis SerCeviTi ganawilebidan, romelic mocemulia cxrilSi #a-1, Cven vpoulobT, rom albaToba imisa, rom z
iqneba toli an meti +3.33-ze aris 0.0004 (ix. g sveti cxrilSi #a-1 z=3.33-saTvis). Sesabamisad =44 sm an masze
meti mniSvnelobis miRebis albaToba 25-is toli moculobis SerCevisaTvis aris 0.0004, Tu H0:=42sm-is aris
WeSmariti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu Cven SemTxeviT SevarCevT 25-is toli moculobis 10000 SerCevas
populaciidan, romlis =42 sm da =3, maSin mosalodnelia, rom 10000 SerCevidan mxolod oTxs eqneboda
SerCeviTi saSualo 44-is toli an masze meti. amrigad, Tuki H0:=42sm aris WeSmariti, iseTi SerCevis arseboba,
romlis tolia 44 sm-is, iqneboda statistikurad iSviaTi xdomiloba. Tuki Cven miviRebdiT am , Cven
namdvilad uarvyofdiT nulovan hipoTezas, radgan is miRebulia iseTi populaciidan, romlis saSualo muxlqveSa
simaRle aris 42 sm da miviRebdiT alternatiul hipoTezas, rom   42 sm.
aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis azri isaa, rom Tu populaciis saSualo aris 42 sm, maSin iseTi SerCevis
arseboba, romlis saSualo aris 44 sm, SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod 4-jer yoveli aRebuli 10 000 SerCevisaTvis.
marTalia, =44 sm aris SesaZlebeli xdomiloba, Tuki H0 : =42 sm-a, magram is mainc ar aris maRali
albaTobis mqone xdomiloba. misi miReba ufro metad mosalodneli iqneboda, Tuki populaciis saSualo
gansxvavebuli iqneboda 42sm-isagan. amrigad, Cven uarvyaviT H0 da miviReT H1. es gadawyvetileba SeiZleba
mcdaric iyos. Cven SegveZlo migveRo =44 sm, maSinac ki, roca =42 sm-ia, magram es iqneboda naklebad
mosalodneli xdomiloba.
davuSvaT, miviReT SerCeviTi saSualo, romelic 42.5 sm-is tolia, nacvlad 44 sm-isa. aq z toli iqneba:

zrealuri=

cxrili #a-1-is g svetSi vipoviT, rom albaToba imisa, rom z iqneba toli an meti +0.83-ze aris 0.2033. amrigad,
Tu H0 aris WeSmariti da Cven aviRebT 10000 SerCevas, romlis moculoba aris 25-is toli, amaTgan 2033-s eqneba
-is mniSvneloba 42.5-is toli an masze meti. aris Tu ara 42.5 sm-is toli SerCeviTi saSualo statistikurad iSviaTi
xdomiloba, Tu H0 : =42sm aris WeSmariti? ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebT am SemTxvevaSi nulovani hipoTezis
Sesaxeb? uaryofT H0 : =42sm hipoTezas da miiRebT H1 :   42sm hipoTezas? Tu ver uaryofT H0-s da amitom ar
miiRebT H1-s? imisaTvis rom vupasuxoT am SekiTxvas, Cven unda ganvsazRvroT zrealuris romeli mniSvneloba
unda miviCnioT statistikurad iSviaT Sedegad, UTuki H0 aris WeSmariti. statistikuri iSviaToba ganisazRvreba im
mniSvnelovnobis donis dadgeniT, romelic iqneba miRebuli.

mniSvnelovnobis doneebi: statistikuri iSviaToba

mniSvnelovnobis done (significance mniSvnelovnobis done – esaa albaTobis is mniSvneloba, romelic iZleva
level) _ esaa albaTobis is mniSvneloba, nulovani hipoTezis uaryofis pirobas statistikur kriteriumSi. statistikur
romelic iZleva nulovani hipoTezis
kriteriumSi mniSvnelovnobis doneebi mocemulia rogorc alfas anu -s
uaryofis pirobas statistikur kriteriumSi.
mniSvneloba (berZnuli anbanis pirveli aso). Cveulebriv, bihevioristebi
alfa (): mniSvnelovnobis donis sidide
iyeneben alfas doneebs, romlebic tolia 0.05 an 0.01. amrigad, Tu =0.05,
(albaToba).
maSin zrealuris mniSvnelobebi, romlebic 100-dan 5-jer an naklebad
xorcieldeba, iTvleba iSviaT xdomilobebad, Tu H0 aris WeSmariti, amitom Cven varCevT H0-is uaryofasa da H1-is
miRebas.

statistikuri hipoTezebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba kriteriumis statistikisa da

mniSvnelovnobis donis gamoyenebiT

mas Semdeg, rac avirCevT kriteriumis statistikas da mniSvnelovnobis dones, Cven ukve mzad varT miviRoT
gadawyvetileba statistikuri hipoTezis Sesaxeb. es moicavs sam safexurs:
1. kriteriumis statistikis SerCeviT ganawilebaSi uaryofis aris an areebis mdebareobis gansazRvra.
2. kriteriumis statistikis mniSvnelobis gamoTvla SerCevidan miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze.
3. statistikuri hipoTezebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba imis safuZvelze, xvdeba Tu ara kriteriumis
statistika uaryofis areSi.
 uaryofis areebis mdebareobis gansazRvra

uaryofis are (rejection region) - kriteriumis statistikis uaryofis are warmoadgens kriteriumis
(SerCeviTi ganawilebis) is mniSvnelobebi, romelTa statistikis (SerCeviTi ganawilebis) im
albaToba tolia an naklebia -ze nulovani hipoTezis mniSvnelobebs, romelTa albaToba tolia an
WeSmaritebis pirobebSi. Tuki kriteriumis statistika naklebia -ze nulovani hipoTezis WeSmaritebis
moxvdeba uaryofis areSi, maSin H0 uaryofili iqneba. pirobebSi. magaliTad, uaryofis are gansazRvravs
ormxrivi kriteriumi (two-tailed test) - statistikuri z-is mniSvnelobebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen H0-is
kriteriumi, roca uaryofis aris asagebad gamoyenebulia uaryofas.
kriteriumis statistikis SerCevis ganawilebis orive kudi.
z statistikis SerCeviTi ganawileba Tavisi
calmxrivi kriteriumi (one-tailed test)- statistikuri
uaryofis areebiT, romlebic ganlagebulni arian
kriteriumi, roca uaryofis aris asagebad gamoyenebulia
ganawilebis TiToeul kudTan , naCvenebia
kriteriumis statistikis SerCevis ganawilebis mxolod erTi
suraTze #8.3. z-is statistikurad iSviaTi
kudi.
mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba Segvxvdes ganawilebis
orive kudTan. magaliTad, z-is mniSvnelobebi +3 an -3 Tanabrad SeuZlebelia, roca H0 WeSmaritia. z-is rogorc
didi dadebiTi, aseve didi uaryofiTi mniSvneloba ganxiluli problemisaTvis SeiZleba saeWvod xdides H0 : =42 sm-
is WeSmaritebas. amrigad, uaryofis areebi z statistikisaTvis mdebareobs SerCeviTi ganawilebis orive
mimarTulebiT. kriteriumis statistika uaryofis areebiT kriteriumis statistikis SerCevis ganawilebis orive
mimarTulebiT ganisazRvreba rogorc ormxrivi an aramimarTulebiTi kriteriumi. zrealuris mniSvnelobis
ganTavseba romelime uaryofis areSi araalbaTuri, an iSviaTia, Tuki H0 WeSmaritia, magram amis albaToba ufro
didia H1-is WeSmaritebis pirobebSi. amitom, Tuki zrealuri moxvdeba uaryofis romelime areSi, H0 iqneba uaryofili da
H1 miRebuli.
SeiZleba iseTi SemTxvevac moxdes, rom Cven garkveuli mizeziT uaryofis are z-is SerCeviTi ganawilebis
mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT ganvaTavsoT. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba calmxrivi kriteriumi an
mimarTulebis mqone kriteriumi.

suraTi #8.3. z statistikis SerCeviTi ganawileba gviCvenebs uaryofis areebs ormxrivi kriteriumisaTvis, roca =0.05. Tu zrealuris
mniSvneloba xvdeba erT-erT uaryofil areSi, H0 unda uarvyoT.

H0 uaryofa H0 miRebis H0 uaryofa

zona
uaryofis are uaryofis are
0.025 0.025

-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
z-is mniSvnelobebi

z=-1.96 z=+1.96
z-is kritikuli z-is kritikuli
mniSvneloba mniSvneloba
 calmxrivi kriteriumis upiratesoba isaa, rom zrealuris ufro mcire mniSvneloba SeiZleba moxvdes uaryofis areSi.
calmxriv kriteriums ufro detalurad mogvianebiT ganvixilavT am TavSi. am SemTxvevaSi ki ganvixilavT ormxrivi
kriteriumis magaliTs.
kritikuli mniSvnelobebi
Kkritikuli mniSvnelobebi. Kkritikuli mniSvnelobebi konkretuli ricxviTi
(critical value) _ konkretuli
mniSvnelobebia, romlebic adgenen uaryofis aris sazRvrebs. z-is kritikuli
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi, romlebic
mniSvnelobebi mocemulia cxrilSi #a-1 g sveti. pirveli nabiji am kritikuli
adgenen uaryofis aris sazRvrebs.
mniSvnelobis povnaSi aris mniSvnelovnobis donis SerCeva, rogoricaa =0.05.
ormxrivi kriteriumisaTvis uaryofis areebi ganlagebulia z-is SerCeviTi ganawilebis orive kudTan. amitomac Cven
gvWirdeba are ganawilebis TiToeul kudTan, romelSic moxvedra tolia -s naxevrisa an 0.5/2, rac tolia 0.025. z-is
ra mniSvnelobebi akmayofileben moTxovnas, rom z-is SerCeviTi ganawilebis 0.025 wili moxvdes am
mniSvnelobebis miRma? cxrilSi #a-1 Cven gavyvebiT g svets, sanam ar vipoviT ares, romelic mdebareobs z-is
im mniSvnelobis gaswvriv, romelic tolia 0.025. roca vipoviT am ares, wavikiTxavT z-is Sesatyvis mniSvnelobas
a svetSi. z-is es mniSvneloba iqneba 1.96. amrigad, =0.05-saTvis ormxrivi kritikuli mniSvnelobebia z = -1.96 da
z=+1.96. z-is es kritikuli mniSvnelobebi (simbolurad aRvniSnoT zkritikuli) gansazRvraven uaryofis areebis
mdebareobas z-is SerCeviT ganawilebaSi, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze #8.3.

gadawyvetilebebi statistikuri hipoTezebis Sesaxeb

H0 hipoTezis uaryofisa Tu miRebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba zrealursa da zkritikuli mniSvnelobaTa
SedarebiT. zrealuris is mniSvneloba, romelic tolia an naklebia zkritikuli =-1.96 an tolia an metia zkritikuli=+1.96 xvdeba
uaryofis areSi. zrealuris mniSvnelobebi, romlebic xvdebian uaryofis areSi, arian statistikurad iSviaTni, Tuki H0 aris
WeSmariti, magram arian ufro mosalodneli im SemTxvevebSi, roca H1 aris WeSmariti. amrigad, roca zrealuri
xvdeba uaryofis areSi, amas mivyavarT H0-is uaryofamde. Tuki uarvyofT H0-s, maSin unda miviRoT H1. Tu
zrealuri ar xvdeba uaryofis areSi, maSin H0-s ver uarvyofT da Tuki H0-s ver uarvyofT, maSin ver miviRebT H1-s.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven viyenebT zrealuris mniSvnelobas, raTa miviRoT H0-is Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba;
uarvyoT H0, TuU CavTvaloT, rom H0-s ver uarvyofT. gadawyvetileba, romelic miiReba H0-is Sesaxeb,
SemdgomSi gansazRvravs gadawyvetilebas, romelic miiReba H1-is Sesaxeb. Tu Cven uarvyofT H0-s, maSin unda
miviRoT H1. piriqiT, Tu H0-s ver uarvyofT, ver miviRebT H1-s.
muxlqveSa simaRlis magaliTs Tu davubrundebiT, zrealuri= + 3.33 aris ufro meti, vidre zkritikuli=+1.96, amitom
is xvdeba maRal uaryofis areSi. Sesabamisad, Cven unda uarvyoT H0 : =42sm da miviRoT H1 : 42sm. Cven
uarvyofT nulovan hipoTezas imis Sesaxeb, rom SerCeva iyo aRebuli im populaciidan, romlis saSualo 42.0 sm-is
tolia. radgan SerCevis saSualo, =44.0 sm, aris ufro didi, vidre populaciis hipoTeturi saSualo _ 42 sm, Cven
gamogvaqvs daskvna, rom im qveyanaSi, romlidanac iyo aRebuli SerCeva, mZRolebis saSualo muxlqveSa
simaRle aris ufro meti, vidre =42 sm. saukeTeso wertilovani Sefaseba am populacis saSualosaTvis aris
SerCevis saSualo, =44.0. erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom satvirTo manqanebis skamebi SeiZleba yofiliyo
arakomfortuli, isaa, rom zogierT qveyanaSi mZRolebis populacias ufro grZeli muxlqveSa simaRle aqvs, vidre im
skamebis simaRle, romelic maTTvis iyo Seqmnili.
SevajamoT, rogor unda miviRoT gadawyvetileba statistikuri hipoTezebis Sesaxeb:
 Tu zrealuri xvdeba uaryofis areSi, maSin uarvyofT H0-s da viRebT H1-s.
  Tu zrealuri ar xvdeba uaryofis areSi, maSin H0-s ver uarvyofT da ar viRebT H1-s.

s tatistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba

statistikurad mniSvnelovani
statistikurad mniSvnelovania gansxvaveba, roca kriteriumis statistikis
gansxvaveba (statistically
realuri mniSvneloba xvdeba uaryofis areSi da uarvyofT H0-s. z
significant difference) _ kriteriumis
kriteriumisaTvis stastikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba gviCvenebs,
statis-tikis realuri mniSvneloba
xvdeba uaryofis areSi da H0 rom Cven miviReT gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom SerCevis saSualo
uaryofilia. aRebulia im populaciidan, romlis saSualo gansxvavdeba populaciis
hipoTeturi saSualosagan.
statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba xSirad warmodgenilia Semdegi formiT: zrealuri =+3.33, p0.05.
simbolo  niSnavs naklebia an tolia, amrigad, p0.05 ikiTxeba rogorc “p naklebia an toli 0.05”. xSirad naklebobis
niSani < gamoiyeneba  niSnis nacvlad, ase rom z aris warmodgenli, rogorc zrealuri=+3.33, p<0.05. orive
SemTxvevaSi naCvenebia, rom H0 uaryofilia 0.05 mniSvnelovnobis doneze, radganac zrealuris miRebis albaToba (p),
roca H0 WeSmaritia, tolia an naklebia 0.05-s. es gadawyvetilebebi da daskvnebi, romelic miRebulia statistikurad
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebidan z kriteriumis saSualebiT Sejamebulia cxrili #8.1-is marcxena svetSi.

cxrili #8.1. SerCevis saSualosa da populaciis hipoTeturi saSualos Sefasebisas gadawyvetilebebisa da daskvnebis
Sejameba statistikuri hipoTezebis Semowmebis Sesaxeb z kriteriumis gamoyenebiT. gamoyenebulia 0.05

mniSvnelovnobis done.
Tu zrealuri xvdeba Tu zrealuri ar xvdeba
uaryofis areSi =0.05-saTvis, maSin: uaryofis areSi =0.05-saTvis, maSin:

zrealuris miRebis albaToba naklebia an toli 0.05, an p<0.05. zrealuris miRebis albaToba metia an toli 0.05, an p>0.05
H0 uaryofilia. H0 ar aris uaryofili
H1 miRebulia. SerCevis saSualo aRebulia populaciidan, romlis H1 ar aris miRebuli
saSualo gansxvavebulia populaciis hipoTeturi saSualosagan.

gansxvaveba -sa da hipoTetur -s Soris statistikurad

mniSvnelovania 0.05 doneze. gansxvaveba -sa da hipoTetur -s Soris aris statistikurad
aramniSvnelovani 0.05 doneze
miiReba gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom -sa da
hipoTetur -s Soris gansxvavebis mizezi ara SerCevis miiReba gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom SerCevis
Secdomaa, aramed sxva ram. Secdoma yvelaze damajerebelad xsnis gansxvavebas -sa
da hipoTetur -s Soris.
aramniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
gansxvaveba SerCevis saSualosa da populaciis saSualos Soris aris
aramniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
(nonsignificant difference) _ kriteriumis aramniSvnelovani, Tuki kriteriumis statistikis realuri mniSvneloba ar
statistikis realuri mniSvneloba ar xvdeba xvdeba uaryofis areSi. nulovani hipoTeza ar aris uaryofili da realurad
uaryofis areSi da nulovani hipoTeza ar aris miRebuli gansxvaveba -sa da hipoTetur -s Soris miewereba
uaryofili
mxolod SerCevis Secdomas. aramniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
aRiniSneba p>0.05, rac mosdevs z realuris ricxviT mniSvnelobas. gadawyvetilebebi da daskvnebi, romelic
miRebulia z kriteriumis saSualebiT statistikurad aramniSvnelovani gansxvavebidan, Sejamebulia cxrilis #8.1
marcxena svetSi.

statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmebis etapebis Sejameba

yvela statistikuri kriteriumi moiTxovs Semdegs:

 kriteriumis statistikis arCevas, rogoricaa magaliTad, z;

 ori statistikuri hipoTezis formulirebas, H0 da H1;

 kriteriumis statistikis SerCeviTi ganawilebis miRebas H0-is WeSmaritebis pirobebSi;

 mniSvnelovnobis donis SerCevas;

 kriteriumis statistikis kritikuli mniSvnelobis an mniSvnelobebis povnas;

 kriteriumis statistikis SerCeviT ganawilebaSi uaryofis aris an areebis mdebareobis gansazRvras;

 statistikuri hipoTezebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesebis formulirebas;

 kriteriumis statistikis mniSvnelobis gamoTvlas SerCevis monacemebiT;

 gadawyvetilebis miRebas H0-is uaryofisa Tu misi ver uaryofis Sesaxeb imis safuZvelze, rom
kriteriumis statistikis realuri mniSvneloba xvdeba Tu ara uaryofis areSi;
 gadawyvetilebis gamotanas H1-is miRebisa Tu ar miRebis Sesaxeb H0-isaTvis miRebuli
gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.
statistikuri hipoTezebis Semowmebis Sesavali SeiZleba rTuli mogeCvenoT, magram is male gaxdeba martivi,
radgan TiToeuli statistikiuri kriteriumisaTvis Semdeg erTi da igive etapebia Sesasrulebeli.

erTi SerCevis t kriteriumi

praqtikaSi  xSirad fasdeba s-is _ SerCevaSi qulebis standartuli gadaxris saSualebiT. amitom -c
fasdeba -is saSualebiT. roca Cven -s -is saSualebiT vafasebT, viRebT axal statistikas _ t-s, romelic
ganisazRvreba, rogorc

t=

Tu -is naclad CavsvamT s/N ,

t=

sadac = SerCevis saSualoa

= populaciis hipoTeturi saSualoa
 = saSualos standartuli Secdomis Sefaseba, romelic miRebuli iyo populaciis standartuli gadaxris
Sefasebis _ s-is saSualebiT
N= SerCevis moculoba.
erTi SerCevis t kriteriumi (one-sample t kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli im gansxvavebis statistikuri
t test) _ mniSvnelovnobis Sesamowmeblad, romelic arsebobs SerCevis
t kriteriumi, romelic gamoiyeneba saSualosa da populaciis hipoTetur saSualos Soris, roca
SerCevis saSualosa da populaciis
Sefasebulia -is saSualebiT. radgan mxolod erTi SerCevis
hipoTetur saSualos Soris gansxvavebis
saSualos gulisxmobs, statistikas uwodeben erTi SerCevis t-s, iseTi t
statistikuri mniSvnelovnobis
kriteriumisagan gansxvavebis mizniT, romelic ori SerCevis saSualos
Sesamowmeblad, roca  Sefasebulia
moicavs, rac me-9 TavSi iqneba ganxiluli.
s -is saSualebiT.
t kriteriumi SemoRebuli iyo britaneli maTematikosis uiliam sili
gosetis mier me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi. gosetma gamosca Tavisi naSromi fsevdonim “studentis” gamoyenebiT.
amitomac t kriteriums xSirad uwodeben `studentis t kriteriums”.

t-s SerCeviTi ganawileba

t statistikis gamoyenebisaTvis unda vicodeT misi SerCeviTi ganawileba. t-s SerCeviTi ganawileba
gansxvavdeba z-is SerCeviTi ganawilebisagan. radgan z statistika iyenebs populaciis parametrs -s, mas aqvs
mxolod erTi SerCeviTi ganawileba, romelic warmodgenilia cxrilSi #a-1. t kriteriumi ki, radgan iyenebs populaciis
s standartul gadaxris Sefasebas, ganisazRvreba, rogorc

s=

s-is gamoTvla gulisxmobs SerCevis N moculobas. amitom t-s SerCeviTi ganawileba icvleba SerCevis
moculobasTan erTad, an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, SerCevis Tavisuflebis xarisxTan erTad.

Tavisuflebis xarisxi
Tavisuflebis xarisxi Tavisuflebis xarisxi (romlis abreviaturaa df) ganisazRvreba rogorc
(degrees of freedom):
qulaTa raodenoba, romelic qulebis raodenoba, romelic Tavisufalia cvalebadobis dros statistikis
Tavisufalia cvalebadobis
dros statistikis gamoTvlisas.
gamoTvlisas. moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs imis ukeT gasagebad, Tu
ras niSnavs `qulebis raodenoba, romelic Tavisufalia cvalebadobis dros”
statistikis gamoTvlisas. davuSvaT, rom Tqven gTxoves amoirCioT sami
qula testSi. Tqven SeiZleba airCioT nebismieri sami qula, vTqvaT, 75,
62 da 97. am davalebisas ar arsebobda raime SezRudva qulebis arCevanSi; TiToeuli qula SeiZleba
Tavisufali iyos Tavisi cvalebadobis dros. Sesabamisad qulebis am simravlisaTvis Tavisuflebis xarisxi
df aris N=3. ganvixiloT meore davaleba, roca Tqven gTxoven airCioT sami qula, magram iseTi,
romelTa jami unda iyos 254. davuSvaT Tqven airCieT 81 da 78, rogorc pirveli ori qula; maT
SeiZleba hqondeT nebismieri mniSvneloba, romelsac Tqven isurvebT. es ori qula SeiZleba
Tavisufali iyos Tavisi cvalebadobis dros. SeiZleba mesame qula aseve Tavisuflad Seicvalos? ara.
radgan sami qulis jami unda iyos 254, mesame qula unda iyos 95; arc erTi sxva qulis SemTxvevaSi
es jami ar miiReba. amitom, Tu Tqven giTxres, rom qulaTa jami aris 254, ori qula SeiZleba
Tavisuflad Seicvalos, xolo mesame aris gansazRvruli im ori qulis mniSvnelobiT, romlebic
Tavisuflad SeiZleba Seicvalos da am sami qulis jamiT. Sesabamisad, Tu Tqven iciT sami qulis jami,
maSin arsebobs N_1=3_1=2 Tavisuflebis xarisxi am sami qulisaTvis.
Tu gamoviyenebT am argumentacias SerCeviTi saSualos gamoTvlisas, -s aqvs N df. yvela
qula qulaTa erTobliobaSi aris Tavisufali cvalebadobisas, roca viTvliT -s. magaliTad, Tqven
gTxoves gamoiTvaloT SerCevis saSualo 5 qulis erTobliobisaTvis, aqedan 4 aris mocemuli: 7, 10, 3
da 6. mxolod am informaciis mocemulobisas Tqven ver SesZlebTY saSualos povnas. mexuTe qulad
SeiZleba CaTvaloT nebismieri mniSvneloba da Tqven ar gecodinebaT mexuTe qulis mniSvneloba
mxolod am oTxi mniSvnelobis codnis safuZvelze. amrigad, yvela N qula (sadac N=5 rogorc am
magaliTSi) aris Tavisufali cvalebadobisas, roca xdeba SerCevis saSualos gamoTvla.
s-is Tavisuflebis xarisxi aris N_1. amis sailustraciod davuSvaT, rom Tqven gTxoves gamoTvaloT
s 5 qulis mqone SerCevis safuZvelze. populaciis standartuli gadaxris Sefaseba ganisazRvreba, rogorc

davuSvaT, rom xuTidan oTx qulas aqvs Semdegi mniSvnelobebi: 13, 15, 13 da 12 da am xuTi qulis
saSualo aris 13.4. Cven viciT, agreTve, rom
Tuki Cven gamovaklebT am oTxi qulidan TiToeuls, maSin Cven miviRebT

13 _ 13.4= - 0.4
15 _ 13.4= +1.6
13 _ 13.4= - 0.4
12 _ 13.4= -1.4
jami = -0.6
am oTxi sxvaobis jami tolia -0.6. roca mexuTe qula iqneba CarTuli am erTobliobaSi, es
jami toli iqneba nulis. amrigad, mexuTe qulam unda mogvces =+0.6, +0.6 rom davumatoT -
0.6, jami toli iqneba nulis. Tuki X 5 _ 13.4= +0.6, maSin X5 toli unda iyos 14. Sesabamisad, Tu
cnobilia am xuTi qulis erTobliobisaTvis, maSin am xuTi qulidan mxolod oTxi qulis mniSvnelobaa
Tavisufali cvalebadobisas. mexuTe qula ver Seicvleba Tavisuflad. misi mniSvneloba aris mkacrad
gansazRvruli im SezRudviT, romelic saSualos mniSvnelobiT iqna Semotanili. radgan unda iyos
cnobili, raTa gamoviTvaloT s, yvela qula, garda erTisa, aris Tavisufali cvalebadobis dros s-is
gamoTvlisas. amrigad, roca viTvliT s an s2 NN qulaTa erTobliobas aqvs N-1 Tavisuflebis xarisxi df.
 Cven SegviZlia Tavisuflebis xarisxis Sesaxeb es codna s-is gamosaTvlel formulaSi
gamoviyenoT, raTa is ufro mokled CavweroT. radgan , agreTve, kvadratebis jams
(SS) uwodeben, da N-1 asaxavs Tavisuflebis xarisxs SS-is gamoTvlisas, populaciis standartuli
gadaxris Sefaseba SeiZleba gamovsaxoT rogorc kvadratuli fesvi kvadratebis jamidan gayofili
Tavisuflebis xarisxze:

momdevno TavebSi Cven vnaxavT, rom s-is es gamosaxuleba sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba.

erTi SerCevis t kriteriumis Tavisuflebis xarisxi

axla gamoviyenoT df-is Sesaxeb Cveni codna t kriteriumisaTvis. saSualos standartuli Secdomis
Sefaseba, gamoiTvleba rogorc s/N. radgan s-s aqvs N-1 df, -s, agreTve, aqvs N-1 df.
amrigad, erTi SerCevis t statistikis SerCeviTi ganawilebisaTvis Tavisuflebis xarisxi aris, agreTve N-1.

t SerCeviTi ganawileba
TiToeuli df-isaTvis arsebobs t-s sxvadasxva Teoriuli ganawileba. radgan potenciurad qulaTa nebismieri
raodenoba SeiZleba iyos miRebuli SerCevaSi, df SeiZleba icvlebodes 1-dan usasrulobamde. rogorc
potenciuri SerCeviTi ganawilebis magaliTi, suraTi #8.4 gviCvenebs t ganawilebebs, roca df aris 2, 4, da
60.
Tumca t ganawilebis forma icvleba Tavisuflebis xarisxis cvalebadobasTan erTad, is normaluri
ganawilebis msgavsia ramdenime aspeqtSi. TiToeuli t ganawileba simetriuli da unimodaluria da aqvs
saSualo, romelic nulis tolia. ganvixiloT, ratom Cndeba es Tavisebureba. roca nulovani hipoTeza, iseTi
rogoricaa: H0:=populaciis saSualos raime hipoTeturi mniSvnelobisa, WeSmaritia, t-s mosalodneli
mniSvneloba iqneba nuli, radgan ( _)-s saSualo im SerCeviT ganawilebaSi, romelic iyo aRebuli
aseTi populaciidan iqneba nuli. magram, maSinac roca H0 WeSmaritia, -s mniSvnelobebi

Seicvleba nulis toli saSualos garSemo SerCevis Secdomis gamo. ufro metic, mosalodnelia, rom

iqneba -ze meti, TiTqmis iseve xSirad, rogorc, is iqneba -ze naklebi. mosalodnelia, rom, roca
nulovani hipoTeza WeSmaritia, mniSvnelobebi iseve xSirad iqneba dadebiTi, rogorc uaryofiTi.
amrigad, t-s mosalodneli mniSvnelobebi simetriulad iqneba ganlagebuli nulis toli saSualos garSemo.
Tavisuflebis xarisxis usasrulo raodenobisaTvis (Teoriuli da ara realuri SesaZlebloba) t SerCeviTi
ganawileba aris normaluri ganawilebis msgavsi. yvela sxva t ganawilebebi arian ufro farTod gaSlilebi,
vidre normaluri ganawileba.

statistikuri hipoTezebis Semowmeba t-s saSualebiT erTi SerCevis SemTxvevaSi

erTi SerCevis t saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT, gansxvavdeba Tu ara hipoTeturi -sagan ufro
metad, vidre es iqneboda mosalodneli mxolod SerCevis Secdomis SemTxvevaSi, roca  aris gamoTvlili
s-is saSualebiT. t-s saSualebiT statistikuri hipoTezis Semowmebis procedura identuria imisa, rac iyo z
statistikisaTvis. aucilebeli nabijebi moicavs Semdegs:
 H0-is da H1-is formulireba;
 t statistikis SerCeviTi ganawilebis miReba H0-is WeSmaritebis pirobebSi;
 mniSvnelovnobis donis SerCeva;
 t-s kritikuli mniSvnelobis an mniSvnelobebis povna;
 uaryofis aris an areebis mdebareobis dadgena t-s SerCeviT ganawilebaSi;
 gadawyvetilebis miReba statistikuri hipoTezebis Sesaxeb;
 trealuris mniSvnelobis gamoTvla SerCevis monacemebis safuZvelze;
 gadawyvetilebis miReba H0-is da H1-is Sesaxeb trealuris mniSvnelobaze dayrdnobiT.

am nabijebs asaxavs Semdegi amocanis magaliTi. davuSvaT, bavSvTa fsiqologma, romelic ikvlevda
sakiTxs, rogor atarebdnen dros mesame klaseli bavSvebi, romlebic CarTulni iyvnen gakveTilebis
Semdgom bavSvebis movlis programaSi, aRmoaCina, rom kviris dReebSi bavSvebi uyureben televizors
saSualod 83 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, romlis s 26 wuTis tolia. davuSvaT, agreTve, cnobilia, rom dReSi
televizoris yurebaze daxarjuli drois saSualo mesame klaselTa populaciisaTvis Seadgens 95 wuTs. aris Tu
ara SerCevis saSualo, romelic tolia 83 wuTis, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli populaciis saSualosagan _
95 wuTisagan? radgan  aris gamoTvlili s-is saSualebiT, am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad unda iyos
gamoyenebuli erTi SerCevis t kriteriumi.

statistikuri hipoTezebis formulireba

statistikuri hipoTezebi erTi SerCevis t statistikisaTvis identuria imis, rac iyo gamoyenebuli z statistikis
SemTxvevaSi. nulovani hipoTeza H0 gansazRvrulia rogorc populaciis saSualos hipoTeturi
mniSvneloba. alternatiuli hipoTeza, H1 ganisazRvreba rogorc debuleba, rom populaciis saSualo ar aris
is, rac navaraudevia H0-is SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, statistikuri hipoTezebis pirobiTi aRniSvna aris
H0:=95 wuTi
H1:95 wuTi

t statistikis SerCeviTi ganawilebis miReba

t-s SerCeviTi ganawileba damokidebulia t-s Tavisuflebis xarisxebze, romelic gamoiTvleba SerCevis
qulebis safuZvelze. df erTi SerCevis t-saTvis mocemulia N-1 saxiT. im saSualosaTvis, romelic
efuZneba 30 monacems, df t-saTvis aris 30-1=29. mniSvnelovnobis donisa da uaryofis areebis
arCevis Semdeg, Tavisuflebis xarisxis am maCvenebels gamoviyenebT t-s SerCeviTi ganawilebis
cxrilSi tkritikulis sapovnelad.

mniSvnelovnobis donis arCeva

mniSvnelovnobis done aris albaTobis mniSvneloba, romelic uzrunvelyofs
H0-is uaryofas. statistikuri hipoTezis testirebisas Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba 0.05 an 0.01 mniSvnelovnobis
done. magaliTad, Cven viyenebT =0.05.

uaryofis areebis gansazRvra t kriteriumisaTvis: ormxrivi kriteriumi

roca H0 WeSmaritia uaryofis are moicavs t ganawilebis iseT mniSvnelobebs, romlis albaToba aris -s
toli an masze naklebi, amrigad, uaryofis are gansazRvravs trealuris iseT mniSvnelobebs, romlebic uaryofis
areSi moxvdebian.
ormxriv anu aramimarTulebiT kriteriumSi t-s uaryofis areebi mdebareoben Teoriuli
SerCeviTi ganawilebis orive kudze, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze #8.4. roca H0 WeSmaritia, -is
mniSvnelobaTa umetesoba mxolod mcired iqneba gansxvavebuli -sagan. amrigad, t-s mniSvnelobaTa
umravlesoba dajgufebuli iqneba ganawilebis SuaSi nulis garSemo. SerCevis Secdomis gamo, t-s
zogierTi mniSvneloba iqneba ganawilebis romelime boloSi, maSinac ki roca H0 WeSmaritia. es
mniSvnelobebi miiReba, roca t-s mricxveli (e.i. sxvaoba) metia mniSvnelze (anu ). magram t-
s aseTi didi mniSvnelobebi ufro iSviaTi xdomilobebia nulovani hipoTezis WeSmaritebis pirobebSi.
meore mxriv, Tuki H1 aris WeSmariti da asaxavs SerCevas im populaciidan, romlis saSualo

gansxvavdeba -sagan, maSin ufro xSirad mosalodnelia -is da, maSasadame t-s didi
mniSvnelobebi. amrigad, uaryofis are mdebareobs t-s Teoriuli SerCeviTi ganawilebis TiToeul kudze da
mTeli  iyofa or nawilad kudebs Soris. Tuki  =0.05, maSin TiToeuli uaryofis are moicavs albaTobas
/2, an 0.025. Tuki SerCevis qulebis mixedviT gamoTvlili t-s mniSvneloba, (gansazRvruli, rogorc trealuri )
xvdeba romelime uaryofis areSi, maSin nulovani hipoTeza iqneba uaryofili da miiReba alternatiuli
hipoTeza. uaryofis aris mdebareobis gansazRvriT t ganawilebis orive kudze, eqsperimentatori
iTvaliswinebs orive SesaZleblobas, romelic SeiZleba iyos nagulisxmevi alternatiul hipoTezebSi: roca
metia -ze da roca naklebia -ze. uaryofis am or areSi moxvedris sruli albaToba udris 0.05, roca
H0 WeSmaritia.
H0 uaryofa H0 miRebis H0 uaryofa
zona
uaryofis are uaryofis are
suraTi #8.4 0.025 0.025

t ganawilebis ormxrivi uaryofis are, roca df aris 29 da =0.05. trealuri mniSvneloba xvdeba uaryofis erT-
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
erT areSi, rasac mivyevarT H0 –is uaryofamde
t-s da viRebT H1-s.
mniSvneloba

t=-2.045 t=+2.045
t-s kritikuli t-s kritikuli
mniSvneloba mniSvneloba
t-s SerCeviTi ganawilebis uaryofis ori are, roca df aris 29, naCvenebia suraTze #8.4. Tu df tolia 29-is da
H0 WeSmaritia, maSin albaToba imisa, rom t iqneba toli an naklebi, vidre -2.045, aris 0.025 da albaToba
imisa, rom t iqneba toli an meti +2.045-ze isev 0.025-ia. trealuris nebismieri mniSvneloba, romelic tolia an
naklebia -2.045-ze, an tolia, an metia +2.045-ze xvdeba uaryofis areSi. es Sedegi miiReba xdomilobaTa
mxolod 5 procentis SemTxvevaSi, roca nulovani hipoTeza WeSmaritia. mniSvnelobebi -2.045 da +2.045
miRebuli iyo t-s SerCeviTi ganawilebis kritikul mniSvnelobaTa cxrilidan. am cxrilis gamoyeneba
SemdgomSi iqneba ganmartebuli.

t kritikul mniSvnelobaTa cxrilis gamoyeneba

FmniSvnelovnobis calkeuli donisaTvis saWiroa t-s kritikul mniSvnelobebis gansazRvra (aRiniSneba,
rogorc tkritikuli.), romlebic damokidebulni arian trealuris df-ze. t ganawilebis grafikebi naTlad gviCvenebs,
rom t ganawilebis forma icvleba Tavisuflebis xarisxebis cvalebadobasTan erTad, magram am
grafikebidan Znelia ipovo tkritikulis zusti mniSvneloba. amitom tkritikuli mniSvnelobebi 0.05 da 0.01
mniSvnelovnobis doneebisaTvis gamoTvlilia da Setanilia cxrilebSi.
cxrili #8.2 asaxavs tkritikulis mniSvnelobebs =0.05 da 0.01. ormxrivi kriteriumisaTvis. cxrili #8.2
aris danarTSi mocemuli cxrili #a-2-is nawili. pirvel svetSi mocemulia Tavisuflebis xarisxebi t
ganawilebebisaTvis. =0.05 da 0.01 svetebis nebismier striqonSi mocemulia tkritikuli mniSvnelobebi am
mniSvnelovnobis donis Sesatyvisi Tavisuflebis xarisxisaTvis. magaliTad, roca =0.05 tkritikuli ormxrivi
mniSvneloba im trealurisaTvis, romelsac aqvs 29-is toli Tavisuflebis xarisxi, aris 2.045. miaqcieT yuradReba,
rom am mniSvnelobas ara aqvs win + an _ niSani. is warmodgenilia rogorc t-s absoluturi mniSvneloba.
Tumca uaryofis areebis mdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis, es mniSvneloba unda iyos warmodgenili rogorc
-2.045 da +2.045. analogiurad =0.01-saTvis ormxrivi tkritikuli mniSvneloba, romlis Tavisuflebis xarisxi
29-is tolia udris 2.756. aRsaniSnavia, rom 0.01 mniSvnelovnobis done ufro mkacri kriteriumia H0-is

uaryofisaTvis, vidre =0.05. nebismieri realuri sxvaoba unda iyos ufro didi, raTa uarvyoT H0,
roca 0.05-s nacvlad miRebuli iqneba 0.01 mniSvnelovnobis done.

cxrili #8.2. t ganawilebis kritikuli mniSvnelobebi =0.05 da =0.01-saTvis. mniSvnelobebi mocemulia

ormxrivi kriteriumisaTvis.
df =0.05 =0.01
1 12.607 63.657
2 4.3030 9.925
3 3.182 5.841
4 2.776 4.604
 5 2.571 4.032
6 2.447 3.707
7 2.365 3.499
8 2.306 3.355
9 2.262 3.25
10 2.228 3.169
11 2.201 3.106
12 2.179 3.055
13 2.160 3.012
14 2.145 2.977
15 2.131 2.947
16 2.120 2.921
17 2.110 2.898
18 2.101 2.878
19 2.093 2.861
20 2.086 2.845
21 2.080 2.831
22 2.074 2.819
23 2.069 2.807
24 2.064 2.797
25 2.060 2.787
26 2.056 2.779
27 2.052 2.771
28 2.048 2.763
29 2.045 2.756
30 2.042 2.750
40 2.021 2.704
60 2.000 2.660
120 1.980 2.617
 1.960 2.576

30-ze ufro meti Tavisuflebis xarisxisaTvis mxolod calkeuli kritikuli mniSvnelobebi aris
mocemuli cxrilSi. roca df trealurisaTvis metia 30-ze, girCevT, rom tkritikulis mniSvneloba gamoTvlili iyos im df-
s safuZvelze, romelic cxrilSi yvelaze axlos imyofeba, magram amasTanave naklebia am trealuris df-ze.
magaliTad, TuU df=35, cxrili #8.2 gviCvenebs trealuris mniSvnelobebs 30 da 40 df-isaTvis, magram ara
maT Soris mdebare mniSvnelobebisaTvis. amitomac tkritikulis gansazRvrisaTvis, roca df=35, Cven
viyenebT 30-is tol df (is tolia 2.042 =0.05) nacvlad imisa, rom gamogveyenebina 40 df. am proceduris
Sedegad, mniSvnelovnobis done iqneba odnav dabali, vidre 0.05. df=40 rom gamogveyenebina, maSin
tkritikulis mniSvnelovnobis done iqneboda odnav maRali, vidre 0.05. Tu trealuri xvdeba uaryofis areSi df=30-
saTvis, maSin is, agreTve, xvdeba uaryofis areSi df=40-saTvisac. Tuki trealuri (magaliTad, trealuri =2.033)
moxvdeba cxrilSi im mniSvnelobaTa Soris, romlebic Seesabamebian df-is momdevno dabal (mag.,
tkritikuli=2.045, roca df aris 30) da momdevno maRal mniSvnelobebs (mag. tkritikuli=2.021, roca df aris 40),
maSin tkritikulis ufro zusti mniSvneloba SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT cxrilis mniSvnelobebidan.

trealuris gamoTvla
trealuris gamoTvla moiTxovs -is,  da mniSvnelobaTa Casmas formulaSi. magaliTad, 30
mesameklaselisaTvis televizoris yurebis =83 wuTs, s=26wuTs da N=30. -s hipoTeturi mniSvneloba
tolia 95 wuTis. -is mniSvneloba miRebulia s/N-dan; amrigad,

= ,
rac tolia 4.75. amis Sedegad,

trealuri =

roca df aris N-1=29 .

gadawyvetilebani statistikuri hipoTezebis Sesaxeb

statistikur hipoTezaTa Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesebi erTi da igivea yvela statistikuri
kriteriumisaTvis. Sesabamisad, erTi SerCevis t kriteriumisaTvis:
 Tuki trealuri xvdeba uaryofis areSi, maSin H0 iqneba uaryofili da H1 miRebuli;
 Tuki trealuri ar xvdeba uaryofis areSi, maSin H0-s ver uarvyofT da H1 ar iqneba miRebuli.

tkritikulis ormxrivi mniSvneloba, roca df=29 da =0.05, aris 2.045. Sesabamisad, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze
#8.5, trealuri, romelic tolia an naklebia -2.045-ze an tolia, an metia +2.045-ze, xvdeba uaryofis areSi. trealuri
_2.526 aris ufro Sors mdebare (eqstremaluri), vidre tkritikuli =-2.045 da amitomac xvdeba ganawilebis
marcxena kudze mdebare uaryofis areSi. Cven uarvyofT H0: ≠ 95 wuTs da viReb H1: ≠ 95.
gansxvaveba SerCeviT saSualosa da populaciis saSualos Soris aris statistikurad mniSvnelovani 0.05
doneze. Cven vaskvniT, rom SerCevis saSualo, romelic tolia 83 wuTis aris im populaciidan, romlis 
naklebia 95 wuTze. im mesameklaselebis mier televizoris yurebaze daxarjuli dro, romlebic CarTulni
iyvnen gakveTilebis Semdgom bavSvebis movlis programaSi, aris mniSvnelovnad naklebi, vidre
populaciis saSualo, romelic tolia 95 wuTisa dReSi.
Tuki trealuri xvdeba or kritikul mniSvnelobas _ (-2.045) da +2.045 Soris (magaliTad, aris 90
wuTi da amrigad, trealuri =-1.056), maSin H0 -s ver uarvyofT da ver miviRebT H1-s. realuri gansxvaveba
SerCeviT saSualosa da populaciis hipoTetur saSualos Soris iqneboda aramniSvnelovani. am
SemTxvevaSi ar gveqneboda sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisaTvis, raTa CagveTvala, rom H0 ar aris
WeSmariti.
gadawyvetilebani statistikuri hipoTezebisa da im daskvnebis Sesaxeb, romlebic miRebuli
iqneboda romelime statistikurad mniSvnelovani an aramniSvnelovani erTi SerCevis t kriteriumisaTvis
aris Sejamebuli cxrilSi #8.3.

daSvebebi erTi SerCevis t kriteriumisaTvis

erTi SerCevis t kriteriumi ayalibebs Semdeg daSvebebs SerCevis monacemebisaTvis:
 monacemebi SerCevaSi SemTxveviTad arian miRebuli populaciis monacemebidan da
TiToeuli monacemi damoukidebelia nebismieri sxva monacemisagan;
 monacemebi populaciis SerCevaSi normaluradaa ganawilebuli.
praqtikaSi, SerCevidan aRebulma monacemebma SeiZleba srulyofilad ar daakmayofilos es
daSvebebi, Tumca mkvlevrebi ganagrZoben am monacemebisaTvis t kriteriumis gamoyenebas.
am sakiTxs ufro dawvrilebiTY me-9 TavSi ganvixilavT.

cxrili #8.3
erTi SerCevis t kriteriumis gamoyenebiT statistikuri hipoTezebis Semowmebis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebebisa da daskvnebis Sejameba. gamoyenebuli iyo 0.05 mniSvnelovnobis done.
Tu trealuri xvdeba Tu trealuri ar xvdeba
uaryofis areSi =0.05-saTvis, maSin: uaryofis areSi =0.05-saTvis, maSin:

trealuris miRebis albaToba naklebia an toli 0.05, an trealuris miRebis albaToba metia an toli 0.05, an
p0.05 p>0.05
H0 aris uaryofili H0 ar aris uaryofili
H1 aris miRebuli. SerCevis saSualo aRebulia H1 ar aris miRebuli
populaciidan, romlis saSualo gansxvavebulia
populaciis hipoTeturi saSualosagan. gansxvaveba -sa da hipoTetur -s Soris
gansxvaveba -sa da hipoTetur -s Soris aris aris statistikurad aramniSvnelovani 0.05 doneze
statistikurad mniSvnelovani 0.05 doneze. miiReba gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom
miiReba gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom -sa da SerCevis Secdoma yvelaze damajerebelad xsnis
hipoTetur -s Soris gansxvavebis mizezi aris ara gansxvavebas -sa da hipoTetur -s Soris.
SerCevis Secdoma, aramed sxva mizezi.

magaliTi #8-1
erTi SerCevis t kriteriumis gamoyeneba
amocana
fsiqologebma wamoayenes hipoTeza, rom zogierTi individi Sejibrebis dros gaurbis did warmatebas,
raTa Tavi aaridos misi Tanatolebis kritikulobasa da jgufidan gariyvas (gandevnas). TviTSefasebis
kiTxvari, romelic zomavs warmatebisagan garidebas, SemuSavebuli iyo Ggudisa da gudis mier
(Good and Good, 1973). davuSvaT cnobilia, rom kolejis damamTavrebeli klasis studenti
gogonebisaTvis populaciis saSualo am kiTxvaris mixedviT iyo 8.6 qula. qulebis diapazoni, romelic
SeiZleboda yofiliyo miRebuli am kiTxvaris mixedviT icvleboda 0 qulidan, rac niSnavda
warmatebisaTvis Tavis aridebis dabal motivacias, 28 qulamde, rac niSnavda warmatebisaTvis Tavis
aridebis maRal motivacias. konsultantma moawyo konkurentuli situacia. man misca warmatebisaTvis
Tavis aridebis motivaciis sazomi skala kolejis damamTavrebeli klasis student 33 gogonas, vinc gaira
es seminari da miiRo saSualo 8.1 da s=1.31. gansxvavdeba Tu ara es mniSvnelovnad =8.6-
sagan 0.05 mniSvnelovnobis doneze? gamoiyeneT ormxrivi kriteriumi.

saWiro statistika: radganac  gamoiTvleba s-is saSualebiT, am SemTxvevaSi unda gamoviyenoT

erTi SerCevis t kriteriumi.

daSvebebi:
1. individebi, romlebmac gamokiTxvaSi miiRes monawileoba, SemTxveviTad iyvnen SerCeulebi
kolejis damamTavrebeli klasis studenti gogonebis populaciisagan;
 2. warmatebis Tavidan aridebis motivaciis qulebi arian normalurad ganawilebulni populaciis
SerCevaSi.

statistikuri hipoTezebi: H0:  =8.6; H1:  ≠8.6.

mniSvnelovnobis done: =0.05
df t-saTvis: N-1=33-1=32
t-s kritikuli mniSvneloba: tkritikuli =2.042. t-s kritikuli mniSvneloba, roca df=32 ar aris warmodgenili
cxrilSi #a-2. Cven gamoviyeneT tkritikuli df-is ufro dabali yvelaze axlo mdgomi mniSvneloba, df=30.
uaryofis areebi: trealuris mniSvnelobebi, romlebic arian toli an naklebi -2.042, an arian toli, an meti
+2.042.
gamoTvla:

amitom,

gadawyvetileba: trealuri ufro eqstremaluria, vidre t kritikuli = -2.042 da xvdeba uaryofis areSi. amrigad,
Cven uarvyofT H0-s da viRebT H1-s.

daskvna: warmatebisagan garidebis motivaciis saSualo kolejis damamTavrebeli klasis studenti

gogonebis im SerCevisaTvis, vinc daeswrnen seminarebs (kerZod, =8.1) mniSvnelovnad naklebia,
vidre kolejis damamTavrebeli klasis studenti gogonebis populaciis saSualo _ 8.6.

erTi SerCevis t kriteriumis Sedegebis prezentacia

amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis publikaciebis saxelmZRvanelos (1994) stili moiTxovs daskvniTi
statistikis kriteriumebis Sedegebis warmodgenas, raTa specialuri forma mieces statistikuri
kriteriumis, kriteriumis df-is, statistikis realuri mniSvnelobis, gamoyenebuli alfa donis da statistikis
realuri mniSvnelobis albaTobisa da eqstremaluri mniSvnelobis Caweras nulovani hipoTezis
WeSmaritebis pirobebSi. aseve saWiroa, Sesatyvisi aRweriTi statistikis _ SerCeviTi saSualosa da
standartuli gadaxris warmodgena. Cven giCvenebT Sedegebis prezentaciis am stils erT-erTi
sanimuSo magaliTis saxiT, romelic exeba kvlevas mesameklaseli moswavleebis mier televizoris
yurebaze daxarjuli drois Sesaxeb.

saSualo dro, romelsac 30 mesameklaseli xarjavda yoveldRiurad televizoris yurebaze iyo 83 wuTi
(SD=26 wuTis). alfa tolia 0.05-is da ormxrivi kriteriumisaTvis erTi SerCevis t kriteriumi
 gviCvenebs, rom SerCeviTi saSualo mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba populaciis hipoTeturi
saSualosagan, romelic tolia 95 wuTis; t(29)= -2.53, p<0.05.

am Sedegebis prezentaciisas:

=0.05 gviCvenebs am kriteriumis mniSvnelovnobis dones;

t(29) gansazRvravs testis statistikas rogorc t-s. es t gansazRvravs trealurs, Tumca indeqsi
`realuri” SeiZleba ar axldes. radgan t ganisazRvreba, rogorc erTi SerCevis t, Cven
viciT, rom kriteriumi gulisxmobs SerCevis saSualos Sedarebas populaciis
hipoTetur saSualosTan. Tavisuflebis xarisxi trealurisaTvis naCvenebia frCxilebSi.
amrigad, Cven viciT, rom t-s gamoTvlisas gamoyenebuli iyo 30 monacemi (radgan
df=N-1, amitom 29=30-1);
=-2.53 trealuris mniSvneloba (ara tkritikulisa, romelsac vpoulobT cxrilSi #a-2). t-s mniSvneloba
unda iyos gamosaxuli ricxviT, romelsac eqneba mZimis Semdeg sul cota ori cifri;
p<0.05 gviCvenebs Semdegs:
a) p da naklebobis niSani (p<) gviCvenebs, rom trealuris miRebis albaToba H0-is
WeSmaritebis pirobebSi aris naklebi an toli 0.05-s. es mniSvneloba aris trealuris
albaToba an ufro Sors mdebare trealuris albaToba, roca H0 aris WeSmariti;
b) H0:  =95.0 wuTi aris uaryofili,
H0:  95.0 wuTi aris miRebuli;
g) gansxvaveba SerCevis saSualosa da hipoTetur -s Soris aris statistikurad
mniSvnelovani;
d)SerCevis saSualo ganixileba rogorc aRebuli im populaciidan, romlis saSualo
naklebia hipoTetur =95 wuTze;
e) Tu p>0.05 iqneba SedegebSi warmodgenili, maSin metobis niSani aRniSnavs
imas, rom H0 ar aris uaryofili da ar gansxvavdeba mniSvnelovnad hipoTeturi
-sagan mniSvnelovnobis 0.05 doneze.
populaciis saSualosaTvis ndobis intervalebis ageba t statistikis gamoyenebiT

ndobis intervalebi populaciis saSualosaTvis gansazRvruli iyo me-7 TavSi rogorc intervalebi,
romlebSic SeiZleba iyos moTavsebuli populaciis saSualo Cveni darwmunebulobis garkveuli xarisxiT. im
TavSi Cven avageT es intervalebi -is, z-is da -is gamoyenebiT. magaliTad, Tu cnobilia, 95-
procentiani ndobis intervali populaciis saSualosaTvis mocemulia intervaliT
-1.96 -dan +1.96 -mde.
xSirad ucnobia da misi mniSvneloba gamoiTvleba -iT. roca gamoiyeneba -is
gamosaTvlelad, ndobis intervali agebulia t statistikis da ara z-is gamoyenebiT. t-sa da -is
gamoyenebiT 95-procentiani ndobis intervali populaciis saSualosaTvis mocemulia intervaliT
_(t0.05)( )-dan + (t 0.05)( )-mde,
sadac =realuri SerCevis saSualos
= im saSualos gamoTvlili standartuli Secdoma, romelic
miRebulia s/N-dan
t 0.05= tkritikulis ormxrivi mniSvnelobisa 0.05 mniSvnelovnobis doneze N-1
Tavisuflebis xarisxiT.
analogiurad, 99%-iani ndobis intervali populaciis saSualosaTvis mocemulia
- (t0.01)( )-dan + (t0.01)( )-mde.
amis sailustraciod, Cven davadgineT 95-procentiani ndobis intervali 30 mesameklaselis mier televizoris
yurebisas gatarebuli drois monacemebisaTvis =83 wuTisa da s=26 wuTisaTvis. radgan N=30, am
SerCevisaTvis Tavisuflebis xarisxi iqneba 29 da ormxrivi tkritikulis(29) mniSvneloba 0.05 mniSvnelovnobis
doneze aris 2.045. saSualos standartuli Secdoma, , tolia 26/30, anu 4.75 wuTis. amrigad, 95-
procentiani ndobis intervali -saTvis iqneba
83-(2.045)(4.75)-dan 83+(2.045)(4.75),
an Tu CavatarebT maTematikur gamoTvlebs, miviRebT ndobis intervals
83-9.7-dan 83+9.7 wuTamde,
rac 73.3-dan 92.7 wuTamde intervalis tolia. albaToba imisa, rom  moTavsebulia am intervalSi aris 0.95.