I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022

Sree Guru
Amma

PASSING PACKAGE
ONE OR TWO OR THREE MARK QUESTIONS

Ex: If 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} and 𝑌 = {𝑓, 𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑔}, find (i) 𝑋– 𝑌 (ii) 𝑌– 𝑋 (iii) 𝑋 ∩ 𝑌.

Solutions: (i) 𝑋– 𝑌 = {𝑏, 𝑐} (ii) 𝑌– 𝑋 = {𝑓, 𝑔} (iii) 𝑋 ∩ 𝑌 = {𝑏, 𝑑}.

Ex: If 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8} and 𝐵 = { 2, 3, 5, 7}. Verify that

(i) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ (ii) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Solutions: 𝐴′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵′ = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 9} ……(1) and 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}…..(2)
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1, 9} ……(3) and (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}…..(4)
From (1) and (3) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ ; From (2) and (4) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′.

Ex: In a school there are 20 teachers who teach mathematics or physics. Of these, 12
teach mathematics and 4 teach both physics and mathematics. How many teach
physics?
Solution: We, have 𝑛(𝑀 ∪ 𝑃) = 20 , 𝑛 (𝑀) = 12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛(𝑀 ∩ 𝑃) = 4, 𝑛(𝑃) =?
Using 𝑛 (𝑀 ∪ 𝑃) = 𝑛(𝑀) + 𝑛(𝑃) – 𝑛(𝑀 ∩ 𝑃) ⟹ 20 = 12 + 𝑛 ( 𝑃 ) – 4
Thus 𝑛( 𝑃) = 12. Hence 12 teachers teach physics.

Ex: In a class of 35 students, 24 like to play cricket and 16 like to play football. Also,
each student likes to play at least one of the two games. How many students like to play
both cricket and football?
Solution: Given 𝑛(𝐶) = 24, 𝑛 (𝐹) = 16, 𝑛 (𝐶 ∪ 𝐹) = 35, 𝑛 (𝐶 ∩ 𝐹) = ?
Using 𝑛 (𝐶 ∪ 𝐹) = 𝑛(𝐶) + 𝑛 (𝐹) – 𝑛 (𝐶 ∩ 𝐹),
we get 35 = 24 + 16 – 𝑛 (𝐶 ∩ 𝐹 ). Thus 𝑛 (𝐶 ∩ 𝐹 ) = 40 − 35 = 5.
That is 5 students like to play both cricket and football.

Ex: In a group of 400 people, 250 can speak Hindi and 200 can speak English.
How many people can speak both Hindi and English?
Solution: Let H= set of people speaking Hindi and E= set of people speaking
English. Given that 𝑛(𝐻 ∪ 𝐸 ) = 400, 𝑛(𝐻) = 250, 𝑛(𝐸 ) = 200, 𝑛(𝐻 ∩ 𝐸) = ?
By using the formula 𝑛(𝐻 ∪ 𝐸 ) = 𝑛(𝐻) + 𝑛(𝐸)– 𝑛(𝐻 ∩ 𝐸),
we find that 𝑛(𝐻 ∩ 𝐸) = 𝑛(𝐻) + 𝑛(𝐸)– 𝑛(𝐻 ∪ 𝐸) = 250 + 200 – 400 = 50.

Ex: If 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑝, 𝑞), (𝑝, 𝑟), (𝑚, 𝑞), (𝑚, 𝑟)}, find A and B.
Solution: 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = {𝑝, 𝑚} and 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = {𝑞, 𝑟}.

Ex: If the set A has 3 elements and the set 𝐵 = {3,4,5}, find the number of elements in
𝐴 × 𝐵.
Solution: 𝑛(𝐴) = 3 and 𝑛(𝐵) = 3 then 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐵) = 3 × 3 = 9.

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022

Ex: If 𝐺 = {7, 8} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 = {5,4,2}, find 𝐺 × 𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 × 𝐺

Solution: Let 𝐺 × 𝐻 = {7, 8} × {5,4,2} = {(7,5), (7,4), (7,2), (8,5), (8,4), (8,2)}
Let 𝐻 × 𝐺 = {7, 8} × {5,4,2} = {(5,7), (5,8), (4,7), (4,8), (2,7), (2,8)}.

Ex: If 𝐴 = {−1,1}, find 𝐴 × 𝐴 × 𝐴.

Solution: Let 𝐴 = {−1,1} then 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {−1,1} × {−1,1} = {(−1, −1), (−1,1), (1, −1), (1,1)}
∴ 𝐴 × 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {(−1, −1, −1), (−1, −1,1), (−1,1, −1), (−1,1,1), (1, −1, −1), (1, −1,1), (1,1, −1), (1,1,1)}.

Ex: If 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑥 ), (𝑎, 𝑦), (𝑏, 𝑥 ), (𝑏, 𝑦)}. Find A and B.

Solution: 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = {𝑎, 𝑏} and 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = {𝑥, 𝑦}.

Ex: Let 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, . . . ,14}. Define a relation R from A to A by

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 3𝑥 – 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴}. Write down its domain, codomain and range.
Solution: 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 3𝑥 – 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴} = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = {1, 2, 3,4} 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = {1, 2, 3, . . . ,14} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = {3, 6, 9, 12}.

Ex: Define a relation R on the set N of natural numbers by

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 4; 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁}. Depict this relationship
using roster form. Write down the domain and the range.
Solution: Since, 𝑥 is a natural number less than 4, i.e., 𝑥 = 1, 2, 3.
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 4; 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁} = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)}.
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = {1, 2, 3} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = {6, 7, 8}.

Ex: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 be two real functions. Find

𝑓
(𝑓 + 𝑔) (𝑥), (𝑓– 𝑔) (𝑥), (𝑓𝑔) (𝑥), ), ( ) (𝑥 ).
𝑔
Solution: we have,
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 )(2𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥2 1
(𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥+1 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 ≠ − 2 .

Ex: Let 𝑓 = {(1,1), (2,3), (0, – 1), (– 1, – 3)} be a function from Z to Z defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, for some integers 𝑎, 𝑏. Determine 𝑎, 𝑏.
Solution: Given 𝑓 = {(1,1), (2,3), (0, – 1), (– 1, – 3)} and 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
At (1,1) ; 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1 , we get, 1 = 𝑎 × 1 + 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 …….(1)
At (0, −1) ; 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −1 , we get, −1 = 𝑎 × 0 + 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑏 = −1 …….(2)
Put 𝑏 = −1 in (1), we get, 𝑎 = 2.
Example: Solve 7 x  3  5x  9 . Show the graph of the solutions on number line.
Solution: We have 7 x  3  5x  9
Or 7 x  3  3  5x  5x  9  3  5x
2 x  6 or x  3
The graphical representation of the solutions are given in Figure as below.

3x  4 x  1
Example: Solve   1 . Show the graph of the solutions on number line.
2 4

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
3x  4 x  1
Solution:We have,  1
2 4
3x  4 x  1  4
or 
2 4
x 3
or 3 x  4 
2
or 2  3x  4  x  3
or 6x  8  x  3
or 6x  8  8  x  x  3  8  x
or 5 x  5 or x  1
The graphical representation of solutions is given in Figure as below.

17.𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

We have 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + (1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
= 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥.
2

18. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

We have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥.

18. Express i9  i19 in the form of a  ib .

  i  i 
4 2 9
Solution: i 2 i  i  ( i )  0  i  0

18. Find the multiplicative inverse of 4  3i .

z
Solution: Let z  4  3i , z 1  2
z
4  3i 4  3i 4 3
    i.
4  ( 3 ) 16  9 25 25
2 2

xn  an
Theorem: For any positive integer n, lim  na n 1 .
x a xa
x a n n
Proof: Consider  x n1  x n2  a  x n3  a 2  ..........  a n1
xa
xn  an
Apply limit as x  a on both side lim  lim  x n1  x n2  a  x n3  a 2  ..........  a n1 
x a xa x a

  a  a  a  a  a  ..........  a 
n 1 n2 n 3 2 n 1

  a n 1  a n 1  a n 1  ..........  a n 1 
 n a n 1 (∵ there are n terms)

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
x  an
n
 lim  na n1 .
x a xa

Example: Compute the derivative of sin x .

Solution:Let f ( x)  sin x . Then
 xh x  xhx
2cos   sin  
df ( x) f ( x  h)  f ( x ) sin( x  h)  sin x  2   2 
 lim  lim  lim
dx h  0 h h  0 h h  0 h
 2x  h   h  h
2 cos   sin   sin  
 lim  2   2   lim cos  x  h   lim  2   cos  x  0   (1)  cos x 1  cos x .
   
h 0 h h 0
 2  h 0 h  2
2
Example: Compute the derivative of cos x .
Solution: Let f ( x)  cos x . Then
 h h h
2sin  x   sin   sin  
cos( x  h)  cos x  h
  (1) lim sin  x    lim   .
df ( x) 2 2 2
 lim  lim
dx h  0 h h  0 h h  0
 2 h  0 h
2
 0 
  sin  x    (1)   sin x 1   sin x .
 2

x5  cos x x  cos x
Ex: Find the derivative of (i) f ( x)  (ii) f ( x) 
sin x tan x
Solution: (i)
d 5 d
sin x ( x  cos x)  ( x5  cos x) (sin x)
x5  cos x dy dx dx
f ( x)   
 sin x 
2
sin x dx
sin x [5 x 4  ( sin x)]  ( x5  cos x)[cos x] 5 x 4 sin x  sin 2 x  x5 cos x  cos 2 x 5 x 4 sin x  x5 cos x  1
   .
 sin x   sin x   sin x 
2 2 2

x  cos x
Find the derivative of f ( x)  .
tan x
x  cos x
f ( x) 
tan x
d d
tan x ( x  cos x)  ( x  cos x) tan x
dy dx dx tan x[1  sin x]  ( x  cos x)[sec 2 x]
   .
 tan x   tan x 
2 2
dx
cos x
16. y 
1  sin x
d d
(1  sin x) (cos x)  (cos x) (1  sin x)
dy dx dx (1  sin x)[ sin x]  (cos x)[0  cos x]
Solution:  
1  sin x  1  sin x 
2 2
dx
 sin x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  sin x  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x)  sin x  1 (1  sin x) 1
     .
1  sin x 
2
1  sin x 
2
1  sin x 
2
1  sin x 
2
1  sin x 

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
sin x  cos x
17. y 
sin x  cos x
d d
(sin x  cos x) (sin x  cos x)  (sin x  cos x) (sin x  cos x)
dy dx dx
Solution: 
 sin x  cos x 
2
dx
(sin x  cos x)[cos x  ( sin x)]  (sin x  cos x)[cos x  ( sin x)]

 sin x  cos x 
2

(sin x  cos x)[cos x  sin x]  (sin x  cos x) 2


 sin x  cos x 
2

sin x cos x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  sin x cos x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x

 sin x  cos x 
2

(cos 2 x  sin 2 x)  (cos 2 x  sin 2 x) 1  1 2

   .
 sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x 
2 2 2

5. Solve 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 = 0
−3 ± √−11 −3 ± √11 𝑖
Solution: Here, 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (3)2 − 4 × 1 × 5 = 9 − 20 = −11 ∴ 𝑥 = = .
2×1 −2
6. Solve 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
−(−1) ± √−7 1 ± √7 𝑖
Solution: Here, 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−1)2 − 4 × 1 × 2 = 1 − 8 = −7 ∴ 𝑥 = = .
2×1 2
7. Solve √𝟐𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + √2 = 0
−1 ± √−7 −1 ± √7 𝑖
Solution: Here, 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (1)2 − 4 × √2 × √2 = 1 − 8 = −7 ∴ 𝑥 = = .
2×√2 2 √2

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define Identity function. Draw the graph of Identity function, write the domain
and range of the function.
Solution: The function that associates each real number to itself is called the identity
function. i.e., f : R  R defined by y  f ( x)  x for all x  R .
x 0 1 -1 2 -2 3 -3 4 -4…

y  f ( x)  x 0 1 -1 2 -2 3 -3 4 -4…

Domain of f  R [input of x is a domain of f ]

Range of f  R [output of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is range of f ].
2. Define Modulus function and draw its graph also, write the domain and range of
the function. The function

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| for each
𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is called modulus function.
𝑥, 𝑥≥0
i.e., 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥 | = {
−𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 ……

y  f ( x)  x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 ……

Domain of 𝑓 = 𝑅.
Range of 𝑓 = Set of non-negative reals.
The graph of the modulus function as shown in the Figure.
3. Define Signum function and draw its graph also, write the domain and range of
the function. The function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
|𝑥|
defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 = {0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
−1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
is called the signum function.

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 ……

f ( x) -1 -1 -1 0 1 1 1 ……

Domain of 𝑓 = 𝑅.
Range of 𝑓 = {– 1, 0, 1}.
The graph of the signum function is as shown in the Figure.
4. Greatest integer function
The function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by
𝑓(𝑥 ) = [𝑥] , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 assumes the value of
the greatest integer, less than or equal to 𝑥.
Such a function is called the greatest integer
function. From the definition of [𝑥 ],
We can see that
[𝑥] = – 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 – 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
[𝑥] = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
[𝑥] = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
[𝑥] = 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 and
so on. The graph of the function is as shown in the Figure.

𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
2. Prove by Mathematical induction 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑛2 = 6
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑛): 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑛 =
2 2 2 2
6
1(1+1)(2×1+1) 6
Step I: when 𝑛 = 1, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 1 = 1 2
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = = 6 = 1 , LHS=RHS
6
∴ 𝑃(1) is true.
Step II: Assume 𝑃(𝑚) is true
𝑚(𝑚+1)(2𝑚+1)
i.e., 𝑃(𝑚): 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑚2 = 6
Adding (𝑚 + 1)𝑡ℎ term on both side

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
𝑚(𝑚+1)(2𝑚+1)
12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑚2 + (𝑚 + 1)2 = + (𝑚 + 1)2
6
𝑚(2𝑚+1)+6(𝑚+1)
= (𝑚 + 1) [ ]
6
2𝑚 2 +𝑚+6𝑚+6 2𝑚 2+7𝑚+6
= (𝑚 + 1) [ ] = (𝑚 + 1) [ ]
6 6
(𝑚+1)[2𝑚 2+4𝑚+2𝑚+6] (𝑚+1)[2𝑚(𝑚+2)+3(𝑚+2)]
= =
6 6
(𝑚+1)(𝑚+2)(2𝑚+3) (𝑚+1)[(𝑚+1)+1][2(𝑚+1)+1]
= =
6 6
∴ 𝑃(𝑚 + 1) is true. Hence, from the principle of mathematical induction, the statement P(n)
is true for all natural numbers n.
𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2
3. Prove by Mathematical induction 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑛3 = 4
𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑛): 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑛 =
3 3 3 3
4
12 (1+1)2
Step I: when 𝑛 = 1, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 13 = 1 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = =1
4
LHS=RHS ∴ 𝑃(1) is true.
Step II: Assume 𝑃(𝑚) is true
𝑚 2(𝑚+1)2
i.e., 𝑃(𝑚): 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑚3 = 4
Adding (𝑚 + 1 )𝑡ℎ term on both side
𝑚 2(𝑚+1)2 𝑚 2 (𝑚+1)2 + (𝑚+1) 3
13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑚3 + (𝑚 + 1)3 = + (𝑚 + 1)3 =
4 4
2 𝑚 2 +4(𝑚+1) 𝑚 2+4𝑚+4
= (𝑚 + 1) [ ] = (𝑚 + 1)2 [ ]
4 4
(𝑚+1)2 (𝑚+2)2 (𝑚+1) 2 [(𝑚+1)+1]2
= =
4 4
∴ 𝑃(𝑚 + 1) is true. Hence, from the principle of mathematical induction, the statement P(n)
is true for all natural numbers n.
1 1 1 𝑛
5. For all 𝑛 ≥ 1, prove that 1.2 + 2.3 + ⋯ … … … + 𝑛 (𝑛+1) = 𝑛+1. (Prove by M.I.)
1 1 1 𝑛
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑛) : + 2.3 + ⋯ … … … + 𝑛 (𝑛+1) = 𝑛+1
1.2
1 1 1 1
Step I: when 𝑛 = 1, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 1 (1+1) = 2 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 1+1 = 2
LHS=RHS ∴ 𝑃(1) is true.
Step II: Assume 𝑃(𝑚) is true
1 1 1 𝑚
i.e., 𝑃(𝑚): + + ⋯ … … … + =
1.2 2.3 𝑚 (𝑚+1) 𝑚+1
To prove 𝑃(𝑚 + 1) is true
1 1 1 𝑚
𝑃(𝑚 + 1): 1.2 + 2.3 + ⋯ … … … + 𝑚 (𝑚+1) = 𝑚+1
Adding (𝑚 + 1)𝑡ℎ term on both side
1 1 1 1 𝑚 1
+ 2.3 + ⋯ … … … + 𝑚 (𝑚+1) + (𝑚+1) (𝑚+2) = 𝑚+1 + (𝑚+1) (𝑚+2)
1.2
𝑚 (𝑚+2) + 1
= (𝑚+1) (𝑚+2)
𝑚 2 + 2𝑚 + 1 (𝑚+1)2 (𝑚+1)
= (𝑚+1) (𝑚+2) = (𝑚+1) (𝑚+2) = (𝑚+1)+1
∴ 𝑃(𝑚 + 1) is true. Hence, from the principle of mathematical induction, the statement P(n)
is true for all natural numbers n.
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
5. Prove by M.I. 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ … + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) = . 3
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑛): 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ … + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) = 3
1×(1+1)(1+2) 6
Step I: when 𝑛 = 1, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 1 × (1 + 1) = 2 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = =3=2
3

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
LHS=RHS ∴ 𝑃(1) is true.
Step II: Assume 𝑃(𝑚) is true
𝑚(𝑚+1)(𝑚+2)
i.e., 𝑃(𝑚): 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ … + 𝑚(𝑚 + 1) = 3
Adding (𝑚 + 1)𝑡ℎ term on both side
𝑚(𝑚+1)(𝑚+2)
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ … + 𝑚(𝑚 + 1) + (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = + (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2)
3
𝑚(𝑚+1)(𝑚+2)+3(𝑚+1)(𝑚+2)
= 3
(𝑚+1)(𝑚+2)(𝑚+3) (𝑚+1)[(𝑚+1)+1][(𝑚+1)+2]
= =
3 3
∴ 𝑃(𝑚 + 1) is true. Hence, by mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
1 1 1 𝑛
9. Prove by Mathematical induction 2.5 + 5.8 + ⋯ … … … + (3𝑛−1)(3𝑛+2) = 6𝑛+4 .
1 1 1 𝑛
Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑛) : + 5.8 + ⋯ … … … + (3𝑛−1)(3𝑛+2) = 6𝑛+4
2.5
1 1 1 1
Step I: when 𝑛 = 1, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (3×1−1)(3×1+2) = 10 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 6×1+4 = 10
LHS=RHS ∴ 𝑃(1) is true.
Step II: Assume 𝑃(𝑚) is true
1 1 1 𝑚
i.e., 𝑃(𝑚): 2.5 + 5.8 + ⋯ … … … + (3𝑚−1)(3𝑚+2) = 6𝑛+4
Adding (𝑚 + 1)𝑡ℎ term on both side
1 1 1 1 𝑚 1
+ + ⋯ … … … + (3𝑚−1)(3𝑚+2)
+ (3𝑚+2)(3𝑚+5)
= + (3𝑚+2)(3𝑚+5)
2.5 5.8 6𝑛+4
𝑚 1
= +
(3𝑚+2)(3𝑚+5)
2(3𝑚+2)
𝑚(3𝑚+5)+2 3𝑚 2 +5𝑚+2 3𝑚 2 +3𝑚+2𝑚+2
= 2(3𝑚+2)(3𝑚+5) = 2(3𝑚+2)(3𝑚+5) = 2(3𝑚+2)(3𝑚+5)
(3𝑚+2)(𝑚+1) (𝑚+1) (𝑚+1) (𝑚+1)
= 2(3𝑚+2)(3𝑚+5) = (6𝑚+10) = (6𝑚+6+4) = 6(𝑚+1)+4
∴ 𝑃(𝑚 + 1) is true. Hence, by mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.

3
Ex: If cos 𝑥 = − 5 , 𝑥lies in the third quadrant, find the values of other five
trigonometric functions.
3 5
Solution: Since cos 𝑥 = − 5 , we have 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = − 3
Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1,
3 2 9 25−9 16 4
i.e., 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 or 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − (− 5) = 1 − 25 = = 25. Hence sin 𝑥 = ± 5
25
Since 𝑥lies in third quadrant, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥is negative.
4 5
Thereforesin 𝑥 = − 5 which gives 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = − 4
sin 𝑥 − 4⁄ 4 cos 𝑥 − 3⁄ 3
Further we have tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 = − 3 5 = 3 and cot 𝑥 = = −4 5 = 4
⁄5 sin 𝑥 ⁄5

3
2. If sin 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑥lies in second quadrant, find the values of other five
trigonometric functions.
3 1 5
Solution: Since sin 𝑥 = 5 , we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 = 3
Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1,
9 16 4
i.e., 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 or 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − 25 = 25. Hence cos 𝑥 = ± 5
Since 𝑥lies in second quadrant, cos 𝑥is negative.
4 1 5
Therefore cos 𝑥 = − 5 which gives 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 = − 4
sin 𝑥 3 1 4
Further we have tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 = − 4 and cot 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 = − 3.

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022

𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 −2 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

Ex: Prove that = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
5𝑥+𝑥 5𝑥−𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 2 sin 3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 2 sin 3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 2 sin 3𝑥
Solution: 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = = 2
5𝑥+𝑥
2
5𝑥−𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
2 2
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 1) −(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 ) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= = = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆.
−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
21. Show that = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3𝑥.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥
Solution: 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥)+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
4𝑥 − 2𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4𝑥 +2 2𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥
= 2 =
4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4𝑥 +2 2𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥
2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +1) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3𝑥 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆.
𝜋 𝜋 3
Ex: Prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 + 3 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 − 3 ) = 2
𝜋 𝜋
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(𝑥 + ) 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(𝑥 − )
Solution: we have 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = + + 3 3
2 2 2
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 3 ) 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 − 3 )
= + +
2 2 2
1 2𝜋 2𝜋
= [3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 − )]
2 3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
1 2𝑥 + 3 + 2𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 + 3 − 2𝑥 + 3
= [3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )]
2 2 2
1 2𝜋 1 𝜋
= [3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ] = [3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 − )]
2 3 2 3
1 𝜋 1 1 3
= 2 [3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ] = 2 [3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 2] = 2 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆.

(sin 7𝑥+sin 5𝑥)+(sin 9𝑥+sin 3𝑥)

Ex: Prove that (cos 7𝑥+cos 5𝑥)+(cos 9𝑥+cos 3𝑥)
= tan 6𝑥
7𝑥+5𝑥 7𝑥−5𝑥 9𝑥+3𝑥 9𝑥−3𝑥
2 sin( ) cos( )+2 sin( ) cos( )
Solution:𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2
7𝑥+5𝑥
2
7𝑥−5𝑥
2
9𝑥+3𝑥
2
9𝑥−3𝑥
2 cos( ) cos( )+2 cos( ) cos( )
2 2 2 2
2 sin 6𝑥 cos 𝑥+2 sin 6𝑥 cos 3𝑥 2 sin 6𝑥(cos 𝑥+cos 3𝑥) sin 6𝑥
= 2 cos 6𝑥 cos 𝑥+2 cos 6𝑥 cos 3𝑥 = 2 cos 6𝑥(cos 𝑥+cos 3𝑥) = cos 6𝑥 = tan 6𝑥.

BOOK WORK: Derive a formula for the angle between two lines with slopes m1 and m2 .

Hence find the slopes of the lines which make an angle with the line x  2 y  5  0 .
4
“OR”
Derive a formula for the angle between two lines with slopes m1 and m2 . If the angle
between
 1
two lines is and slope of one of the lines is , find the slope of the other line.
4 2

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
Solution: Let L1 and L2 be two non-vertical lines with slopes m1 and m2 , respectively. If
1 and 2 are the inclinations of lines L1 and L2 , respectively. Then
m1  tan1 and m2  tan2 . We know that when two lines intersect each other, they make
two pairs of vertically opposite angles such that sum of any two adjacent angles is 180 .
Let  and  be the adjacent angles between the lines
L1 and L2 .
Then   2 – 1 and 1, 2  90.
Therefore

tan  2  tan 1 m  m1
tan   tan   2 – 1    2  as 1  m1m2  0 
1  tan  2  tan 1 1  m1m 2

 
And   180   so that tan   tan 180 –    tan   
m2  m1
1  m1m 2
, as 1  m1m 2  0

Now, there arise two cases:

m 2  m1
Case i. If is positive, then tan  will be
1  m1m 2
positive and tan  will be negative, which means  will be acute and  will be obtuse.
m 2  m1
Case ii. If is negative, then tan  will be
1  m1m 2
negative and tan  will be positive, which means  will be obtuse and  will be acute.
Thus, the acute angle (say ) between lines L1 and L2 with slopes m1 and m2 ,respectively,
m2  m1
is given by tan   , as 1  m1m2  0 ………..(1)
1  m1m2
The obtuse angle (say ) can be found by using   180   .
a 1 1 
Let x  2y  5  0 , then its slope is given by m1      , m 2  m and   in (1), We
b 2 2 4
1
m
 2  1  2m  1 which gives , 2m  1  1 and 2m  1  1  m  3 or m   1 .
get, tan 
4 1 m 1 2m 2m 2m 3
2
BOOK WORK: Derive a formula for the perpendicular distance of a point P( x1 , y1 )
from
the line Ax  By  C  0 .
The distance of a point from a line is the length of the perpendicular drawn fromthepoint
to the line. Let L : Ax  By  C  0 be a line, whose distance from the point P ( x1, y1 ) is d.
Draw a perpendicular PM from the point P to the line L .

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
Ifthe line meets the x-and y-axes at the points Q and R,
respectively. Then, co ordinates of the points are
 C   C
Q   , 0  and R  0,   .
 A   B
Thus, the area of the triangle PQR is given by
1 2 area  PQR 
area  PQR   PM  QR, which gives PM  ........ 1 we
2 QR
1
know that, area  PQR   x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2 
2
1  C   C  C  1 C C C2
Also, area  PQR   x1  0         y1   0  y1  0   x1  y1 
2  B   A  B  2 B A AB
2 2
C  C  C  C
2 area  PQR    Ax1  By1  C and QR   0      0    A2  B 2
AB  A  B  AB
C
 Ax1  By1  C
AB
Substituting the values of 2 area (ΔPQR) and QR in (1), we get PM 
C
 A2  B 2
AB
Ax1  By1  C
d  . Thus, the perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax  By  C  0 from a
A2  B 2
Ax  By1  C
point (x1, y1)is given by d  1 .
A2  B 2

sin 
Theorem: Prove that geometrically lim  1,  is in radian and hence deduce that
 0 
tan 
lim  1.
 0 
Proof: Consider a circle whose Centre is C and radius is r.
Join CA, CB and AB. At A, draw the tangent to
the circle to cut CB produced at T. Draw BN  to CA.
1 1 1
Area of the ABC  CA  BN  CA  BC sin   r 2 sin 
2 2 2
1 2
Area of the sector, ABC  r 
2
1 1 1
Area of the ATC  CA  AT  CA  CA tan   r 2 tan 
2 2 2
From the figure,
1 2 1 1
Area of the ABC < Area of the sector ABC< Area of the ATC i.e., r sin   r 2   r 2 tan 
2 2 2
1 2
Dividing by r sin  throughout
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
r sin  r  r tan 
i.e., 2  2  2
1 2 1 2 1 2
r sin  r sin  r sin 
2 2 2

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 tan   1
i.e., 1    1 
sin  sin  sin  cos 
1 1 3 2
taking reciprocals      and applying limit as   0
3 2 1 1
sin 
i.e., lim1  lim  lim cos 
 0  0   0

 1  lim
 0
sin 

1   0

lim cos   cos 0  1

sin 
 lim 1 lies between 1 and 1
 0 
sin 
 lim  1.
 0 
DISTANCE FORMULA
BOOK WORK: Derive the distance formula in 3 Dimension and hence find the distance
between the points A(2,3,5) and B(1, 2,3) .
“OR”
The distance between the points A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) is given by
AB  ( x2  x1 )2  (y2  y1 )2  (z2  z1 )2 .
Proof: Let ‘O’ be the origin. OX, OY, OZ be the coordinate axes. Let A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
B( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are the given two points in space. Draw AM and BN perpendicular to XY-
plane. Draw AL perpendicular to BN.
The points M and N lie in XY – plane.
∴ The coordinates of M ( x1 , y1 ,0) and N ( x2 , y2 ,0) .
Therefore MN  ( x2  x1 )2  (y2  y1 )2 ……(1)
(using the distance formula in two dimensional geometry)

MN 2  ( x2  x1 )2  (y 2  y1 ) 2 ( MN  AL)
We have BL  BN  NL  BN  AM  z2  z1 ( LN  AM )
Then from the right angled triangle ALB
AB2  AL2  BL2
 ( x2  x1 ) 2  (y 2  y1 ) 2  (z 2  z1 ) 2
Thus, the distance between the points A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B(x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) is given by
AB  ( x2  x1 )2  (y2  y1 )2  (z2  z1 )2 .
The distance between the points A(2,3,5) and B(1, 2,3) is given by,
AB  (1  2) 2  (2  3) 2  (3  5) 2  9  1  4  14.
SECTION FORMULA

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BOOK WORK: Derive the section formula in 3 Dimension for internal division in the
ratio m : n . “OR”
The co-ordinates of the point which divides the join of A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) internally
 mx  nx1 my2  ny1 mz2  nz1 
in the ratio m : n are P( x, y, z)   2 , , 
 mn mn mn 
Proof: Let P( x, y, z) be the point which divides AB internally in the ratio m : n . Draw AL,
BM, PN perpendicular to XY- plane. Draw PQ perpendicular to BM and AT perpendicular
to BM.
Let AT meet PN at the point R. By data AP : PB  m : n
AP m

PB n

From similar triangles APR and PBQ we have

AP AR m LN
  
PB PQ n NM
m y  y1
 
n y2  y
 m( y2  y)  n( y  y1 )
 my2  my  ny  ny1
 my2  ny1  (m  n) y
my  ny1
y  2
mn
mx  nx1 mz  nz1
Similarly, x  2 and z  2 .
mn mn
P( x, y, z)  mx  nx1 my2  ny1 mz2  nz1 
 2 , , .
(Internally)  m  n mn mn 

Examples: Represent the complex number z  1  i 3 in the polar form.

Solution: Let z  1  i 3

 3
2
Modulus of z, r  z  x 2  y 2  12  2
 x 1
 cos   
 r 2
Amplitude of z,   
sin   y  3

 r 2

 lies in the I quadrant  amplitude    
3
  
Polar form of z  r  cos   i sin    2  cos  i sin 
 3 3 .

−𝟏𝟔
Examples: Convert the complex number𝟏+𝒊 in to polar form.
√𝟑

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
−16 −16 1−𝑖 √3 −16(1−𝑖 √3) −16(1−𝑖 √3)
Solution:𝑧 = 1+𝑖 = 1+𝑖 × 1−𝑖 = 2 = = −4(1 − 𝑖 √3) = −4 + 𝑖4√3
√3 √3 √3 1−(𝑖 √3) 1+3

2
Modulus of 𝑧, 𝑟 = |𝑧| = √(−4)2 + (4√3) = √16 + 48 = √64 = 8
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = −1
2 𝑟
Amplitude of 𝑧, 𝜃 = { 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 = √3
2
𝜋 2𝜋
∴ 𝜃 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝐼 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∴ 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒, 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼 = 𝜋 − =
3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
Polar form of 𝑧 = −4 + 𝑖4√3 = 8 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 )].

𝑖−1
Example: Convert the complex number𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 in the polar form.
3 3
𝑖 −1 𝑖−1 𝟐(𝑖 − 1) 1−√3 𝑖 2(𝑖+√3−1+√3 𝑖) √3−1 √3+1
Solution: Let 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 = 1 √3
= × 1− = = + 𝑖
+ 𝑖 1+√3 𝑖 √3 𝑖 1+3 2 2
3 3 2 2
2 2
√3−1 √3+1 4−2√3 4+2√3 8
Modulus of 𝑧, 𝑟 = |𝑧| = √( ) + ( ) =√ + = √4 = √2
2 2 4 4
𝑥 √3−1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑟 = 2√2 5𝜋
Amplitude of 𝑧, 𝜃 = { 𝑦 ∴ 𝜃 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∴ 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒, 𝜃 = 𝛼 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = √3+1 12
𝑟 2√2
√3−1 √3+1 5𝜋 5𝜋
Polar form of 𝑧 = + 𝑖 = √2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 12 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 12 )].
2 2

BINOMIAL THEOREM

State and prove Binomial theorem for the positive integer.

Statement: For any positive integer n,
(𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑎2 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑎𝑟 + ⋯ … + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎𝑛
Proof: (By Mathematical Induction)

Let 𝑃(𝑛): (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥𝑛−2 𝑎2 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥𝑛−𝑟 𝑎𝑟 + ⋯ … + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎𝑛 …..(1)
when 𝑛 = 1, LHS= (𝑥 + 𝑎)1 = 𝑥 + 𝑎
RHS= 1𝐶0 ∙ 𝑥 1 + 1𝐶1 𝑥 0 ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑥 + 𝑎
LHS=RHS ∴ 𝑃 (1) is true.
Assume that 𝑃(𝑚) is true where m is some positive integer.
𝑚
𝑃 (𝑚 ): (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑚 = 𝐶0 𝑥𝑚 + 𝑚𝐶1 𝑥𝑚−1 𝑎 + 𝑚𝐶2 𝑥𝑚−2 𝑎2 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑚𝐶𝑟 𝑥𝑚−𝑟 𝑎𝑟 + ⋯ … + 𝑚𝐶𝑚 𝑎𝑚 ….(2)

Multiply both side of (2) by (𝑥 + 𝑎), we get

(𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑚+1 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)( 𝑚𝐶0 𝑥𝑚 + 𝑚𝐶1 𝑥𝑚−1 𝑎 + 𝑚𝐶2 𝑥𝑚−2 𝑎2 … … … . + 𝑚𝐶𝑟 𝑥𝑚−𝑟 𝑎𝑟 + ⋯ … + 𝑚𝐶𝑚 𝑎𝑚 )

= 𝑥( 𝑚𝐶0 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑚𝐶1 𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑎 + 𝑚𝐶2 𝑥 𝑚−2 𝑎2 … … … . + 𝑚𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑚−𝑟 𝑎𝑟 + ⋯ … + 𝑚𝐶𝑚 𝑎𝑚 )

+𝑎( 𝑚𝐶0 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑚𝐶1 𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑎 + 𝑚𝐶2 𝑥 𝑚−2 𝑎2 … … … . + 𝑚𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑚−𝑟 𝑎𝑟 + ⋯ … + 𝑚𝐶𝑚 𝑎𝑚 )

= 𝑚𝐶0 𝑥 𝑚+1 + 𝑚𝐶1 𝑥 𝑚 𝑎 + 𝑚𝐶2 𝑥 𝑚−1 ∙ 𝑎2 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑚𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑚−𝑟+1 ∙ 𝑎𝑟 + ⋯ … . + 𝑚𝐶𝑚 𝑥 ∙ 𝑎𝑚

………... + 𝑚𝐶0 𝑥 𝑚 𝑎 + 𝑚𝐶1 𝑥 𝑚−1 ∙ 𝑎2 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑚𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑚−𝑟 ∙ 𝑎𝑟+1 + ⋯ … . + 𝑚𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑚+1

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𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
(𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑚+1 = 𝐶0 𝑥 𝑚+1 𝑚
+ ( 𝐶1 + 𝐶0 )𝑥 ∙ 𝑎 + ( 𝐶2 + 𝐶1 )𝑥 𝑚−1
∙ 𝑎 + ⋯ … … … . . + 𝑚𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑚+1
2

(𝑚+1) (𝑚+1)
Here 𝑚𝐶0 = 𝐶0 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚
𝐶𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚+1 = 1

𝑚 (𝑚+1)
From the result 𝐶𝑟 + 𝑚𝐶𝑟−1 = 𝐶𝑟 We get,
(𝑚+1) (𝑚+1) (𝑚+1) (𝑚+1)
(𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑚+1 = 𝐶0 𝑥 𝑚+1 + 𝐶1 𝑥 (𝑚+1)−1 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝐶2 𝑥 (𝑚+1)−2 ∙ 𝑎2 + ⋯ … + 𝐶𝑚+1 ∙ 𝑎𝑚+1 ……..(3)

(3) is the same as (2) with (𝑚 + 1) in place of 𝑚

∴ 𝑃(𝑚 + 1) is true.

So 𝑃 (1) is true and 𝑃(𝑚) is true ⟹ 𝑃 (𝑚 + 1)

∴ 𝑃(𝑛) is true for all positive integral values of 𝑛. Thus for all positive integral values of n we have

(𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑎2 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑎𝑟 + ⋯ … + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎𝑛 .

NOTE: 1. (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒏 = 𝒏𝑪𝟎 𝒂𝒏 + 𝒏𝑪𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒃 + 𝒏𝑪𝟐 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + ⋯ … … . + 𝒏𝑪𝒓 𝒂𝒏−𝒓 𝒃𝒓 + ⋯ … + 𝒏𝑪𝒏 𝒃𝒏 .

41. Solve the following system of inequalities by graphically:

3x  2 y  150 , x  4 y  80 , x  15 , x  0, y  0 .

41. Solve the following system of inequalities graphically:

x  2 y  10, x  y  1, x  y  0, x  0, y  0 .

SIX MARK QUESTION

3.prove that 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 – 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚.

Consider the unit circle with centre at the origin. Let 𝑥be the angle 𝑃4 𝑂𝑃1 and 𝑦be the
angle 𝑃1 𝑂𝑃2 . Then (𝑥 + 𝑦)is the angle 𝑃4 𝑂𝑃2. Also let (– 𝑦)be the angle 𝑃4 𝑂𝑃3 .Therefore,
𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃4 will have the coordinates 𝑃1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥),

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 I P U C MATHEMATICS MARCH - 2022
𝑃2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦), 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)], 𝑃3 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (– 𝑦), 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (– 𝑦)]and
𝑃4 (1, 0) (Fig 3.14).
Consider the triangles 𝑃1 𝑂𝑃3 and 𝑃2 𝑂𝑃4. They are
congruent (Why?). Therefore,
𝑃1 𝑃3 and 𝑃2 𝑃4 are equal.

By using distance formula, we get

𝑃1 𝑃3 2 = [cos 𝑥 – cos(– 𝑦)]2 + [sin 𝑥 – sin(– 𝑦)]2
= (cos 𝑥 – cos 𝑦)2 + (sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦)2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 – 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
2

+ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
= 2– 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)(Why?)
Also, 𝑃2 𝑃4 2 = [1 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦)]2 + [0 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)]2
= 1 – 2 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
= 2 – 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
Since 𝑃1 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 𝑃4 , we have 𝑃1 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 𝑃4 2 .
2

Therefore, 2 – 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦) = 2 – 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦)

Hence 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦.

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Bhadrasetty-9901782340, sujm pu collge, Harapanahalli – 583131. Page 16