 Starting Your First Program be liked: Example:

Let's break up the following code to understand it

#include <iostream>
better:
Example:
int main() {
#include <iostream>   std::cout << "Hello World!";
using namespace std;   return 0;
}
int main() {
  cout << "Hello World!";
  return 0;
}  C++ Output/ Display (Print Text):
The cout object, together with the << operator, is
Above example is explained: used to output values/print text:
Line 1: #include <iostream> is a header file #include <iostream>
library that lets us work with input and output using namespace std;
objects, such as cout (used in line 5). Header files add
functionality to C++ programs. int main() {
Line 2: using namespace std means that we can use   cout << "Hello World!";
names for objects and variables from the standard   return 0;
library. }
Don't worry if you don't understand how #include
<iostream> and using namespace std works. Just Note: You can add as many cout objects as you want.
think of it as something that (almost) always appears However, note that it does not insert a new line at
in your program. the end of the output:
Line 3: A blank line. C++ ignores white space. But we
use it to make the code more readable.  C++ New Lines:
Line 4: Another thing that always appear in a C++ To insert a new line, you can use the \n character:
program, is int main(). This is called a function. Any
#include <iostream>
code inside its curly brackets {} will be executed.
using namespace std;
Line 5: cout (pronounced "see-out") is an object used
together with the insertion operator (<<) to int main() {
output/print text. In our example it will output "Hello   cout << "Hello World! \n";
World".   cout << "I am learning C++";
Note: Every C++ statement ends with a semicolon ;.   return 0;
Note: The body of int main() could also been written }
as:
int main () { cout << "Hello World! "; return 0; } Tip: Two \n characters after each other will create a
Remember: The compiler ignores white spaces. blank line:
However, multiple lines makes the code more Another way to insert a new line, is with
readable. the endl manipulator:
Line 6: return 0 ends the main function. #include <iostream>
Line 7: Do not forget to add the closing curly using namespace std;
bracket } to actually end the main function.
int main() {
Omitting Namespace Example:   cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
You might see some C++ programs that runs without   cout << "I am learning C++";
the standard namespace library. The using   return 0;
namespace std line can be omitted and replaced with }
the std keyword, followed by the :: operator for some
objects:
Both \n and endl are used to break lines. However, \
n is most used.
But what \n is exactly?
The newline character (\n) is called an escape
sequence, and it forces the cursor to change its
position to the beginning of the next line on the
screen. This results in a new line.
Examples of other valid escape sequences are:
 C++ Comments:
Comments can be used to explain C++ code, and to
make it more readable. It can also be used to prevent
execution when testing alternative code. Comments
can be singled-lined or multi-lined.
 Single-line Comments:
 Single-line comments start with two forward
slashes (//).
 Any text between // and the end of the line is
ignored by the compiler (will not be
executed).
 This example uses a single-line comment
before a line of code:
 Multi-line Comments:
 Multi-line comments start with /* and ends
with */.
 Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by
the compiler:
Note: It is up to you which you want to use. Normally,
we use // for short comments, and /* */ for longer.
 C++ Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
In C++, there are different types of variables (defined
with different keywords), for example:
 int - stores integers (whole numbers), without
decimals, such as 123 or -123
 double - stores floating point numbers, with
decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
 char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or
'B'. Char values are surrounded by single
quotes
 string - stores text, such as "Hello World".
String values are surrounded by double
quotes
 bool - stores values with two states: true or
false
Declaring (Creating) Variable:
To create a variable, specify the type and assign it a
value:
Where type is one of C++ types (such as int),
and variableName is the name of the variable (such
as x or myName). The equal sign is used to assign
values to the variable.
To create a variable that should store a number, look
at the following example:
Example: Create a variable called myNum of
type int and assign it the value 15:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;
return 0;
}
You can also declare a variable without assigning the
value, and assign the value later:
 #include <iostream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
using namespace std;
int main() {
int main() {
int myNum;
int myAge = 35;
myNum = 15;
cout << "I am " << myAge << " years old.";
cout << myNum;
return 0;
return 0;
}
}
Add Variables Together:
Note that if you assign a new value to an existing To add a variable to another variable, you can use
variable, it will overwrite the previous value: the + operator:
#include <iostream>
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
using namespace std;
int main() {
int main() { int x = 5;
int myNum = 15; // Now myNum is 15 int y = 6;
myNum = 10; // Now myNum is 10 int sum = x + y;
cout << myNum; cout << sum;
return 0; return 0;
} }

 C++ Declare Many Variables:

Declare Many Variables:
Other Types: To declare more than one variable of the same type,
A demonstration of other data types: use a comma-separated list:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;
return 0;
Display Variables: }
 The cout object is used together with
the << operator to display variables.
One Value to Multiple Variables:
 To combine both text and a variable, separate
You can also assign the same value to multiple
them with the << operator:
variables in one line:
  C++ Constants
#include <iostream>
When you do not want others (or yourself) to
using namespace std;
override existing variable values, use
the const keyword (this will declare the variable as
int main() {
"constant", which means unchangeable and read-
int x, y, z;
only):
x = y = z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;
return 0;
}

 C++ Identifiers #include <iostream>

All C++ variables must be identified with unique using namespace std;
names.
These unique names are called identifiers. int main() {
Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more const int myNum = 15;
descriptive names (age, sum, total Volume). myNum = 10;
Note: It is recommended to use descriptive names in cout << myNum;
order to create understandable and maintainable return 0;
code:
}
#include <iostream>
You should always declare the variable as constant
using namespace std; when you have values that are unlikely to change:

int main() { #include <iostream>

// Good name using namespace std;
int minutesPerHour = 60;
int main() {
// OK, but not so easy to understand what m const int minutesPerHour = 60;
actually is const float PI = 3.14;
int m = 60; cout << minutesPerHour << "\n";
cout << PI;
cout << minutesPerHour << "\n"; return 0;
cout << m; }
return 0;
}
 C++ User Input
The general rules for naming variables are:
You have already learned that cout is used to
 Names can contain letters, digits and output (print) values. Now we will use cin to get
underscores user input.
 Names must begin with a letter or an
underscore (_) cin is a predefined variable that reads data from
 Names are case sensitive the keyboard with the extraction operator (>>).
(myVar and myvar are different variables)
 Names cannot contain whitespaces or special In the following example, the user can input a
characters like !, #, %, etc. number, which is stored in the variable x. Then
 Reserved words (like C++ keywords, such we print the value of x:
as int) cannot be used as names
 #include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; int main () {
// Creating variables
int main() { int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number)
int x; float myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point
cout << "Type a number: "; // Type a number and number
press enter double myDoubleNum = 9.98; // Floating point
cin >> x; // Get user input from the keyboard number
cout << "Your number is: " << x; char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
return 0; bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean
} string myString = "Hello"; // String

Creating a Simple Calculator: // Print variable values

In this example, the user must input two cout << "int: " << myNum << "\n";
numbers. Then we print the sum by calculating cout << "float: " << myFloatNum << "\n";
(adding) the two numbers: cout << "double: " << myDoubleNum << "\n";
#include <iostream> cout << "char: " << myLetter << "\n";
using namespace std; cout << "bool: " << myBoolean << "\n";
cout << "string: " << myString << "\n";
int main() {
int x, y; return 0;
int sum; }
cout << "Type a number: ";
cin >> x;
Basic Data Types:
cout << "Type another number: ";
cin >> y;
sum = x + y;
cout << "Sum is: " << sum;
return 0;
}

 C++ Data Types

As explained in the Variables chapter, a variable in C+
+ must be a specified data type:

 C++ Numeric Data Types

Numeric Types:
Use int when you need to store a whole number
without decimals, like 35 or 1000,
and float or double when you need a floating point
number (with decimals), like 9.99 or 3.14515.

For int:
  C++ Boolean Data Types:
#include <iostream>
A boolean data type is declared with
using namespace std;
the bool keyword and can only take the
int main () { values true or false.
int myNum = 1000; When the value is returned, true = 1 and false = 0.
cout << myNum;
return 0; #include <iostream>
} using namespace std;

For Float: int main() {

bool isCodingFun = true;
#include <iostream> bool isFishTasty = false;
using namespace std; cout << isCodingFun << "\n";
cout << isFishTasty;
int main () { return 0;
float myNum = 5.75; }
cout << myNum;
return 0;  C++ Character Data Types:
}
The char data type is used to store a single character.
The character must be surrounded by single quotes,
For Double:
like 'A' or 'c':
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
double myNum = 19.99; int main () {
cout << myNum; char myGrade = 'B';
return 0; cout << myGrade;
} return 0;
}

Alternatively, you can use ASCII values to display

certain characters:

#include <iostream>
Scientific Numbers: using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
int main () {
using namespace std;
char a = 65, b = 66, c = 67;
cout << a;
int main () {
cout << b;
float f1 = 35e3;
cout << c;
double d1 = 12E4;
return 0;
cout << f1 << "\n";
}
cout << d1;
return 0;
}
 #include <iostream>
 C++ String Data Types using namespace std;
The string type is used to store a sequence of
characters (text). This is not a built-in type, but it int main() {
behaves like one in its most basic usage. String values int sum1 = 100 + 50; // 150 (100 + 50)
must be surrounded by double quotes: int sum2 = sum1 + 250; // 400 (150 + 250)
int sum3 = sum2 + sum2; // 800 (400 + 400)
cout << sum1 << "\n";
cout << sum2 << "\n";
To use strings, you must include an additional header cout << sum3;
file in the source code, the <string> library: return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
string greeting = "Hello";
cout << greeting;
return 0;
}

 C++ Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on
variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add

together two values:

#include <iostream>
 C++ Assignment Operators
using namespace std;
Assignment operators are used to assign values to
variables.
int main() {
int x = 100 + 50; In the example below, we use
cout << x; the assignment operator (=) to assign the value 10 to
return 0; a variable called x:
}
#include <iostream>
Although the + operator is often used to add together using namespace std;
two values, like in the example above, it can also be
used to add together a variable and a value, or a int main() {
variable and another variable: int x = 10;
cout << x;
return 0;
}
The addition assignment operator (+=) adds a value
to a variable:
 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x = 10;
x += 5;
cout << x;
return 0;
}

 C++ Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to determine the logic

between variables or values:

 C++ Strings

Strings are used for storing text.

A string variable contains a collection of characters
surrounded by double quotes:
 C++ Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two
values.
Note: The return value of a comparison is either true
(1) or false (0).
In the following example, we use the greater
To use strings, you must include an additional header
than operator (>) to find out if 5 is greater than 3:
file in the source code, the <string> library:

#include <iostream> #include <iostream>

using namespace std; #include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x = 5; int main() {
int y = 3; string greeting = "Hello";
cout << (x > y); // returns 1 (true) because 5 is cout << greeting;
greater than 3 return 0;
return 0; }
}
  C++ Concatenation
#include <iostream>
The + operator can be used between strings to add
#include <string>
them together to make a new string. This is
using namespace std;
called concatenation:
#include <iostream> int main () {
#include <string> string firstName = "John ";
using namespace std; string lastName = "Doe";
string fullName = firstName.append(lastName);
int main () { cout << fullName;
string firstName = "John "; return 0;
string lastName = "Doe"; }
string fullName = firstName + lastName;
cout << fullName;
 C++ Number and Strings
return 0;
}
Adding Numbers and Strings:

In the example above, we added a space after first

Name to create a space between John and Doe on
output. However, you could also add a space with If you add two numbers, the result will be a number:
quotes (" " or ' '):
#include <iostream>
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
#include <string>
using namespace std; int main () {
int x = 10;
int main () { int y = 20;
string firstName = "John"; int z = x + y;
string lastName = "Doe"; cout << z;
string fullName = firstName + " " + lastName; return 0;
cout << fullName; }
return 0;
If you add two strings, the result will be a string
}
concatenation:
#include <iostream>
Append: #include <string>
A string in C++ is actually an object, which contain using namespace std;
functions that can perform certain operations on
strings. For example, you can also concatenate strings int main () {
with the append() function: string x = "10";
string y = "20";
string z = x + y;
cout << z;
return 0;
}

If you try to add a number to a string, an error occurs:

 #include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
string myString = "Hello";
cout << myString[0];
return 0;
 C++ String Length }
To get the length of a string, use
the length() function:

#include <iostream> This example prints the second

#include <string> character  in  myString:
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
int main() {
using namespace std;
string txt = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
cout << "The length of the txt string is: " <<
int main() {
txt.length();
string myString = "Hello";
return 0;
cout << myString[1];
}
return 0;
}
Tip: You might see some C++ programs that use
the size() function to get the length of a string. This is
just an alias of length(). It is completely up to you if Change String Characters:
you want to use length() or size(): To change the value of a specific character in a string,
refer to the index number, and use single quotes:
#include <iostream>
#include <string> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; #include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string txt = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; int main() {
cout << "The length of the txt string is: " << string myString = "Hello";
txt.size(); myString[0] = 'J';
return 0; cout << myString;
} return 0;
}

 C++ Access String

You can access the characters in a string by referring
to its index number inside square brackets [].
This example prints the first character in my String:
 C++ Special Characters
Strings – Special Characters:
Because strings must be written within quotes, C++
will misunderstand this string, and generate an error:
The solution to avoid this problem, is to use
the backslash escape character.

The backslash (\) escape character turns special

characters into string characters:


 C++ User Input Strings
It is possible to use the extraction
The sequence \"  inserts a double quote in a string: operator >> on cin to display a string entered by a
user:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
string txt = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from
the north.";
cout << txt;
return 0;
}
However, cin considers a space (whitespace, tabs,
The sequence \'  inserts a single quote in a string: etc) as a terminating character, which means that it
can only display a single word (even if you type many
#include <iostream>
words):
using namespace std;

int main() {
string txt = "It\'s alright.";
cout << txt;
return 0;
}

The sequence \\  inserts a single backslash in a string:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
From the example above, you would expect the
int main() { program to print "John Doe", but it only prints "John".
string txt = "The character \\ is called backslash.";
cout << txt;
That's why, when working with strings, we often use
return 0;
the getline() function to read a line of text. It
}
takes cin as the first parameter, and the string
Other popular escape characters in C++ are: variable as second:
 #include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
string fullName;
cout << "Type your full name: ";
getline (cin, fullName);
cout << "Your name is: " << fullName;
return 0;
}

 String Namespace:
Omitting Namespace: You might see some C++
programs that runs without the standard namespace
library. The using namespace std line can be omitted
and replaced with the std keyword, followed by
the :: operator for string (and cout) objects:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
std::string greeting = "Hello";
std::cout << greeting;
return 0;
}
It is up to you if you want to include the standard
namespace library or not.