OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY,ILE-IFE, OSUN STATE,NIGERIA

SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS DEPARTMENT, OAU, ILE-IFE

A PROJECT TOPIC:
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TOURISM ATTRACTION CENTRES AND

SUPPORTING FACILITIES IN IFE CENTRAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OSUN

STATE, NIGERIA

Afolabi Marvellous Olayiwola

MATRIC NUMBER

ESM/2016/028

LECTURER IN CHARGE

DR. C.O OLUWADARE

COURSE CODE

SVG509

COURSE TITLE
GIS TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS
Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................3

1.2 Study Area.................................................................................................................................5

2.0 Literature Review......................................................................................................................6

3.0 Research Methodology............................................................................................................11

3.1 Data Source..............................................................................................................................11

3.2Data Collection and Mapping Methods....................................................................................11

3.3 Data Processing.......................................................................................................................12

4.0 Results and Discussion............................................................................................................12

5.0 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................14

Recommendation...........................................................................................................................15

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
Abstract
This study analysed the spatial distribution pattern of tourism centres in Ife Central Local
Government Area,Osun state, Nigeria. Global positioning system was used to capture the
coordinates of the tourism centres and all the facilities supporting them such as Eateries, Hotels,
Health centres, Supermarkets, Worship centres, Markets, Health facilities and Road Network
eotc, so as to generate the spatial distribution of the tourism centres and also the pattern was
generated using Nearest Neighbour Analysis tool on ArcGIS 10.3. Both descriptive statistics
were used for the data analysis. The spatial distribution pattern of the hotels expressed was
significantly clustered (z= -5.808; p=0.000). The directional ellipse of the distribution was
southward in which most tourism centres are located in close proximity to each other and this
has been advantage for supporting facilities built within the jurisdiction of tourism centres which
has plays positive impacts to the economy around them. Result shows most of the hotels has
some supporting facilities like Bar, Lounge, club houses, gaming centres and also GYM centres.
The study concluded that the hotels are concentrated in a particular location and in most of them,
the distance among them is close. The study recommends that planners, decision and policy
makers and government can implement it, and also Surveying and Geoinformatics students to
expose them to usefulness of GIS tools and Applications in real life activities.
1.0 Introduction
Tourism has been seen as a mechanism for regional development with the potential to diffuse
economic growth in regional and remote areas (Chhetri, Corcoran, & Hall, 2008; Hall & Page,
2006; Jackson & Murphy, 2006). The development of homogenous clusters is one such business
strategy for accelerating economic growth and harnessing tourism development opportunities.
There is broad agreement on the fact that economic growth tends to appear in the form of spatial
clusters or nodes of high economic activities, often confined in strategic areas of economic and
resource advantage. This is often referred to as the “agglomeration effect,” where related firms
locate near one another to reduce production and distribution costs (Krugman, 1991; Overman &
Puga, 2009). For example, retail stores agglomerate when locating in shopping malls because
they have access to a large group of potential customers that in turn lower the marketing costs.
The agglomeration effect explains the reason why wine producers in California, France, Italy,
and Australia are clustered around areas of grape production or why hotels in the Gold Coast
(Australia) or Pattaya in Thailand tend to segregate along beach precincts. Clusters in the service
sector such as California’s Silicon Valley in the US, Bangalore (software development) in India,
and Cambridge (biotechnology) in the UK are world renowned examples of high-performance
nodes of economic growth.
Location is a key conception in tourism sector analysis, given the dependence of this activity on
the natural, built, cultural and social characteristics of a certain territory (Vieira & Santos, 2017).
Obviously, location of tourism and recreation sites plays a critical role in the physical and mental
health and contributes substantially to human well-being (Triguero-Mas et al, 2015).In actual
sense, tourism involves the movement of people from one destination to another, and this has
become a major catalyst that has enormously influenced the high demand of recreational resorts
and facilities in most African countries (Marconiller, 2000). Whereas, recreation is an array of
activities which provides the means by which leisure experiences are achieved.
Tourism is one of the vital economic activities especially in urban centres and a significant item
in the global economy. As tourism becomes crucial to the growth of cities and countries,
understanding tourists’ behaviours provides further insight into how to increase tourists’
satisfaction with their visits and gain loyal return visitors as a result (Yoon & Uysal, 2005). As
been alluded by Uwadiegwu (2006), the accomplishment of tourism industry in any given
geographic location depends on the level of development of the elements. Tourism and
recreation are more often than not dependent on both environmental resources and geographic
locations. It is also a phenomenon, which in the event of lack of planning and management is
likely to erode its environmental base. However, one of the problems often encountered in the
tourism industry is lack of data and a quick update and maintenance of available data.
Hence, spatial analysis of recreational facilities and services is an important tool to visualize
service-deficient areas within an urban place and inform policy to ensure equity of facilities (Eyo
& Ajake, 2019). The distributional pattern of tourism attractions and institutions in tourism
destination is of great importance to scholars and other tourism stakeholders.
However, the spatial distribution of recreation is influenced by many factors, and also differs
between activity types. Hence, in order to succeed, investors must understand the interplay of
success factors in the industry. A number of factors are responsible for the decision of investors
to site hotels at particular areas; the location of the hotel, which directly affects the investing
success, needs to be fulfilled as a topmost priority (Baba, 2016).

Objectives of the Study

This study aims at analyzing the spatial distribution pattern of tourism centres and supporting
facilities in Ife-Central Local Government Area, Nigeria.
The objectives are to:
i. Pinpoint the potential of Tourism in the study area.
ii. Identify and map the distribution of tourism centres and supporting facilities in study area
iii. Determine the spatial pattern of distribution of tourism centres and supporting facilities in the
study area.

1.2 Study Area

Ife Central is a Local Government Area in Osun State, Nigeria. Ife Central Local Government
geographical location lies between latitude 7º 29’ and 7 º 35’ and longitude 4 º 27’ and 4 º
34’Longitude. Its headquarters are in the city of Ile Ife to the south of the area. It has an area of
150knm2 and a population of 167254 at the 2006 population census. Ife central contains
countless number of social infrastructures such as University, Hotels, Ooni Palace, Polytechnic,
Eateries, club houses, bars and many more.

Figure1.0: Showing the Study Area map

2.0 Literature Review

Agbayekhai et. al, (2019) used GIS approach to analyzed the spatial distribution of the recreation
and tourism in Ado-Ekiti. The study analyzed the distribution of hotels and tourism centres in
Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State and the service available in the hotels and the significance of the tourism
centres. The study advocated the relevance for a database containing information about the hotels
and tourism centres in the area. The study made use of data from both primary and secondary
sources. The handed (Global Positioning System) GPS receiver was used to capture the
Geographic Coordinates of the Hotels and Tourism centres. A total of sixty-three (63) hotels and
five (5) tourism sites were surveyed. It was detected that the hotels in the 2 star categories are the
highest category in Ado-Ekiti. It was also observed most of these hotels were situated along road
network. Furthermore, the study revealed that the prices of the hotels accommodate every socio-
economic class of people. It is therefore recommended that hotel facilities should be upgraded
for optimum performance that can meet desirable international criteria.
Constantin and Reveiu (2018) proposed an inquiry into the spatial distribution of accommodation
and foodservice companies in Romania, seeking to reveal whether a significant cross-correlation
between these two segments of tourism infrastructure occurs and, in case of an affirmative
answer, to discuss their significance for tourism development policies. With the aim proposed,
the investigation methodology utilises a series of analytical tools that combine GIS and spatial
agglomeration analysis based techniques, applied to datasets capturing all companies represented
in the tourism industry in Romania provided by the National Authority for Tourism, combined
with spatial data from the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). The results indicate
an uneven territorial distribution of tourism infrastructure compared to the location of tourist
attractions, significant differences between the geographical distribution of the accommodation
and foodservice companies and suggest differentiated policies for supporting tourism
infrastructure, in accordance with the specific needs of the tourist areas.
Siakwah (2018) studied that spatial distributions of tourist sites is one of the core challenges and
opportunities for policy makers and development experts to promoting sustainable tourism sector
development in Ghana. The review was based on a comprehensive analysis of tourism literature
and policy documents in Ghana. The goal of the article was thus a modest attempt to provide a
picturesque view of the uneven geographies of tourism in Ghana. Trends observed in the
country’s tourism space in relation to disaggregating groupings destinations or tourism spaces
into natural or man-made (socio-cultural heritage) and rural and urban. The analysis showed that
tourism sites are distributed spatially in Ghana, and the sites can be classified in natural sites like
parks and game reserves, rivers, mountains; and man-made or socio-cultural resources such as
castles, museums, cultural heritages, artefacts and historical experiences. These resources are
however, are poorly marketed, globally and locally. Effective marketing and coordination among
actors and institutions can help promote tourism and sustain it in Ghana for the benefit of the
people and future generations.
Susilowati,(2019)attempted GIS technique to analyzed the spatial distribution of main tourist
attraction in Jakarta. The method used in this research was spatial distribution analysis. The
result of the research shows that the majority of nature attraction on northern side of city.
Snorkelling, diving and beach activities are available at near by Pulau Seribu. The capital Jakarta
has interesting, dutch colonial architecture and museums with exhibits from Indonesia’s
difference ethnic groups and cultural periods. On the eastern side of the city there is on outdoor
cultural park with full-scale replicas of the traditional houses from Indonesia’s thirty-three
provinces (Taman Mini Indonesia Indah). The transport system for tourist consists of the
network of routes along which the vehicles travel (e.g. roads, railway tracks and sea lanes). At
certain points these separate networks come together to provide interchange nodes where tourist
may change from one mode of transport to another. Each form of transport will have different
advantages in terms of speed, comfort, cost, convenience and travelers will make appropriate
choices between modes.
Lei and Leu, (2021) carried out Geospatial analysis and spatial distribution based on the first and
second batch of crucial rural tourism villages in China, along Hu Huarryong line, the nearest
neighbor index, geographic concentration index, Gini coefficient, standard deviation ellipse,
nuclear density and other methods are used to analyze their spatial distribution types, spatial
balance, spatial pattern and evolution. Then, the factors influencing the distribution differences
are analyzed by using the tools of geographic connection rate and buffer zone. From a
configuration perspective, QCA is used to explore the development model of crucial rural
tourism villages. The results show that China’s rural tourism crucial villages along the Hu
Huanyong line show a condensed distribution characteristic of "sparsely located in the southeast
and sparsely northwest". The distribution within the provinces was weakly concentrated and the
spatial imbalance is prominent. Moreover, the spatial pattern is evident from the Northeast to the
Southwest and shows the insense evolution trend. The crucial rural tourism villages are spatially
formed with the dual-core radiation and multi-regional structural features centered on the
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and supplemented by several sub-high-density areas
such as Guanzhong, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Pearl River Delta, and finally formed the
radiation pattern of urban agglomerations-central cities-crucial rural tourism villages. Natural
geography, source market, transportation environment, economic level, and endowment of
tourism resources are important factors that affect the spatial distribution of crucial rural tourism
villages. There are three main development models of crucial rural tourism villages in China:
source market-driven, traffic-oriented and scenic-radiant.
Delita and Sidauruk(2019) carried out analysis on the distribution of attractions and describe
tourism accommodation in Simanindo Subdistrict, Indonesia. There are 75 tourist sites spread
over 9 subdistricts in Samosir. The distribution of attractions is located mostly in the subdistrict
of Simanindo. The qualitative approach is used in the study. The data used are compiled from
observation and documentary. The results reveal that almost 19 tourist attractions spread in
Simanindo Subdistrict. The attractions can be classified as natural attractions, historical
attractions, and cultural attractions. There are 58 hotels (1326 rooms) and other accommodation
to support 19 tourist sites in this area. The hotels consist of 2-star hotels totaling 5 buildings; 1-
star hotel, class I jasmine hotels amounted to 30 buildings; class II jasmine hotel amounted to 17
buildings; and class III jasmine hotel amounted to 5 buildings.
Abubakar, et. al,(2017) used GIS techniques approach to analysed various visitation sequence
and routes for tourist sites in Lokoja considering multiple scenarios. The main datasets used were
the transportation network and the geographic coordinates of the tourist sites. These were
collected through a comprehensive field survey of the study area. The ArcGIS 10.1 Network
Analyst Extension was the main software used for this analysis. Five scenarios were considered
comprising open and closed tours as well as Sequential Ordering Problems (SOP) and non-SOPs.
In addition, for the first and second scenarios, an auxiliary scenario was considered that featured
a hypothetical road block on an important arterial route. The fifth scenario considered the
implication of a hypothetical flooding of some road sections along the bank of the River Niger.
Furthermore, for each scenario, there were two optimization solutions: One that optimized the
distance covered in visiting all the tourist sites and the other that optimized the time duration
required to complete the site visitations. Optimal visitation sequences were determined by the
network analyst as part of the solution of the respective scenarios. Sensitivity analysis was also
performed to compare the consequences of time savings vis-à-vis distance savings across the
various scenarios. In addition to the detailed navigation map produced for each scenario, a
comprehensive navigation description guide was derived. The study reveals that scenarios where
the site visitation sequence were optimized saved both time and distance markedly compared to
scenarios with a predefined site visitation sequence. In all cases, shorter visitation durations were
associated with time-optimized scenarios compared to distance-optimized ones while shorter
visitation distances were associated with distance-optimized scenarios as compared to time-
optimized scenarios. However, the disparities between distance-optimized and time optimized
scenarios were negligible in some cases. Furthermore, the blockage of an important arterial route
(including the flooding of a vulnerable road segment) resulted in a striking increase in the
optimal distance and time required to visit all the tourist sites in Lokoja. Overall, the shortest
cumulative travel time (of approximately 17.69 minutes) and distance (of 15,897.20 meters)
were derived from the second scenario.
Adeyemi (2013) carried out spatial analysis on the locational pattern of hotels in Akure, Ondo
State using GIS techniques. Data for the study were obtained from both primary and secondary
sources. The co-ordinate of each of the hotels was captured using a handheld Global Positioning
System (GPS) receiver which was used to create a point map. Data were processed and analyzed
to generate a geospatial database for hotel facilities using ILWIS (3.3) and ArcGIS (9.3) G.I.S.
Software. The result reveal that hotels were located in all parts of Akure with the Oke-Ijebu /
Ijapo Estate axis located in the North Eastern part of Akure having the highest concentration of
the hotels in them representing 31.3% of the hotels in the study area. It further reveals that few
hotels were close to the central business district of the study area. The study concluded that GIS
is a veritable tool which both individual and government can use to arrive at important decision-
making on location of hotels which would give rise to the proper planning and management of
hotels.
Njike et. al, (2013) Worked on exposing the hidden tourist potentials of Abia State of Nigerian
through use of advanced geospatial system techniques such as Global Positioning System,
Remote Sensing techniques and digital database to provide better tourism details and broader
description of tourist attractions sites in Abia State. Further stated that Abia State of Nigeria is
blessed with many tourist potentials like the Azumini Blue River in Aba, Ojukwu Bunker located
at Umuahia, the long Juju of Arochukwu, the National Museum also in Aba and so many other
areas of tourist interests and captivating scenes. Concluded that despite all these, reasonable
efforts have not been put in place by stakeholders to arouse and attract the interest of tourists to
the state. The Production a digital tourism and hospitality map of Abia will go a long way to
improve the Tourism potentials of Abia State for sustainability.
Kika and Ikezam(2022) carried out the spatial distribution pattern of hotels in Port Harcourt
Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. Global positioning system was used to capture the coordinates
of each hotel to generate the spatial distribution of the hotels and also the pattern was generated
by Nearest Neighbouring Analysis and descriptive statistics were used for the data analysis. The
study showed that a total of 148 hotels were found in the study area. The spatial distribution
pattern of the hotels expressed in was significantly clustered (z= -9.93; p=0.000).. The study
concluded that the hotels are concentrated in a particular location and most of them are located
along the road side, the distance among them is close. The study recommended that a GIS
database is required for the monitoring and management of hotels with the growing tendency of
Port Harcourt Metropolis. Also, stated that more studies should be done on the relationship
between the location of hotels and security; and classification of hotels into different classes
based on facilities present in each hotel.

3.0 Research Methodology

This section shows the data used, their sources, the mode of collection as well as how the data
was processed and analyzed.

3.1 Data Source

The data required are therefore sourced from both primary and secondary sources. Primary
Source include absolute location of the facilities and sites which were captured and recorded
using a hand held GPS receiver. The coordinates were overlaid on a map of the Ife Central to
show the exact location of the recreation (Hotel) facilities and tourism sites on the map. This
helped in gathering information with the respect to the services the hotels provide and the
facilities available in the hotels. Also, secondary sources of data include a range of literature
materials were extracted from journals, published materials, materials from internet, newspaper
articles as well as unpublished theses/dissertations.

3.2Data Collection and Mapping Methods

The data required and used in the study include: Coordinates of the tourism and facilities
supporting them by using handheld GPS. Data collection include the collation of list of
recreation and tourist attraction site names and the attribute data of the study area and then pick
the locations of the various recreation and tourism sites with handheld GPS receiver.

3.3 Data Processing

The coordinates acquired were inputted into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, after which was
exported to GIS environment in ArcGIS10.3. All the tourism centres and facilities supporting
them in study the area were identified and mapped. This was achieved by using the Handheld
GPS receiver to capture the coordinates of the features in questions in the study area. The spatial
distribution of the spatial pattern was done on ArcGIS 10.3 software using Nearest
Neighbourhood Analysis tools on the tourism centres in Ife Central Local Government Area.

4.0 Results and Discussion

Figure 4(a) Showing locations of Tourism Attraction Centres and Supporting Facilities
Figure 4(b) Showing the result of the spatial distribution of tourism attraction centres and supporting
facilities within Ife Central Local Government.

Above Figures showed the location of the tourism centres and facilities supporting them, and the
result of the spatial distribution pattern of the tourism centres, and the supporting facilities, in
the area. A critical examination of the map of the study area shows that the study area has the
tourism centres spatially distributed in a clustered pattern toward the southward direction of the
study area. It was also evident that the spatial distribution of tourism and recreational facilities in
the Ife central is intertwined with the presence of some basic infrastructural amenities such as
electricity, good road network system, it was also noted that most of these hotels are sited along
major roads for easy accessibility.
Apart from the fact that Ile-Ife is one of the ancient cities with many historical, social and
cultural tourism centres, although most of the tourism centres are concentrated in Ife Central
Local Government Area such as; Ooni Palace, National Museum Centre, Ife grand Resort,
Oranmiyan Staff, OAU Biological Garden etc, these have contributed to development of other
social infrastructures like Recreational centres and Relaxation centres such as Clubs Houses,
Hotel, GYM and Gaming centres which contributes to increase in population of people being
attracted to Ife city to settle.
The NNA (nearest neighbor analysis) inferential statistical tool in ArcGIS 10.3 was performed to
explore the spatial pattern on the data captured. A negative Z-score indicates clustering or
unevenly distribution, while a positive score means dispersion or evenly distribution. As a
general rule, the Z-score usually returns a range of values between -2.58 and 2.58 so that a
negative Z-score of less than -2.58 indicates a significance clustering at 0.01 probability level. A
range of scores between both -2.58 to -1.96 at 0.05 significance level and -1.96 to -1.65 at 0.10
probability level shows that there is tendency towards a cluster pattern. However, a range of Z-
scores between -1.65 to 1.65 indicate a random distribution. But then again, if the Z-score value
lies between both 1.65 to 1.96 at 0.01 significance level and 1.96 to 2.58 at 0.05 probability level
then it is obvious that there is tendency towards a regular pattern. On the other hand, a positive
Z-score greater than 2.58 indicate a significant regularity or dispersal at 0.01 probability level
(Getis and Ord 1998). The result of this study shows that the spatial distribution of the tourism
centres and supporting facilities are in clustered pattern, and all are found in the very close
proximity range and towards southward direction of the study area with z-score of -5.808283 and
the probability level of less than 0.01. Result also shows that the tourism attraction centres has
impacted the positive yield of the supporting facilities which make tourism lively and interesting
for the tourists.

5.0 Conclusion
The spatial distribution of tourism and supporting facilities in the Ife Central is intertwined with
the presence of some basic infrastructural amenities such as good road network system. The
development and accomplishment of hospitality industry is a function of presence of social
amenities in right quantity and vice-versa, in other words, hospitality facilities or other amenities
should not be developed with consideration to the others. This study observes that accessibility is
necessary factor to the location of tourism centres. Therefore for the sake of development and
distribution of social facilities particularly recreation facilities, the road network in Ife Central
should go through total refurbishment. The township access roads should be constantly
upgraded. The implication of this is that the hotels in the study area can still cater for the need of
the local users, however, there are still more to be done in this area in order to accommodate
more international guests hence, like creating efficient database for hotel management system
which will aid in the location of the right choice of hotel, and thereby lead to increased
serviceability and delivery.

Recommendation
The study recommends that planners, decision and policy makers and government can
implement it, and also Surveying and Geoinformatics students to expose them to usefulness of
GIS tools and Applications in real life activities.
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