1. Identify the purposes of review of related literature.

2. Identify possible sources of related literatures.

3. to be able to paraphrase and direct vote.
4. To be able to site sources properly.
5. To be able to write bibliography.

What is review of Related Literature?

-An assessment of bodies of literature about a certain specific question or problem or topic(Fraenkel et at,
2012)
-An examination of the researches that has been conducted in a particular field.

Purpose of Review of Related Literature

1. Attain a good knowledge of the field of inquiry-facts, scholars, etc.
2. Attain methodologies common to the field.
3. Determine if purposed knowledge is really needed.
4. Help narrow down a problem
5. Generates hypothesis, related question for this study
6. Create a long term study of interest

Types of sources for RORL

1. General Reference - This refers to sources where researcher refers first, like indexes and abstracts.
2. Primary resources - Publications where researchers directly report their findings to their readers, like
journals.
3. Secondary Resources - Publications where the author describes the research works of other persons.
-Common examples are textbooks as well as encyclopedias, and peer reviewed
journals.

Steps in making an RORL

1. Select and narrow down a study
2. Narrow down your search
3. Search and choose the literatures
4. Analyze and interpret the literatures
5. Write the review

*Select a study
-Narrow down your research problem and questions the best you can.
*Narrow down your search
Tips:
1. Focus only on the terms found in your title
E.g.
Autibacterial Activity of Hexatoxic Extract of Cynthilium cenereum on E.coli.
2. Make an outline of information you are going to gather
3. Create a list of possible search terms you are going to write in the search engine
*Search and choose literature
Tips:
1. Start looking for general references
2. Look for at least 5 primary sources on a certain topic
-to look on internet, type “Scholarly articles on… *type search term here*”
I- Introduction
M- Materials and methods
R- result
A- and
D- Discussion
*Try your best to look for recent studies(5 years or younger)

Evaluating the sources R.E.V.I.E.W.

Relevance: Is it full of partial relevance? Specific or general aspects?

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Expertise: of the authors, research specialization, background, highly chord cited?
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Viewpoint: possibility of conflict of interest (e.g. industry-funded research?), surface of publication:
marketing, informative, etc..
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Intended Audience: Scholarly audience, general public, or the industry?
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Evidence: are the view supported by the scientific evidence(e.g. validated models, confirmed observations,
etc…)? Has it been reviews? Citing other researches or too many self-citations?
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When Published: was the reference published recently? Have significant developments been made in the
subject area since the reference was published?
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Things to avoid the review

1. 1 source per 1 paragraph type
2. Lack of organization
3. Not discriminating from relevant to irrelevant information
4. Not being critical
5. Exclusion of landmark studies
6. Emphasis of outdated materials
7. Adopting a parochial perspective

Parts of a condensed research proposal

1. Title page
2. Approval sheet
I. Chapter 1: the problem and its source
A. Introduction
B. Statement of the problem/objective
C. Hypotheses
D. Conceptual framework
E. RORL

Parts of a condensed research proposal(for life)

II. Methodology
A. The organism studied(gathering and preparing of organism, extraction procedure)
B. Experimental design (formulation of treatments, and experimental layout) and protocol for collecting
data(experiment proper)
C. Data analysis procedure(data gathering procedure and data analysis)
(for Applied science)
III. Methodology
A. Principle of operation
B. Design and specifications
C. Materials, tools and equipment
D. Construction procedure
E. Data gathering
F. Evaluation of the finished gadget

IV. Bibliography
V. Appendices
A. Duration and schedule of activities
B. Proposed budget plan
C. Forms
D. Data gathering instrument(for applied)
D. preliminary tests( for life)

Chapter 1: the problem and its scope

Introduction

Introduction is the part where you are going to answer the questions:
- why did I conduct this study?
- why is it worth studying?
- what did we know about it before I did this study?

Orient the reader with the rationale behind the work, with the intention of defending it. It places your
work in the theoretical context, and enables the reader to understand and appreciate your objectives.

- It describes the circumstances that suggested the research.

- It recounts the extent of research done on the topic or issue leading directly to the problem studied.

Tips in writing introduction(content)

1. General info. - What is the issue/problem you wanted to end?
2. Specific info. - What are the proposed solutions? What are their limitations?
3. More specific info. - How can your proposed solution be a solution? Are you sure this is not conducted
yet?
4. Specific problem - What is your study about?
Inverted triangle method:

- study the style of the related study you found.

Tips in writing introduction(format)

 Maximum of two pages( double spaced, typed).
 Organize your ideas, making one major point with each paragraph.
 Present background information only as needed in order to support a position.
Things to avoid in writing introduction
 Misspelled word, grammatical errors, poor sentence construction.
 Lack of organization of the thoughts.
 Information that do not connect (Frankenstein intro.).
 Statements of facts or general truths without citations.

Statement of the Problem

-it clearly, briefly, and accurately describes the problem that is studied
-it can be in declarative and interrogative form
-defined in terms of the data that you will obtain

Types of SOTP
- General SOTP
-Specific SOTP -->Descriptive, Inferential

Example:
Termiticidal Property of Citrus maxima peeling extract on Coptotermes formunatus

Statement of the Problem

General SOTP
This study aims to determine the termiticidal property of Citrus maxima peeling extract on
Coptotermes formunatus

Specific SOTP
Specifically, this study aims to answer the ff. questions:

Descriptive
What is the termiticidal property of formunatus in terms of mortality rate (in %) 24 hours after
application of treatments?

Inferential
Does the Citrus maxima peeling extract have a significant termiticidal property at Coptotermes
formunatus in terms of mortality rate (in %) 24 hours after application of treatments?

1. What is the tremiticidal property of the different concentrations (100%, 50%,& 25%) of C. maxima
extract of C. formunatus in terms of mortality rate (in %) 24 hours after application of treatments?
2. Is there a significant difference on the tremiticidal property of the different concentrations (100%,50%,&
25%) of C. maxima peeling extract on C. formunatus in terms of mortality rate (in %) 24 hours after
application of treatments?
3. Which concentration (100%,50%,& 25%) of C. maxima peeling extract has the same sig. Highest
termiticidal property on C. formunatus in terms of mortality rate (in %) 24 hours after application of
treatments?

Engineering:

Example:
Ocean Wave Generator

This study aims to:

1. Design an Ocean wave Generator
2. Create an “ “ “
3. Evaluate the “ “ “ based on:
A. Power rating (in watts)
B. Voltage output(in volts) I.
C. Time (in hours) to fully charge a 3.7 Volts Li-ion battery
D. Acceptability of the device (based on its operationability, ease of usage and uniqueness) ---II.
I. Instrumental Measurement Evaluation
II. Perceptive Evaluation
III. Cost Analysis

SOTP:
Generally, this study aims to design & create an ocean powered generator
Specifically, this study aims to answer the ff. Questions
1. What is the capability of OWG in producing electricity in terms of a)power rating (in W),b)voltage
output(in V) & time (in hrs) to fully charge a 3.7 V Li-ion battery
2. What is the acceptability of OWG in terms of a) operationability, b) ease of use, c) uniqueness ass
rated by 10 engineers

Methodology

Purpose:
 This portion describes in sufficient detail the procedures employed in the research so that it can be
evaluated and repeated (if necessary)
 Answers the question:”how did you solve the problem?”

It must be valid and reliable

Valid- the procedure and the data gathered are relevant and appropriate to the problem investigated
Reliable- the data gathered can be reproduced

 It must be arranged chronologically

 Divided into headings
 Use future tense
 Use third person passive voice
 Verbally describing how the experiment will be conducted
(not a step by step directive protocol like a laboratory manual)

Parts of the methodology

A. The organism studied(gathering and preparing of organism and materials, extraction, formulation of
treatments)
B. For field study, description of the study site
C. Experimental Design(experimental layout)
D. Protocol for collecting data (experiment proper)
E. Data analysis procedure(data gathering procedure and data analysis)

Experimental or Sampling Design

-Experimental design tells you how the experiment was structured
This includes:
1. Treatments
experimantal treatments(independent variable)
This refers to the experimantal condition or substance whose effect on another substance will be
determined by your experiment

Example: termiticidal property of O. sativa leaf extract on Coptetermes formunatus

sativa leaf extract- independent variable

2. Control
Types of control:
Negative control(-)
A control group or treatments which is expected to be not effective.

Positive control(+)
A control group or treatments which is expected to be effective. another term that’s used is standard
treatment

3. Replication
-Number of times a setup was conducted
-replications aims to increase the accuracy of treatment comparison, and give the experimenter valid
estimate of the magnitude of the experimental error
-The minimum number of replications per treatment is three, but the more the number of replications,
the better.

4. Randomization
Randomization is a precaution against unforseen disturbance or for damage control, if unforseen
disturbances occur. In every stage, randomization must be produced unless bias will be introduced.

-can be introduced when assigning the treatments aand replication to the setups
-there are varied randomiazation techniques, but the most common one is the use of lottery method
5. Experimantal layout design
Method of assigning the treatments and replicates to test organism, materials, or setup

Types of experimental design

-Single factor design
A. Completely Randomized Design- A desgn to use when the test organism or media is homogeneous
Example of CRD
A3 B3 A2
A1 B2 B1
Legend:
A- Quassia indica Leaf extract
B- Water (negative control)
1-1st replication
2-2nd replication
3-3rd replication

B. Randomized Complete Block Design- A desgn to use when the test organism or media is not entirely
homogeneous
Example of RCBD
I II III
A B A
B A B
Legend:
A- Quassia indica Leaf extract
B- Water (negative control)

C. Latin Square Design-

-Factorial design
6. How many samples were collected
7. Final form of data
8. What variables were measured
(T/N: Lc50- concentration that can kill half of the population)

Experimental Layout
1. How many treatments & replications?<-----first sentence
2. What experimental design will you use?<-----second sentence Passive Voice
3. How will you assign treatments to your test organism/setup?

Experimental Layout

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Table 3.1 CRD/RCBD table

A3 B3 A2
A1 B2 B1
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I II III
A B A
B A B
Legends:

Applied------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Design and specification:
This portion describes what are the part of the device and its characteristics or specifications.
In describing each part and the device has plenty of parts, it’s better to group the parts based on its
purposes.

The first paragraph just generally state its parts. Proceeding paragraphs would describe each part in
detail.
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Life-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DATA COLLECTION PROTOCOL
Experimental proper:
This refer to the assays or the description of how experimental procedures are carried out.

If you had a basis In the assay you are going to use, better state first the name of the assay(if it is a
standard one or has a name) or which related study did you based you procedure[example: Based on the
procedure used in the study of Tantiado (2014)]

If you are going to not fully follw the suggestions of the standard procedure mention it(“e.g. adapted
from that of WHO(2015)protocol” or “based on the WHO (2015) protocol with some modifications”)
Just to make sure that you are going to detail those modifications.
 Describe the procedures for your study in sufficient detail that other scientists could repeat your work
to verify your findings. Do not forget: Arrange your assay chronologically.

Usually these are “quantitative”- masses, volume, incubation times, concentrations.

Data analysis protocol

This include analyses and/or statistical procedures used to determin significance, data transformation
used, what probability level was used to decide significance.

Data gathering procedure

State first what is the data you are going to gather (in terms of…..) and describe chronologically how
you are going to attain those data.
Mention also the devicie used in aiding you to attain those data as you describe the procedure.

There will be some data that all you need is to observe, count, or measure. There will be also data that
still need computations. In this case, indicate what formula you are going to use.

Data Analysis
You will indicate how the data will be summarized and analyzed. This will also include standards that
you may use(that do NOT employ inferential statistical procedure).

This includes
1. Qualitative analysis ir scale(with citatons)
2. Statistical software used
3. How the data were summarized(means, percent, etc.)
4. How you are reporting measures or variability(SD, SEM, 95% confidence levels, etc.)
5. Which data transformations were used (to correct normal distributions or equalize variances)
6. Inferential statistical tests used with reference to the particular questions or kinds of questions they
address
7. Any other numerical(e.g. normalizing data) or graphical techniques used to analyze data.
8. What probability (a prori) was used to decide significance; usually reported as the Greek Symbol alpha
(α)

Description of Study Variables

This portion describes the organism you are going to use in the study

This may include sex, age, typical size(height, weight, length) whether they are fresh or dried. For
genetic studies, the strain or genetic stocks maybe used.

Example:
Cyanthillium cinerium leaves. One kilogram of fresh, both young and mature leaves of Cyanthillium
cinerium will be used in the study. It wll be ensured than the leaves to be used are free from insect bites,
discoloration and molds which are signs of insect and microbial infestation

Escerichia coli. K12 strain of E. coli which was cultured at West Visayas State University will be used in
the study.

Gathering of materials
Indicate when, where, and how the organisms will be gathered
Tips:
 In purhcasing bacteria or organisms, indicate the source (e.g. Philippine National Culture of
Microorganisms or PNCM Los Baños, Laguna or the name of the Laboratory Shops)
 In gathering plant materials, it was advised to gather the plant prior to sunset
Extraction procedure
Indicates the detailed procedure employed in extracting substances

 On the first sentence, indicate already the name of the method of extraction used in the study
 if the method to be used has no known name but used former researchers, just type “… were based
according to the procedures employed bu author last name (year)”
 Use standard procedures. If you are going to use other methods of extraction, you must have a valid
reason of doing so
 Look for the internet for step by step procedures in doing extraction procedures
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Ethanolic
Methanolic
Aqueous
Hexanoic
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Hypothesis
*alternative hypothesis[research hypothesis(H a)]
*null hypothesis (Ho)

SOTP
1. What is the moluscicidal activity of the diff. conc.(20mg/mL, 40mg/mL, 60mg/mL, 80mg/mL,) of M.
charantia leaf exract on pomacea canaliculata in terms of mortality rate (%) 20 hrs. After application of
treatments?

2. Is there a sig. Diff. On the moluscicidal activity of the diff. conc.(20mg/mL, 40mg/mL, 60mg/mL,
80mg/mL,) of M. charantia leaf exract on pomacea canaliculata in terms of mortality rate (%) 20 hrs. After
application of treatments?

3. Which among the diff. Concentrations (20mg/mL, 40mg/mL, 60mg/mL, 80mg/mL,) M. charantia leaf
exract is the most effective as an molluscicidal on pomacea canaliculata in the terms of mortality rate (%)
24 hrs. After application of treatments?

Ha
1. 1.The diff. conc. (20mg/mL, 40mg/mL, 60mg/mL, 80mg/mL,) of M. charantia leaf exract has molluscicidal
activity on P. canaliculata in terms of mortality rate(%) 24 hours after application of treatments.
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Ho
1. The diff. conc. (20mg/mL, 40mg/mL, 60mg/mL, 80mg/mL,) of M. charantia leaf exract has no
molluscicidal activity on P. canaliculata in terms of mortality rate(%) 24 hours after application of
treatments.
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Disposal procedure
Indicate what will happen to the setups, materials and organism you used after the experiment has
been conducted.

Preliminary tests
This will refer to the tests you will have to conduct first prior to main testing to help you determin
whether you should proceed to main testing, helps you formulate research design (e.g. treatments) or to
dry run your main experiment to forsee possible difficulties in conducting the experiment
Examples of preliminary tests
Phytochemical screening. Phytochemical screening is also a simple test used to indicate a plant extract’s
pharmaceutical and insecticidal potential.

Preliminary tests
Put it in Appendix and place it in laboratory manual form (directive, step by step form)

Bond paper: short

Margin: 1.5 (left), 1 (others)
Font: 12, times new roman
Double spaced
Left aligned

Research plan
First part:
1. TITLE- bold
2. Researchers- bold, last name first
A. Question of problem being adressed (bold)
Intro(bold)
B. Goals/expected outcomes/hypothesis(bold)
SOTP & hypothesis
Null inferential hypothesis

C. Description in detail of methods & procedures (bold)

Methodology
1. Description of study variables
2. Gathering
3. Preparing
4. Extraction
5. Formulation
6. Experimantal layout
7. Experiment proper(assay)
8. Data gathering procedure
9. Data analysis
10. Disposal procedure
D. Bibliography

GRADE 10---------------------------------------------------------
Statistical Guide and Interpretation
(What Statistical Tool to Use)

What is Statistics?
Statistics is a discipline of study dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of
data(Stephens, 1998)

 Collection of Data- refers to the process of obtaining numerical measurements.

 Organization of Data- refers to the tabulation or presentation of data using tables, graphs, and/or
charts so that logical and statistical conclutions can be derived from the collected measurements.
 Summary of Data- contains the summed up and concise information of the data collected and
organized.
 Analysis of Data- pretains to the process of extracting from the given data relevant information from
which numerical description can be formulated.
 Interpretation od Data- refers to the tasks of drwing conclutions from the analyzed data.

Branches of Statistics

 Descriptive Statistics- concerned with the gathering classification & presentation of data and
summarizing of values to describe group characteristics of data. Its purpose is to reduce information
into manageable size and put it into focus.
 Inferential Statistics- is concerned with the analysis of subset of data leading to predictions of
inferences about the entire set of data.

Terma used in Statistics

(Collection of Data)

Variable vs Constant