IN THE NAME OF ALMIGHTY ALLAH THE

MOST BENEFICENT, COMPASSIONATE AND

THE MOST MERCIFUL

i
 FORWARDING CERTIFICATE

It is hereby certified that work presented by Moiza khan, Nimra Aslam, Zubaira

Aslam, Sadaf Sadiq and Maria Yaseen in the thesis entitled “Association of

mechanical low back pain due to prolonged sitting among undergraduate physical

therapy students” is based on the result of research study conducted by candidates

under my supervision. No portion of this work has been formerly been offered for

higher degree in this university or any other institute of learning and to best of author’s

knowledge, no material has been used in this thesis which is not her own work, except

where due acknowledgement has been made. Candidates has fulfilled all the

requirements and qualified to submit this thesis in partial fulfillment for the degree of

Doctor of Physical Therapy, The University of Sargodha.

Dr. Shahid Raza

Assistant Professor
Agile Institute of Rehabilitation
Sciences Bahawalpur

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 Author’s Declaration

Moiza khan, Nimra Aslam, Zubaira Aslam, Sadaf Sadiq and Maria Yaseen

Students of DPT final year at the Agile Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences Bahawalpur

hereby declare that the research work entitled “Association of mechanical low back

pain due to prolonged sitting among undergraduate physical therapy students” is

done by us. We also certify that nothing has been incorporated in this research work

without acknowledgement and that to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not

contain any material previously published or written by any other person or any

material. It shall also not be submitted to obtain any degree from other university or

institution.

Moiza khan
Nimra Aslam
Zubaira Aslam
Sadaf Sadiq
Maria Yaseen

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 APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

The research entitled “Association of mechanical low back pain due to prolonged

sitting among undergraduate physical therapy students” by Moiza khan, Nimra

Aslam, Zubaira Aslam, Sadaf Sadiq and Maria Yaseen accepted and approved in

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of the Doctor of Physical Therapy,

University of Sargodha.

1. Supervisor: _________________________

2. External Examiner: _________________________

3. Director: _________________________

Dated: _________________________

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 DEDICATION TO

Almighty ALLAH

Holly Prophet (P.B.U.H)

I solemnly dedicate this effort to those who are the symbol of

pride for me, my loving caring parents and siblings. I would not

have been able to complete my thesis without their support, love

and affection. My success is really the fruit of their constant

prayers.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises are for Allah, the omnipotent, and the omniscient, who guide us in
darkness and helps us in difficulties. All respects to the Holy Prophet Hazrat
Muhammad (PBUH), who appeared for all seekers as a light of knowledge.
We are also thankful to Dr. Muhammad Hafeez Director Agile institute of
Rehabilitation Sciences Bahawalpur, for his continuous encouragement, support and
guidance.
We are also thankful to our supervisor Dr. Shahid Raza for his inspirational
guidance, encouragement, criticism and educational advices throughout my thesis. We
are grateful to him because he was much more than a supervisor, with his endless
support, warmth and motivation that he gave us during the long and depressing time
while writing our thesis.
We would also like to thank our Teacher Dr. Tahir Mehmood for his guidance,
encouragement, and educational advices throughout the thesis. He always increased our
personal courage and give motivation to us in all along the process of the writing of our
thesis.
It is a duty to thank our family members and friends for their continuous support
and belief in us. Their support, endless tolerance and help give us strength in throughout
the process in writing thesis.
We would also like to thank all individuals who helped us a lot in different
stages of this research thesis. May Allah give them all the rain of blessings.

Moiza khan
Nimra Aslam
Zubaira Aslam
Sadaf Sadiq
Maria Yaseen

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 ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Many researches have been conducted all over the Pakistan and
other countries on association of low back pain due to prolonged sitting among students.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To find out the association of low back pain with
prolonged sitting and to assess the possible influencing factors and effects of sedentary
lifestyle.

METHODOLOGY: Patients of age 16_30 years were included in this study as per
inclusion criteria.
This was a cross-sectional study. Non probability convenient sampling technique was
being used. Sample size was 80 male and female students. Data was collected by using
questionnaire from Agile Institute Of Rehabilitation Sciences Bwp.

RESULTS:
In our study, only two females having minimal disability, 12 males and 55 females
having moderate disability. There were 8 females of severe disability and 1 male with
crippling back pain. The chi square test was applied for the association between NPRS
and sitting portion of ODI. The p_value was 0.49.
CONCLUSION:
Our study concluded that there was significant association between low back pain and
sitting. The alternative hypothesis was approved.
KEY WORDS:
Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)

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 Sr. No. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 FORWARDING CERTIFICATE ii
2 AUTHOR’s DECLARATION iii
3 APPROVAL CERTIFICATE iv
4 DEDICATION v
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
6 ABSTRACT vii
7 LIST OF TABLES x
8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
9 PLAGIARISM EVALUATION REPORT xii
10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
11 1.1 Introduction 1
12 1.2 Rationale 4
13 1.3 Significance of Study 4
14 1.4 Operational Definitions 5
15 1.4.1 Knee Osteoarthritis 5
16 1.4.2 Quality of life 5
17 1.4.3 Body Mass Index 5
18 1.4.4 Kellgren & Lawrence Classification 5
19 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
20 2.1 Literature Review 6
21 2.2 Objectives 9
22 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 10
23 3.1 Study Design 10
24 3.2 Setting 10
25 3.3 Duration of Study 10
26 3.4 Sample Size 10
27 3.5 Sampling Technique 10
28 3.6 Sample Selection 10
29 3.6.1 Inclusion criteria 10
30 3.6.2 Exclusion criteria 10

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 Sr. No. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.
31 3.7 Research Tool 11
32 3.7.1 Validity and Reliability of research tool 11
33 3.8 Data Collection Procedure 11
34 3.8.1 Body Mass Index Calculation 12
35 3.9 Data Analyzing Procedure 13
36 3.10 Ethical Consideration 13
37 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION 14
38 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 35

39 CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND 37

RECOMMENDATION
40 6.1 Summary 37
41 6.2 Conclusion 37
42 6.3 Limitations 38
43 6.4 Recommendations 39
44 REFERENCES 40
45 ANNEXURE A - Informed Consent A
46 ANNEXURE B - Demographic Data B
47 ANNEXURE C - SF-36 Questionnaire C
48 ANNEXURE D - Body Mass Index table D

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Sr. No. LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO.
1. TABLE 4.1. Distribution of the respondents with respect to age. 14

2. TABLE 4.2. Distribution of the respondents according to Body 15

Mass Index. (BMI)
3. TABLE 4.3. Distribution according to Occupation. 16
4. TABLE 4.4. Gender-wise Distribution. 17
5. TABLE 4.5. Socio-Economic Status Distribution 18

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Sr. No. LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO.
6. TABLE 4.6. General Health of patients. 19

7. TABLE 4.7. Vigorous activities, such as running, lifting 20

heavy objects.
8. TABLE 4.8. Moderate activities such as moving table, 21
bowling, playing.
9. TABLE 4.9. Lifting or carrying Groceries. 22
10. TABLE 4.10. Climbing several flight stairs. 23
11. TABLE 4.11. Climbing one flight stairs. 24
12. TABLE 4.12. Response on bending, kneeling or stooping. 25
13. TABLE 4.13. Response of walking more than a mile. 26
14. TABLE 4.14. Response on Walking several blocks. 27
15. TABLE 4.15. Response on Limitation in Walking one block 28
16. TABLE 4.16. Response on Bathing or dressing yourself. 29

17. TABLE 4.17. The Eight Domains of SF-36 and the 30

corresponding questions of each domain.
18. TABLE 4.18. Average response of patients in each eight 31
Domains of SF-36.
19. TABLE 4.19. Health change and affected Quality of Life. 32

20. TABLE 4.20. Body Mass Index and Gender Cross-tabulation 33

21. TABLE 4.21. Socio Economic Status and Gender Cross- 34

tabulation.

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Sr. No. FULL FORM OF WORD ABBREVIATI
ON
1 Degenerative Joint Disease DJD
2 Knee Osteoarthritis KOA
3 Health Related Quality of Life HRQoL
4 Kellgren – Lawrence Score K-L Score
5 Outpatient Department OPD
6 Bahawal Victoria Hospital BVH
7 Body Mass Index BMI
8 Socioeconomic status SES

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 AGILE INSTITUTE OF REHABILITATION SCIENCES
BAHAWALPUR

PLAGIARISM EVALUATION REPORT

This is to certify that I have examined the Turnitin report of the Thesis
entitled “Assessing the Quality of life in knee Osteoarthritis patients in
Bahawalpur”. The thesis contains no text that can be regarded as plagiarism.

The overall similarity index obtained from the Turnitin software is ___%.

Librarian Supervisor

Ms Asma Dr. Muhammad Kaleem PT

___________________ ___________________

Date ________________ Date _____________

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