Name off the Conten

nt Developerr: M.RAME
ESH Affiliattion: ANNA
A UNIVERS
SITY
Medium
m of Instructtion: ENGL
LISH Departm
ment: _____
_______________
Course: B. ARCH Semesteer : III
Subject: AR83322 - SITE SURVEYIN
NG AND PL
LANNING
SE
ESSION: 2
Introducction to Surrveying
Early Hiistory of Surveying
▪ In
n Egypt, surrveyors weree called “roppe stretchers”” because thhey used ropees to measurre.
▪ R
Roman surveeyors got theeir name gromatici from the groma
Surveyin
ng
 Itt is the art off determiningg the relativee positions oof different object
o on thee surface of tthe
eaarth by meassuring the hoorizontal distance between them andd by preparin
ng a map to any
a
suuitable scalee. Thus, in thhis process, the
t measurem
ments are takken only in the
t horizontaal
pllane.

Fig 1.1.66

Levellingg

 L
Levelling is th
he art of dettermining thee relative vertical distancce of differeent points onn the
suurface of earrth. Hence, inn levelling, the
t measurements are taaken only in the vertical
pllane.

Fig 1.1.77

7 
Name of the Content Developer: M.RAMESH Affiliation: ANNA UNIVERSITY
Medium of Instruction: ENGLISH Department: __________________
Course: B. ARCH Semester : III
Subject: AR8322 - SITE SURVEYING AND PLANNING
Need for Surveying

 Surveying is of vital importance in any engineering project.

 The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as railways, highways,
tunneling, irrigation, dams, reservoirs, waterworks, sewerage works, airfields, ports,
massive buildings, etc. are based upon surveying measurements.

What will a survey include or indicate?

 Site boundary dimensions – shape

 Site topography – by chain survey, Plane table survey, Theodolite survey
 Accessibility from public roads
 All natural elements – trees, water bodies, etc.
 All manmade characteristics
 Service lines
 Present and future land use
 City and town planning - Demography, infrastructure, economy, social and cultural

WHEN DO WE NEED SURVEY ?

 When building, Land Surveying often used to determine drainage, setbacks, and proper
planning by many.
 Before land is divided. When a lending institution requires a survey for a mortgage.
 Before building a fence, building, shed, or anything close to an unknown property line.
 Before timber is to be cut near a property line.
 When purchasing title insurance.
 When applying for a "Torrens Title" to "register" you and your land title.
 Whenever a boundary line or corner is unknown or in disagreement.
 To settle a boundary dispute of some type.
 When you think you might have an encroachment on your land.
 When clearing or doing construction in "wetland" areas in the jurisdiction of the Corps
of Engineers

8 
 Name of the Content Developer: M.RAMESH Affiliation: ANNA UNIVERSITY
Medium of Instruction: ENGLISH Department: __________________
Course: B. ARCH Semester : III
Subject: AR8322 - SITE SURVEYING AND PLANNING
Methods of Surveying

 
SURVEYING

   
PRIMARY                                        SECONDARY

PLANE Surveying Surveying Surveying Surveying

SURVEYING Based on Based on Based on Based on
Instruments Methods Objects nature of field

GEODETIC Chain Survey Triangulation Geological Land

SURVEYING

Compass Traverse Mine Marine

Plane table Archeological Astronomical

Theodolite Military

Tacheometric

Photographic

9 
Name of the Content Developer: M.RAMESH Affiliation: ANNA UNIVERSITY
Medium of Instruction: ENGLISH Department: __________________
Course: B. ARCH Semester : III
Subject: AR8322 - SITE SURVEYING AND PLANNING
TYPES OF SURVEY BASED ON SCALE
There are two types of survey done depending upon the size
• Plane survey
• Geodetic survey
PLANE SURVEYING
 Relatively small areas
 Surface of the earth: “ infinite horizontal plane”
Direction of gravity:
 Constant over the entire site
 Defines vertical lines (Plumb lines”)
 Plane normal to a plumb line horizontal plane.
Rectangular coordinate system: most suitable for plane surveying
For distance measurements
 Flat earth assumption acceptable (up to 10km x 10km)
 10km arc on earth surface : longer than subtended chord by <10mm
Percentage error in length measurements:
<10/10000000 = 1ppm (parts-per-million)
 Laser instrument :typically error : 5 ppm
 Steel tape : no better than 100 ppm.
Plane surveying : suffices for all but the largest surveys ( for horizontal distances)

GEODETIC SURVEYING
 Covers distances large enough that curvature of earth is significant
 Establish network of precisely located control points
Purposes:
 Determine figure of the earth (the “geoid” )and gravity field
 Provide an accurate framework for a large survey
 Equipotential surface
 Perpendicular to direction of gravity
 Variations in the earth’s mass distribution:

10 
Name off the Conten
nt Developerr: M.RAME
ESH Affiliattion: ANNA
A UNIVERS
SITY
Medium
m of Instructtion: ENGL
LISH Departm
ment: _____
_______________
Course: B. ARCH Semesteer : III
Subject: AR83322 - SITE SURVEYIN
NG AND PL
LANNING
1. Geoid has irregular shhape
2. Cannot be mathematiccally describbed in closedd form.
Geodeticc surveys : seldom
s perfoormed by enggineers in prrivate practicce

Fig 1.1.88

11