Mohamad H. Maher I, Nenad Gucunski 2, and Walter J.

Papp Jr 3

RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT AS A BASE AND SUB-BASE MATERIAL

REFERENCE: Maher, M.H., Gucunski, N., and Papp Jr., W.J. , "Recycled
A~phalt Pavement as a Base and Sub-base material", Testing Soil Mixed
with Waste or Recycled Materials, ASTM STP 1275, Mark A. Wasemiller,
Keith B. Hoddinott, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials,
1997.

ABSTRACT: Laboratory and field investigations were conducted to evaluate

the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in roadway base and sub-base
applications. The laboratory resilient modulus test results showed RAP
has comparable strength with dense graded aggregate base and sub-base
material used in the State of New Jersey. Using the spectral-analysis-
of-the-surface-waves method (SASW), the field testing program evaluated
the elastic modulus of the RAP base in the field and verified the
laboratory results. The field test results showed higher modulus and
stiffness for RAP than the dense graded aggregate base normally used in
state of New Jersey.

KEYWORDS: recycled asphalt pavement, resilient modulus, California

bearing ratio, spectral-analysis-of-the-surface-waves method

The production of demolition debris continues to grow with

increasing need for repair and rehabilitation of existing buildings,
pavements and other civil/infrastructure systems. The primary method of
disposing demolition debris is to deposit the material in waste disposal
landfills. However, the shortage of available landfill space coupled
with increasing landfill costs require finding alternative methods of
disposal. A viable solution to the problem is to find applications where
all or parts of demolition debris could be used as recycled construction
material. An area where large volume of debris is generated is
reconstruction work on road pavements. The asphalt pavement debris
generated from reconstruction activity have been effectively used in hot
mix asphalt overlays of new roadway construction. Furthermore, there is
growing demand for recycling of asphalt pavement in applications where
potential for high volume usage exists, such as an alternative material
for base and sub-base of new pavement systems.

1Associate Professor and Department Chairman, Department of Civil

and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855-
0909.
2Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855-0909.

3Graduate Student Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental

Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855-0909.

42
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 MAHER ET AL. ON RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT 43

INTRODUCTION

The use of r e c y c l e d asphalt pavement (RAP) has b e e n on the

increase t h r o u g h o u t the w o r l d due to c o n s e r v i n g resources as well as the
r e d u c t i o n in funds a v a i l a b l e for pavement construction. Potential
savings in c o n s t r u c t i o n costs and time has made the use of RAP
a t t r a c t i v e to h i g h w a y m a t e r i a l engineers. R e d u c t i o n in p a v e m e n t
c o n s t r u c t i o n cost was the m a i n reason for using RAP in Brawley,
C a l i f o r n i a where the cost of pavement c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l per ton was
r e d u c e d from $40 to $16 by using recycled pavement m a t e r i a l (Ayers
1992). In a n o t h e r example, in E1 Cajon, California, c o n s i d e r a b l e saving
was made u s i n g RAP as a base for the c o n s t r u c t i o n of a t h o r o u g h f a r e
(Munzenmaier 1994). This p r o j e c t was given an award from the local
A m e r i c a n Public Works A s s o c i a t i o n for its achievement, and the
c o n t r a c t o r r e c e i v e d the local C o n t r a c t o r of the year A w a r d for 1990. The
C a l i f o r n i a D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n also gave the city an award for
e x c e l l e n c e in T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .
To a c h i e v e high volume usage of RAP in base and sub-base
applications, the m i n i m u m standards set by A A S H T O for m a t e r i a l
p e r f o r m a n c e in base and sub-base a p p l i c a t i o n s must be met. Standard
l a b o r a t o r y tests need to be p e r f o r m e d to c h a r a c t e r i z e the material with
respect to it's m o i s t u r e - d e n s i t y relationship, water content,
degradation, and r e s i l i e n t modulus. This paper reports on an
i n v e s t i g a t i o n p r o g r a m c o n d u c t e d at Rutgers U n i v e r s i t y to evaluate the
f e a s i b i l i t y of RAP in base and sub-base applications.

MATERIAL

Large volumes of RAP were c o l l e c t e d from a s t o c k p i l e on a NJDOT

h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n project. This stockpile was used to supply RAP for
the base coarse in the NJDOT route 1 w i d e n i n g project l o c a t e d in North
Brunswick, NJ. Dense g r a d e d aggregates base course (DGABC) also referred
to as ~ b l e n d was c o l l e c t e d from a nearby quarry pit. This material is
c u r r e n t l y b e i n g used as a base m a t e r i a l by NJDOT and will be used as a
r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l in this study.

GRADATION ANALYSIS AND MOISTURE DENSITY RELATIONSHIP

G r a d a t i o n analysis was p e r f o r m e d on the RAP a c c o r d i n g to sieve

analysis of fine and coarse aggregates, A A S H T O d e s i g n a t i o n T 27-93. The
sieved m a t e r i a l was then c o l l e c t e d and r e m i x e d to p e r f o r m c o m p a c t i o n
tests and d e t e r m i n e - m o i s t u r e d e n s i t y relationships. The intent of
p e r f o r m i n g g r a d a t i o n analysis before and after c o m p a c t i o n was to
d e t e r m i n e if the RAP is d e g r a d e d during compaction. C o m p a c t i o n tests
were run in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the m o i s t u r e d e n s i t y r e l a t i o n s of soils
using a 2.5 kg rammer and a 305 m m drop, A A S H T O d e s i g n a t i o n T 99-94.
Four tests were run to d e t e r m i n e the o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e content and
m a x i m u m dry density. From the results in Fig. I, it can be concluded
that a slight d e g r a d a t i o n has o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n the 38 and 13 mm size
particle. However, p a r t i c l e s b e t w e e n 13 and .03 m m b o n d e d together
during compaction. D e g r a d a t i o n of the larger p a r t i c l e s is a t t r i b u t e d to
the d e b o n d i n g of the a g g r e g a t e s held t o g e t h e r by the asphalt binder,
while the smaller p a r t i c l e s b o n d e d to the asphalt binder. The DGABC did
not degrade d u r i n g c o m p a c t i o n tests, due to the i n t e g r i t y of the
p r o c e s s e d q u a r r i e d stone.

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44 TESTINGSOIL

Grain Size Analysis

100

90

80 9 BEFORE COMPACTION

70 - i- AFTER COMPACTION

60

ir
50
.=
40
.=
30

20

10

0 i, _
100 10 1 0.1 0,01

Grain Diameter (mm)

Fig. 1--Gradation of RAP before and after compaction tests

The m a x i m u m dry densities and moisture contents of the RAP, DGABC,

and other r e c y c l e d m a t e r i a l s are shown in Table i. The drying technique
used to d e t e r m i n e the m o i s t u r e content of the RAP m a t e r i a l after
c o m p a c t i o n tests had to be modified. Oven drying was not feasible for
the RAP due to the v o l a t i l i t y of the asphalt binder. Oven drying also
s o f t e n e d the asphalt binder, causing the b i n d e r to adhere to the
a g g r e g a t e and pan. The best m e t h o d was to air dry the m a t e r i a l for 24
hours, then apply short intervals of heating.

Table 1--Comparisons of moisture density relationships

Material M a x i m u m dry Moisture Reference

density content
(kg/m 3) (%)
RAP 1810 5.5 This study
RAP 1906 6 Palise 1994
DGABC 2098 7 This study
Recycled Concrete 1970 8 B a r k s d a l e et al. 1992
D e m o l i t i o n Debris 1900 13 O ' M a h o n y et al. 1991

RESILIENT MODULUS TESTS

Definition of R e s i l i e n t Modulus

R e s i l i e n t m o d u l u s is an index that d e s c r i b e s the n o n l i n e a r stress-

strain b e h a v i o r of soils under r e p e a t e d loads. M e c h a n i s t i c procedures
for design of p a v e m e n t s and overlays require the s p e c i f i c a t i o n of

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 MAHER ET AL. ON RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT 45

s u b g r a d e r e s i l i e n t m o d u l u s for the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of l a y e r t h i c k n e s s and

the o v e r a l l s y s t e m r e s p o n s e due to t r a f f i c type loads.
The r e s i l i e n t m o d u l u s test p r o v i d e s a b a s i c c o n s t i t u t i v e
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n stress a n d d e f o r m a t i o n of p a v e m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n
m a t e r i a l s for use in s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s of l a y e r e d p a v e m e n t systems.
This test p r o v i d e s a w a y to c h a r a c t e r i z e s s u b g r a d e soils u n d e r a v a r i e t y
of c o n d i t i o n s such as: moisture, density, and stress states that
s i m u l a t e the c o n d i t i o n s in p a v e m e n t s s u b j e c t e d to m o v i n g w h e e l loads.
R e s i l i e n t m o d u l u s (Mr) is d e f i n e d as the r a t i o of d e v i a t o r i c
s t r e s s to the m a g n i t u d e of r e c o v e r a b l e s t r a i n for a g i v e n l o a d i n g
sequence. The c r i t i c a l r e s i l i e n t m o d u l u s t e s t i n g p a r a m e t e r s are those
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the l o a d i n g m a g n i t u d e and sequence, i.e., d e v i a t o r i c
stress, c o n f i n i n g pressure, a n d n u m b e r of cycles (Maher et al. 1996).

Test S e t u p

The l o a d i n g s y s t e m c o n s i s t s of an eight foot l o a d i n g frame and

c l o s e d l o o p s e r v o c o n t r o l l e d h y d r a u l i c actuator. The l o a d i n g frame has
a m o v a b l e c r o s s h e a d to a l l o w for e a s y p l a c e m e n t and r e m o v a l of test
specimen. A i00 kN s e r v o c o n t r o l l e d a c t u a t o r is m o u n t e d on the m o v a b l e
c r o s s h e a d w i t h a 25 kN l o a d cell for i n c r e a s e d a c c u r a c y of the m e a s u r e d
load.
A t r i a x i a l c h a m b e r c a p a b l e of t e s t i n g s p e c i m e n s w i t h a d i a m e t e r of
152 m m a n d a h e i g h t of 304 m m was u s e d to m e e t the r e q u i r e m e n t s of
A A S H T O s p e c i f i c a t i o n T 294-92. The top p l a t e of the c h a m b e r was
m o d i f i e d to h o l d a p r e s s u r e transducer, u s e d for m e a s u r e m e n t of
c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e w i t h i n the chamber, and two LVDT's. The two LVDT's
m e a s u r e d axial d e f o r m a t i o n s of the s p e c i m e n (Fig. 2).
The s y s t e m was p r o g r a m m e d to a c q u i r e data f r o m two e x t e r n a l
LVDT's, l o a d cell a n d a c h a m b e r p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r e v e r y time a m a x i m u m
and m i n i m u m l o a d was r e c o r d e d by the load cell d u r i n g the 0.i s e c o n d
h a v e r s i n e l o a d cycle. The data was s a v e d and r e d u c e d to p r o v i d e the m e a n
r e s i l i e n t m o d u l u s for e a c h l o a d i n g sequence.

Fig. 2--Data a c q u i s i t i o n system, l o a d i n g frame, and t r i a x i a l cell.

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46 TESTING SOIL

Sample Preparation

Sample p r e p a r a t i o n followed that of A A S H T O T 294-92 type 1 soil.

A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sample of soil was w e i g h e d and m i x e d with water to
achieve o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e content. A v a c u u m was a p p l i e d to the split
m o l d to insure the m e m b r a n e was drawn t i g h t l y to the inner surface of
the mold, and p l a c e d over the b o t t o m porous stone and platen. Five
equal layers of soil were p l a c e d in the m o l d and c o m p a c t e d using a
c u s t o m v i b r a t o r y device with layer thickness gage. This layer thickness
gage a l l e v i a t e s some of the u n c e r t a i n t i e s a s s o c i a t e d with AASHTO's
r e c o m m e n d e d m e t h o d of c o m p a c t i o n used for type 1 soils (Papp et al.
1997). B a s e d on the weight of each layer, any d e n s i t y m a y a c c u r a t e l y be
achieved. The c o m p a c t i o n device c o n s i s t e d of a v i b r a t o r y d e m o l i t i o n
h a m m e r a t t a c h e d to a rod with a steel c o m p a c t i o n plate 146 mm in
diameter. The first layer of soil was w e i g h e d and p l a c e d in the mold.
The c o m p a c t i o n plate was p l a c e d in the m o l d and v i b r a t e d until the
p r o p e r t h i c k n e s s was achieved. The f o l l o w i n g four layers were c o m p a c t e d
the same way. C o m p a c t i o n of the final layer and p l a c e m e n t of the top
p l a t e n was critical in the specimen p r e p a r a t i o n process. It is
i m p e r a t i v e to ensure full contact area b e t w e e n the p l a t e n s and the
specimen. In m a n y cases where the total surface area of the top platen
is not utilized, e x c e s s i v e d e f o r m a t i o n s may occur r e s u l t i n g in incorrect
m e a s u r e m e n t s of resilient modulus.
A f t e r final c o m p a c t i o n and p l a c e m e n t of top platen, the c o m p a c t i o n
m o l d was r e m o v e d an a v a c u u m was a p p l i e d to the s p e c i m e n to check for
leaks and to ensure r i g i d i t y of the sample during p l a c e m e n t of the
a c r y l i c chamber and top plate. Since the specimen is c o m p a c t e d in the
membrane, tiny holes may develop during compaction. For this reason,
air was used i n s t e a d of water as the confining m e d i u m during testing.
If water was used, the degree of s a t u r a t i o n would increase t h e r e b y
c a u s i n g r e d u c t i o n in m o d u l u s or even failure of specimen.

TEST RESULTS

The data from the r e c y c l e d concrete and c r u s h e d granite were

o b t a i n e d by B a r k s d a l e et al. 1992. A l t h o u g h a d i f f e r e n t test p r o c e d u r e
was used, rough c o m p a r i s o n s were made at the same bulk stress. The
DGABC y i e l d e d a resilient modulus 51% and 38% higher than the c r u s h e d
granite and r e c y c l e d concrete with a bulk stress of 144.7 kPa and 344.7
kPa r e s p e c t i v e l y . The RAP yielded a resilient m o d u l u s 274% and 172%
h i g h e r than the c r u s h e d granite and r e c y c l e d concrete at a bulk stress
of 144.7 kPa and 344.7 kPa respectively, as shown in Fig. 3 and 4.
The RAP y i e l d e d resilient m o d u l u s values 8!% and 66% higher
than the c u r r e n t l y used DGABC at a b u l k stress of 144.7 kPa and 344.7
kPa respectively, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2--Comparisons of resilient m o d u l u s tests at m a x i m u m d e n s i t y

Material M r @ bulk M r @ bulk Reference

stress of stress of
144.7 kPa 344.7 kPa
(MPa) (MPa)
RAP 260.25 362.45 This study
DGABC 143.07 217.28 This study
Recycled Concrete 82.31 136.51 B a r k s d a l e et al. 1992
C r u s h e d Granite 69.47 133.03 B a r k s d a l e et al. 1992

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 MAHER ET AL. ON RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT 47

Resilient M o d u l u s vs. B u l k Stress

1000

(I
o.
=_
9 o ~ "x x
" x
"c= ~c"" x
o 100
UE

u RAP (100%)
o RAP (90%)
RAP (85%)
x DGABC (100%)

10
10 100 1000
Bulk Stress(kPa)

Fig. 3--Resilient modulus of RAP at different density percentages

compared to DGABC at m a x i m u m density.

Resilient M o d u l u s vs. B u l k Stress

1000

=_
==
"5 o o ...,~-~
"0
o 100 o% ,&
:S

==
n, o RAP (100%)
o DGABC (100%)
A RECYCLED CONC (100%) [4]
I x CRUSHED GRANITE (100%) [4]

10
10 100 1000
B u l k Stress (kPa)

Fig. 4--Comparison of materials at m a x i m u m density.

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48 TESTING SOIL

FIELD EVALUATION

T h e f i e l d e v a l u a t i o n of a n a s p h a l t c o n c r e t e p a v e m e n t w i t h a R A P
base was conducted in M a y o f 1996. T h e o b j e c t i v e s of t h e e v a l u a t i o n w e r e
to d e t e r m i n e R A P p r o p e r t i e s after placement a n d c o m p a c t i o n in t h e field,
a n d to c o m p a r e r e s u l t s to t h o s e d e t e r m i n e d f o r D G A B C n o r m a l l y u s e d in
t h e s t a t e of N e w J e r s e y . T h e e v a l u a t i o n w a s d o n e o n a 350 m l o n g a n d 7 m
w i d e t e s t s e c t i o n of N e w J e r s e y H i g h w a y 1 i n N o r t h B r u n s w i c k . A p l a n of
t h e t e s t s e c t i o n is s h o w n in Fig. 5a. T h e s e c t i o n c o m p r i s e s a 3.6 m w i d e
o u t s i d e s h o u l d e r a n d 3.4 m w i d e s l o w lane. B o t h t h e s h o u l d e r a n d t h e
s l o w l a n e w e r e t e s t e d at 25 l o c a t i o n s each, in 15 m i n t e r v a l s . T h e
s h o u l d e r a n d t h e s l o w l a n e h a v e an i d e n t i c a l d e s i g n p r o f i l e c o n s i s t i n g
of a 5 c m t h i c k b i t u m i n o u s concrete surface course, 17.5 cm thick
bituminous s t a b i l i z e d b a s e c o u r s e , 15 c m t h i c k d e n s e g r a d e d a g g r e g a t e
base course (DGABC), a n d a 20 c m t h i c k s u b b a s e c o u r s e . T h r e e s u b s e c t i o n s
can be identified in Fig. 5b b a s e d on t h e t y p e of t h e m a t e r i a l u s e d in
t h e D G A B C . S u b s e c t i o n A h a s a 100% d e n s e g r a d e d a g g r e g a t e (DGA) b a s e
c o u r s e b a s e c o u r s e , s u b s e c t i o n B has a 100% R A P b a s e c o u r s e , a n d
subsection C a 75% D G A a n d 25% R A P b l e n d .

Fig. 5--Schematic of the test s e c t i o n : a) s i t e layout, and b) pavement

system profile.

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 MAHER ET AL. ON RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT 49

The e v a l u a t i o n of the p a v e m e n t was done using a S e i s m i c Pavement

A n a l y z e r (SPA), a s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t device for n o n d e s t r u c t i v e testing of
p a v e m e n t s (Nazarian et al. 1993). The SPA analyzes the c o n d i t i o n of the
p a v e m e n t t h r o u g h e v a l u a t i o n of m a t e r i a l properties, thickness of
i n d i v i d u a l courses, and d e t e c t i o n of distress precursors. The elements
b e i n g e v a l u a t e d include:
- e l a s t i c m o d u l i and t h i c k n e s s of pavement layers
- overlay delamination
- p r e s e n c e of voids or loss of support b e l o w rigid p a v e m e n t s
- fine c r a c k i n g in an a s p h a l t - c o n c r e t e o v e r l a y
- p r e s e n c e of m o i s t u r e in the subgrade.

In concept, the device is v e r y similar to the Falling Weight

D e f l e c t o m e t e r (FWD), as shown in Fig. 6. The device utilizes five
n o n d e s t r u c t i v e s e i s m i c methods: S p e c t r a l - A n a l y s i s - o f - S u r f a c e - W a v e s
(SASW), Impact Echo (IE), Impulse Response (IR), U l t r a s o n i c C o m p r e s s i o n -
Wave and U l t r a s o n i c Surface-Wave. The m e t h o d s are i m p l e m e n t e d with
d i f f e r e n t objectives. For example, the SASW m e t h o d is p r i m a r i l y used for
e v a l u a t i o n of layer m o d u l i and thickness, the IE m e t h o d for e v a l u a t i o n
of the surface layer t h i c k n e s s and o v e r l a y delamination, the IR for
d e t e c t i o n of voids and loss of support below rigid pavements, and
p r e s e n c e of m o i s t u r e in the subgrade, etc. Testing with the SPA device
is fully automated, so that t e s t i n g at a single point takes only about
45 seconds. The first a s s e s s m e n t of the m a t e r i a l and g e o m e t r i c a l
p r o p e r t i e s of a pavement, as well as pavement defects, can be i d e n t i f i e d
d u r i n g the t e s t i n g itself. A more r e f i n e d analysis is c o n d u c t e d in the
office.

Fig. 6-Seismic pavement analyzer.

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50 TESTING SOIL

The p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e of the t e s t i n g was to e v a l u a t e the

t h i c k n e s s and e l a s t i c m o d u l i of all the courses, a n d the d a m p i n g r a t i o
of the p a v e m e n t system. The t h i c k n e s s of i n d i v i d u a l c o u r s e s was
e v a l u a t e d by the S A S W method. In addition, the c o m b i n e d t h i c k n e s s of the
b i t u m i n o u s s u r f a c e a n d b a s e c o u r s e s was e v a l u a t e d b y the u l t r a s o n i c
c o m p r e s s i o n wave and i m p a c t echo m e t h o d s .
The c o m b i n e d t h i c k n e s s of the top two b i t u m i n o u s s u r f a c e and b a s e
c o u r s e s c o m p a r e d v e r y w e l l to the c o m b i n e d d e s i g n thickness, w i t h an
a v e r a g e e r r o r of o n l y about 7% as m e a s u r e d by the S A S W test and 18% as
m e a s u r e d b y the i m p a c t echo test. The t h i c k n e s s of the DGABC m e a s u r e d by
the S A S W test o v e r e s t i m a t e s the d e s i g n thickness, on a v e r a g e by about
35%. D i f f i c u l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a c c u r a t e e v a l u a t i o n of r e l a t i v e l y thin
l a y e r s i m m e d i a t e l y b e l o w AC or c o n c r e t e s u r f a c e c o u r s e s u s i n g the S A S W
test h a v e b e e n a l r e a d y r e p o r t e d (Gueunski et al. 1993). The Y o u n g ' s
m o d u l i for the top t h r e e courses: 1 - the b i t u m i n o u s s u r f a c e course, 2 -
the b i t u m i n o u s b a s e c o u r s e and 3 - D G A / R A P b a s e course, are p r e s e n t e d in
Fig. 7. V a l u e s of m o d u l i for zones A, B and C are m a r k e d b y circles,
t r i a n g l e s and squares, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Also, an a v e r a g e m o d u l u s for e a c h
of the zones is m a r k e d b y a s e p a r a t e line. As expected, there are no
s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s in m o d u l i of b i t u m i n o u s l a y e r s for the three
sections. T h e a v e r a g e m o d u l i for R A P / D G A b l e n d and D G A sections, A and
C, are of c o m p a r a b l e m a g n i t u d e . W h i l e the a v e r a g e m o d u l u s for the slow
lane RAP base, B section, c o m p a r e s well to t h o s e for A a n d C, the
s h o u l d e r s e c t i o n m o d u l u s is s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower.

2e+004 I rli l l l i9i l l9E l i [9r i i F [Shoulder

i l i l l i i l l l l i i l gl i l i i [ r l l l9l l l l l n ~low~e
1.8e+004

1.6e+004 9 9 9 9 9 I1 9 9 0 0 o ~I--AO O
9 0 O0 R
1Ae+004
AA 9 mm 9 9 DQ ~
o O
1.2e+004
E1 le~O04
(MPa)
8000

6000 9 O ~A
4000
AA
9 [] MIX Surface Course
2000

0 II qll i J qlilll liil illll BIIq i L1 i i l ili lli film ilill

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

PROFILE

Fig. 7--Elastic m o d u l u s p r o p e r t i e s of the v a r i o u s test sections.

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 MAHER ET AL. ON RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT 51

1.4e+004
I O I I I n I I n I 0 I I I I nI nI I I I I oI I I I I I I I ~'I I [3I D
I tI [ I 9I I I I 9149 I Slow
I I I D I I I LaneE3
I t3
I I

1.2e+004

Ie+004 9 9 I 9
O0 - -
9 9 I I oo 0
D Gu
E2 8000 9
9
9 I
0 A
(MPa)
9 D
6000
0
OO DGA
4000
&A RAP BituminousBaseCourse
2000 ID MIX

0 I I I I I J [ [ i [ t [ [ ] [ I I l I I I I I I n I n I I I [ I I I I [ [ i u n I [ [ I I q

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

PROFILE

I ' ~ I , I ' ' ' f I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' r I ) i i i I i , , , I ' ' ' ' I ' ' r

100 ,e,6,,,, DGA

DGAfRPu
~B~e D

80 9 [] Mix

60
E3 tx

(MPa) 40 9 lie _~_~ OO - - D

20 9 o 9 9
o
Shoulder Slow Lane
0 i i I ~ ~ i I i ] I i ] i I i ] I i i ~ i I i n i q ~ i n i i I I I I ~ ] I I I I I I I I

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

PROFILE

Fig. 7 (con't)--Elastic m o d u l u s p r o p e r t i e s of the v a r i o u s test sections

Finally, the d a m p i n g r a t i o of the p a v e m e n t s y s t e m was m e a s u r e d

u s i n g the i m p u l s e r e s p o n s e technique. The d a m p i n g r a t i o is an i n d i c a t o r
of the d e g r e e of r e s i s t a n c e to m o v e m e n t of the s u r f a c e course. It is
m o r e o f t e n u s e d in d e t e c t i o n of v o i d s and loss of s u p p o r t b e l o w rigid
p a v e m e n t s (Nazarian et al. 1993), that are c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a l i g h t l y
d a m p e d b e h a v i o r . S e c t i o n s B and C, c o n t a i n i n g 100% and 25% RAP
r e s p e c t i v e l y , e x h i b i t a h i g h e r d e g r e e of d a m p i n g t h a n s e c t i o n Ao

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52 TESTINGSOIL

CONCLUSIONS

Results form the laboratory and field investigations conducted in the

study show that RAP has similar and slightly higher resilient modulus
and field elastic modulus than dense graded aggregate used in the state
of New Jersey. The resilient modulus values for RAP were higher than
crushed concrete and crushed granite reported in the literature.
A l t h o u g h the field results showed comparable values for rap and dense
graded aggregate, follow-up tests are needed to evaluate RAP performance
with time. Moreover, research needs to be c o n t i n u e d to determine the
p e r m a n e n t d e f o r m a t i o n characteristics of RAP. In summary, RAP seems to
be a viable alternative to dense graded aggregate in base and subbase
applications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The work p r e s e n t e d in this paper was supported by a grant from the New
Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), Bureau of Research. The
authors would like to thank Mr. Frank Palise, NJDOT Regional Material
Engineer (Region III), and Robert F. Baker, NJDOT Research Engineer for
o r g a n i z i n g the field tests and their advice r e g a r d i n g the laboratory
testing program.

REFERENCES

Ayers, S. "California Town Roils Out Pavement Recycling", City

Engineer, Brawley, California 1992.
Barksdale, R.D., Itani, S.Y., and Swor, T.E. "Evaluation of Recycled
Concrete, Open-Graded Aggregate, and Large Top-Sized Aggregate
Bases. Transportation Research Record 1345, TRB, National research
Council, Washington DC, 1992.
Gucunski, N., and M.H. Maher. Database of D i s p e r s i o n Curves for Surface
Wave Testing. "Advances in Site Characterization: Data
Acquisition, Management and Interpretation", Geotechnical Special
Publication, No. 37, ASCE, pp. 1-12. 1993
Maher, M.H., Papp Jr., W.J., Gucunski, N. "Measurement of Soil
Resilient Properties Using N o n - C o n t a c t i n g Proximity Sensors,"
Transportation Research Record 1548, TRB, National research
Council, Washington DC, 1996.
Munzenmaier, A.M. "City Saves by Using Recycled Asphalt as Base",
Director of Public Works, E1 Cajon, California, 1994.
Nazarian, S., M.R. Baker, and K. Crain. "Development and Testing of a
Seismic Pavement Analyzer. ~ Strategic Highway Research Program
Report SHRP-H-374. National Research Council, Washington, DC,
1993.

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 MAHER ET AL. ON RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT 53

O'Mahony, M.M., Milligan, G.W.E. "Use of Recycled Materials in Subbase

Layers", Transportation Research Board, 70 th Annual Meeting,
January 13-17, 1991, Washington DC.
Palise, F. '~Performance Evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)
as a Dense Graded Aggregate Base Course (DGABC)", NJDOT Recycled
Materials Task Force, January 26, 1994.
Papp Jr., W.J., Maher, M.H., Baker, R.F. "Use of Shredded Tires in the
Subbase Layer of Asphalt Pavements" Testing Soil Mixed with Waste
of Recycled Materials, ASTM STP 1275, American Society of Testing
and Materials, 1997.

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