concealing gadgets are similarly significant in restricting intensity gain from outside

through radiation. Outer and inside concealing gadgets can in this manner be utilized as
a fundamental answer for accomplishing energy effectiveness.
The viability of inner concealing gadgets is restricted as they retain the intensity
whenever it has been communicated inside the space and intensity up themselves. This
can prompt higher mean brilliant temperatures inside the structure.
Direction of an opening and likewise, sun-based radiation occurrence on it, is the
absolute most significant element in the plan of its outer concealing gadgets. The effect
of occasional variety in the sun way (and occurrence sun based radiation) is connected
to the direction. The Sun's way is at a low point and, somewhat toward the south of east
and west throughout the colder time of year season in the northern side of the equator.
In summer, the sun way is at a high point and, toward the upper east, and west. So
concealing for south openings in the south should permit infiltration of the low point
sun for heat gain during winter yet should impede something similar during summer.
For opening in the north, concealing is required exclusively to forestall the entrance of
the great sun point during summers.
Sun-powered radiation on east and west-bound openings doesn't fluctuate much by the
occasional varieties in the sun way. They get uniform sun-powered radiation, while
contrasted with north and south-bound openings, which get higher sun-based radiation
over time.

2.1.3 Fenestration

Fig.2.1.3 Heat transmission in a single glazing clear glass

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2.1.4 Day-lighting

Fig.2.1.4 Daylighting factor

The daylight factor is used for determining daylight. It is equivalent to the sum
of the diffused skylight (SC), internally reflected light (IRC), and externally reflected
light (ERC). The quality and quantum of daylight entering a space can be controlled
by modifying these three factors.

Daylighting is a building design strategy to uses light from the sun. The presence
of natural light in an occupied space brings a sense of wellbeing, increases awareness
of one’s surroundings, and also increases energy saving potential with reduced
dependence on artificial light. Appropriate use of windows, skylights, clerestories and
other apertures in the building provide means to harvest daylight.

Remember that, the more the sunlight that enters the building, more the heat that
needs to be dealt with. Thus, by placing apertures correctly, nature can work with you.
Integrating daylighting with artificial lighting can considerably reduce energy
consumption, but at the same time may lead to higher air conditioning loads due to heat
gain. Thus design consultants and decision-makers need to appropriately balance
daylight harvesting features and minimize solar heat gains. Hence, daylighting becomes
an integral part of a building design strategy from the early design phase to lower the
energy consumption of a building, imperative to advance NZEB design goals.

6
2.1.5 Thermal mass

Fig.2.1.5 Thermal mass in the solar chimney

Thermal mass can be utilized with night time convective cooling or 'late evening
cooling' for cooling structures inactively. Diurnal swing, i.e., the contrast among
daytime and evening time outside temperatures, should be high for warm mass to be a
compelling detached cooling and warming methodology.

Thermal mass assists with putting away intensity inside the structure design and
moderate changes in the indoor temperature. This intensity putting away limit of
building material aides in accomplishing warm solace for inhabitants by giving time
delay. Consequently, picking fitting structure materials can generally influence the
degree of solace inside structures. To meet NZEB plan boundaries, the choice of
building materials holds most extreme significance in balancing indoor temperatures
and thus lessening ordinary energy loads.
Mass and thickness of a structure material influence this intensity putting away limit in
structures. High-thickness materials like cement, blocks, and stone have high warm
mass, while materials, for example, wood or plastics have low warm mass. The
adequacy relies upon the situations of these components regarding direct light of the
sun.

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2.2.2 Wind Energy

Fig.2.2.2 Wind Energy

Wind power is generated by using wind turbines to harness the kinetic energy of
wind. Wind blowing across the rotors of a wind turbine causes them to spin. The
spinning of rotors converts a portion of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical
energy. A generator further converts this mechanical energy into electricity.

Wind power can be generated at utility scale, offshore location and at distributed or
small scale. Utility-scale wind power uses turbines larger than 100 kilowatts to deliver
power to the grid. Offshore wind power, as the name implies, is generated by installing
large turbines at offshore locations. Distributed wind power is produced from turbines
of 100 kilowatts or less and supply power directly to a home or building or for running
any machine.

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 CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE STUDY

3.1 INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAWAN, NEW DELHI

Fig.3.1 Indira Paryavaran Bhawan

This is a venture of the service of the Ministry of Environment and Forest for the
development of new places of business at Aliganj, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi. The
undertaking has been intended to make the net-zero energy building. First among the
government buildings, focused on the two appraisals of green structure (5 STAR
GRIHA and LEED India Platinum).
The structure has won grants like the Adarsh/GRIHA of MNRE for ideal representation
of Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies. This new place of business has been
built in a composite zone. This incorporation sets progressive change into the customary
structure plan.
The structure has been planned by CPWD by utilizing a coordinated plan
approach with the assistance of multi-disciplinary fields specialists like Architect,

17
Delhi which comes under the composite zone, on this basis following passive design
strategies implemented by the project team.

Fig.3.1.1 Stack and cross ventilation through the atrium

• Orientation
The building is north-south oriented, which is favorable for effective ventilation.
Two separate blocks are connected through corridors for optimum integration with
nature and a huge central courtyard is provided which again helps in better air
circulation and provides a skylight also. The courtyard has been provided with
natural vegetation which reduces surrounding temperature, and enhances air
movement thus cool air is preserved and hot air escapes easily and provides a green
view. Orientation minimizes heat ingress. Window to wall ratio of the building is
optimum according to the energy conservation benchmark.

• Landscaping
Greater than 50% area outside the building is covered with plantations especially
native plants that have been planted to reduce water consumption. Circulation roads and
pathways are softly paved to enable groundwater recharge

• Ventilation

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 Fig.3.1.2 Building Envelope

• Lighting Design
The building is provided with an energy-efficient lighting system that uses a lux
level sensor to optimize the operation of artificial lighting. The total lighting power
density of the building is LPD = 5 W/m2 which is much more efficient than the
Energy Conservation Building Code benchmarks. Installed integrated photovoltaic
(BIPV) provides energy to the remaining lighting load.

• Optimized Energy Systems / HVAC system

Building used a chilled beam system to meet 160 TR of air conditioning load.
The use of a chilled beam system lessens energy use by 50 % in comparison to a
conventional system by saving AHU/FCU fan power consumption by
approximately 50 kW. Chilled water is supplied at 16° C and the return temperature
is 20° C. This system is used from the second to the sixth floor of the building.
Water-cooled chillers and double skin air handling units fitted equipped with
variable frequency drivers (VFD) which reduces energy consumption on variable
loads. Chilled water pumping systems, cooling tower fans, and AHUs use VFD. All
HVAC equipment is controlled & monitored through an integrated building
management system. Sensible & latent heat energy recovery wheel used to precool
fresh supply air from toilet exhaust air. Room temperature is maintained at 26 ±1 °

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 3.2 DPR CONSTRUCTION PHEONIX REGIONAL OFFICE
Phoenix, Arizona

Fig.3.2 DPR Construction Pheonix Regional Office

DPR Construction renovated an abandoned building into this 16,500-square-foot

office in 2011 and achieved net-zero energy performance for a cost premium of about
$83 per square foot. In addition to office and support spaces like conference rooms, the
building also contains a wine bar, kitchen cafe, fitness center, training room, and
meditation room. Owner DPR Construction, a national commercial construction
company specializing in highly technical and sustainable buildings led the project’s
design-build team with the goal of creating a building that was cost-effective as well as
high performing.

3.2.1 Design and construction process

After deciding to move from its leased space in downtown Phoenix to its own
space, DPR saw purchasing an existing building as “the responsible choice,” said DPR’s
Ryan Ferguson, LEED AP BD+C, who led the design and construction efforts for the
project’s PV system. Ultimately the company selected a vacant retail building

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 Fig.3.2.2 This section diagram illustrates the passive and renewable strategies used in the
building

3.2.3 Renewable energy

Owing to the solar chimney and the 82 penetrations for tubular daylighting
devices, an adequate solar panel system could not be placed on the roof. Instead, the 79
kWdc PV system covers parking areas, shading cars and mitigating the heat island
effect. The grid-tied system consists of 326 235 Wdc modules mounted at a 10-degree
tilt. DPR Construction has a net metering plan with Arizona Public Service, the local
power company, which provides renewable energy rebates for the PV system and
innovative energy efficiency measures. The utility collects consumption and generation
data all year and provides credits for excess power generated. There is also a 4,500 W
solar thermal hot water system with two rooftop collectors, a closed-loop glycol system,
and an 85-gallon-capacity tank. Sinks and showers are equipped with electric backup
systems.

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 3.3 The David and Lucile Packard Foundation
Headquarters Los Altos, California

This 49,000-square-foot office building was completed in 2012 for a

construction cost of $37.2 million. Designed to house the offices of the David and
Lucile Packard Foundation, the building has operated as net positive energy since its
first year of operation. The family foundation’s project goals included achieving net
zero energy and LEED Platinum certification; creating a beautiful and healthy
workspace that encourages collaboration; and integrating into and supporting the
downtown Los Altos community. The Foundation has been located in Los Altos since
1954

Fig.3.3 The David and Lucile Packard Foundation Headquarters Los Altos, California

3.3.1 Construction process

As described in “Sustainability in Practice: Building and Running 343 Second

Street,” a report written by Robert H. Knapp and published by the Packard Foundation,
the owner began planning for the new building in 2006. The Foundation hired

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 Fig. 3.3.2 Building section diagram with mechanical system

Heating and cooling is provided by a two-pipe active chilled beam distribution

system. A sheet metal enclosure in the ceiling houses aluminium fins and copper tubing.
Warm air rises into the housing, is conditioned by the fin-and-tube heat exchanger and
drops down into the space. In the cooling mode, chilled water is circulated with variable
speed pumps and ducts deliver 68°F ventilation air into the chilled beam housing. When
the outdoor dew point exceeds 58°F, heat pumps dehumidify the supply air to prevent
condensation.
In heating mode, 105°F water is piped, and 76°F to 78°F ventilation air is
delivered to the chilled beam distribution system. To maximize efficiency, the design
team reduced friction by eliminating 90-degree angles in pipes in favour of 130-degree
angles, thus reducing the pump energy required by 75 percent.
The water used in the chilled beam system is cooled without a compressor. A
two-cell, 480-ton cooling tower operates at night when temperatures and utility rates
are lower. The 58°F chilled water is stored in two underground 25,000-gallon tanks
until needed (see Figure 4.3). In the heating mode, an air-source heat pump produces
hot water. Owing to the temperate climate, building envelope performance, and internal
loads, running the heating system for three hours before employees arrive is typically
all that is required to keep the building warm enough for the rest of the work day.

31
• Daylighting and lighting

Fig. 3.3.3 Skylights bring daylight into the second-floor workspaces. The large windows provide
views to the courtyard as well as natural light.

The building is designed to maximize daylight. With the office wings just 40 feet
wide, daylighting provides enough illumination that artificial lighting is not required for
more than 80 percent of daylight hours. The first-floor ceiling height varies up to about
12 feet, with high windows to bring light deep into the space. The second-floor ceiling
slopes up from a low point of 8 feet, with linear skylights to supplement the daylight
from windows.
Windows on both floors have light shelves that reflect the light toward the white
ceiling. The light shelves contain radiant cooling through copper tubes to offset heat
gain at the glazing. Because of the building’s orientation, having too much daylighting
and glare was also a concern. Exterior louvered shades on the southwest sides are
operated by the building automation system to block direct sunlight while letting diffuse
daylight pass through. Interior blinds are operated by users, but the control system opens
all blinds after the work day, so the default position is up. The artificial ambient lighting

32
is provided by pendant fixtures with T8 fluorescent lamps that are controlled to dim in
response to natural light levels. LED task lighting is controlled by an occupancy sensor
at each workstation. In private offices, the lighting is controlled by a combination of
infrared and ultrasonic detectors. The lighting power density is 0.7 watts per square
foot.

• Plug loads

Fig. 3.3.4 Sectional detail of the building indicating net zero characters

To accurately estimate plug loads, Rumsey Engineers (since merged with

Integral Group) measured the actual power consumption of a representative selection
of equipment in use at the existing Foundation office. After extrapolating from this data
and incorporating staff input, the engineers established a baseline model of energy
consumption. Their suggestions for replacing equipment had the potential to reduce the
office power density by 58 percent, from 0.5 watts per square foot to 0.3 watts per
square foot. In the first year of operation, the savings exceeded this estimate. Reducing
plug loads had a further benefit: lower plug loads generate less heat and require less
cooling, which also saves energy. A lower demand means a smaller renewable energy

33
 Fig. 3.3.5 3D view of the building indicating net-zero characters

Commissioning, measurement, and verification with nearly 15,000

monitoring and control points, commissioning was a big task, one that continued after
occupancy. In addition to the mechanical and electrical systems, the daylighting and
occupancy sensors, carbon dioxide sensors, daylight and lighting controls, automated
exterior and interior blinds, IT and audio-visual controls, and circuit-by-circuit
monitoring were all commissioned. Key design and construction team members
provided post-occupancy services for the first year of operations to troubleshoot issues
and review the data being collected. During this same period of time, an in-house team
was tasked with acting as a liaison between staff and the design and construction team.
To help fine-tune the automation control system, the Foundation hired a full-time
building engineer with a background in control engineering. These efforts contributed
to an improvement in energy performance between the first and second years of
operation, as well as to post-occupancy comfort surveys finding 97 percent of building
users to be satisfied with the building.
The in-house team also worked to get real-time building performance data displayed on
each computer monitor and in the lobby, as well as online.

35
3.4 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Research
Support Facility Golden, Colorado

Fig. 3.4 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Research Support Facility Golden,
Colorado

This 360,000-square-foot office building was designed and constructed in two

phases using a “best value design-build/fixed price with award fee” project delivery
approach. By applying the lessons learned in Phase 1, the design-build team improved
the Phase 2 expansion’s energy performance and reduced the cost per square foot from
$259 to $246 excluding the PV systems. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) is a laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) with the mission to
develop renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. When the DOE chose to
relocate employees from a leased off-site office to a new Research Support Facility
(RSF) on the NREL campus, it decided to create a demonstration project showing that
a large, highly energy-efficient, sustainably-designed office building could be cost-
effectively constructed and operated. By emphasizing energy performance, it set an
early example for other federal projects. A 2009 executive order signed by President
Obama requires that all new federal buildings planned after 2020 achieve net zero
energy by 2030.
Constructed in two phases, the $91.4 million building has workstations for 1,300
employees and performs at net zero energy (see Box 3.1 for a project overview). But
energy efficiency isn’t the only sustainable feature in this LEED

36
the metal and the concrete is heated by the sun. During the cooling season, this passively
heated air is stored in the crawl space labyrinth and used to preheat ventilation air.

• Heating, cooling, and ventilation

The office wings have radiant ceilings providing heating and cooling through
hydronic tubing in the concrete roof and ceiling decks. The water in the tubing is heated
or cooled by a district woodchip boiler or high-efficiency chiller. The energy used by
the district system to supply the RSF is included in the building’s energy use
calculations. Office occupants had to adjust to the radiant system on two counts. First,
it is very quiet, lacking the white noise produced by a forced air system. A sound-
masking system counters this effect. Second, there is no forced air movement. Some
occupants reported feeling uncomfortable in winter without warm air blowing on them,
and some missed cool air blowing on them in the summer.

Fig. 3.4.2 Manual and automatic operable windows

To compensate, NREL sets the thermostat at 75 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter,

and provides 3-watt personal fans that plug into the workstation computer’s USB port
for the summer. When the computer enters a power saving mode, such as when the
workstation is unoccupied, the fan shuts off. In the summer, the thermostat range is 73
to 75 degrees Fahrenheit, resulting in about 52 degrees at the ceiling and 72 degrees at

40
the floor. Because the ceilings provide radiant cooling and heating, the location of
acoustic panels had to be carefully coordinated. Conference rooms and other spaces
located in the two connectors between the three office wings are on a different heating,
ventilating, and mechanical system. Because their varying schedules of use require a
quick response for sudden changes in occupancy (for example, from empty to full), the
RSF I conference rooms have variable air volume (VAV) reheat systems.

Fig. 3.4.3 Isometric view of the building showing the net-zero characters

In the RSF II connector, a more energy-efficient displacement ventilation

system is used. In the office wings, natural ventilation supplements or replaces radiant
cooling when outdoor conditions permit. In RSF II, wind speeds are part of the calculus.
An application on workstation computers notifies occupants when they may manually
open windows and when they should close windows. A third of the windows
automatically open at night to flush the building with cooler air. The lower southern
windows and the upper northern windows are actuated to maximize cross-ventilation.
Carbon dioxide sensors control the mechanical ventilation system so that it responds
when windows are open. When natural ventilation isn’t feasible, the offices are
ventilated with a dedicated outdoor air supply (DOAS) in the underfloor air distribution
system that distributes air at a low velocity, requiring less energy from fans.

41
 Fig. 3.4.4 Daylight entering to the building

The goal of the control system was for it to be as simple as possible while still
responding to daylight and providing the exact level of artificial lighting needed.
Occupants are encouraged to manually turn on lights when they need them and to turn
them off when they leave; vacancy sensors in enclosed daylight rooms like conference
rooms and private offices ensure lights aren’t left on when they aren’t being used. Photo
sensors detect daylight levels and control dim or turn off electric lights to maintain
constant light levels while maximizing efficiency. In RSF II, the daylight dimming in
the south perimeter zone replaces the stepped system used in RSF I. Occupancy
schedules in the open office areas contribute to further energy savings. In RSF II, there
are more regularly unoccupied spaces, such as stairwells that have daylight controls,
than in RSF I. Also in RSF II, a digitally distributed control system was used instead of
RSF I’s global relay-based system.

43
 Fig. 3.4.5 Highly reflective wall and ceiling paint, light-coloured interior finishes, and low
cubicle walls contribute to the daylighting strategy

The lighting controls sweep off lights at a specific time so that the building is
dark when unoccupied. The cleaning crew is scheduled in the afternoon rather than the
evening so lights can remain off at night. The controls are also configured to conserve
energy during night-time security walk-throughs.

• Plug and process loads

Plug loads were reduced with a three-pronged approach: purchasing highly

efficient equipment, minimizing the amount of equipment, and managing occupant
behavior. At workstations, all three approaches were implemented. Only Energy Star
or better-performing equipment was procured. Most desktop computers, which
represented 90 percent of the systems in the leased space, were replaced with more
energy-efficient laptops; the latter now represent 90 percent of the computers in the
RSF. A Voice over Internet Protocol telephone system uses 2 watts per unit, saving 11
watts per unit. Each LED task light uses 13 watts, as compared to a 35-watt fluorescent
light. Occupants are encouraged to turn off unused equipment, and equipment is
plugged into a “smart” power strip surge protector in which several receptacles are
programmed to turn off after 11 hours. The amount of equipment is also reduced.

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51