Hindi 10th PSR Digital Books

HINDI NOTES (10th CLASS)
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       
10th Class Hindi Notes          

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BookOnline Exams 
 
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Hindi Online testsTest
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Last Year 80 + 20Marks Exam pattern Exam
Paper Model PaperModel
Paper  Change    Exams      Corona
Model PaperCoronaModel PaperNotes
Exam PaperC,D GradeMinimum Material


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POTTI SAMBASIVA RAO, M.A.,T.T.C.,

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SATTENAPALLI, GUNTUR DT.
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   
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 Principles of evaluation  paragraph 
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    
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 Modified syllabus   Books syllabus   
   
Audio-Visual Audio-Visual
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 Text-bookactivities    Text-bookactivities 
virtual-labaudio-visual 
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   
      
SALIENT FEATURES OF THIS BOOK :
 
1. 2.

3. digitalized   
material. 4. Virtual labs in videos 5. Virtual activities. videos

by expert faculty. 6. Aids for analytical thinking ability improvement. 7.Updating of study material related
videos. 8.    
9. study related videos QR technology

10. After 01-01-21 three model papers will be included in the title QR. 11. Online self -
evaluation tests with instant results.
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TEACHER AND STUDENT PUBLICATIONS, ONLY 10TH CLASS (3) PSR DIGITAL BOOKS (ONLINE&OFFLINE), ALL SUBJECTS (TM&EM) 9885678410
ONLINE AND OFFLINE PRINTED BOOKS (WITH QR TECHNOLOGY)
(ONLY10TH CLASS) (EM & TM) ALL SUBJECTS
DETAILS OF THE BOOKS AVAILABLE WITH US (�� ��

Only 10th Class (E.M. & T.M.)
ENGLISH MEDIUM MRP TELUGU MEDIUM MRP
 ��� Rs. 250  ��� Rs. 250

 �HINDI NOTES��Rs. 250  HINDI NOTES�� Rs. 250
 �ENGLISH NOTES�� Rs. 250  ENGLISH NOTES�� Rs. 250
 �MATHEMATICS NOTES�� Rs. 250   �� Rs. 250
 �PHYSICAL SCIENCE NOTES� Rs. 250  �� �� Rs. 250

(Full book printed in colour) (Full book printed in colour)
 �BIOLOGY NOTES�� Rs. 250   �� Rs. 250
(Full book printed in colour) (Full book printed in colour)
 �SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES�� Rs. 250  ���� Rs. 250
��Total set Rs.1750 � Total set Rs.1750

* Complete set of 7 books either TM or EM is Rs.1750. However after Publisher’s promotional
discount of Rs.1150 each set is available for Rs.600 only.
Individually each book is available at Rs.75 in any book stall. (Bookstall ��
��� � 
Rs. )
* Each individual book is available from the publisher at Rs.75 + Rs.40 towards DTDC courier
charges ( ���� �� �� � � �
Rs. Rs. Rs. )
* Complete set with 7 books is available for Rs.600 + Rs.50 DTDC courier or RTC parcel service
charges Rs.650 only)
* For copies visit the nearest bookshops. ( � ��  � �  �
In case the books are not available at bookshops, copies can be had from the publishers.
* If any educational Institutes require more number of sets (sets in bulk) the price is negotiable. The
books can be sent to the nearest RTC parcel office or available lorry transport parcel office)
* If any individual subject copies i.e. Telugu, Hindi, English etc., are required (in bulk) you can get
them through RTC PARCEL SERVICE within 24 hours. (Every RTC Depot has a parcel office)
* Payments can be made through Google Pay or Phone pay to 9440220410
(POTTI SAMBASIVARAO, TEACHER AND STUDENT PUBLICATIONS)
Note : At present only 10th class books are available. Soon other classes are also available. Books will be
despatched as soon as order is received so that they can reach you at the earliest.
For further details, contact,
PUBLISHER
Whatsapp.9885678410, 9440220410
TEACHER AND STUDENT PUBLICATIONS, ONLY 10TH CLASS PSR DIGITAL BOOKS (ONLINE&OFFLINE), ALL SUBJECTS (TM&EM) 9885678410
P.S.R. DIGITAL BOOKS, ALL SUBJECTS NOTES (PRINTED MATERIAL)
Only 10th Class (E.M. & T.M.)
�� � Subjects (E.M. & T.M)���

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 � Two papers  ����� � � Govt.
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� New model paper each subject ���� sub-
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PUBLISHER
Whatsapp - 9885678410
Google pay, Phone Pay – 9440220410
(Potti Sambasivarao, Teacher and Student Publication)
TEACHER AND STUDENT PUBLICATIONS, ONLY 10TH CLASS PSR DIGITAL BOOKS (ONLINE&OFFLINE), ALL SUBJECTS (TM&EM) 9885678410

 (All subjects) 
(PSR DIGITAL BOOKS)
      

 * 
     
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code   
    QR codes
self assessmentonline testsQR codes scan 
Online Exam 

ENGLISH NOTES (PSR DIGITAL BOOKS)
As per the new academic year plan, 2020-21 for 10th class, given by the Government of
Andhra Pradesh, we have come up with a simple but comprehensive material for third language English, A
copy of new and revised year plan which excludes 4th unit (Films and Theatres) has been inserted. This
book has been prepared by expert teachers to cater to the needs of all kinds of students of 10th class. This
book includes summaries for all ABC readings of 5 units of revised syllabus and year plan, comprehension
pasages with answers, and nearly 45 grammar topics with number of examples on each topic. This book
also comprises exercises on creative writing skills. The QR code that contain video lessons and self -
assessment online tests by the best teachers across the state given at each topic, will help the students to
learn things in an innovative way. Hope this book will help the students immensely to overcome the fear of
English and get good marks.
HINDI NOTES (PSR DIGITAL BOOKS)
 
 
  
  
  Letter writing, eassy writing 
audio-visual methods of learningQR codes
self assessmentonline testsQR codesC.D 
 Material      

MATHEMATICS NOTES (EM &TM)(PSR DIGITAL BOOKS)
    Paper-I &
Paper -II  Chapters   Year plan
 material chapter formulas, Key points, 1/2 
1 Mark bits
chapterQR
codeQR codesteachers explain videos  self-assessment
Online testsQR codes

PHYSICS SCIENCE NOTES (EM &TM)(PSR DIGITAL BOOKS)

   material
Formulas, diagrams, very short answerquestions etc.,

ScanVissible   self - assessment online
tests QR codes size       

BIOLOGY NOTES (EM &TM)(PSR DIGITAL BOOKS)
   
   material  concept
basednotes, key points, diagrams, very short answer qeustions,    
3D     
 chapter heading   biology  teaching videos QR codes
self-assessment online tests QR codessize


SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES  (EM &TM)(PSR DIGITAL BOOKS)

  material 1,2,4
Marks Question & Answers simple languageimportant years, important persons and their
brief histories, slogans and map pointing etc.,
 QR scan
    chapter heading  social
studies teaching videos QR codes self assessment online tests
 QR codes size


PUBLISHER
Whatsapp.9885678410, 9440220410
TEACHER AND STUDENT PUBLICATIONS
PSR DIGITAL BOOKS (A.P. First QR Code Notes)
10th Hindi Notes
S.No. INDEX Page No.s
1. INDEX 1
2.  ��
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PSR DIGITAL BOOKS AND OTHER BOOKS 3
4. ABOUT 4
5. 202021 Govt of AP ��
 ��(Revised Syllabus) ��
6. 202021 Govt of AP ���(Revised Syllabus)�
�� ��� 
(Introduction to poet or writer, lesson notes, known and
unknown passages and Textual grammar) �
lesson Heading �� � ��
QR
������ 
lesson���Grammar��Bits 
�QR��Scan ���Online Exams
Practice�
7. 202021 Govt of AP ���(Revised Syllabus)�
��� � 
(Introduction to poet or writer, lesson notes, known and
unknown passages and Textual grammar) �
lesson Heading �� � ��
QR
������ 
lesson���Grammar��Bits 
�QR��Scan ���Online Exams
Practice�
8. Thinking Skills (Grammar) (Knowledge enriching and innovative new thinking
grammar all model points) �� ��
points ��� �
QR Scan 108-158
����� Videos  
 Advt/ Pamphlet /Notice/ Sample letters related Questions
(Variety Models) QR ��� � 159-165
 Story Development on Hints (Simple Method) 166-168
 Letters (New Models) QR �� ��  169-176

 General Eassys (New Models) QR �� � 177-186
 �
 C, D Grade Students Exclusive Material (without Grammar) 187-200
��Book ��QR �Scan���Teacher / Student Concept��

�� QR���Scan��School projector��� � 
By
POTTI SAMBASIVA RAO, M.A., T.T.C
PSR Digital Books
(1)
ABOUT
PSR Digital Books (A.P. First QR Code Notes) 10th T.M. & E.M. ALL SUBJECTS
ABOUT
1. Name of the book : HINDI NOTES (10th CLASS)
2. Name of the publication : Teacher and Student Publications
3. Year of Published : 2020-21
4. Writers : Pratap Reddy
5. Published by : Teacher and Student Publications
Sattenapalli (Po), Guntur (dt.) - A.P.
Whatsapp - 9885678410,
Google pay, Phone Pay – 9440220410
(Potti Sambasivarao, Teacher and Student Publications)
sapamate4848@gmail.com
6. Sale Centers : Andhra Pradesh all districts major book
shops and your nearby located famous
book shops.
7. Copy Rights :
Teacher and Student Publications
The copyright of this book, as well as
all matter contained herein (including
illustrations) rests with the Publishers. No
person shall copy the name of the book, its
title design, matter and illustrations in any
form and in any language, totally or
partially or in any distorted form. Anybody
doing so shall face legal action and will be
responsible for damages.
All disputes shall be subject to the
jurisdiction of court of Sattenapalli.
By
POTTI SAMBASIVA RAO, M.A.,T.T.C.
PUBLISHER
Phone : 9885678410 - 9440220410
(4)
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10th Class HINDI

A.P. Government 2020-21 (Revised)


छा के वयं पठन के िलए वषय
స పఠనం యవల న ష
(69-76)
(77-84)
(85)
(86-92)
(93-100)
(101-106)
(107)
  
  
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1. chm„u ct”˜ (fUrJ„t)

ãs¡dt ‘˚ u≤<ä˝Ÿ (≈£î]ùd y˚T|ò÷ü \T)
fUrJ : ¶e mwrbºttlk”l vk„ Lesson related videos
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* ¶e mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |
ø£$ |ü]#·jT· + (about the poet)

• I chm„u ct”˜ I fUrJ„t fuU fUrJ mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se nî |
• Ju ŒfÐUr„ mtî”go raºtK fuU custuz· fUrJ btlu st„u nî |
• JeKt, d½krƒ, vÖ˜J, gwdtk„, d½tögt, ra”kcht ytr” WlfuU Œrm° fUtÔg mkfU˜l nî |
• I ra”kcht I fUtÔg fUe halt fuU r˜Y Wànü ÒttlveX vwhôfUth ŒtË„ ýyt |
Nç”tƒo : X¯u≤›sú¡eTT\T (Meanings)
buD = y˚T|òTü eTT, Clouds; mtJl = ÁXÊeDe÷dü+, the month of Sravana; Al = ø£D å eTT, s¡a+ø±s¡eTT, the sound
of rain; Wh = Vü≤è<äjT· +, heart; Dl = <ä≥ºyTÓ q
Æ y˚T|òTü eTT, cloud; „b = Nø£{,Ï darkness; ”t”wh = ø£|Œü , frog;
rSÖ˜e = ø°#T· sêsTT, Ccricket (insect); mtul = »\|üøåÏ, a kind of water bird; dsol = y˚T|òTü >∑sq®¡ , rumbling; htub
= yÓ+Á≥Tø£\T, hair; hs = eT{Ï,º dust; „ÐK = >∑&¶çb˛#·, grass; ƒh = eDT≈£î≥, to tremble; Jtrh = ˙s¡T,
water; Otht = ˙{Ï<ëÛ s¡, stream; „h¥ = #Ó≥Tº, tree; yt”o = ‘·&∫ ç q, wet; f½Uk”l = @&ÉT|ü⁄, weaping;
vw˜fUtJ˜e = $TøÏÿ* dü+‘√wæ+∫q, thrilled.
”tu gt „el ykfU fuU Œël (TWO or THREE MARKS QUESTIONS )
1. Oh„e fUe NtuCt fUt ŒbwF fUthK JMto ni | Rm vh yvlu rJath c„tRY |
gn Œël I chm„u ct”˜ I vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
fUrJ ¶e mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se ni | ˙s¡T
gn ŒfÐUr„ JKol mu mkckrO„ fUrJ„t vtX ni | vtle WATER
rJMg rJë˜uMK : vÐÚJe EARTH uÛ÷Ñ $T

JMto mu vtle rb˜„t ni |
vuz· TREE #Ó≥Tº
vtle l ntu „tu vuz· -vtiOu Ce l ntüdu |
vÐÚJe vh seJl Ce l ntudt | Oh„e EARTH uÛ÷Ñ $T
vuz· ytih vtle fuU rclt Oh„e fUe NtuCt Ce l ntude |
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2. Dlu ct”˜tü fUt JKol yvlu Nç”tü bü fUersY |
gn Œël I chm„u ct”˜ I vtX mu r”gt dgt ni | Dxt
fUrJ ¶e mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se ni |
gn ŒfÐUr„ JKol mu mkckrO„ fUrJ„t vtX ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
Dlu ct”˜ ytlu mu athtü ytuh yâOuht At st„t ni |
CLOUDS
Dl buD
btimb bü Ne„˜„t yt st„e ni | y˚T|òTü eTT

ŒfÐUr„ fUt fUK-fUK Œmàl r”Flu ˜d„t ni |
ath(4) ykfU fuU Œël (FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS )
1. JMto mCe ŒtrKgtü fuU r˜Y seJl fUt ytOth ni | fUimu ?

rJMg rJë˜uMK :
JMto mu vtle rb˜„t ni |
rclt vtle fuU vÐÚJe vh seJl ymkCJ ni | Wvmdo ymkCJ y
atnu fUtuRo Ce ŒtKe ntu gt vuz· -vtiOt ntu, rclt vtle fuU Oh„e vh fwUA Ce lné hn vtYdt |
y„: JMto mCe ŒtrKgtü fuU r˜Y seJl fUt ytOth ni |
ymkCJ mkCJ
2. JMto ×U„w fuU ŒtfÐUr„fU mtî”go vh yvlu rJath r˜rFY |
fUrJ ¶e mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se ni | seJl bhl
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
JMto ×U„w bü ŒfÐUr„ fUe mwk”h„t c·Z st„e ni | mwk”h„t
JMto fUe cqâ”ü mcfUt bl btun„e nî | „t
Rmmu Jt„tJhK bü Ne„˜„t yt„e ni | ŒÀgg Ne„˜„t
ŒfÐUr„ fUt fUK-fUK rF˜ WX„t ni | Ro nrhgt˜e
athtü ytuh nrhgt˜e At st„e ni |
3. I rVUh-rVUh ytgu seJl bü mtJl blCtJl I Yumt ¢gtü fUnt dgt ntudt ? ôvíx fUersY |
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rJMg rJë˜uMK : JÐG
mtJl fuU ytlu mu ŒfÐUr„ fUt fUK-fUK Œmàl ntu st„t ni |
ŒfÐUr„ fuU mtƒ ŒÀgufU seJl de„ dtlu ˜d„t ni |
vNw-vGe, vuz· -vtiOu Sqb WX„u nî |
JMto fUt vtle mcfuU seJl fUt ytOth ni |
rcxv vuz· „h¥
gn VUm˜tü fUe ”Ðríx mu bnÀJvqKo ni |

Rmr˜Y fUrJ lu Yumt fUnt ntudt |
vt”v
ytX (8) ykfU fuU Œël (EIGHT MARKS QUESTIONS )

fUrJ„t fUt mthtkN
Summary of the poem
1. I chm„u ct”˜ I fUrJ„ fUt mthtkN yvlu Nç”tü bü fUersY | (gt) I chm„u ct”˜ I fUrJ„t bü ŒfÐUr„
fUt mwk”h raºtK ni | Wmu yvlu Nç”tü bü r˜rFY | (gt) fUrJ mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se ŒfÐUr„ Œube ni |
RlfUe fUrJ„t I chm„u ct”˜ I fuU Åtht rm° fUersY |
I chm„u ct”˜ I fUrJ„t fuU fUrJ mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se ni |
Ju ŒfÐUr„ mtî”go raºtK fuU custuz· fUrJ btlu st„u nî |
JeKt, d½krƒ, vÖ˜J, gwdtk„, d½tögt, ra”kcht ytr” WlfuU Œrm° fUtÔg mkfU˜l nî |
I ra”kcht I fUtÔg fUe halt fuU r˜Y Wànü ÒttlveX vwhôfUth ŒtË„ ýyt |
Œô„w„ fUrJ„t bü JMto ×U„w fUt mwk”h JKol ni |
vk„se fUn„u nî rfU JMto ×U„w cý„ mwk”h ntu„e ni |

Wmbü Ce mtJl fUt bnelt ytih yrOfU mwk”h ntu„t ni | rcs˜e ct”˜ fuU †”g vh abfU„e ni
buD chm„u nî | vuz· tü mu AlfUh cqâ”ü Oh„e vh rdh„e nî |
rcs˜e ct”˜ fuU †”g vh ababt„e ni |
r”l bü Ce ct”˜ fuU fUthK yâOuht At st„t ni |
bl bü ylufU ŒfUth fuU mvlu sdlu ˜d„u nî |
vuztü mu AlfUh cqâ”ü Oh„e vh rdh„e nî |
JMto ntulu vh büZfU, rSÖ˜e, btuh ytih at„fU mu „hn-„hn fUe ytJt·sü rlfU˜„e nî |
Dwbz· -Dwbz· fUh buD dhs„u nî |
xvfU„u cqâ”tü mu htub-htub rmnh WX„t ni |
ytfUtN mu s˜ fUe OthtYâ Oh„e vh rdh„e nî | rSÖ˜e btuh
Yumt ˜d„t ni rfU rbxTxe fUt fUK-fUK yr„Œmàl ni | at„fU
fUrJ fUt bl ctrhN fUe Othtytü fuU mtƒ Sq˜t Sq˜lu ˜d„t ni |
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Jn ˜tudtü fUtu mtJl fuU de„ dtl fuU r˜Y ytbkrºt„ fUh„t ni |
Jn mcmu fUn„t ni rfU ytytu nb mc RkŠOlwM fuU Sq˜u bü Sq˜lu fUt ytlk” ˜ü |
blCtJl mtJl fUtu cth-cth ytlu fUt rlbkºtK ”ü |
CtMt fUe ct„ : (uÛ≤cÕ+XÊ\T) Lesson Related Grammar

(y) fUtuíXfU bü ”e dge mqalt vr·ZY ytih WmfuU ylwmth fUersY | Lesson related Grammar videos
1. „h¥, ddl, Dl (YfU-YfU Nç” fUt Jt¢g Œgtud fUersY ytih WmfuU vgtog Nç” r˜rFY |)
1. „h¥ : vÐÚJe vh „h¥ytü fUe mkÏgt fUb ntu„e st hne ni | vgtogJtae Nç” : JÐG, vuz· , vt”v |
2. ddl : Oh„e fuU Qvh le˜t ddl vmht ýyt ni | vgtogJtae Nç” : ytmbtl, ytfUtN, lC |
3. Dl : „us
· nJtytü fuU mtƒ fUt˜u-fUt˜u Dl rDh ytgu | vgtogJtae Nç” : ct”˜, Dxt, s˜” |
2. mtJl, mvlt, mqhs (YfU-YfU Nç” fUt „Àmb Áv r˜rFY |) „”TCJ Nç” „Àmb Nç”
1. I mtJl I fUt „Àmb Áv : ¶tJK |
2. I mvlt I fUt „Àmb Áv : ôJËl | mtJl ¶tJK
3. I mqhs I fUt „Àmb Áv : mqgo |
mvlt ôJËl
3. dK, Jtrh, akŠ (YfU-YfU Nç” fUt „”TCJ Áv r˜rFY |)
1. I dK I fUt „”TCJ Áv : dl | „Àmb Nç” „”T CJ Nç”
2. I Jtrh I fUt „”TCJ Áv : ctrh |
3. I akŠ I fUt „”TCJ Áv : atâ” | dK mbqn
4. ab-ab, „ÐK-„ÐK, rVUh-rVUh (vwlh¥¢„ Nç”tü mu Jt¢g Œgtud fUersY |)
1. ab-ab : Oqv bü vtle ab-ab abfU„t ni | Jtrh vtle
2. „ÐK-„ÐK : chmt„ fUe cqâ”ü „ÐK-„ÐK bü lJseJl fUt mkath fUh„e ni |
3. rVUh-rVUh : mcfuU seJl bü FwrNgtâ rVUh-rVUh ytgu |
ab-ab „ÐK-„ÐK
(yt) Rànü mbrSY ytih mqalt fuU ylwmth fUersY |
1. Othtytü vh OthtYâ Sh„e Oh„e vh | (yk„h ôvíx fUersY |) rVUh-rVUh
s : Othtytü : mrJCr¢„fU mkÒtt cýJal Áv
OthtYâ : rlrJCr¢„fU mkÒtt cýJal Áv
Åà”
2. RkŠOlwM fuU Sq˜u bü Sq˜ü rb˜ mc sl | (yk„h ôvíx fUersY |) mbtm
s : Sq˜u _ mkÒtt, Sq˜ü _ rf½Ugt |
3. ct”˜ chm„u nî | (huFtkrfU„ Nç” fUt v” vrhag ”ersY |) vuz· -vtiOu vNw-vGe
s : ct”˜ _ mkÒtt Nç”, cýJal |
4. bl fUtu Ctlu Jt˜t (YfU Nç” bü r˜rFY |)
s : blCtJl |
5. vuz· -vtiOu, vNw-vGe (mbtm vnatrlY |)
s : vuz· -vtiOu (vuz· ytih vtiOu) _ ÅkÅ mbtm |
vNw-vGe (vNw ytih vGe) _ ÅkÅ mbtm |
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(R) huFtkrfU„ Nç”tü vh Ægtl ”ersY ytih Rm „hn fuU fwUA Jt¢g cltRY |
1. chm„u ct”˜ yåAu ˜d„u nî |
s : dhs„u Nuh mu zh ˜d„t ni | yåAt cwht
2. Sh„e OthtYâ mwk”h ˜d„e nî | mwk”h fw Áv

s : ”tiz· „u rnhK cý„ mwk”h ˜d„u nî |
3. rdh„e cqâ”ü Ab-Ab fUh„e nî | rdhlt WXlt
s : W·z„u vGe blCtJl ˜d„u nî | rdhlt WXlt
4. cn„t vtle Nw”TO ntu„t ni | Nw”TO yNw”TO

s : hüd„u fUe·zu chmt„ bü r”F„u nî |
5. c·Z„t ýyt vtiOt, rF˜„u ýY VqU˜, VUi˜„e ýRo mwdkO ytr” yåAu ˜d„u nî |
s : chm„t ýyt ct”˜, WA˜„u ýY Shlu, „ih„e ýRo bA˜e ytr” yåAu ˜d„u nî |
(Ro) fUrJ„t fUe vkr¢„gtü vh Ægtl ”ersY ytih y˜kfUth mbrSY |

Sb-Sb-Sb-Sb buD chm„u nî mtJl fuU,
Ab-Ab-Ab rdh„e cqâ”ü „h¥ytü mu Al fuU |
sntâ fUtÔg bü JKo fUe ytJÐrút (cth-cth Œgtud) ntu, Wmu ylwŒtm y˜kfUth fUn„u nî | gntâ I S I ytih
I A I JKo cth-cth Œgtud ýyt ni | y„: gn ylwŒtm y˜kfUth ni |
vrhgtuslt fUtgo : (ÁbÕ»≈£îº |üì) Project work
JMto, ct”˜, l”e, mtdh, mqhs, atâ”, Shlu ytr” bü rfUme YfU rJMg vh ŒfÐUr„ JKol mu swz· e fUrJ„t
fUt mkd½n fUersY | fUGt bü WmfUt Œ”Nol fUersY |
es¡¸eTT, y˚T|òTü eTT, q~, düeTTÁ<äeTT, dü÷s¡T´&ÉT, #·+Á<äT&ÉT, ôd\j˚Ts¡T, yÓTT<ä\>∑T yê{Ï˝À @<√ ˇø£ n+X¯eTTq≈£î
dü+ã+~Û+∫ Á|üøè£ ‹ es¡qí ‘√ ≈£L&çq ø£$‘·qT ùdø£]+#·+&ç. <ëìì ‘·s>¡ ∑‹ >∑~˝À Á|ü<]ä Ù+#·+&ç.
yƒod½tñg„t-Œr„rf½Ugt
(ne>±Vü≤q ` Á|ü‹düŒ+<äq)
vrX„ v‘
Comprehension from the poem
I. v‘tkN (vrX„) v·ZfUh Œëltü fuU Wúth ”ersY | 4 X1 = 4
Sb-Sb Sb-Sb buD chm„u nî mtJl fuU,

Ab-Ab-Ab rdh„e cqâ”ü „h¥ytü mu Al fuU |
ab-ab rcs˜e abfU hne hu Wh bü Dl fuU,
ƒb-ƒb r”l fuU „b bü mvlu sd„u bl fuU ||
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Œël :
y) buD fUimu chm„u nî ?
yt) Ab-Ab-Ab ÆJrl mu ¢gt rdh hnu nî ? vgtog Nç” r˜rFY |
R) v‘tkN bü ytgt vwlh¥¢„ Nç” ni _ FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICE
Ro) rcs˜e fUimu abfU hne ni ? vuz· _

Wúth :
lC _
y) buD Sb - Sb chm„u nî |
yt) Ab-Ab-Ab ÆJrl mu cqâ”ü rdh hne nî |
R) Sb-Sb, Ab-Ab, ab-ab, ƒb-ƒb |
Ro) rcs˜e ab-ab abfU hne ni |
II. v‘tkN (vrX„) v·ZfUh Œëltü fuU Wúth ”ersY | 4 X1 = 4
”t”wh xh-xh fUh„u rSÖ˜e cs„e Sl-Sl,

I ögJ-ögJ I hu btuh I veW I I veW I at„fU fuU dK | „Àmb Áv r˜rFY |
W·z„u mtulct˜fU, yt”o_mwF mu fUh f½Uk”l, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICE
Dwbz· -Dwbz· rdh buD ddl bü Ch„u dsol ||
mtJl _
Œël :
y) xh-xh fUe ytJt·s fUhluJt˜t fUtil ni ? mvlt _
yt) rSÖ˜e fUe ytJt·s fUime ntu„e ni ?
R) btuh fUt ytJt·s fUimt ntu„t ni ?
Ro) fUh f½Uk”l fUhluJt˜t seJ fUtil ni ? „”TCJ Áv r˜rFY |
Wúth : FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICE
y) ”t”wh xh-xh fUe ytJt·s fUh„u nî | dK _

yt) rSÖ˜e fUe ytJt·s Sl-Sl ntu„e ni |
R) btuh fUe ytJt·s ögJ-ögJ simu ntu„e ni | Jtrh _
Ro) fUh f½Uk”l fUhluJt˜t seJ mtulct˜fU ni |
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III. v‘tkN (vrX„) v·ZfUh Œëltü fuU Wúth ”ersY | 4 X1 = 4
rhbrSb-rhbrSb ¢gt fwUA fUn„u cqâ”tü fuU ôJh, yk„h ôvíx fUersY |
htub rmnh WX„u Aq„u Ju Ce„h yk„h |
FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICE
Othtytü vh OthtYâ Sh„e Oh„e vh,
hs fuU fUK-fUK bü „ÐK-„ÐK fUtu vw˜fUtJr˜ ƒh || Sq˜u _
Œël :
Sq˜ü _
y) cqâ”tü fuU ôJh fUimu ntu„u nî ?
yt) ¢gt rmnh WX„u nî ?
R) JMto fUe OthtYâ fUntâ Sh„e nî ?
Ro) I fUK-fUK, „ÐK-„ÐK I Yumu Nç”tü fUtu ¢gt fUn„u nî ?
Wúth :
y) cqâ”tü fuU ôJh rhbrSb_rhbrSb simu ntu„u nî |
yt) htub rmnh WX„u nî |
R) JMto fUe OthtYâ Oh„e vh Sh„e nî |
Ro) I fUK-fUK, „ÐK-„ÐK I Yumu Nç”tü fUtu I vwlh¥¢„ Nç” I fUn„u nî |
IV. v‘tkN (vrX„) v·ZfUh Œëltü fuU Wúth ”ersY | 4 X1 = 4
vfU·z Jtrh fUe Oth Sq˜„t ni buht bl, r˜kd c”r˜Y |

ytytu hu mc bwSu Duh fUh dtytu mtJl | FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICE
RkŠOlwM fuU Sq˜u bü Sq˜ü rb˜ mc sl,
rVUh-rVUh ytgu seJl bü mtJl blCtJl || fUrJ _
Œël :
btuh _
y) rfUmfUe Oth vfU·zlu fUtu fUrJ fUt bl Sq˜„t ni ?
yt) Wvgwo¢„ fUrJ„tkN bü rfUm ×U„w fuU cthu bü fUnt dgt ni ?
R) mc ˜tud rfUm Sq˜u bü Sq˜ hnu nî ? ŒÀgg vnatrlY |
Ro) seJl bü rfUm ×U„w rVUh-rVUh ytlu fUt rlbkºtK fUhlt ni ?
FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICE
Wúth : ytOtrh„ _
y) ctrhN fUe Oth vfU·zlu fUtu fUrJ fUt bl Sq˜„t ni |
yt) Wvgwo¢„ fUrJ„tkN bü mtJl fuU ×U„w fuU cthu bü fUnt dgt ni | =
R) mc ˜tud RkŠOlwM fUe Sq˜u bü Sq˜ hnu nî |
nrhgt˜e _
Ro) seJl bü mtJl rVUh-rVUh ytlu fUt rlbkºtK fUhlt ni |
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yvrX„ v‘
Unseen Comprehension (poem)
I. v‘tkN (yvrX„) v·ZfUh Œëltü fuU Wúth ”ersY | 4 X1 = 4
ct”˜ ytih cqâ”ü, ck” rfUgu nî ct”˜ lu
ykch fuU ”hJt·su mthu, lné l·sh yt„t ni mqhs l fUné atâ”-rm„thu ?
Yumt btimb ”uFfUh, rar·zgtü lu Ce vkF vmthu,
ntu Œmàl Oh„e fuU Jtme, lC fUe ytuh rlnthu ||
Œël :
y) Rmlu ykch fuU ”hJt·su ck” fUh r”gu nik _ ( )
A. ytfUtN B. mqhs
· C. atâ” D. ct”˜
yt) vkF rfUmlu vmthu nî ? ( )
A. rar·zgt B. btimb C. Oh„e D. rm„thu
R) JMto ×U„w bü ykch vh ¢gt lné r”FtRo v·z„u nî ? ( )
A. mqhs· B. atâ” C. rm„thu D. gu mCe
Ro) v‘tkN bü ytgt gwÉb Nç” ni _ ( )
A. ct”˜ - ykch B. mqhs - atâ” C. atâ” - rm„thu D. Oh„e -Jtme
Wúth : y. D yt. A R. D Ro. C
II. v‘tkN (yvrX„) v·ZfUh Œëltü fuU Wúth ”ersY | 4 X1 = 4

ßgtü rlfU˜fUh ct”˜tü fUe dtu” mu |
ƒe yCe YfU cqâ” fwUA ytdu c·Ze ||
mtualu rVUh-rVUh gne se bü ˜de |
ytn ! ¢gtü Dh Atuz· fUh bî gtü fU·Ze ||
Œël :
y) ct”˜tü fUe dtu” mu rlfU˜luJt˜e fUtil ni ? ( )
A. atâ” B. mqhs· C. rcs˜e D. cqâ”
yt) cqâ” rfUmfUe dtu” bü hn„e ni ? ( )
A. ct”˜ B. ytmbtl C. Oh„e D. rm„thu
R) bl bü rVUh-rVUh mtua„u ytdu c·ZluJt˜t fUtil ni ? ( )
A. mqhs· B. atâ” C. cqâ” D. gu mCe
Ro) v‘tkN bü ytgt vwlh¥¢„ Nç” ni _ ( )
A. dtu” B. ct”˜ C. cqâ” D. rVUh-rVUh
Wúth : y. D yt. A R. C Ro. D Online Test
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2. Ro”dtn (fUntle)
á<é>±Vt≤ (eTVü≤àBj·TT\ ÁbÕs¡úHê düú\+)
Lesson related
˜uFfU : bwkNe Œubak” | videos
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* ¶e bwkNe Œubak” se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |

ø£<ë∏ s¡#·sTT‘· |ü]#·jT· + (about the author)
• I Ro”dtn fUntle fuU fUntlefUth bwkNe Œubaà” se nî |
• Ju yt”NtuoàbwF gƒtƒoJt”e ˜uFfU nî |
• Rànü I I Wvàgtm mb½tx I I Ce fUnt st„t ni |
• RlfUe fUntrlgtâ btlmhtuJh ltb mu ytX Ctdtü bü mkfUr˜„ nî |
• Wàntülu yvle haltytü mu btlJ mbts fUtu lir„fU bqÖgtü fUt rJJhK r”gt |
htus
· t = eTTdæ¢eTT\ ñ|üyêdü+, fasting during the month of Ramazan; htilfU = k˛>∑dTü , brightness; fUatuxlt
= Á>∑T#·TÃø=qT≥, to tease; rdllt = ˝…øÿ£ ô|≥Tº≥, to count; fUtum = ¬s+&ÉT yÓTÆfi¯fl <ä÷s¡+, a measure of distance;
rcdw˜ = á\, a bugle; ”wc˜t-v„˜t = ãø£ÿ |ü\#·ì, lean and thin; At˜u = u§ã“\T, blisters; dtuxt =
eÁdü|Ô ⁄ü n+#·T, border of a garment; CzfUe˜u = ‘·fi¯ó≈£î u…fió¯ ≈£î>∑\, splendid; fUtuXhe = ∫qï >∑~, a small room;
rCë„e = ‘√\T‹‹Ô‘√ ˙fi¯ófl yÓ÷j·TTyê&ÉT, a watercarrier; afUltaqh = eTTø£ÿ\T ø±ã&çq, broken into fragments;
huJze = qTe⁄«J&ç, a kind of crisp sweetmeat; rabxt = ∫qï |ü≥ø±s¡T, pincers; r”˜ ciXlt = ñ<ëd”q+>±
ñ+&çb˛e⁄≥, afflicted; yfU·zlt = $T&çd|æ ü&TÉ ≥, to be regid; Wâd˜e = Áy˚\T, the finger; d”d” =
u≤>∑T>± Äq+~+∫q, very much delighted.
”tu (2) ykfU fuU Œël (TWO MARKS QUESTIONS )
1. Ro” fuU r”l fUt raºtK yvlu Nç”tü bü fUersY |

gn Œël I Ro”dtn I vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
fUntlefUth ¶e bwkNe Œubak” se nî |
gn c·ztü fuU Œr„ yt”h, möbtl fUe CtJlt mu mkckrO„ fUntle vtX ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK : ŒCt„
hb·stl fuU vqhu „em htus
· tü fuU ct” Ro” yt„e ni |
Wm r”l fUe ŒfÐUr„ bltunh ˜d„e ni | mwcn Œt„:
mwntJlt ŒCt„, JÐGtü vh nrhgt˜e,
Fu„tü bü htilfU, ytmbtl vh ˜tr˜bt,
Ne„˜ mqhs · Rl mc fUtu ”uFfUh nbü ˜d„t ni rfU_ Ábı<äTq› ï
MORNING
vqhe ŒfÐUr„ nbfUtu Ro” fUe cOtRo ”u hne ni |
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WvJtafU Ntkr„ fUe htn bü (rlckO)

XÊ+‹ ø° sêVt≤ y˚T"
(XÊ+‹ e÷s¡Z+˝À) Lesson related
videos
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htn = e÷s¡ZeTT, way; „Àvh = ≈£î‘·÷Vü≤\+>±ñqï, readiness; mkgw¢„ htíx± mkD = ◊ø£´sê»´dü$T‹, UNO; WÀfÐUíx
= ÁX‚wü̃eTT, great; nô„e = ndæ‘Ô «· eTT, existence; CtRoatht = k˛<äsu¡ ≤Û eeTT, brotherhood; Frls = Kì»eTT,
mineral; mbqat = n+‘·jT· T, whole; mbSti„t = z&É+ã&çø,£ contract; meF = ˙‹, lesson.

1. Ntkr„ fUe vrhCtMt ¢gt ntu mfU„e ni ? yvlu Nç”tü bü c„tRY |
gn Œël I Ntkr„ fUe htn bü... I ltbfU rlckOtÀbfU WvJtafU vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
yvlu bl vh fUtcq hF„u ýY matRo fUe htn vh a˜lt ne Jtô„rJfU Ntkr„ ni |
rsmfUt bl rlbo˜ ntu, rsmfuU bl bü rfUme fuU Œr„ ÅuM l ntu,
stu rlífUvx ntu, stu ˜tãe l ntu, Wme fuU bl bü Ntkr„ ntude |
2. luÖml bkzu˜t fuU seJl mu nbü ¢gt mk”uN rb˜„t ni ?
luÖml bkz· u˜t fuU seJl mu nbü Cu”CtJ mu ”qh hnlu fUt mk”uN rb˜„t ni |
WlfUt mk”uN ni rfU nbü yàgtg fUt rJhtuO fUhlt atrnY |
mtbtrsfU fUtgtüo bü c·Z-a·ZfUh Ctd ˜ult atrnY |
C˜u fUtb bü ytluJt˜e bwmect„tü fUt mtblt fUhlu fuU r˜Y „igth hnlt atrnY |
3. b”h „uhumt lu yvlu seJl bü ¢gt rm”TO fUh r”Ftgt ni ?
b”h „uhumt YfU Yumt ltb ni, stu Ntkr„, f h¥Kt, Œub J JtÀmÖg fUt vgtog fUn˜t„t ni |
Wàntülu rm° fUh r”Ftgt ni rfU ”wrFgtü fUe mntg„t mu c·zt fUtuRo Obo lné |
seJl fUe mtƒofU„t „tu yltƒtü, dhectü ytih hturdgtü fUe muJt bü ne ni |
4. I I Œtƒolt fUhlu Jt˜u ntüXtü mu fUné yåAu mntg„t fUhlu Jt˜u ntƒ nî | I I _ vkr¢„ fUt CtJ ôvíx
fUersY |
RmfUt yƒo ni rfU btlJ fUe muJt ne btOJ fUe muJt ni |
CdJtl fuU gN dtluJt˜u, Jt¢g v·ZluJt˜u ntüXtü mu ”el ”w:rFgtü fUe muJt fUhluJt˜u ntƒ ne yåAu ni,
vrJºt ni |
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3. nb Cth„Jtme (fUrJ„t)
Vü≤yéT uÛ≤s¡‘Y yêd” (eTq+ uÛ≤s¡rj·TT\+)
˜uFfU : yth. ve. I rlNkfU I Lesson related videos
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* ¶e yth. ve. I rlNkfU I se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |
• I nb Cth„Jtme I fUrJ„t fuU fUrJ fUt ltb yth.ve. I rlNkfU I ni |
• RlfUe haltytü fUt bwÏg Œr„vt”Tg I ”uNCr¢„ I ni |
• Ràntülu mbvoK, lJkfwUh, bwSu rJOt„t cllt ni, „wb Ce buhu mtƒ a˜tu, seJl vƒ bü, bt„ÐCqrb fuU
r˜Y, fUtuRo bwrëfU˜ lné ytr” aLa„ fUtÔg haltYâ r˜Fe nî |

”wrlgt = Á|ü|ü+#·+, the world; CxfUlt = <ë]‘·|Œæ n≥÷, Ç≥÷ ‹s¡T>∑T≥, cause to miss the way; vtJl =
|ü$Á‘·yTÓ qÆ , holy; htn = e÷s¡ZeTT, way; Otb = dü«s¡Z+, Ç\T¢ , Pilgraimage; „Úg = yêdü$
Ô ø£yTÓ qÆ , fact; ¶°t =
ÁX¯<,›ä faith; crdgt = ‘√≥, a small garden; cmtlt = ì]à+#·T≥, to establish; bnfUlt = düTyêdüq e#·TÃ≥, to
perfume; fwUntmt = bı>∑eT+#·T, fog; l·VUh„ = @e–+|ü⁄, hatred; mhmtlt = XÀ_Û\T¢≥, to cause to
floirish; ¢˜uN = <äT'KeTT, troubles; W˜Sl = ∫≈£îÿ , problem; rbxtlt = ‘=\–+#·T≥, to destroy.

1. Qâa-lea fUt Cu” rbxtlu fuU r˜Y nb ¢gt-¢gt fUh mfU„u nî ?
gn Œël I nb Cth„Jtme I ltbfU fUrJ„t vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
fUrJ ¶e yth.ve I rlNkfU I se nî |
gn ”uNCr¢„ fUe CtJlt vh ytOtrh„ dug fUrJ„t ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK : Obo yObo
mcfuU mtƒ nbü rb˜sw˜ fUh hnlt atrnY |
str„, Obo, Œtk„, CtMt ytr” fuU ltb vh rfUme mu Cu”CtJ lné fUhlt atrnY |
Rm ŒfUth nb Cu”CtJ rbxt mfU„u nî |
2. nbü yvlu seJl bü fUimt vƒ yvltlt atrnY ?
gn Œël I nb Cth„Jtme I ltbfU fUrJ„t vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
fUrJ ¶e yth.ve I rlNkfU I se nî |
gn ”uNCr¢„ fUe CtJlt vh ytOtrh„ dug fUrJ„t ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
nbü yvlu seJl bü mÀg btdo yvltlt atrnY |
”el-”wrFgtü fUe muJt fUhle atrnY |
bl bü mcfuU Œr„ ¶°t ytih Œub fUt CtJ hFlt atrnY |
mcmu rb˜sw˜fUh hnlt atrnY |
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6. yk„htoíx±eg ô„h vh rnk”e (vºt)

n+‘·ÁsêÁw”ºjYT düúsY |üsY Væ≤+B (n+‘·sê®rj·T kÕúsTT˝À Væ≤+B)
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mfwUN˜ = πøåeTeTT, well-being; Œmàl„t = dü+‘√wü+, pleasure; rJrJO = nH˚ø£s¡ø£eTT˝…q’ , various;
rsÒttmt = ≈£î‘·÷Vü≤\+, inquiring; mbtOtl = »yêãT, solution; ôJ„kºt„t = kÕ«‘·+Á‘·éTT,
independence; mkd½tb = j·TT<ä›eTT, battle; ytJëgfU„t = ÄeX¯´ø£‘,· exigency; mtÆg = kÕ~Û+|ü<– ä q,
to be proved; dtihJtràJ„ = >ös¡$+|üã&çq, appreciation; fUhec = s¡e÷s¡$T, near; mkat˜l = ìs¡«Vü≤D,
managing; WßßJ˜ CrJíg = ñ»«\ uÛ$ Ñ wü´‘·T,Ô beautiful future.

Lesson related videos
1. Cth„ ”uN fUtu ôJ„kºt fUhtlu bü rnk”e CtMt fUt ¢gt gtud”tl hnt ntudt ?
gn Œël I yk„htoíx±eg ô„h vh rnk”e I ltbfU vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
gn vºt ˜uFl rJOt bü r˜Ft dgt vtX ni |
Rmbü YfU rbºt yvlu ”qmhu rbºt fUtu rnk”e meFlu „ƒt Wmmu ntulu Jt˜u ˜tCtü fuU cthu bü c„t hnt ni
rJMg rJë˜uMK : in good u≤>∑T>±
cFqce
Cth„ fUe ôJ„kºt„t bü rnk”e fUt bnÀJvqKo ôƒtl hnt | manner
YfU-”qmhu fUe CtJltytü fUtu mbSlu fuU r˜Y CtMt fUe s· Áh„ ntu„e ni |
Wm mbg Rm ”trgÀJ fUtu rnk”e CtMt lu cFqce rlCtgt |
bntÀbt dtâOe ”TJtht ôJ„kºt„t mkd½tb bü Rm CtMt fUtu nrƒgth fuU Áv bü yvltgt dgt |
2. rnk”e CtMt fUe ¢gt rJNuM„t ni ?
gn Œël I yk„htoíx±eg ô„h vh rnk”e I ltbfU vtX mu r”gt dgt ni | yvlt vhtgt
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
rnk”e CtMt fUtu Cth„ fuU yrOfU„h ˜tud stl„u nî |
RmfUe r˜rv ”uJltdhe ni |
Rmbü stu r˜Ft st„t ni, Jne v·Zt st„t ni |
RmfUt Œmth yc rJëJ fuU ylufU ”uNtü bü ntu dgt ni |
gn Cth„ fUtu stuz· lu fUt fUtb fUh„e ni |
3. rnk”e CtMt meFlu mu ¢gt-¢gt ˜tC nî ?
gn Œël I yk„htoíx±eg ô„h vh rnk”e I ltbfU vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
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WvJtafU yvlu ôfqU˜ fUtu YfU Wvnth (fUntle)

n|üH˚ dü÷ÿ˝Ÿ ø√ @ø˘ ñ|üVü‰sY
(‘·q bÕsƒ¡XÊ\≈£î ˇø£ ãVüQeT‹)
˜uFfU : ×U„w CqMK | Lesson related
videos
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Wvnth = ø±qTø£, Complimentary or gift; NtifU = n_ÛsT¡ ∫, like; st”qdh = >±s¡&ûyê&ÉT, magician; fUrXltRo
= ø£wºüeTT, difficulty; fUbstuhe = ã\V”≤q‘·, weakness; xtkdu = ø±fi¯ófl, legs; c”toë„ = düV≤ü q+, toleration;
bltne = ìùw<Ûä+, prohibition; ôVqUL„ = Áù|s¡D, throbbing; C˜e-Ctâr„ = u≤>∑T>±, well; „ct”˜t = ã~©,
transfer; RfU˜ti„t = ˇπøˇø£, only one; Jh”e = >∑Dy˚wD ü , school uniform; ˜kdz
· t = ≈£î+{Ï, lame; Nhrbk”t
= dæ>T∑ |Z ü&qç , feeling shy; ltë„t = n˝≤ŒVü‰s¡+, tiffin; sch”ô„e = ã\e+‘·+, to force; bnmqm =
Ñ +∫q, to get experience; dkJtht = Á>±MTD, villager; rlcxlt = ìeè‘·TÔ&>É T∑ ≥, to get relief from some
nqTuÛ$
work.
”tu (2) ykfU fuU Œël (TWO MARKS QUESTIONS)

1. htsq fUtu WmfUt vwhtlt ôfqU˜ fUimt ˜d„t ƒt ?
htsq fUtu WmfUt vwhtlt ôfqU˜ cý„ yåAt ˜d„t ƒt |
Jntâ WmfuU fURo rbºt ƒu |
mCe yÆgtvfU Wmu vmk” rfUgt fUh„u ƒu |
Jn mcfUtu yrCJt”l fUh„t ƒt |
”qmhtü fUe fUrXltRo ”qh fUhlu bü Jn vn˜u hn„t ƒt |
rfUme lu WmfUe fUb·stuhe vh Wâd˜e lné WXtRo |
Jn Fu˜lu bü ymbƒo ƒt | ˜urfUl rF˜tr·zgtü fUt WÀmtn c·Zt„t ƒt |
2. htsq fuU Œr„ lgu ôfqU˜ fuU mtrƒgtü fUt ÔgJnth fUimt ƒt ?
htsq fUe xtkdu cý„ ”wco˜ ƒek | Rmr˜Y Jn fwUA ˜kdzt fUh a˜lu ˜d„t ƒt |
WmfUe bOwh bwôfUtl fUtu mtƒe Dqh„u hn„u ytih xtkdtü se ytuh mkfuU„ fUhfuU b·stfU W·zt„u ƒu |
yÆgtvfU Ce RmfUt Ægtl lné ”u„u |
fUGt bü veAu rcXt ”u„u ƒu | yÆgtvfU fuU Œëltü fuU sJtc lné ”ulu ”u„u ƒu |
Ju Rmu dâJth ˜·zfUt mbS„u ƒu | mtrƒgtü lu Rmu yfuU˜t fUh r”gt |
3. htsq lu yvlu ôfqU˜ fUtu rfUm „hn Wvnth mbLv„ rfUgt ?
htsq fUtu lY ôfqU˜ fuU cåau dâJth mbS„u ƒu |
Rmr˜Y Wmlu Dh vh yrOfU vrh¶b rfUgt ytih ôfqU˜ bü Ce fU·ze bunl„ fUe |
YfU cth rVUh Jn fUGt bü Œƒb ytgt | WmfUe Œmàl„t fUe fUtuRo mebt ne lné hne |
Rm „hn Wmlu Œƒb ytfUh yvlu vwhtlu d½tbeK ôfqU˜ fUtu mbwra„ Wvnth mbLv„ rfUgt |
mtƒ-mtƒ lY ôfqU˜ fUt ltb Ce abfUt r”gt |
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7. Cr¢„ v” (fUrJ„t)
uÛÑøÏÔ |ü<é (uÛÑøÏÔ |ü<äeTT\T)
fUrJ : hi”tm, fUJRºte : behtctRo
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Nç”tƒo : X¯u≤›sú¡eTT\T
(1) ak”l = >∑+<ÛäeTT, sandal wood; stfUe = me]jÓTTø£ÿ, yâd-yâd = Á|ü‹ nej·TeeT÷, organ; ctm =
düT>∑+<ÛäeTT, perfume; mbtle = düe÷q+>±, equally; Dl = y˚T|ò÷ü \T, cloud; cl = n&É$, forest; btuh =
HÓeT*, peacock; ra„Jr„ = ø£ì|æ+#·TqT, glance; akŠ afUtuh = #·+Á<äT&ÉT, #·ø√s¡|üø¸Ï , moon, chacora bird; btu„e
= eTT‘·´+, pearl; Otdt = <ës¡+, thread; ôJtbe = j·T»e÷ì, owner; ”tmt = ùde≈£î&ÉT, servant; Cr¢„ =
|üP», devotion; fUh = #˚jT· T≥, do.
(2) vtgtu = bı+<ëqT, to get; önü = H˚qT, I; Ol = <Ûqä +, wealth; Jô„w = edüTÔe⁄\T, thing; ybtu˜fU =
neT÷\ýÓTqÆ , priceless; önthu = HêjÓTTø£ÿ, mine; rfUhvt = <äjT· , grace; yvltgtu = d”«ø£]+#·T≥, accepted;
slb-slb = nìï »qà\˝À, birth; sd = Á|ü|ü+#·eTT, world; mCe FtuJtgtu = n+‘ê ø√˝ÀŒe⁄≥, lost; Fha
= Ks¡TÃ, to spend; l ˜qxi = <√#·Tø√˝Òì~, a plunder; r”l-r”l c·Z„ mJtgtu = s√E s√EøÏ ô|s¡T>∑T≥, to grow;
m„ = yêdüÔe+, truth; FuJrxgt = Hê$≈£î&ÉT, boatman; rdrhOh = lø£èwüßí&TÉ , lord srikrishna; nhF-nhF =
Äq+<ä+, to happy; sm vtgtu = ø°]Ô \_Û+#·TqT, to get fame.
1. hi”tm J beht fUe Cr¢„ CtJlt bü ¢gt yk„h ni ? ôvíx fUersY |
gn Œël I Cr¢„ v” I ltbfU fUrJ„t vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
fUrJ mk„ hi”tm se nik ytih fUJrgºte behtctRo nik |
Œô„w„ fUrJ„tkNtü bü rlhtzkch Cr¢„ btdo fUt bnÀJ c„tgt |
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
hi”tm fUe Cr¢„ CtJlt mbvoK CtJ fUe ƒe |
Ju CdJtl fUtu yvlt ôJtbe btl„u ƒu |
beht fUe Cr¢„ CtJlt btOwgo CtJ fUe ƒe |
Jn ¶efÐUíK fUe Wvtmlt fUh„e ƒe |
2. nbthu seJl bü Cr¢„ CtJlt fUt ¢gt bnÀJ ni ? aato fUersY |
gn Œël I Cr¢„ v” I ltbfU fUrJ„t vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
fUrJ mk„ hi”tm se nik ytih fUJrgºte behtctRo nik |
Œô„w„ fUrJ„tkNtü bü rlhtzkch Cr¢„ btdo fUt bnÀJ c„tgt ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
nbthu seJl bü Cr¢„ CtJlt fUt cý„ bnÀJ ni |
Cr¢„ mu blwíg J mbts bü yåAu dwKtü fUt rJfUtm ntu„t ni |
mbts bü Ntkr„ fUe ôƒtvlt ntu„e ni |
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11. s˜ ne seJl ni (fUntle)

»˝Ÿ V”≤ JeHé ôV≤’ (»\y˚T J$‘·+)
fUntlefUth : ¶e ŒfUtN
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* ¶e ¶e ŒfUtN se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |
ø£<ë∏ s¡#·sTT‘· |ü]#·jT· + (about the author)
• ¶e ŒfUtN rnà”e fuU stlu_btlu ˜uFfU nî |
• Ràntülu rJÒttl rJMg mkckOe Zuh mthu rlckO r˜Fu nî |
• RlfuU rlckO rJathtuútusfU nî | Lesson related videos
• RlfUe I s˜ ne seJl ni I d‘ vtX I mkath btÆgbtü fuU r˜Y rJÒttl I ltbfU vwô„fU mu ˜e dge ni
m”e = X¯‘êã›+, Century; Œdr„ = $ø±dü+, progress; rlgkºtK = n<äT|ü⁄, restraint; vgtoJhK = |üsêés¡D+,
the environment; ytëagoarfU„ = ÄX¯Ãs¡´|ü&q ç , astonishing; mJuoGK = düπs« , investigation; rlhk„h =
m&É‘>Ó ∑≈î£ +&Ü, continuous; JiÒttrlfU = XÊÁdüÔy‘
˚ Ô· , scientist; CqJiÒttrlfU = uÛ÷Ñ >∑s“¡ X ˚ ·Ô , geologist;
¤ ÊÁdüÔy ‘
ytrJífUth = Ä$wüÿs¡D, invention; ylk„ = n+‘·eTT˝Òì, immortal; stmqm = >∑÷&ÛÉ#ê], a spy; nb˜t =
ÄÁø£eTD, attack; yvnhK = <=+–*+#·T≥, robbing; yk„rhG gtl = n+‘·]ø£åj÷· qeTT, spacecraft; bntbthe
= ø£\sê, communicable disease; nq-cq-nq = ñqï~ñqï≥Tº>±, same as it is; yCtJ = ø=s¡‘,· deficiency;
ŒfUtNJMo = ø±+‹dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT, light year; ylwbr„ = nqTeT‹, permission; „ctne = HêX¯qeTT, destroy;
rJNt˜ = ô|<ä›<q’Ó , broad; YfUtYfU = nø£kÕà‘·T>Ô ±, suddenly; s · nhe˜ = $wü|Pü ]‘·yTÓ qÆ , poison; nel =
‘·≈î£ ÿyÓq’ , deprived; yrô„ÀJ = ñìøÏ, existence; ybqÖg = yÓ\ø£≥˝ º Òì, priceless; ytâFtü mu ytuS˜ ntult =
ø£ì|æ+#·ø£b˛e⁄≥, to spirit away; mwhrG„ = düTs¡øåÏ‘·yÓTqÆ , well-protected.

1. nbthu seJl bü s˜ fUt ¢gt bnÀJ ni ?
gn Œël I s˜ ne seJl ni I ltbfU fUntle vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
˜uFfU ¶e ŒfUtN se nî |
vtle fUt mne Wvgtud fUhfuU ytlu Jt˜e ver·Zgtü fuU r˜Y Rmu cat hFlt Rm vtX fUt W”T”uëg ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
nbthu seJl bü s˜ fUt c·zt bnÀJ ni | mkCJ ymkCJ
rclt vtle fuU vÐÚJe vh seJl mkCJ lné ni |
Rmr˜Y „tu fUnt dgt ni rfU s˜ ne seJl ni |
2. Oh„e vh nh rnômu bü s˜ ni, rfUà„w ôJåA s˜ fUe btºtt cý„ fUb ni | Yume rôƒr„ bü s˜ fUt
m”wvgtud fUimu fUhüdu ?
gn Œël I s˜ ne seJl ni I ltbfU fUntle vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
˜uFfU ¶e ŒfUtN se nî |
vtle fUt mne Wvgtud fUhfuU ytlu Jt˜e ver·Zgtü fuU r˜Y Rmu cat hFlt Rm vtX fUt W”T”uëg ni |
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12. Oh„e fuU mJt˜ yk„rhG fuU sJtc

(mtGtÀfUth)
<Ûäs¡r πø düyê˝Ÿ n+‘·]ø˘¸ πø »yêuŸ
(uÛÑ÷$T jÓTTø£ÿ Á|üX¯ï\T - n+‘·]ø£¸+ jÓTTø£ÿ »yêãT\T)
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Nç”tƒo : X¯u≤›sú¡eTT\T (Meanings) Lesson related videos
ŒtfÐUr„fU dwK = kÕ«uÛ≤$ø£ >∑TD+, natural manner; rJrNíX = Á|üd~æ ∆#Ó+~q, distinctive; mwhGt = dü+s¡øå£D,
safety; htmtgrlfU Jtgw = s¡kÕj·Tìø£yêj·TTe⁄, Chemical air; ytrJífUth = n$wüÿs¡D, invention; mtGtÀfUth
= ø£\sTTø£, interview; mtË„trnfU = yês¡|⁄ü , weekly; ”wrlgt fuU btlraºt = Á|ü|ü+#·|ü≥+, world map;
slmkÏgt = »HêuÛ≤, papulation; mtbtrsfU mbôgtYâ = kÕe÷õø£ düeTdü´\T, social stanza; mwStJ = dü\Vü‰,
suggestion; yrCCtJfU = dü+s¡øå£≈î£ &ÉT, guardian; C½íxtath = n$˙‹, Corruption; ct˜ b·s”qhe =
u≤\ø±]à≈£î\T, Child labour; Robtl”the = ìC≤sTT‹, honest; hGt ylwmkOtl = s¡ø£D å XÊK, defensive research;
cun” FwNe = Vü≤<äT˝› Òì Äq+<ä+ boundless happy; ze.yth.ze.ytu. =Defence Research Developement
Organisation; Gb„t = kÕeTs¡´ú +, ability.
ath(4) ykfU fuU Œël (FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS )

1. rlhGhtü fUtu mtGh cltlu fuU r˜Y mhfUth ”TJtht ¢gt-¢gt f· U”b WXtgu st hnu nî ?
gn Œël I Oh„e fuU mJt˜ yk„rhG fuU sJtc I ltbfU vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
gn mtGtÀfUth rJOt bü r˜Ft dgt vtX ni |
Atºttü bü ”uN fUe mwhGt fUe CtJlt stdÐ„ fUhtlt ytih WvfUhKtü fUt ytrJífUth fUhlu Jt˜u JiÒttrlfUtü
fUe stlfUthe ŒtË„ fUhtlt Rm vtX fUt bwÏg W”T”uëg ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
mhfUth lu yth.xe.Ro. yrOrlgb _ 2009 cltgt ytih
1 yŒi˜, 2010 mu ˜tdq ýyt |
RmfuU ylwmth, 6_14 JMeog cåatü fUtu rl: NwÖfU ytih yrlJtgo rNGt ”e st hne ni |
ŒtiZ· rNGt fuU btÆgb mu vwh¥Mtü ytih brn˜tytü fUtu rNrG„ fUhlu fUe ÔgJôƒt Ce fUh hnu nî |
vtXNt˜tYâ cåatü fUe výâa fuU yk”h ntulu fUe fUturNN fUe st hne ni |
2. Cth„ fUtu C½íxtath mu bw¢„ fUhtlu bü Atºttü fUt ¢gt gtud”tl ntu mfU„t ni ? yk”h ctnh
gn Œël I Oh„e fuU mJt˜ yk„rhG fuU sJtc I ltbfU vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
gn mtGtÀfUth rJOt bü r˜Ft dgt vtX ni |
Atºttü bü ”uN fUe mwhGt fUe CtJlt stdÐ„ fUhtlt ytih WvfUhKtü fUt ytrJífUth fUhlu Jt˜u JiÒttrlfUtü
fUe stlfUthe ŒtË„ fUhtlt Rm vtX fUt bwÏg W”T”uëg ni |
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10th Class HINDI

A.P. Government 2020-21 (Revised)


छा के वयं पठन के िलए वषय
స పఠనం యవల న ష
(69-76)
(77-84)
(85)
(86-92)
(93-100)
(101-106)
(107)
  
  
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4. fUK-fUK fUt yrOfUthe (fUrJ„t)

ø£D`Y ø£DY ø± n~Ûø±Ø (nDTeDTe⁄ øÏ n~Ûø±])
˜uFfU : ztp. htbOthe rmkn I r”lfUh I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lesson related videos
* ztp. htbOthe rmkn I r”lfUh I se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |
• ztp. htbOthe rmkn I r”lfUh I rnk”e fuU Œrm° fUrJgtü bü mu YfU nî |
• WlfUt sàb mlT 1908 bü rcnth fuU bwkduh bü ýyt „ƒt rlOl mlT 1974 bü ýyt |
• I QJoNe I fÐUr„ fuU r˜Y Rànü ÒttlveX vwhôfUth mu möbtrl„ rfUgt dgt |
• huKwfUt, fw h¥Guºt, hrëbhƒe, vhNwhtb fUe Œ„eGt, hmJk„e ytr” RlfUe ŒbwF haltYâ nî |
blws = eTqTwüß´&ÉT, man; mkra„ = Áb˛>∑T #˚jT· ã&çq, to collect; yƒo = <Ûqä eTT, wealth; Ctud„t =
nqTuÛ$Ñ +#·T≥, to endure; CtÉgJt” = n<äèwüºeTT, fatalism; A˜ = yÓ÷dü+, deception; ¶b =
n~Ûø£+>± ÁX¯$T+#·T |üì, to strain; Cwsc˜ = uÛTÑ »ã\eTT, strength of arm; möbwF = m<äT≥, infront of;
rJle„ = $qj·T+>∑\, with humble; lC-„˜ = Äø±X¯‘·\+, the sky and surface; ¶b-s˜ = #ÓeT≥,
sweat; àgô„ = ñ+#·ã&çq, placed; yrOfUthe = n~Ûø±], the person who have rights; sl-sl =
Á|ü‹ eTìwæ, every people.
1. CtÉg ytih fUbo bü ytv rfUmu ¶uíX btl„u nî ? ¢gtü ?

gn Œël I fUK-fUK fUt yrOfUthe I vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
fUrJ ¶e htbOthermkn I r”lfUh I se nî |
gn ¶b fuU bnÀJ fuU cthu bü c„tluJt˜t fUrJ„t vtX ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
CtÉg mu fUbo ¶uíX ni |
¢gtürfU fUbo ne CtÉg fUt ytOth ni |
gr” blwíg yvlt fUbo l fUhu „tu CtÉg
WmfUe fUtuRo mntg„t lné fUh mfU„t |
2. ¶b fuU c˜ vh nb ¢gt-¢gt ntrm˜ fUh mfU„u nî ?
gn Œël I fUK-fUK fUt yrOfUthe I vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
fUrJ ¶e htbOthermkn I r”lfUh I se nî |
gn ¶b fuU bnÀJ fuU cthu bü c„tluJt˜t fUrJ„t vtX ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
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5. ˜tufUde„ (rlckO)
˝Àø˘^‘Y (C≤q|ü<>πä j·÷\T)
˜uFfU : CdJ„NhK WvtÆgtg Lesson related videos
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* ¶e CdJ„NhK WvtÆgtg se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |

yê´dü s¡#·sTT‘· |ü]#·jT· + (about the author)
• CdJ„NhK WvtÆgtg rnk”e mtrnÀg fuU mwvrhra„ haltfUth nik |
• RlfUt sàb mlT 1910 bü ýyt |
• Ràntülu fUntle, rhvtu„tos, rlckO, ct˜-mtrnÀg bü yvle rJNuM Atv Atuz· e ni |
• rJëJ mtrnÀg fUe ÁvhuFt, fUtr˜”tm fUt Cth„, XqâXt ytb, dkdt dtu”tJhe ytr” RlfUe Œrm”TO
haltYâ nî |
˜tufUde„ = C≤q|ü<ä+, folk songs; ˜tua = ø√eT\‘·«+, flexible; Àgtinth = |ü+&ÉT>∑, festival; fUh„t˜ =
#·|Œü ≥T¢ ø=≥Tº≥, clapping of hands; ctâmwhe = |æ\¢qÁ>√$, flute; WvuGt = ìs¡¢ø´å£ eTT, neglect; vrhJ„ol =
e÷s¡TŒ, Change; mkd½n = dü+Á>∑V≤ü eTT, Collection; ytusrôJ„t = ø±+‹, splendour; ytr”Jtme =
Ä~eTyêdæ, aborginal; ”˜ = düeT÷Vü≤+, group; ”unt„ = Á>±eTeTT, village; fUtuht = dü]ø=‘·~ Ô nsTTq,
plain; bbo = s¡V≤ü dü´+, a secret; htusbhto = Á|ü‹~q|ü⁄, daily; R˜tfUt = Á|ü<X ˚ ¯eTT, estate; htd =
sê>∑eTT, tune; Jeh„t = Ms¡‘«· eTT, heroism; cFtl = es¡qí , appreciation; lx = qs¡Ô≈î£ &ÉT, an actor;
ylk„ = n+‘·eTT˝Òì, boundless; vhkvht = dü+Á|ü<ëj·T+, tradition; m½tu„ = Á|ü<X ˚ ¯+, source; W”T”tb =
Á|ü#·+&ÉyTÓ qÆ , great.
1. ˜tufUde„ fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ?
gn Œël I ˜tufUde„ I ltbfU rlckO vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
˜uFfU ¶e CdJ„NhK WvtÆgtg se niî |
Œô„w„ rlckO bü Cth„eg ˜tufUde„ fUt JKol c·zu ne mwk”h Zkd mu rfUgt dgt ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK : StâS
˜tufUde„ ”unt„e Guºttü bü dtgu stlu Jt˜u de„ nî |
Àgtinthtü ytih rJNuM mk”Ctüo bü gu dtgu st„u nî |
RlfuU haluJt˜u dtâJ fuU ytb sl„t ne ntu„u nî | fUh„t˜
Rànü mtOthK Ztu˜fU, StâS, fUh„t˜, ctâmwhe ytr” fUe b”” mu dtgu st„u nî |
2. ˜tufUde„ ytih mkde„ fUt ¢gt mkckO ni ?
gn Œël I ˜tufUde„ I ltbfU rlckO vtX mu r”gt dgt ni | ctâmwhe
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WvJtafU ”tu fU˜tfUth (fUntle)

<√ ø£˝≤ø±sY (Ç<ä›s¡T ø£˝≤ø±s¡T\T)
˜uFfU : bàlq Ckzthe Lesson related
videos
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”tu (2) ykfU fuU Œël (TWO MARKS QUESTIONS) (Q.No : 26-28)
1. yh¥Kt J raºtt ”tultü fuU ôJCtJ fuU cthu bü yvlu rJath c„tRY | MARCH-2018
yh¥Kt YfU yåAe Ftm ˜zfUe ni |
Jn nh mbg ”qmhtü fe b”” fUhlu fuU r˜Y ne mtua„e ƒe |
dhectü fUtu v·Ztlu bü, hturdgtü fe R˜ts fUhlu bü,
sÁh„ bà”tü fUe mntg„t fUhlu bü yvlt mbg rc„t„e ƒe |
WmfuU bl bü bbÀJ, Œub, ylwhtd, ”gt ytih muJt ytr” ôJCtJ fqUx-fqUx fUh Chu ýY nî |
raºtt YfU OlJtl fUe RfU˜ti„e rcrxgt ƒe |
WmfuU bl bü Ce bbÀJ, Œub, ylwhtd, ”gt ytih muJt ytr” CtJltYâ ƒe |
vh yvle mthe CtJltytü fUtu yvle fU˜t fuU Åtht r”Ft„e ƒe |
yvlu fUtu Œurh„ fUhluJt˜u mthu ”Ðëgtü fUtu Jn raºttü fuU Áv bü clt ”u„e ƒe |
2. raºtt lu rJ”uN stfUh ¢gt rfUgt ? ytv fuU rJath bü WmfUt rJ”uN stlt mne ƒt ? ¢gtü ?
raºtt rJ”uN stfUh yvle fU˜t vh vqht Ægtl r”gt |
Jn „l - bl mu yvlu fUtb bü swx dge |
buhu rJath bü WmfUt rJ”uN stlt mne ƒt ¢gtü rfU rJ”uN bü ne WmfuU raºttü fUe yåAe stl-vnatl
ýRo |
rJ”uN bü hnlu fUe J·sn mu ne Cth„ bü Ce WmfUt yt”h möbtl ýyt |
WmfuU raºttü fuUr˜Y Œ”LNle Ce hFe dge |
rJ”uN stlu mu vn˜u WmfUt ltb fUtuRo stl„t Ce lné ƒt ˜urfUl sc Jn rJ”uN mu ytge „c vqht
Cth„ WmfUt m˜tb rfUgt |
Rmr˜Y buhe htg bü WmfUt rJ”uN stlt mne ƒt |
3. yh¥Kt fUe bb„t vh yvlu rJath c„tRY | MARCH-2017

yh¥Kt fUe bb„t YfU bntmtdh mu fUb lné ƒe |
WmfuU †”g bü bb„t, Œub, ylwhtd, muJt, Àgtd ytr” CtJltYâ fqUx-fqUx fUh Che ýRo ƒek |
YfU cth ctZ ytlu mu ctZ verz„tü fUe b”” fUhlu fuU r˜Y YfU ôJgkmuJfU clfUh vkŠn r”l „fU
ntpôx˜ Atuz· fUh a˜e dge |
sc YfU rCFtrhl yvlu cåatü fUtu yfuU˜u Atuz· fUh nis
· u fUe Cüx ntu dge „tu Wmlu ”tultü cåatü fUtu
dtu” r˜gt |
Rm ŒfUth fUe ˜zrfUgtâ ytsfU˜ cý„ fUb vtge st„e nî |
.
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8. ôJhtßg fUe léJ (YfUtkrfU)

dü«sêCŸ´ ø° ˙"yé (kÕ«‘·+Á‘ê´ìøÏ |ü⁄Hê~)
˜uFfU : rJíKw ŒCtfUh
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* ¶e rJíKw ŒCtfUh se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |

ø£$ |ü]#·jT· + (About the author)
• ¶e rJíKw ŒCtfUh fUt sàb mlT 1912 bü ýyt |
• Ju yt”NorŒg Ôgr¢„ ƒu |
• Rànü Œubak” vhkvht fUt I I yt”NtüobwF gƒtƒoJt”e I I ˜uFfU fUnt st„t ni |
• I ytJtht bment I halt vh Rànü I mturJg„ ˜îz lunÁ vwhôfUth I mu möbtrl„ rfUgt dgt ni |
• Cth„ mhfUth lu Rànü I v”Tb CqMK I mu möbtrl„ rfUgt ni |
ykrfU„ = eTTÁ<äy˚jT· ã&çq, marked; yJôƒt = dæú‹, mood; bkrs · ˜ = \ ø£´å eTT, a halting-place in a journey;
GK = ø£D å +, second; btdo = <ë], way; sqSlt = b˛sê&ÉT, to struggle; ltrJfU = Hê$≈£î&ÉT, boatman;
rGr„s = Äø±X¯|⁄ü n+#·T, sky line; Oqb = bı>∑, smoke; Œ˜g = Á|üfi¯jT· +, disaster; YuN = uÛÀ>∑$˝≤dü+,
luxury; bNdq˜ = |üì˝À ©qyÓTq Æ , engaged; ytJuN = Äy˚X¯+, access; mnmt = nø±kÕà‘·T>Ô ±, suddenly;
Œr„Òtt = Á|ü‹»í, promise; AwytAq„ = ndüŒ èdü´‘·, untouchability; cr˜”tl = ‘ê´>∑+, sacrifice; lekJ fUt
vÀƒh = |ü⁄Hê~sêsTT, foundation stone; cllt = ne⁄≥, to be constructed; ”wÀfUthlt = Nyê≥T¢ ô|≥º&É+, to
reprove; XtufUh = <Óã“, stroke; NkfUt = nee÷q+, doubt; ytÒtt = Ä»í, order; Ôgd½ = düV≤ü q+˝Òì, not
intent on one point; VUxfUthlt = ‹≥º&É+, to rebuke; fU˜kfU = eT#·Ã, aspersion; hKCqrb = j·TT<äu › Û÷Ñ $T,
a battlefield; ¶eFkz = s¡T∫ø£s¡y TÓ q
Æ r|æ e+≥ø£+, a sweet curd and cheese with sugar.
”tu (2) or ath(4) ykfU fuU Œël (TWO or FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS )
1. ˜ÌbectRo „tÀgt mu ¢gtü ltht·s ƒe ? „tÀgtlu Wànü ¢gt ytëJtml r”gt ?
gn Œël I ôJhtßg fUe léJ I ltbfU vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
gn YfUtkfUe rJOt bü r˜Ft dgt vtX ni |
˜uFfU ¶e rJíKw ŒCtfUh se nik |
Atºttü bü ”uN fuU r˜Y mbLv„ ntulu fUe CtJlt fUt rJfUtm fUhlt Rm vtX fUt W”T”uëg ni |
rJMg rJë˜uMK :
„tÀgt htle ˜ÌbectRo fuU multvr„ ƒu | htst htle
htJ mtnc rJ˜trm„t bü Ôgô„ ƒu |
„tÀgt WlfUt mtƒ ”u hnu ƒu |
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9. ”rGKe dkdt dtu”tJhe (gtºtt-JÐúttk„)

<äøÏåD° >∑+>± >√<ëeØ (<äøÏDå >∑+>∑ >√<ëe])
˜uFfU : fUtfUt fUt˜u˜fUh
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* ¶e fUtfUt fUt˜u˜fUh se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY | Lesson related videos
ø£$ |ü]#·jT· + (about the author)

• ¶e fUtfUt fUt˜u˜fUh fUt vqht ltb ”úttºtug ct˜fÐUíK fUt˜u˜fUh ni |
• WlfUt sàb mlT 1885 bü ytih bÐÀgw mlT 1991 bü ýRo |
• Ràntülu ytseJl dtkOeJt”e rJathOtht fUt vt˜l rfUgt |
• Ràntülu rnà”wô„tle Œath mCt, JtOto fuU btÆgb mu rnà”e fUe Fqc muJt fUe |
• Ju htßgmCt fuU m”ôg Ce hn awfuU nî |
mqgtuo”g = dü÷s√´<äjT· +, sunrise; Axt = XÀuÛ,Ñ grace; nrhgt˜e = |ü#Ã· <äqeTT, greenness; lnh = ø±\Te, a
canal ; rfUltht = ˇ&ÉT,¶ a shore; ltifUt = |ü&Ée, a boat; dnhtRo = $TøÏÿ* ˝À‘Óq ’ , very deep; yƒtn =
˝À‘·T, depth; FtbtuN = ìX¯ã›+>±, silence; yrClk”l = kÕ«>∑‘·+, Compliment; Wbkd = bÕs¡eX¯éTT,
rapture; WOuz · -cwl = dü+~>±›edü,ú dilemma; rJNt˜ = ô|<ä›<q’Ó , broad; ŒJtn = ˙{ÏÁ|üyêVü≤eTT, a stream of
water; Ntl-NtifU„ = ‘·fió¯ ≈£îu…fió¯ ≈£î, dignity-impressive; rlht˜e = $∫Á‘·yTÓ q Æ , strange ; Xtx-ctx =
Ä&É+ãs¡+, trace; ¶urKgtâ = es¡Tdü\T, hips or loins; mtâJ˜t = XÊéT\es¡íeTT blue black; rôlÉO„t =
eTè<äT‘·«eTT, smoothness; Oti˜u-Oti˜u = ‘Ó\‘ Ó ¢ì, white; rJvrút = Ä|ü<,ä a calamity; ôJCtJ = dü«uÛ≤e+,
¢ \
nature; Wvbt = b˛*ø£, comparison; CâJh = düT&ç>T∑ +&É+, whirlpool; ”hrbgtl = eT<Û´ä , between; xtvq =
B«|ü+, island; cdw˜t = ø=+>∑, crane; ylwfUhK = nqTø£sD ¡ , imitation; yFkz = K+&ç+|üM\T˝Òì~,
undivided; vqJo ôbÐr„ = C≤í|üø±\T, immemorial; Wvtmlt = |üP», prayer; htilfU = kı>∑dTü , bright light;
WvtmfU = uÛÑ≈î£ Ô&TÉ , devotee; mrh„t = q~, river; Wâz· u˜lt = e+∫b˛j·TT≥, to pour; mrhÀvr„ = düeTTÁ<ä+
sea; Dchtnx = >±uÛÑsê, disorder; W”tút = <äjT· >∑\, liberal; rfUôb = s¡ø£eTT, kind; fwU”h„ = Á|üøè£ ‹,
nature; ”Nol = ø£ì|æ+#·T≥, seeing; yÖn·zvl = <äT&ÉT≈£î‘·q+>∑\, rudeness; Wàbt” = |æ∫Ã, passion;
fU˜de = |üøåÏáø£, a prince's feather plume; MzTgkºt = ≈£îÁ≥, underhand plotting conspiracy; ô„àg-vtl =
‘·*¢bÕ\T, suck; yrOíXtºte = dü+s¡øÏå+#·Tq~, a supreme; vw˜ = e+‘Óq, a bridge.
”tu (2) or ath(4) ykfU fuU Œël (TWO or FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS )
1. ˜uFfU lu Yumt ¢gtü fUnt ntudt rfU htsbnüŠe fuU ytdu dtu”tJhe fUe Ntl NtifU„ rlht˜e ni ?
gn Œël I ”rGKe dkdt dtu”tJhe I ltbfU vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
gn gtºtt-JÐúttk„ rJOt bü r˜Ft dgt vtX ni |
˜uFfU ¶e fUtfUt fUt˜u˜fUh se nik |
Rmbü ˜uFfU lu dtu”tJhe l”e fuU ŒtfÐUr„fU mtî”go fUt JKol rfUgt ni |
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10. ler„ ”tunu (fUrJ„t)

˙‹ <√ùV≤ (˙‹ |ü<äéTT\T)
fUrJ : hneb, rcnthe | Lesson related videos
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* hneb se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |
• fUrJ hneb se fUt seJlfUt˜_ 1556 - 1626 ni |
• Ju mkôfÐU„, yhce, V· Uthme fuU rJ”TJtl ƒu |
• yfUch fuU rbºt, ŒOtl multvr„ J bkºte ƒu | hneb
• RlfUe Œrm° haltYâ nî _ hneb m„mRo, chJi ltrgfUt Cu”, ¶Ðkdth mtuhX ytr” ƒu |
* rcnthe se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |

• fUrJ rcnthe se fUt seJlfUt˜_ 1595 - 1663 ni |
• RlfuU ”tunu ler„vhfU ntu„u nî |
• RlfuU ”tuntü fuU r˜Y I dtdh bü mtdh I Ch ”ulu Jt˜e ct„ fUne st„e ni | rcnthe
• RlfUe Œrm° halt rcnthe m„mRo ni |

(1) mkvr„ = dü+|ü<,ä wealth; mdu = kı+‘·,blood related; cl„ = ne⁄‘·T+~, make; cý he„ = nH˚øØ£ ‘·T\,
diferent types; rcvr„ = ø£wºü+, trouble; „uRo = n‘·&,˚ you; mtâau = ì»yÓTq Æ , real; be„ = $TÁ‘·T&ÉT, friend.
(2) vtle = >ös¡e+, ø±+‹, ˙s¡T, honour, light, water; Qchi = ˝Ò≈î£ +&Ü, uplift; btlwM = eTìwæ, man; aql =
düTqï+, lime.
(3) fUlfU = ã+>±s¡+, ñyÓTà‘·,Ô gold, thorne apple; „î = ‘√, those people; bt”fU„t = eT‘·T,Ô
drunkenness; yrOfUtR = m≈£îÿe, abundance; Wrn = <ëìì, to that; FtY = ‹q&É+eT÷\+>±, to eat;
ctihtR = |æ∫Ãyê&ç>± ne⁄≥, madly; sd = Á|ü|ü+#·+, world; Rrnk = Bìì, to this.
(4) yh¥ = eT]j·TT, and; l˜-leh = #˚‹ |ü+|ü⁄˝À ˙s¡T, tap water; YfUi fUrh = n<˚$<ÛäeTT>±; stuR =
yÓ‘T· ≈£î≥, to be seen; su„ti = m+‘Ó‘
’ ˚; „u„ti = n+‘˚.
fUrJ„t mthtkN : (”tunu fUt CtJ)
1. hneb fUn„u nî rfU mkvrút rb˜lu vh cý„ ˜tud nbthu rbºt ntu st„u nî | Ju nbthe mkvrút fuU fUthK nbthe
rbºt„t ôJefUth fUh„u nî | ˜urfUl rJvrút fuU mbg stu nbtht mtƒ ”u Jne nbtht måat rbºt ni |
2. hneb Rm ”tunu bü vtle Nç” fUt „el yƒo c„t„u nî - 1. möbtl 2. abfU 3.s˜ | Rl „eltü fuU rclt
btlJ, btu„e, aqlu fUt fUtuRo bqÖg lné ni | I I vtle I I fuU rclt Rl „eltü fUt seJl Ôgƒo ni | btlJ fUtu
möbtl, btu„e fuU r˜Y abfU, aqlu fuU r˜Y s˜ ytJëgfU ni | RmfuU rclt Ju Nqàg ni |
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WvJtafU yltuFt Wvtg (ylqr”„ fUntle)

nH√U≤ ñbÕjYT (n<äT“¤‘·yÓTqÆ ñbÕj·T+)
˜uFfU : ztp. htJqrh ChÅts Lesson
related videos
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dzTZt = ô|<ä>› T∑ +≥, a depression in earth; atht = |üXó¯ e⁄\y˚T‘·, an expedient; ntr·shsJtc”th =
‘·«s¡>± ‹]– »yêãT #Ó|Œü >∑\yê&ÉT, in attendance; ytCtm = dü+πø‘·eTT, false knowledge; ˜”lt = yÓ÷j·Tã&ÉT≥,
to burden; mwOth = dü+düÿs¡D, reformation; Cedlt = ‘·&çjT· T≥, to be wet; yfUt˜ = ø£sT¡ e⁄, drought;
Cüx = düe÷y˚X¯eTT, meeting; ntƒ câxtlt = kÕj·T|ü&TÉ ≥, to be a partner; ˜ct˜c = n+#·Tes¡≈L£ , brimful;
ymeb = nbÕs¡eTT, unlimited; ytim„ = dü>∑≥T, average ; meF = ˙‹, morality; abl = ∫qï‘√≥,
a flower garden.

1. htst fwUbthJbto fuU htßg bü yfUt˜ fUe rôƒr„ ¢gtü WÀvàl ýRo ntude ?
gn Œël “ yltuFt Wvtg “ ltbfU WvJtafU vtX mu r”gt dgt ni |
˜uFfU ztp. htJqrh ChÅts ni |
htst fwUbthJbto lu Atuxe-Atuxe Cq˜ü fUe ntude |
Wàntülu WlfUtu lné mwOth r˜gt ntudt |
Rmr˜Y htst fwUbthJbto fuU htßg bü yfUt˜ fUe rôƒr„ WÀvàl ýRo ntude |
2. yfUt˜ fUe mbôgt fuU rlJthK fuU r˜Y htst lu ¢gt-¢gt Wvtg mtuau ntüdu ?
htst lu gÒt-gtdtr” f½U„wytü fUtu rfUgt ntudt |
hts Ckzth fUt ylt·s Œst bü câxJtgt ntudt |
cwr°btltü mu m˜tn-bNrJht rfUgt ntudt |
ytm-v·ztum fuU htstytü mu ylt·s WOth r˜gt ntudt |
Wlmu rJath-rJbNo rfUgt ntudt |
3. htst fwUbthJbto fUe sdn vh gr” „wb ntu„u „tu yfUt˜ fUe mbôgt mu fUimu sqS„u ?
gr” bî htst fwUbthJbto fUe sdn vh ntu„t,
„tu bî Ce htst fUe „hn yfUt˜ fUe mbôgt mu sqS„t |
ytdu a˜fUh ytÀb-rJë˜uMK Åtht yvle Cq˜ü vnatl ˜u„t |
WlfUtu mwOth ˜u„t | ytdu, fUCe Atuxe me Cq˜ Ce lné ntulu ”u„t |
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huFtkrfU„ Nç” fUt mne „Àmb Áv vnatlfUh r˜Flt _
1. btuh ögJ-ögJ fUh„u ýY lta„u nî | _ buD bgqh bgqFt
2. mtJl bü ŒfÐUr„ mwk”h ntu„e ni | _ ¶JK ¶tJKe ¶tJK
3. mqhs A: csu rlfU˜„t ni | _ mqgo hrJ Ctlw Additional Grammar
4. atâ” ht„ bü abfU„t ni | _ htfuUN akŠ Rk”w

5. nb fUtltü mu mwl„u nî | _ fUKo fUkdl fUtuK
bfUtl
6. Ju yts dtâJ stYâdu | _ d½tbt dJtlt d½tb
7. buht Dh cý„ ”qh ni, „tu Ce bî vi”˜ st„t nqâ | _ bfUtl dÐn Stüvz· e Dh
8. Jn ykOt ni, rVUh Ce mc sdn st„t ni | _ ykO ytOt ˜kdz· t Stüv z· e dÐn
9. hneb ytih fUheb CtRo-CtRo nî | _ cnl ylws C½t„t
10. Dtuzt „us
· ”tiz„t ni | _ DtuxfU Dt„fU Dtg˜
11. ntƒe fUe ytâFü Atuxe nî | _ ds ”k„e nô„e b¢Fl
12. vuz· mu ytb rdht | _ ytb½ ytJ ytâb

De
13. buhe cnl yvlt fUtb ôJgk fUh„e ni | _ crnl Crdle cunl
AtA DÐ„
14. bî Rme ”qfUtl mu De F
· he”t fUh„t ƒt | _ b¢Fl AtA DÐ„
15. vuz· mu vútu rdh hnu nî | _ vºt vwºt vtºt
16. gntâ cý„ yâOuht ni | _ ykfwUh ynkfUth ykOfUth
17. fUbhu bü mtâv fUtu ”uFfUh mc ˜tud atîfU v·zu | _ mvo VUrK ltd ”rO
18. rJht·s lu ”qO ve r˜gt ƒt | _ ”ne ”wÉO ”rO ”qO
19. buhu C„esu fUtu yts fuU˜u lné rF˜tgu stYâdu | _ fU”˜e fU”kc fUkc˜
”ne ”wÉO
20. bt˜e dzTZu Ftu”fUh vtiOu ˜dt„t ni | _ zt˜e vuz· vt”v
21. bwSu gn fUtb lné fUhlt | _ fUts fUtgo fUbo
22. fwUYâ vh fwUA ytih„ü vtle Ch hne nî | _ „t˜tc lr” fqUv seC
23. mcuhu WX„u ne ”tâ„ mtVU fUhlt atrnY | _ bwân seC ”k„
”tâ„
24. Wm dhec yt”be fUtu ylts ”u ”tu | _ atJ˜ yàl ces
bwân ”k„
25. hJéŠ ne „wönthu Rm fUtb fUtu fUh mfU„t ni | _ fUbo fUts fUtgo
26. bîlu ctsth mu 250 d½tb vleh ytih ytOt rfU˜tu ”ne Fhe”t | _ rbÖfU ”rO ”qO
27. sc lr” mqF st„e ni, „c fwUYâ fuU vtle mu Fu„tü fUtu méat stYdt | _ rfUmtl Guºt Cqrb
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rf½UgtrJNuMK (Adverb)
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stu Nç” rf½Ugt fUe rJNuM„t c„t„u nî, Wànü I rf½UgtrJNuMK I fUn„u nî |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Additional Grammar
rf½UgtrJNuMK fuU Cu” :
1. ôƒtlJtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK(Adverb of Place) 2. her„JtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK (Adverb of Manner)

3. fUt˜JtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK (Adverb of Time) 4. vrhbtKJtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK (Adverb of Quantity)
1. ôƒtlJtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK (Adverb of Place)
1. cåatü, ctnh stfUh Fu˜tu | 2. gntâ cý„ yâOuht ni | 3. leau stfUh v·Ztu |
Wvgwo¢„ Jt¢gtü bü f½UbN: I ctnh, gntâ ytih leau I Nç”tü mu rf½Ugt fuU ôƒtl mkckOe rJNuM„t fUt v„t a˜
hnt ni | yô„w, gu Nç” I ôƒtlJtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK I nî |
rsl rf½UgtrJNuMKtü mu rf½Ugt fUe ôƒtl mkckOe rJNuM„t ŒfUx ntu„e ni, Wànü I ôƒtlJtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK I
fUn„u nî |
ôƒtlJtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK fuU rlölr˜rF„ „el Cu” nî :
(fU) rôƒ„JtafU : ctnh, Ce„h, Qvh, leau, gntâ, Jntâ ytr” |
(F) r”NtJtafU : ROh, WOh, Rm ytuh, Wm ytuh, ”tgü, ctgü ytr” |
(d) rJô„thJtafU : gntâ mu Jntâ „f , fUàgtfwUbthe mu htbuëJhb „fU ytr” |
2. her„JtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK (Adverb of Manner)
1. fU”tra„T Ctlq fU˜ ytY | 2. cwrZ· gt yatlfU rdh v·ze | 3. gntâ mu Sxvx a˜u stytu |
Wvgwo¢„ Jt¢gtü bü f½UbN: I fU”tra„T, yatlfU ytih Sxvx I Nç”tü mu rf½Ugt mkvàl ntulu fUe her„ fUt
v„t a˜„t ni | gu Nç” I her„JtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK I nî |
rsl rf½UgtrJNuMKtü mu rf½Ugt mkvàl ntulu fUe her„ fUt v„t a˜„t ni, Wànü I her„JtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK I
fUn„u nî |
her„JtafU rf½UgtrJNuMK rlölr˜rF„ ŒfUth fuU ntu„u nî :
ŒfUthJtafU : YfUtYfU, O·ztO·z, ytv ne ytv, ÆgtlvqJofU, mwFvqJofU, NeD½„t mu ytr” |
rlëagJtafU : cuNfU, Jtô„J bü, XefU, rlômk”un, yJëg ytr” |
yrlëagJtafU : mkCJ ni, cý„ fUhfuU, Ntg”, fU”tra„T ytr” |
ôJefUthJtafU : yJëg, s · Áh, se, ma, XefU, ntâ ytr” |
nu„wJtafU : ¢gtürfU, rfUmr˜Y, y„YJ ytr” |
rlMuOJtafU : fUCe lné, fU”trv lné, l, b„, lné ytr” |
ŒëlJtafU : ¢gtü, fUimu ytr” |
ytfUrôbfUJtafU : mnmt, yatlfU, yfUôbt„ ytr” |
yJOthKtJtafU : btºt, Ce, ne, „tu, Ch, „fU ytr” |
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ykfU / mkÏgt / rdlr„ (Numbers)

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1 _ YfU 21 _ R¢fUem 41 _ RfU„t˜em 61 _ RfUmX 81 _ RfUtme
2 _ ”tu 22 _ ctRom 42 _ cgt˜em 62 _ ctmX 82 _ cgtme
3 _ „el 23 _ „uRom 43 _ „î„t˜em 63 _ r„hmX 83 _ r„htme
4 _ ath 24 _ aticem 44 _ aJt˜em 64 _ atîmX 84 _ atihtme
5 _ vtâa 25 _ våaem 45 _ vî„t˜em 65 _ vîmX 85 _ vatme
6 _ A: 26 _ Açcem 46 _ rAgt˜em 66 _ rAgtmX 86 _ rAgtme
7 _ mt„ 27 _ múttRom 47 _ mî„t˜em 67 _ m·zmX 87 _ múttme
8 _ ytX 28 _ yxTXtRom 48 _ y·z„t˜em 68 _ y·zmX 88 _ yXtme
9 _ lti 29 _ Wl„em 49 _ Wlatm 69 _ Wlnúth 89 _ lJtme
10 _ ”m 30 _ „em 50 _ vatm 70 _ múth 90 _ lçcu
11 _ Égthn 31 _ RfU„em 51 _ R¢fUtJl 71 _ RfUnúth 91 _ R¢gtlJu
12 _ cthn 32 _ cútem 52 _ ctJl 72 _ cnúth 92 _ ctlJu
13 _ „uhn 33 _ „î„em 53 _ r„hvl 73 _ r„núth 93 _ r„htlJu
14 _ ati”n 34 _ atî„em 54 _ atiJl 74 _ atinúth 94 _ atihtlJu
15 _ vkŠn 35 _ vî„em 55 _ vavl 75 _ vanúth 95 _ vkatlJu
16 _ mtuñ 36 _ Aútem 56 _ AËvl 76 _ Anúth 96 _ rAgtlJu
17 _ mºtn 37 _ mî„em 57 _ múttJl 77 _ m„núth 97 _ múttlJu
18 _ yXthn 38 _ y·z„em 58 _ yxTXtJl 78 _ yXnúth 98 _ yxTXtlJu
19 _ Wàlem 39 _ Wl„t˜em 59 _ WlmX 79 _ Wàltme 99 _ rlàgtlJu
20 _ cem 40 _ at˜em 60 _ mtX 80 _ yôme 100 _ mti
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1. 1127 _ YfU n·sth YfU mti múttRom | 2. 1138 _ YfU n·sth YfU mti y·z„em |
Égthn mti múttRom | Égthn mti y·z„em |
3. 1228 _ YfU n·sth ”tu mti yxTXtRom | 4. 1239 _ YfU n·sth ”tu mti Wl„t˜em |
Additional Grammar
cthn mti yxTXtRom | cthn mti Wl„t˜em |
5. 1329 _ YfU n·sth „el mti Wl„em | 6. 1340 _ YfU n·sth „em mti at˜em |
„uhn mti Wl„em | „uhn mti at˜em
7. 1430 _ YfU n·sth ath mti „em | 8. 1441 _ YfU n·sth ath mti RfU„t˜em |
ati”n mti „em | ati”n mti RfU„t˜em |
9. 1531 _ YfU n·sth vtâa mti RfUútem | 10. 1542 _ YfU n·sth vtâa mti cgt˜em |
vkŠn mti RfUútem | vkŠn mti cgt˜em
11. 1632 _ YfU n·sth An (A:) mti cútem | 12. 1643 _ YfU n·sth An (A:) mti „î„t˜em |
mtuñ mti cútem | mtuñ mti „î„t˜em |
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fUthfU (Case)
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mkÒtt yƒJt mJoltb fuU rsm Áv fuU Åtht WmfUt mkckO Jt¢g bü yàg Nç”tü fuU mtƒ stlt st„t ni,
Jn I fUthfU I fUn˜t„t ni | fUthfU fUtu ôvíx fUhlu fuU r˜Y mkÒtt yƒJt mJoltb fuU mtƒ stu rañl
˜dtY st„u nî, Ju I rJCr¢„ I yƒJt I vhmdo I fUn˜t„u nî |
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rnà”e fuU fUthfU : rnà”e bü ytX fUthfU nî :
Additional Grammar
1. fU„to fUthfU (Nominative Case) 5. yvt”tl fUthfU (Ablative Case)
2. fUbo fUthfU (Objective Case) 6. mkckO fUthfU (Possessive Case)
3. fUhK fUthfU (Instrumental Case) 7. yrOfUhK fUthfU (Locative Case)
4. mkŒ”tl fUthfU (Dative Case) 8. mkctuOl fUthfU (Vocative Case)
1. fU„to fUthfU (Nominative Case) :
mkÒtt yƒJt mJoltb fuU rsm Áv mu rf½Ugt fuU fUhlu Jt˜u fUt ctuO ntu„t ni, Jn I fU„to fUthfU I
fUn˜t„t ni | RmfUt rJCr¢„ rañl I lu I ni |
1. yswol lu sgŠƒ fUtu btht | 2. Ctlq v·Z„e ni |
gntâ vn˜u Jt¢g bü mfUbofU rf½Ugt ni | Rmr˜Y fU„to fuU mtƒ I lu I ŒÀgg ˜dt ýyt ni | ”qmhu Jt¢g bü
I lu I rJCr¢„ fUt Œgtud lné ýyt ni, ¢gtü rfU gn yfUbofU rf½Ugt ni |
1. yfUbofU rf½Ugt fuU fU„to fuU mtƒ I lu I rJCr¢„ rañl lné ˜d„t ni |
2. J„obtl fUt˜ ytih CrJíg„T fUt˜ fUe mfUbofU rf½Ugt fuU fU„to fuU mtƒ Ce I lu I rJCr¢„ rañl lné
˜d„t |
2. fUbo fUthfU (Objective Case) :

Jt¢g bü rf½Ugt fUt VU˜ rsm vh v·z„t ni, Jn I fUbo fUthfU I fUn˜t„t ni | RmfUt rJCr¢„ rañl
I fUtu I ni | fUCe - fUCe RmfUt ˜tuv Ce ntu st„t ni |
1. de„t vºt fUtu v·Z„e ni | 2. rJht·s rlckO r˜F„t ni |
vn˜u Jt¢g bü v·Z„e rf½Ugt fUt VU˜ I vºt I vh v·zt ni | y„: I vºt I fUbo fUthfU ni | ”qmhu Jt¢g bü
I fUtu I rJCr¢„ rañl ˜wË„ ni |
3. fUhK fUthfU (Instrumental Case) :

mkÒtt yƒJt mJoltb fuU rsm Áv mu rf½Ugt fuU mtOl fUt ctuO ntu„t ni, Jn I fUhK fUthfU I fUn˜t„t
ni | RmfUt rJCr¢„ rañl I mu I (Åtht) ni |
1. rJht·s cm mu rJ‘t˜g dgt | 2. nb fUtltü mu mwl„u nî |
vn˜u Jt¢g bü fU„to I rJht·s I rJ‘t˜g I cm Åtht I dgt ni | ”qmhu Jt¢g bü I mwllu I fUt mtOl
I fUtltü mu I ntu hnt ni | y„: I cm Åtht I ytih I fUtltü mu I fUhK fUthfU nî |
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mbtm (Compound)
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vhôvh mkckO hFlu Jt˜u ”tu yƒJt ”tu mu yrOfU Nç”tü fUt bu˜ I mbtm I fUn˜t„t ni |
mbtm fuU Cu”
mbtm fuU A: Cu” ntu„u nî : 1. yÔggeCtJ mbtm (Adverbial Compound)
Additional Grammar
2. „Àvwh¥M mbtm (Determinative Compound)
3. fUboOthg mbtm (Appositional Compound)
4. rÅdw mbtm (Numeral Compound)
5. ÅkÅ mbtm (Coupulative Compound)
6. cýJ½ern mbtm (Attributive Compound)
1. yÔggeCtJ mbtm : rsm mtbtrmfU Nç” fUt vn˜t v” yÔgg ytih ŒOtl ntu, Wmu I yÔggeCtJ
mbtm I fUn„u nî | simu :
mtbtrmfU Nç” rJd½n mtbtrmfU Nç” rJd½n
Œr„r”l r”l-r”l Ch vux vux ChfUh
ytsàb sàb mu ˜ufUh gƒt rJrO rJrO fuU ylwmth
gƒtNr¢„ Nr¢„ fuU ylwmth ctfUtg”t fUtg”u fuU ylwmth
ŒmkdtlwfqU˜ Œmkd fuU ylwfqU˜ Oehu-Oehu Oehu ne Oehu
Dh-Dh Dh ne Dh h„tüht„ ht„ ne ht„
2. „Àvwh¥M mbtm : rsm mtbtrmfU Nç” fUt Wúth v” (rÅ„eg v”) ŒOtl ntu„t ni, Wmu I „Àvwh¥M
mbtm I fUn„u nî | Rmbü ”tultü v”tü fuU bÆg ytlu Jt˜u vhmdtüo (fuU r˜Y, fUtu,
mu, fuU Åtht, fUt, fuU, fUe, bü, vh) fUt ˜tuv ntu st„t ni | simu :
mtbtrmfU Nç” rJd½n mtbtrmfU Nç” rJd½n
d½kƒfUth d½kƒtü fUtu halu Jt˜t ôJdoŒtË„ ôJdo fUtu ŒtË„
gNŒtË„ gN fUtu ŒtË„ ”uNd„ ”uN fUtu dgt ýyt
yfUt˜ ver·z„ yfUt˜ mu ver·z„ Nr¢„mkvàl Nr¢„ mu mkvàl
„w˜mefÐU„ „w˜me Åtht fÐU„ rcnthehra„ rcnthe Åtht hra„
mÀgtd½n mÀg fuU r˜Y ytd½n vtXNt˜t vtX fuU r˜Y Nt˜t
sàbtkO sàb mu ykO ×UKbw¢„ ×UK mu bw¢„
dkdts˜ dkdt fUt s˜ Cth„Jtme Cth„ fUt Jtme
Cq”tl Cq fUt ”tl htsvwºt htst fUt vwºt
gwJt Nr¢„ gwJt fUe Nr¢„ Œubmtdh Œub fUt mtdh
d½tbJtm d½tb bü Jtm NhKtd„ NhK bü ytd„
fUtgofwUN˜ fUtgo bü fwUN˜ ”uNtxl ”uN bü yxl
ymkCJ l mkCJ yÒttl l Òttl
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mkrO (Joining)
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”tu rlfUxJ„eo JKtüo fuU vthôvrhfU bu˜ mu stu rJfUth (vrhJ„ol) WÀvàl ntu„t ni, Wmu I mkrO I
fUn„u ni |
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mkrO fuU Cu”
Additional Grammar
mkrO fuU „el Cu” ntu„u nî :
1. ôJh mkrO (Joining of Vowel with a Vowel)
2. Ôgksl mkrO (Joining of a Consonant with a Vowel Consonant)
3. rJmdo mkrO (Joining of a Visarga with a Vowel Consonant)
1. ôJh mkrO : ”tu ôJhtü fuU bu˜ mu stu rJfUth WÀvàl ntu„t ni, Wmu I ôJh mkrO I fUn„u nî | ôJh mkrO fuU
vtâa Cu” nî, simu :
1. ”eDo mkrO : sc ”tu mbtl ôJh rb˜fUh ”eDo ntu st„u nî, „c gn I ”eDo mkrO I fUn˜t„e ni |
y + y = yt
ôJ + yƒo = ôJtƒo htb + yJ„th = htbtJ„th yrOfU + ykN = yrOfUtkN
mÀg + yƒo = mÀgtƒo ah + yah = ahtah Obo + yƒo = Obtoƒo
y + yt _ yt
vhb + ytlk” = vhbtlk” ds + ytll = dstll rnb + yt˜g = rnbt˜g
Obo + ytÀbt = ObtoÀbt NhK + ytd„ = NhKtd„ ”uJ + ytdbl = ”uJtdbl
yt + y = yt
rNGt + yLƒ = rNGtƒeo rJ‘t + yÇgtm = rJ‘tÇgtm huFt + ykrfU„ = huFtkrfU„
mebt + yk„ = mebtk„ huFt + ykN = huFtkN f h¥Kt + ybÐ„ _ f h¥KtbÐ„
yt + yt = yt
bnt + ytÀbt = bntÀbt rJ‘t + yt˜g = rJ‘t˜g Jt„to + yt˜tv = Jt„to˜tv
bnt + ytNg = bntNg ¶°t + ytlk” = ¶°tlk” fUtht + ytJtm = fUthtJtm
R + R = Ro
yrC + Ríx = yCeíx fUrJ + RkŠ = fUJéŠ yr„ + RJ = y„eJ
R + Ro = Ro
fUrJ + RoëJh = fUJeëJh vrh + RoGt = vheGt bwrl + RoëJh = bwleëJh
Ro + R = Ro
g„e + RkŠ = g„éŠ lthe + RåAt = ltheåAt lthe + Rk”w = lthé”w
Ro + Ro = Ro
lthe + RoëJh = ltheëJh hsle + RoN = hsleN bne + RoN = bneN
W+W=Q
Ctlw + W”g = Ctlq”g mw + Wr¢„ = mqr¢„ ylw + Wr”„ = ylqr”„
W+Q=Q
˜Dw + QLb = ˜DqLb mtOw + Qsto = mtOqsto bOw + Qíbt = bOqíbt
Q+W=Q Cq + Wàlr„ = Cqàlr„ JOq + WÀmJ = JOqÀmJ
Q+Q=Q Cq + QÆJo = CqÆJo JOq + Qsto = JOqsto
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ylufU Nç”tü fuU r˜Y YfU Nç”

(One Word Substitution)
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CtMt fUtu mkrGË„ fUhlu bü rJNuM Áv mu mntgfU ntu„u nî | yô„w, d‘tkN ˜uFl bü
RlfUt Œgtud rJNuM Áv mu rfUgt st„t ni |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Additional Grammar
1. rsmfUt ytr” l ntu _ yltr” 2. rsmfUt ”bl l ntu mfuU _ y”ög

3. rsmfUt vux ˜kct ntu _ ˜kctu”h 4. rsmfuU vtâa bwF ntü _ vkatll
5. rsmfuU vtm Ol l ntu _ rlOol 6. rsmfuU yth-vth ”uFt st mfuU _ vth”NofU
7. rsmfUt fUtuRo ytfUth l ntu _ rlhtfUth 8. rsmfUt ”bl fUhlt fUrXl ntu _ ”w”oög
9. rsmfUt bl ”qmhe ytuh ntu _ yàgblôfU 10. rsmfUt vth l vtgt stY _ yvth
11. rsmfUt rlKog l ntu mfUt ntu _ yrlKeo„ 12. rsmfUt sàb l ntu mfuU _ ysàbt
13. stu Cqrb WvstQ l ntu _ cksh 14. rsmfUt CtÉg yåAt l ntu _ yCtdt
15. rsmfUt fUtuRo Nºtw l ntu _ yst„Nºtw 16. rsmfUt bqÖg l ytâfUt st mfuU _ ybqÖg
17. rsmfuU ytlu fUe r„rƒ rlrëa„ l ntu _ yr„rƒ 18. rsmfUt fUtuRo yƒo l ntu _ rlhƒofU
19. rsmfUt ylwCJ RkrŠgtü Åtht l ntu _ y„érŠg 20. rsmfUt ytahK yåAt ntu _ m”tathe
21. rsmfUt sàb ”tu cth ýyt ntu _ rÅs 22. rsmfUt Áv yåAt l ntu _ fw Áv
23. rsmfUt fUtuRo yƒo ntu _ mtƒofU 24. rsmfUt fUtuRo ytOth l ntu _ rlhtOth
25. stu vÐÚJe vh hn„t ntu _ ƒãh 26. rsmbü ”gt ntu _ ”gt˜w
27. rsmfUt vr„ bh awfUt ntu _ rJOJt 28. rsmfUt vr„ serJ„ ntu _ mOJt
29. rsmfuU mbtl fUtuRo ”qmht l ntu _ yrÅ„eg 30. rsmfuU vtm fwUA l ntu _ yrfUkal
31. rsmfuU yth-vth l ”uFt st mfuU _ yvth”NofU 32. stu rJÒttl stl„t ntu _ JiÒttrlfU
33. rsmfuU bl bü fUtuRo fUvx l ntu _ rlífUvx 34. rsmfuU ntƒ bü Js½ ntu _ Js½vtrK
35. rsmfuU leau huFt rFkae ntu _ huFtkrfU„ 36. rsmfuU vtm ˜tFtü h¥vY ntü _ ˜Fvr„
37. rsmfuU bl bü bb„t lné _ rlbob 38. rsmu mbSlt fUrXl ntu _ ”wcuoÆg
39. rsmu JtKe vh vqKo yrOfUth ntu _ Jtaôvr„ 40. rsmbü mcfUe möbr„ ntu _ mJomöb„
41. rsmbü btuG ŒtË„ fUhlu fUe RåAt ntu _ bwbwGw 42. „us cwr°Jt˜t _ fwUNtd½ cwr°
43. rsm Nç” fuU YfUtrOfU yƒo rlfU˜ü _ rë˜íx 44. rsmbü fUtuRo rJfUth l ntu _ rlLJfUth
45. Œr„gturd„t bü ntuz· ˜ult _ ôvOto 46. rsmbü mk”un ntu _ mkr”ÉO
47. stu vrhra„ l ntu _ yvrhra„ 48. rsmbü rJM ntu _ rJMi˜t
49. rsmbü Nr¢„ l ntu _ yN¢„ 50. rsmbü mk”un l ntu _ ymkr”ÉO
51. rsmbü ”gt l ntu _ rl”og 52. stu sàb mu ykOt ntu _ sàbtkO
53. rsm vh WvfUth rfUgt dgt ntu _ WvfÐU„ 54. rsmlu RkrŠgtü vh rJsg vt ˜e ntu _ rs„ürŠg
55. stu yvlt JO ôJgk fUh„t ntu _ ytÀbDt„e 56. stu ”tl fUh„t ntu _ ”tle
57. †”g fUtu Aq ˜ulu Jt˜t _ btLbfU 58. stu ”qmhtü vh Roígto hF„t ntu _ Roígto˜w
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bwntJhu (IDIOMS)
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I I bwntJht Yumt Jt¢gtkN ni stu mtbtàg yƒo fUt ctuO l fUhtfUh rfUme
rJ˜GK (rJNuM) yƒo fUt ctuO fUht„t ni | I I
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Additional Grammar
1. ykdthu Wd˜lt = f½UtuO bü ytfUh fUXtuh Nç” fUnlt 2. ykdqXt r”Ftlt = OtuFt ”ult
3. ytka˜ vmthlt = CeF btâdlt 4. ykOt ntult = cwr° gt rJJufU líx ntu stlt
5. ykOu fUe ˜fU·ze = YfU btºt mntht 6. ymh l ntult = ŒCtJ l v·zlt
7. ytâF fUt „tht ntult = rŒg ntult 8. ytâFü Fw˜lt = Òttltu”g ntult
9. ytâFü ath ntult = Œub ntult 10. ytâFtü bü Oq˜ StüfUlt = OtuFt ”ult
11. ytRlu bü bwân ”uFlt = yvle gtuÉg„t stâalt 12. ykfwUh sbtlt = ŒthkC ntult
13. ykd-ykd Z· e˜t ntult = yÀgk„ ƒfU stlt 14. ykd-ykd bwôfwUhtlt = yÀgk„ Œmàl ntult
15. ytâFü Fw˜lt = ntuN ytlt 16. ytâFü r”Ftlt = dwômu mu ”uFlt
17. ytd bü De zt˜lt = f½UtuO fUtu yrOfU c·Ztlt 18. ytdccq˜t ntult = yÀgk„ f½UturO„ ntult
19. Rokx fUt sJtc vÀƒh mu ”ult = fU·zt sJtc ”ult 20. WOuz· cwl bü ˜dlt = mtua-rJath fUhlt
21. Ro” fUt atâ” ntult = cý„ r”ltü ct” r”FtRo ”ult 22. YfU ytâF mu ”uFlt = mb”Neo ntult
23. ytuS˜ ntult = dtgc ntult, y”Ðëg ntult 24. fU”b c·Ztlt = „us · a˜lt
25. fUkOu mu fUkOt ˜dtlt = mkdrX„ ntufUh fUtgo fUhlt 26. fUbh fUmlt = „igth ntult
27. fU˜tRo Fw˜lt = Cu” ŒfUx ntult 28. fwUntmt „tuz· lt = mbôgt fUt mw˜Slt
29. fU˜ust Xkzt ntult = Ntkr„ rb˜lt 30. fU˜ust VUxlt = cý„ ”w:F ntult
31. fUtl-Chlt = awd˜e fUhlt 32. fUtgt v˜x ntult = rcÖfwU˜ c”˜ stlt
33. fU˜ust bwân fUtu ytlt = yÀgrOfU ÔgtfwU˜ ntult 34. fUbh xqxlt = rlhtNt ntult, ntrl ntult
35. Fql Fti˜lt = stuN bü ytlt 36. rFÖ˜e W·ztlt = nâme W·ztlt
37. d˜u rb˜lt = ytr˜kdl fUhlt 38. dtdh bü mtdh = ƒtuz· u bü cý„
39. d”Td”T ntult = Œmàl ntult 40. dtâX bü ctâOlt = gt” hFlt
41. De fuU r”gu s˜tlt = FwNe bltlt 42. Dwxlu xufUlt = nth btllt
43. a˜ cmlt = bhlt, FÀb ntult 44. afUbt ”ult = OtuFt ”ult
45. atu˜e ”tbl fUt mtƒ ntult = DrlíX mkckO ntult 46. A¢fuU Awz· tlt = vhtrs„ fUhlt
47. At˜u v·z stlt = vihtü mu a˜ lné vtlt 48. snh fUt Dqkx velt = yàgtg mnl fUhlt
49. xm mu bm l ntult = rJar˜„ l ntult 50. „ctne batlt = ltN fUhlt
51. ”tâ„tü „˜u Qâd˜e ”ctlt = ytëago arfU„ ntult 52. ”tâ„ vemlt = f½UturO„ ntult
53. r”˜ fUatuxlt = ”w:Fe ntult 54. r”˜ ciX stlt = rlhtNt ntult
55. ”tiz· Oqv fUhlt = ŒgÀl fUhlt 56. ”t˜ bü fUt˜t ntult = ytNkfUt ntult
57. OtJt ctu˜lt = nb˜t fUhlt, ytf½UbK fUhlt 58. léJ hFlt = NwÁyt„ fUhlt
59. lti ”tu Égthn ntult = Ctd stlt 60. vh˜tufU rmOh stlt = bh stlt
61. vtle - vtle ntult = ˜rßs„ ntult 62. ve˜u v·zlt = GeK ntult
63. veX XtufUlt = NctNe ”ult 64. vih WF·zlt = nth stlt
65. Œ„eGt fUhlt = Rk„sth fUhlt, rlheGK fUhlt 66. VqU˜t l mbtlt = yÀgrOfU Œmàl ntult
67. cFtl fUhlt = JKol fUhlt, ŒNkmt fUhlt 68. crÖ˜gtü WA˜lt = yÀgrOfU Œmàl ntult
69. Cede -rcÖ˜e cllt = CgCe„ ntult 70. Cüx ntu stlt = bh stlt
71. hkd bü Ckd v·zlt = b·st rcd·z stlt 72. ˜tunt ˜ult = bwfUtc˜t fUhlt
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r˜kd (Gender)
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Nç” fuU rsm Áv mu rfUme Jô„w gt ŒtKe fuU vwh¥M yƒJt ôºte str„ fuU ntulu fUt ctuO ntu,
Jn I r˜kd I fUn˜t„t ni | simu : I Nuh I vwh¥M str„ fUt ctuO fUht„t ni ytih I Nuhle I
ôºte str„ fUt | Additional Grammar
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r˜kd fuU Cu” : rnà”e bü r˜kd fuU ”tu Cu” ntu„u nî |
1. vwrÖ˜kd (Masculine Gender) 2. ôºter˜kd (Feminine Gender)
1. vwrÖ˜kd (Masculine Gender) : Nç” fuU rsm Áv mu rfUme Jô„w gt ŒtKe fUe vwh¥M str„ fUt ctuO
ntu„t ni, Wmu vwrÖ˜kd fUn„u nî | simu_ fwUönth, mwlth, ck”h, btuh, ˜uFfU ytr” |
2. ôºter˜kd (Feminine Gender) : Nç” fuU rsm Áv mu rfUme Jô„w gt ŒtKe fUe ôºte str„ fUt ctuO ntu„t
ni, Wmu ôºter˜kd fUn„u nî | simu_ fwUöntrhl, mwltrhl, ck”rhgt, btuhle, ˜urFfUt ytr” |
vwrÖ˜kd mu ôºter˜kd cltlu fuU rlgb

1. yfUthtk„ vwrÖ˜kd Nç”tü fuU ykr„b I y I fUtu I yt I fUhfuU | simu :
vwrÖ˜kd ôºter˜kd vwrÖ˜kd ôºter˜kd vwrÖ˜kd ôºter˜kd
yÆgG yÆgGt ytatgo ytatgto Atºt Atºtt
ylws ylwst rŒg rŒgt mwNe˜ mwNe˜t
2. yfUthtk„ yƒJt ytfUthtk„ vwrÖ˜kd Nç”tü fuU ykr„b I y I gt I yt I fUtu I Ro I fUhfuU | simu :
fUcq„h fUcq„he rnhl rnhle lh lthe
”uJ ”uJe bwdto bwdeo ˜·zfUt ˜·zfUe
3. ytfUthtk„ vwrÖ˜kd Nç”tü fuU ykr„b I yt I fUtu I Rgt I fUhfuU | simu :
fwUútt fwUr„gt cqZ· t cwrZ· gt ck”h ck”rhgt
bwàlt bwrlgt cuxt rcrxgt aqnt awrngt
4. ÔgJmtgJtafU vwrÖ˜kd Nç”tü fuU yk„ bü I Rl I stuz· fUh | simu :
fwUönth fwUöntrhl ÉJt˜t ÉJtr˜l sw˜tnt sw˜trnl
„u˜e „ur˜l Otuce Oturcl ltRo ltRl
bt˜e btr˜l ˜wnth ˜wntrhl ”seo ”Lsl
5. fwUA mkÒtt vwrÖ˜kd Nç”tü fuU yk„ bü I ytRl I stuz· fUh | simu :
XtfwUh XtfwUhtRl n˜JtRo n˜JtRl ˜t˜t ˜t˜tRl
ctcq ccwytRl vkrz· „ vkrz· „tRl dwh¥ dwh¥ytRl
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Jal (Number)
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rsm mkÒtt Nç” mu rfUme Jô„w gt ŒtKe fUe mkÏgt fUt ctuO ntu„t ni, Wmu I Jal I fUn„u nî |
Jal fuU Cu” : rnà”e bü Jal fuU ”tu Cu” ntu„u nî |
1. YfUJal (Singular Number) 2. cýJal (Plural Number)
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Additional Grammar
1. YfUJal (Singular Number) : Nç” fuU rsm Áv mu fuUJ˜ YfU ne Jô„w gt v”tƒo gt ŒtKe
fUt ctuO ntu„t ni, Jn YfUJal fUn˜t„t ni | simu_ vwô„fU, ˜·zfUt, ˜·zfUe, Dtuz· t, ”Jt„ ytr” |
2. cýJal (Plural Number) : Nç” fuU rsm Áv mu YfU mu yrOfU Jô„wytü gt v”tƒtüo gt ŒtrKgtü fUt
ctuO ntu„t ni, Jn cýJal fUn˜t„t nî | simu_ vwô„füU, ˜·zfuU, ˜·zrfUgtâ, Dtuz· u, ”Jt„ü ytr” |
YfUJal mu cýJal cltlu fuU rlgb
1. ytfUthtk„ vwrÖ˜kd Nç”tü bü ykr„b I yt I fUtu I Y I fUhfuU | simu :
YfUJal cýJal YfUJal cýJal YfUJal cýJal

fuU˜t fuU˜u cuxt cuxu aëbt aëbu
fUe·zt fUe·zu sq„t sq„u vh”t vh”u
2. yfUthtk„ ôºter˜kd Nç”tü fuU yk„ bü I Yâ I stuz· fUh | simu :

ae·s ae·sü ”eJth ”eJthü vwô„fU vwô„füU
ytâF ytâFü ct„ ct„ü m·zfU m·zfüU
3. ytfUthtk„ ôºter˜kd Nç”tü fuU yk„ bü I yt I fuU ct” I Yâ I stuz· fUh | simu :

fUrJ„t fUrJ„tYâ bt„t bt„tYâ bt˜t bt˜tYâ
mult multYâ brn˜t brn˜tYâ yÆgtrvfUt yÆgtrvfUtYâ
4. RfUthtk„ yƒJt RofUthtk„ ôºter˜kd Nç” fuU yk„ bü I Ro I fUtu ÄôJ fUh I gtâ I ˜dt fUhfuU | simu :
fU˜e fUr˜gtâ bA˜e bAr˜gtâ dt˜e dtr˜gtâ
dt·ze dtr·zgtâ mt·ze mtr·zgtâ atce atrcgtâ
5. fwUA yfUthtk„ ôºter˜kd Nç”tü fuU yk„ bü I ylwôJth I ˜dtfUh | simu :
awrngt awrngtâ fwUr„gt fwUr„gtâ dwrz· gt dwrz· gtâ
rcrxgt rcrxgtâ rar·zgt rar·zgtâ cwrZ· gt cwrz· gtâ
6. WfUthtk„ yƒJt QfUthtk„ ôºter˜kd Nç”tü fuU yk„ bü I Yâ I ˜dtfUh ytih I Q I fUtu I W I fUhfuU |
Jô„w Jô„wYâ JOq JOwYâ cnq cýYâ
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fUt˜ (Tense)
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rf½Ugt fUt Jn Áv rsmmu fUtgo vqKo ntulu fuU mbg fUt ctuO ntu, I fUt˜ I fUn˜t„t ni |
fUt˜ fuU Cu” : fUt˜ fuU „el Cu” nî :1. Cq„fUt˜ 2. J„obtl fUt˜ 3. CrJíg„T fUt˜
1. Cq„fUt˜ (Past Tense) Additional Grammar
rf½Ugt fuU rsm Áv mu Cq„(ce„u mbg) bü rf½Ugt vqKo ntulu fUt ctuO ntu, Jn I Cq„fUt˜ I fUn˜t„t ni |
Cq„fUt˜ fuU Cu”_ Cq„fUt˜ fuU rlölr˜rF„ A: Cu” nî :
(fU) mtbtàg Cq„ (F) ytmàl Cq„ (d) vqKo Cq„

(D) yvqKo Cq„ (E) mkr”ÉO Cq„ (a) nu„wnu„wb”T Cq„
(fU) mtbtàg Cq„ (Simple Past)

rf½Ugt fuU rsm Áv mu mtbtàg rf½Ugt fuU vqKo ntulu fUt „tu v„t a˜u; vhk„w rf½Ugt fuU mkvt”l fUt˜
fUt rlrëa„ ctuO l ntu, Wmu I mtbtàg Cq„ I fUn„u nî |
mtbtàg Cq„ fUe halt rlöl ŒfUth mu ntu„e ni :

bqÕt„w + yt _ simu _ rJht·s lu ˜uF r˜Ft | ( r˜F + yt )
bqÕt„w + gt _ simu _ m„eN lu ytb Ftgt | ( Ft + gt )
bqÕt„w + Y _ simu _ gëJk„ lu ylufU vul ”uFu | ( ”uF + Y )
bqÕt„w + Ro _ simu _ Ch„ lu htbtgK v·Ze | ( v·Z + Ro )
Wvgwo¢„ W”tnhKtü bü f½UbN: I r˜Ft, Ftgt, ”uFu ytih v·Ze I rf½UgtYâ Cq„fUt˜ fuU mtbtàg Áv bü Œgw¢„
ýRo nî | yô„w, gu I mtbtàg Cq„ fUe rf½UgtYâ I nî |
(F) ytmàl Cq„ (Recent Past)

rf½Ugt fuU rsm Áv mu fUtgo fuU mkvt”l ntulu fUt mbg rlfUx (ytmàl) mbSt stY, Wmu
I ytmàl Cq„ I fUn„u nî | (fwUA rJÅtl Rm fUt˜ fUtu I vqKo J„obtl fUt˜ I fUe mkÒtt ”u„u nî;
¢gtürfU gn mqra„ fUh„t ni rfU fUtgo „tu Cq„fUt˜ bü ythkC ýyt ytih J„obtl fUt˜ bü
yCe-yCe mbtË„ ýyt ni |)
ytmàl Cq„ fUe halt rlöl ŒfUth mu ntu„e ni :
bqÕt„w + yt I ntult I mntgfU rf½Ugt _ simu _ aka˜t lu vºt r˜Ft ni | ( r˜F + yt)
bqÕt„w + gt I ntult I mntgfU rf½Ugt _ simu _ vqst fUt btbt ytgt ni | ( Ft + gt)
bqÕt„w + Y I ntult I mntgfU rf½Ugt _ simu _ yts dwÁ se ytY nî | ( ”uF + Y)
bqÕt„w + Ro I ntult I mntgfU rf½Ugt _ simu _ yks˜e lu raxTXe v·Ze ni | ( v·Z + Ro)
Wvgwo¢„ W”tnhKtü bü f½UbN: I r˜Ft ni, ytgt ni, ytY nî ytih v·Ze ni I rf½Ugtytü mu gn v„t a˜„t ni
rfU fUtgo yCe-yCe mbtË„ ýyt ni | gu I ytmàl Cq„ fUe rf½UgtYâ I nî |
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yNw° Jt¢gtü fUtu Nw° fUhlt

(Correction of incorrect Sentences )
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(y) Jal mkckOe yNwr°gtâ :
yNw° Jt¢g Nw° Jt¢g Additional Grammar
1. ˜·zfUtü vtX v·Z hnu ƒu | 1. ˜·zfuU vtX v·Z hnu ƒu |
2. gu ath yt”be fUt vimt ni | 2. gu ath yt”rbgtü fuU vimu nî |
3. ¢gt ytvlu yts fUt mbtath v·Zt ni ? 3. ¢gt ytvlu yts fuU mbtath v·Zu nî ?
4. athtü cuxt fUt ltb c„tytu | 4. athtü cuxtü fuU ltb c„tytu |
5. rlht˜t lu ylufUtü d½kƒ r˜F zt˜u | 5. rlht˜t lu ylufU d½kƒ r˜F zt˜u |
6. vwô„fUt˜g bü ytbwfU rJMg fUe YfU Ce vwô„füU lné ni | 6. vwô„fUt˜g bü ytbwfU rJMg fUe YfU Ce vwô„fU lné ni |
7. gu fUrJ„t mwlfUh ytlk” fUt ylwCJ ýyt | 7. gn fUrJ„t mwlfUh ytlk” fUt ylwCJ ýyt |
8. Wl mctü lu fUtb lné rfUgt | 8. Wl mclu fUtb lné rfUgt |
9. nh YfU lu fUbe·sü vnl hFe nî | 9. nh YfU lu fUbe·s vnl hFe ni |
10. ˜·zrfUgü de„ dt hne ƒé | 10. ˜·zrfUgtâ de„ dt hne ƒé
11. Jntâ mc ŒfUth fUe Jô„w Wv˜çO ni | 11. Jntâ mc ŒfUth fUe Jô„wYâ Wv˜çO nî |
12. ath yt”be fuU r˜Y Ftlt clt ni | 12. ath yt”rbgtü fuU r˜Y Ftlt clt ni |
13. ytvfuU YfU-YfU Nç” ŒCtJNt˜e ntu„e ni | 13. ytvfUt YfU-YfU Nç” ŒCtJNt˜e ntu„t ni |
14. yfUch lu dtu˜u ytih „tuvtü mu ytf½UbK rfUgt | 14. yfUch lu dtu˜tü ytih „tuvtü mu ytf½UbK rfUgt |
15. WmfuU ykd-ykd fUtxu dY | 15. WmfUt ykd-ykd fUtxt dgt |
16. bî ytvfUt ”Nol fUhlu ytgt nqâ | 16. bî ytvfuU ”Nol fUhlu ytgt nqâ |
17. bîlu nô„tGh fUh r”gt ni | 17. bîlu nô„tGh fUh r”Y nî |
18. bwSu YfU vwív fUe bt˜t atrnY | 18. bwSu vwívtü fUe YfU bt˜t atrnY |
19. bî Rm ytprV· Um bü vtâa JMo mu fUtb fUh hnt nqâ | 19. bî Rm ytprV· Um bü vtâa JMtüo mu fUtb fUh hnt nqâ |
20. „wblu ylufU ŒfUth fUe fU˜t meFe | 20. „wblu ylufU ŒfUth fUe fU˜tYâ meFé |
(yt) r˜kd mkckOe yNwr°gtâ :
yNw° Jt¢g Nw° Jt¢g
1. WmfuU bt„t se fUtNe dY nî | 1. WmfUe bt„t se fUtNe dRo nî |
2. nb „wönthu Dh fU˜ stYdt | 2. nb „wönthu Dh fU˜ stYâdu |
3. WmfUt fUntle bîlu mwlt ni | 3. WmfUe fUntle bîlu mwle ni |
4. gn vwô„fU Ce yåAt ni | 4. gn vwô„fU Ce yåAe ni |
5. Jn ”mJü fUGt bü v·Z„e ni | 5. Jn ”mJé fUGt bü v·Z„e ni |
6. yrF˜, rJht·s ytih lkr”le Jl fUtu dRok | 6. yrF˜, rJht·s ytih lkr”le Jl dY |
7. ¶eb„e CtlwhuFt Œr„CtNt˜e brn˜t nî | 7. ¶eb„e CtlwhuFt Œr„CtNtr˜le brn˜t ni |
8. dwKJtl brn˜t mJoºt vqse st„e ni | 8. dwKJ„e brn˜t mJoºt vqse st„e ni |
9. m”t ma ctu˜lt WmfUe yt”„ ƒt | 9. m”t ma ctu˜lt WmfUe yt”„ ƒe |
10. ytatgo bntu”g lu bwSu ytÒtt r”gt | 10. ytatgo bntu”g lu bwSu ytÒtt ”e |
(R) fUthfU / rJCr¢„ mkckOe yNwr°gtâ :
yNw° Jt¢g Nw° Jt¢g
1. Jn vwô„fU fUtu v·Z„t ni | 1. Jn vwô„fU v·Z„t ni |
2. htb htuxe Ftgt | 2. htb lu htuxe Ftge |
3. rar·zgtâ JÐG fuU zt˜e bü ciXu nî | 3. rar·zgtâ JÐG fUe ztr˜gtü vh ciXe nî |
4. vuz· fuU vútu rdh„u nî | 4. vuz· mu vútu rdh„u nî |
5. ¢gt htb, „wb fUc ytytudu ? 5. nu htb ! „wb fUc ytytudu ?
6. bwSu gn ct„ Cq˜ dRo | 6. bî gn ct„ Cq˜ dge |
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Wvmdo (Prefix)
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Ju Nç”tkN stu Nç” fuU NwÁ bü swz· fUh WmfuU yƒo bü rJNuM„t yƒJt
vrhJ„ol ˜t ”u„u nî, I Wvmdo I fUn˜t„u nî | Additional Grammar
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(rnà”e bü Œar˜„ Wvmdtüo fUtu ath Ctdtü bü rJCtrs„ rfUgt dgt ni : 1. mkôfÐU„ fuU Wvmdo 2. rnà”e fuU
Wvmdo 3. W”qo fuU Wvmdo 4. Wvmdtüo fUe „hn Œgw¢„ ntulu Jt˜u mkôfÐU„ fuU yÔgg |)
1. mkôfÐU„ fuU Wvmdo

Wvmdo yƒo W”tnhK
y lné, yCtJ ybh, yÒttl |
yr„ yrOfU, Qvh yÀgk„, yÀgtath, yÀgrOfU, yr„rh¢„, yr„Ng, yÀgwútb |
yrO Qvh, ¶uíX yrOltgfU, yrOfUhK, yrOfUth, yrOvr„, yrOfÐU„ |
ylw veAu, mbtl ylwfUhK, ylwhtd, ylwNtml, ylwJt”, ylwra„, ylws |
yv cwht, nel, yCtJ yvfUth, yvbtl, yvgN, yvÔgg, yvfUer„o, yvnhK |
yrC mtblu, ytuh, rlfUx yrCbwF, yrClg, yrClu„t, yrCbtl, yrCCtJfU |
2. rnà”e fuU Wvmdo

Wvmdo yƒo W”tnhK
y rlMuO, yCtJ yv·Z, yau„, yÒttl, yƒtn, yAq„, ybh, yOh |
yl rlMuO, yCtJ ylbtu˜, ylv·Z, ylstl, yl”uFe |
yO ytOt yObtht, yOvfUt, yOrF˜t |
W hrn„, yCtJ Wst·z, W×UK |
Wl YfU fUb Wàlem, Wl„em, Wlatm, WlmX, Wlnúth |
yti nel, rlMuO ytidwl, ytiDx |
fwU cwht, lea„t fwUfUbo, fwUNtml, fwUÏgt„, fwUaf½U, fwUvtºt, fwUZkd |
”w cwht, nel ”wc˜t, ”wëarhºt |
rl hrn„ rlzh, rlfUöbt, rlnÀƒt, rlXÖ˜t |
rclt rlMuO rcl”uFt, rclstlu, rclctugt |
Ch vqht Chvux, Chvqh, ChmfU |
3. W”qo fuU Wvmdo

Wvmdo yƒo W”tnhK
fUb ƒtuz· t fUbWb½, fUb·stuh |
FwN Œmàl, yåAt FwNnt˜, FwNcq, FwNr”˜ |
d
· ih rCàl, rJh¥° d
· ihntrsh, d
· ihfUtlqle, d
· ihbwÖfU |
”h bü ”hrbgtl, ”hym˜ |
lt yCtJ ltmbS, lt˜tgfU, ltvmk”, ltht·s, ltbwbrfUl |
c” cwht c”mqh„, c”cq , c”btN, c”a˜l, c”rfUôb„ |
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ŒÀgg (Suffix)
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Ju Nç”tkN stu Nç” fuU yk„ bü ˜dfUh WmfuU yƒo bü rJNuM„t yƒJt vrhJ„ol
˜t ”u„u nî, Wànü I ŒÀgg I fUn„u nî | (ôJ„kºt Áv bü RlfUt Œgtud lné ntu„t ni |)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Additional Grammar
ŒÀgg fuU Cu”
ŒÀgg fuU ”tu Cu” ntu„u nî : 1. fÐU„T ŒÀgg (Primary Suffix) 2. „r”TO„T ŒÀgg ( Nominal Suffix)
1. fÐU„T ŒÀgg : Ot„wytü fuU yk„ bü swz· lu Jt˜u ŒÀgg I fÐU„T ŒÀgg I fUn˜t„u nî | RlfuU gtud mu clu
Nç” I fÐU”k„T I fUn˜t„u nî |
fÐU„ ŒÀgg fuU W”tnhK :
yk„ _ rC·zà„, D·zk„ y¢fU·z _ Cw˜¢fU·z, Dwb¢fU·z, rvg¢fU·z |
yl _ St·zl, cu˜l, Z¢fUl, bll, rb˜l, a˜l | ytfU _ „ihtfU |
yt _ Sq˜t, Cq˜t, CxfUt, ciXt, stdt, rcmht, Cq˜t | yt·ze _ rF˜t·ze, ydt·ze, rvAt·ze |
ytRo _ ˜·ztRo, r˜FtRo, a·ZtRo, fUbtRo | ytl _ W·ztl, WXtl |
ytv _ rb˜tv | yt˜q _ Sd·zt˜q |
ytJ _ a·ZtJ | ytJt _ Cw˜tJt, A˜tJt, r”FtJt |
ytJx _ cltJx, h¥fUtJx, mstJx, r”FtJx | ytnx _ raÖñx, Dchtnx |
Q _ a˜tQ, FtQ, rcfUtQ, W·ztQ, fUbtQ, Stzq | Ro _ VUtâme, hu„e |
Yht _ ˜wxuht | Yugt _ ˜wxigt, hFigt |
yti„e _ blti„e, rVUhti„e, awlti„e | ytilt _ rcAtilt, rF˜tilt |
fU _ at˜fU, ct˜fU, dtgfU, vt˜fU | fUh _ v·ZfUh, ”uFfUh, stfUh |
„t _ hb„t, zqc„t, cn„t, a˜„t | „u ne _ a˜„u ne, v·Z„u ne, WX„u ne |
le _ mqâDle, ytuZ· le, OtîfUle fU„hle | gt _ mtugt, rvgt, ctugt, Ftugt |
Jt _ cw˜tJt Jt˜t _ r˜FluJt˜t, hFluJt˜t, ctu˜luJt˜t |
Jigt _ r”Jigt, dJigt, FJigt | nth _ ntulnth, Wvnth |
ýyt _ r˜Ft ýyt, vext ýyt, ”uFt ýyt | ýRo _ mwle ýRo, r˜Fe ýRo, ”uFe ýRo |
„t ýyt _ v·Z„t ýyt, Fu˜„t ýyt, yt„t ýyt, st„t ýyt |
lt _ ytuZ· lt, dtlt, mtult, ciXlt, ”tiz· lt, Z· fUlt, cu˜lt, Sq˜lt |
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vgtogJtae Nç” (Synonyms)

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vgtogJtae Nç” : rsl Nç”tü fuU yƒtüo bü mbtl„t hn„e ni, Wànü I vgtogJtae Nç” I fUn„u nî | simu :
yrÉl : vtJfU, ßJt˜t, yl˜, ytd |
ylwvb : y”TCw„, yvqJo, y”TrJ„eg, yltuFt, ylqXt |
ybÐ„ : vegqM, ybe, mwOt, mtub, yrbg |
ylwah : ”tm, ltifUh, atfUh, muJfU, CÐÀg |
yr„rƒ : bunbtl, ytdk„wfU, yÇgtd„ | Additional Grammar
ynkfUth : dJo, ”vo, Dbkz, yrCbtl, ”kC |
ytâF : lgl, luºt, ˜tual, ”Ðd, aGw | yhãg : fUtll, skd˜, Jl, rJrvl |
ytfUtN : ytmbtl, ykch, lC, ddl | yëJ : ctrs, DtuxfU, Dtuz· t, „whkd, ng |
ytCqMK : dnlt, y˜kfUth, CqMK, rJCqMK | ymwh : ”tlJ, ”iÀg, rlNtah, htGm |
RåAt : fUtblt, ytfUtkGt, ˜t˜m, bltuhƒ, yrC˜tMt | RkŠ : ”uJhts, bnüŠ, Naevr„, ”uJüŠ |
RoëJh : mråa”tlk”, c½Ñt, ŒCw, vhbtÀbt, RoN | Wst˜t : ŒfUtN, ŒCt, yt˜tufU, „us, ”erË„ |
Wàlr„ : yÇgw”g, Œdr„, WÀƒtl, rJfUtm | W”Tgtl : cdeat, JtrxfUt, WvJl, ctd |
rfUhK : bhera, hrëb, ykNw, bgqF | fUàgt : fwUbthe, vwºte, cuxe, mw„t, ytÀbst |
rfUltht : „x, vwr˜l, fqU˜, fUdth | fUb˜ : s˜s, vkfUs, mhtus, mhrms |
fwUcuh : gGhts, OltrOv | f½UtuO : fUtuv, dwômt, htuM, ybMo |
fUtug˜ : fUturfU˜, rvfU, Jmk„”q„ | F˜ : lea, ”wsol, ”wíx, yOb, Oq„o |
dkdt : stñlJe, Ctdehƒe, bà”trfUle, ”uJl”e | akŠbt : akŠ, atâ”, NrN, rnbtkNw, htfuUN, mtub |
a„wh : fwUN˜, rlvwK, ltdh, gtuÉg, ŒJeK | s˜ : mr˜˜, Jtrh, vtle, leh, ykcw, vg |
„t˜tc : „t˜, s˜tNg, mhtuJh, mhme | „˜Jth : fÐUvtK, fUhJt˜, FzTd, akŠntm |
”qO : ”wÉO, Geh, dtuhm, vg | ŠÔg : ”ti˜„, Ol, rJút, mövrút, rJCqr„ |
Ol : ”ti˜„, mkvrút, rJút, yƒo, ŠÔg | lhfU : gbvwh, gb˜tufU, gbt˜g, mkDt„ |
l”e : mr˜˜t, mrh„t, „hkrdKe, rlSorhKe, l” | ltifUt : s˜gtl, ltJ, s˜Jtnl, cuz· t |
vGe : rar·zgt, Fd, v„kd, rJnd, lCah | vJo„ : CqOh, Ni˜, ya˜, rdrh, vnt·z |
vÀƒh : vtnl, vtMtK, Wv˜ | vJl : mbeh, nJt, Jtgw, cgth, bth¥„ |
vÐÚJe : Oht, Oh„e, Cqrb, JmwOt, yJrl, Orhºte | ŒfUtN : Wst˜t, htuNle, abfU, ŒCt, ”Tgwr„ |
vwív : mwbl, VqU˜, fwUmwb, bkshe | rNGfU : yÆgtvfU, dwh¥, ytatgo, Wv”uNfU |
ct”˜ : Dl, buD, leh”, s˜”, vgtuOh, vgtu”, sÕh | btuh : le˜fUkX, bgqh, mthkd |
cw”TrO : Œr„Ct, ŒÒtt, br„, y¢˜ | mkmth : ”wrlgt, sd„, rJëJ |
C½bh : Ctîht, bOwfUh, bOwv, CâJh, CÐkd | mtâv : ltd, mvo, Cwskd, Ôgt˜ |
bel : bA˜e, bÀôg, SM, ykzs | mqgo : hrJ, ytr”Àg, CtôfUh, Ctlw |
blwíg : blws, btlJ, lh, yt”be, Ràmtl | mult : Jtrnle, VUtis, ”˜, yrl |
rbºt : be„, mFt, ”tuô„, mnah, mtƒe | mbqn : mbw”tg, Swkz, xtu˜e, dK, vwks |
gw”TO : mkDMo, mkd½tb, hK, ˜·ztRo | ôJKo : mtult, fUlfU, fUkal, fwUk”l |
htrºt : ht„, gtrble, rlNt, hsle, „be, rJCtJhe | ntƒ : nô„, vtrK, fUh |
lÐv : htst, mb½tx, Cqv, lhuN | rnhl : nrhK, bÐd, fwUhkd, mthkd |
mbwŠ : s˜rO, ykcwrO, JtrhrO, mtdh, hÀltfUh | JÐG : „h¥, vuz· , rcxv, vt”v |
NtuCt : ytCt, fUtkr„, ArJ, ”bfU | vÀle : yOtørdle, Ctgto, mnOLbKe, fU˜ºt |
NeD½ : yrJhtb, „ÀfUt˜, „whà„, VUtihl, mÀJh | mbqn : dK, Swãz, ”˜, bãz˜e |
ôJdo : ”uJ˜tufU, mwh˜tufU, yJhtun | rmkn : fuUNhe, bÐdhts, Nuh |
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rJ˜tub Nç” (Antonyms)

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WÖxt yƒo ”Ntolu Jt˜u Nç” I rJ˜tub I gt I rJvhe„tƒofU I fUn˜t„u nî | simu :
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Additional Grammar
yvhtOe x rlhvhtOe yvuGt x WvuGt ykOfUth x ŒfUtN yc˜t x mc˜t
yrCbtl x rlhrCbtl ybÐ„ x rJM yr„JÐríx x yltJÐríx ylwfqU˜ x Œr„fqU˜
ylufU„t x YfU„t ytNt x rlhtNt ytd½n x ”whtd½n ytrJCtoJ x r„htuCtJ
ytfUMoK x rJfUMoK ytfUtN x vt„t˜ Rn˜tufU x vh˜tufU RoëJh x yleëJh
Wvgtud x ylwvgtud WúteKo x ylwúteKo Wvrôƒ„ x ylwvrôƒ„ Wúth x ylwúth
W”th x ylw”th WOth x lfU” WvfUth x yvfUth QâatRo x dnhtRo
fUbo x rlífUbo fUXtuh x fUtub˜ fUeL„ x yvfUeL„ fUxw x bOwh
fÐUrºtb x ôJtCtrJfU fÐU„Òt x fÐU„Îl dhec x ybeh dwK x yJdwK
Dt„ x Œr„Dt„ DÐKt x Œub sg x vhtsg seJl x bÐÀgw
srx˜ x mh˜ r”l x ht„ ”wõC x mh˜ ”t„t x gtafU
Obo x yObo Oeh x yOeh rlk”t x ŒNkmt àgtg x yàgtg
vwhôfUth x ”kz vqKo x yvqKo vtv x vwãg Ëgth x lV h„
ŒCw x muJfU cr·Zgt x Drxgt c·Zlt x Dxlt c”TO x bw¢„
Cq„ x CrJíg„ bkd˜ x ybkd˜ btlJ x ”tlJ btl x yvbtl
rbºt x Nºtw btuG x ckOl gN x yvgN hrn„ x mrn„
htd x rJhtd ˜tC x ntrl ˜tuC x mk„tuM Jf½U x ×Usw
rJhtuO x mbƒol rJvàl x mkvàl NfwUl x yvNfwUl Ngl x stdhK
Ntôºteg x yNtôºteg Nw”TO x yNw”TO NwC x yNwC mseJ x rlseoJ
mtGh x rlhGh mwvwºt x fwUvwºt mwdkO x ”wdokO ôJtOel x vhtOel
ÄôJ x ”eDo nâmlt x htult Òttl x yÒttl
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mkÒtt (Noun)
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rfUme Ôgr¢„, dwK, Jô„w yƒJt ôƒtl fuU ltb fUtu I mkÒtt I fUn„u nî | ( gu mkÒtt Nç” I ŒtKeJtafU I
(Animate) _ ctD, cåat, bgqh, ”t”t ytr”, I yŒtKeJatfU I (Inanimate ) _ d½tb, ldh, ”uN,
mrh„t, vnt·ze ytr”, I dKleg JtafU I (Countable ) _ vil, vîrm˜, fUtrvgtâ ytr” ytih
I ydKegJtafU I (Noncountable) _ Fxtm, abfU, lbfUel ytr” ntu mfU„u nî |)
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mkÒtt fuU Cu” _ WvCu” Additional Grammar
mkÒtt fuU „el Cu” nî _ 1. Ôgr¢„JtafU mkÒtt 2. str„JtafU mkÒtt

3. CtJJtafU mkÒtt
1. Ôgr¢„JtafU mkÒtt (Proper Noun)
stu Nç” rfUme rJNuM Ôgr¢„, Jô„w yƒJt ôƒtl fUt ctuO fUht„u nî, Wànü I Ôgr¢„JtafU mkÒtt I fUn„u nî |
simu : fÐUíK, mw”tb, htOt ytr” Nç” (Ôgr¢„ctuOfU), bntCth„, buD”q„, fUt”kche ytr” Nç”
(cô„wctuOfU), ytâÆt½ Œ”uN, Wúth Œ”uN, bÆg Œ”uN ytr” Nç” (ôƒtlctuOfU) nî |
2. str„JtafU mkÒtt (Common Noun)
stu mkÒtt Nç” rfUme ŒtKe, yŒtKe ytih Jô„w ytr” fUe mkvqKo str„ fUt ctuO fUht„u nî, Wànü I str„JtafU
mkÒtt I fUn„u nî | simu : I ck”h I mCe ck”htü, I yÆgtvfU I mCe yÆgtvfUtü, I yrCluºte I mCe
yrClurºtgtü ytih I lu„t I mCe lu„tytü fUt ctuO fUht„u nî | gu str„JtafU mkÒtt fUn˜t„u nî |
str„JtafU mkÒtt ”tu WvCu” nî _ (fU) mbw”tgJtafU mkÒtt (Collective Noun)

(F) ŠÔgJtafU mkÒtt (Material Noun)
(fU) mbw”tgJtafU mkÒtt (Collective Noun) : stu mkÒtt Nç” rfUme mbw”tg yƒJt mbqn fUt ctuO fUht„u
nî, Wànü I mbw”tgJtafU mkÒtt I fUn„u nî | simu : vrhJth, mCt, Ce·z, mult, fUGt ytr” |
(F) ŠÔgJtafU mkÒtt (Material Noun) : stu mkÒtt Nç” rfUme Ot„w yƒJt ŠÔg v”tƒo fUt ctuO fUht„u
nî, Wànü I ŠÔgJtafU mkÒtt I fUn„u nî | simu : mtult, atâ”e, ve„˜, „tâct, ”qO, s˜ ytr” |
fUCe-fUCe str„JtafU mkÒtt fUt Œgtud Ôgr¢„JtafU mkÒtt fuU Áv bü ytih Ôgr¢„JtafU mkÒtt fUt Œgtud
str„JtafU mkÒtt fuU Áv bü Ce rfUgt st mfU„t ni | simu : yts Ce ”uN bü sgak”tü fUe fUbe lné ni | Rm
Jt¢g bü Œgw¢„ I sgak” I mu yrCŒtg d”T”th Ôgr¢„ mu ni, fUàltis lhuN mu lné | gntâ Ôgr¢„JtafU
mkÒtt fUt str„JtafU mkÒtt fUe Ctâr„ Œgtud ýyt ni |
Ntôºte se lu yvlu ŒOtlbkrºtÀJ fUt˜ bü ”uN fUtu cý„ Qâat WXtgt | gntâ vh I Ntôºte se I Nç” rfUme
str„ fUt ctuO l fUhtfUh rJNuM Ôgr¢„ ˜t˜cnt”wh Ntôºte fUt ctuO fUht hnt ni | yô„w, gntâ str„JtafU
mkÒtt fUt Ôgr¢„JtafU mkÒtt fUe Ctâr„ Œgtud ýyt ni |
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mJoltb (Pronoun)
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I mJo I Nç” fUt Ntrç”fU yƒo ni _ mc ytih I ltb I fUt yƒo ni _ rfUme fUt Ce ltb | I mJoltb I mc
ltbtü fuU c”˜u ytlu Jt˜u Nç” ntu„u nî | gu mkÏgt bü cthn nî _ bî, nb, „q, „wb, ytv, gn, Jn, stu,
fUtuRo, fwUA, fUtil, ¢gt | y„: mkÒtt fuU ôƒtl vh Œgtud rfUY stlu Jt˜u Nç”tü fUtu I mJoltb I fUn„u nî |
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mJoltb fuU Cu”
mJoltb fuU A: Cu” nî_ 1. vwh¥MJtafU mJoltb

2. rlëagJtafU mJoltb Additional Grammar
3. yrlëagJtafU mJoltb
4. mkcOJtafU mJoltb
5. ŒëlJtafU mJoltb
6. rlsJtafU mJoltb
1. vwh¥MJtafU mJoltb (Personal Pronoun)
stu mJoltb Nç” ctu˜lu Jt˜u, mwllu Jt˜u yƒJt rsmfuU rJMg bü fUnt stY, WmfUt ctuO fUht„u nî, Ju
I vwh¥MJtafU mJoltb I fUn˜t„u nî | simu : bî, „q , Jn |
vwh¥MJtafU mJoltb fuU „el Cu” nî : (fU) Wútb vwh¥M (F) bÆgb vwh¥M (d) yàg vwh¥M
(fU) Wútb vwh¥M (First Person) : rsl mJoltbtü fUt Œgtud ctu˜lu, fUnlu yƒJt r˜Flu Jt˜t yvlu
ltb fuU c”˜u fUh„t ni, Ju Wútb vwh¥M fUn˜t„u nî | simu : bî, bîlu,
nb, nbü, nblu ytr” |
(F) bÆgb vwh¥M (Second Person) : rsl mJoltbtü fUt Œgtud ¶tu„t fuU r˜Y rfUgt st„t ni, Ju bÆgb
vwh¥M fUn˜t„u nî | simu : „q, „wb, „wönü, „wb ˜tud, ytv,
ytvfUtu, ytvlu, ytv ˜tud ytr” |
(d) yàg vwh¥M (Third Person) : rsl mJoltbtü fUt Œgtud fUnlu, ctu˜lu, yƒJt r˜Flu Jt˜t rfUme
yàg fuU r˜Y fUh„t ni, Ju yàg vwh¥M fUn˜t„u nî | simu : Jn, Ju Wmu,
Wmlu, Wànü, Wàntülu, gn, gu, Rànü, Ràntülu ytr” |
2. rlëagJtafU mJoltb (Demonstrative Pronoun)
stu mJoltb Nç” rfUme rlrëa„ Ôgr¢„ yƒJt Jô„w fUe ytuh rlëagvqJofU mkfuU„ fUh„u nî, Ju I rlëag
JtafU I mJoltb fUn˜t„u nî | simu : 1. Jn buhe bwô„fU ni | 2. gu bwàlu fuU rF˜tilu nî |
Wvgwo¢„ W”tnhKtü bü I Jn I ytih I gu I mJoltb Nç” rfUme Jô„w fUe ytuh rlëagvqJofU mkfuU„ fUh„u nî |
y„: gu Nç” I rlëagJtafU mJoltb I nî |
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rf½Ugt (Verb)
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rfUme fUtgo fuU fUhlu yƒJt ntulu fUt ctuO fUhtlu Jt˜u Nç” I rf½Ugt I fUn˜t„u nî |
Rmu ”tu Jdtüo bü rJCtrs„ rfUgt st mfU„t ni_
1. ntult : Rm rf½Ugt mu rfUme fUtgo fuU ntulu, yƒto„T WmfuU yrô„ÀJ
fUt ctuO ntu st„t ni | Rm Jdo fUe rf½UgtYâ I yrô„ÀJJtae I fUne st„e nî |
simu : Jn rNrG„ ni |
2. fUhlt : Rm rf½Ugt mu rfUme fUtgo fuU fUhlu fUt ctuO ntu„t ni | yô„w, Rm Jdo Additional Grammar
fUe rf½UgtYâ I fUtgoJtae I fUne st„e nî | simu : rJht·s v·Z„t ni |
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fUbo fuU ytOth vh rf½Ugt fuU Cu”
fUbo fuU ytOth vh rf½Ugt fuU ”tu Cu” ntu„u nî_ 1. yfUbofU rf½Ugt
2. mfUbofU rf½Ugt
1. yfUbofU rf½Ugt (Intransitive Verb)
rsm rf½Ugt fuU Ôgtvth (fUtgo) ytih VU˜ ”tultü fU„to bü ne rJ‘tbtl hnü, Wmu I yfUbofU rf½Ugt I fUn„u
nî | gn rf½Ugt fUbo hrn„ ntu„e ni |
1. rJht·s v·Z„t ni | 2. Ctlq Fu˜„e ni | 3. cåat mtu„t ni |
vn˜u Jt¢g bü v·Zlu fUt fUbo ytih VU˜ ”tultü rJht·s bü ne nî | Rme ŒfUth ”qmhu Jt¢g bü Fu˜lu fUt fUbo
ytih VU˜ ”tultü ne Ctlq bü nî | Yumu ne „emhu Jt¢g bü mtulu fUt fUbo ytih VU˜ ”tultü ne cåat bü nî |
yô„w I v·Z„t ni, Fu˜„t ni ytih mtu„t ni I yfUbofU rf½UgtYâ nî | Rl rf½Ugtytü fuU fUbo lné nî |
2. mfUbofU rf½Ugt (Transitive Verb)
rf½Ugt fuU vqJo I ¢gt I gt I rfUmfUtu I ˜dtfUh Œël fUhlu vh gr” fUtuRo Wúth ytY, „tu rf½Ugt
I mfUbofU I ntude | gr” Wúth fwUA lné yt„t, „tu rf½Ugt I yfUbofU I ntude |
1. ¶ehb lu htJK fUtu btht | 2. Ctlq lu ”qO dhb rfUgt | 3. rNfUthe lu rnhl fUt rNfUth rfUgt |
Wvgwo¢„ Jt¢gtü bü I btht, dhb rfUgt ytih rNfUth rfUgt I rf½Ugtytü fUt VU˜ f½UbN: fU„to I ¶ehtb,
Ctlq ytih rNfUthe I vh l v·zfUh I htJK, ”qO ytih rnhl I vh v·z hnt ni | Rl Jt¢gtü bü I htJK, ”qO
ytih rnhl I fUbo nî | yô„w, gu mfUbofU rf½UgtYâ nî |
mfUbofU ytih yfUbofU rf½Ugt bü yk„h
1. Ctlq ”qO ve„e ni | 2. cåat Fu˜„t ni |

vn˜u Jt¢g bü Œël fUersY, Ctlq ¢gt ve„e ni ? Wúth ni _ I ”qO I; yô„w, I ve„e ni I rf½Ugt I mfUbofU I
yc ”qmhu Jt¢g bü I ¢gt gt rfUmfUtu I ˜dtfUh Œël fUersY | cåat ¢gt Fu˜„t ni ? Wúth fwUA lné |
gntâ I Fu˜„t ni I rf½Ugt yfUbofU ni |
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rJNuMK (Adjective)
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stu Nç” rfUme mkÒtt yƒJt mJoltb fUe rJNuM„t, hkd, vrhKtb ytih mkÏgt c„˜t„u nî,Wànü I rJNuMK I
fUn„u nî „ƒt rsl Nç”tü fUe rJNuM„t c„tRo st„e ni, Wànü I rJNuíg I fUn„u nî |
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Additional Grammar
rJNuMKtü fUt Œgtud ”tu ŒfUth mu ntu„t ni :

1. mkÒtt gt mJoltb Nç”tü mu vqJo | simu : yåAu ˜·zfuU Ntuh lné bat„u |
2. mkÒtt gt mJoltb Nç”tü fuU ct” | simu : bwàlu fuU ctd fuU ytb beXu nî |
rJNuMK fuU Cu”
rJNuMK fuU ath Cu” nî_ 1. dwKJtafU rJNuMK 2. vrhbtKJtafU rJNuMK

3. mkÏgtJtafU rJNuMK 4. mtJoltrbfU rJNuMK
1. dwKJtafU rJNuMK (Adjective of Quality)
(fU) btlmhtuJh bü m·VuU” nkm „ih hnu nî | (F) rJ”uNe Jô„wytü fuU crnífUth fUe ŒuhKt ”e |
(d) cåau fuU r˜Y beXu mk„hu ˜tytu | (D) Œt„:fUt˜el C½bK ôJtôÚg fuU r˜Y Wvgtude ni |
(E) cqZ· tü fUt möbtl fUhtu |
Wvgwo¢„ Jt¢gtü bü I m·VuU”, rJ”uNe, beXu, Œt„:fUt˜el ytih cqZ· tü I Nç”, I hkd, ôƒtl, ôJt”, mbg ytih
yJôƒt I ytr” dwK c„˜t hnu nî | gu Nç” I dwKJtafU rJNuMK I nî |
rsl rJNuMKtü mu mkÒtt yƒJt mJoltbtü fuU dwK, hkd, mbg, ôƒtl, ytfUth, ”Nt, yJôƒt, r”Nt, dkO,
ôvNo ytih ôJt” ytr” fUt ctuO ntu„t ni, Wànü I dwKJtafU rJNuMK I fUn„u nî |
1. dwKctuOfU : måat, cwr°btl, Robtl”th, vrh¶be, rNíx, yåAt, vrJºt, W”th, fÐUvK, ”gt˜w,
Jeh, fUtgh, ”tle ytr” |
2. hkd : m·VuU”, fUt˜t, Cqht, ve˜t, le˜t, nht, fUÀƒRo, cîdle, ˜t˜, bxbi˜t, Otle ytr” |
3. yJdwKctuOfU : SqXt, cwht, cuRobtl, yrNíx, f½qUh, vtve, ynkfUthe ytr” |
4. ÆJrlctuOfU : fUfoUN, bOwh, mhm ytr” |
5. ytfUthctuOfU : atiz· t, ˜kct, dtu˜, atifUtuh, r„fUtult, JdtofUth ytr” |
6. ôƒtlctuOfU : ”uNe, rJ”uNe, ôƒtleg, clthme, Cth„eg, Qâat, leat ytr” |
7. dkOctuOfU : mwdkrO„, ”wdokOgw¢„, mtuOe ytr” |
8. ôJt”ctuOfU : ahvht, beXt, FxTxt, lbfUel ytr” |
9. ôvNoctuOfU : Fwh”ht, fUXtuh, fUtub˜, bw˜tgb ytr” |
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ADVERTESEMENT / PAMPHLET / NOTICE / SAMPLE LETTERS
18. rlöl r˜rF„ rJÒttvl v·ZfUh r”gu dgu Œëltü fuU Wúth rJfUÖvtü mu awlfUh r˜rFY | 4 X1 = 4
y) gn rJÒttvl rfUm htud fuU mkf½UbK fuU F„hu fUtu mqra„ fUh„t ni ? ( )
A. fUhtult B. b˜urhgt C. Ü· ˜q D. m”eo
yt) rfUmfUe ˜th yàg ae·stü fUtu Ce ŒCtrJ„ fUh mfU„e ni ? ( )
A. ôJtôÚg Ôgr¢„ B. btlrmfU htude C. cebth Ôgr¢„ D. rJfU˜tkd Ôgr¢„
R) rJÒttvl fUt rllt” ¢gt ni ? ( )
A. m”iJ lehtud hnü B. m”iJ serJ„ hnü C. m”iJ m·zfU vh hnü D. m”iJ m„foU hnü
Ro) gn rJÒttvl rfUmfuU Åtht sthe rfUgt dgt ni ? ( )
A. rblôx±e ytpV· U Áh˜ zJ˜vbüx B. ôJtôÚg YJk vrhJth fUÖgtK bkºtt˜g
C. rblôx±e ytpV
· U ytcol zJ˜vbüx D. bwlrmv˜ fUtvtuohuNl
Wúth : y. A yt. C R. D Ro. B
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HINT STORIES
ÁvhuFt (mkfuU„tü) fuU mnthu fUntle r˜Flt
ÁvhuFt gt r”gu dgu mkfuU„tü fuU ytOth vh fUntle r˜Flt fUrXl Ce ni, mh˜ Ce | fUrXl Rmr˜Y
rfU mkfuU„ yOqhu ntu„u nî | RmfuU r˜Y fUÖvlt ytih btlrmfU Ôgtgtb fUhlu fUe ytJëgfU„t v·z„e ni |
mh˜ Rmr˜Y rfU fUntle fuU mkfuU„ vn˜u mu r”gu hn„u nî | gntâ fuUJ˜ Ftlt vwhe fUhle ntu„e ni | ˜urfUl
Rm ŒfUth fUe fUntle r˜Flu fuU r˜Y fUÖvlt mu yrOfU fUtb ˜ult v·z„t ni | Yume fUntle r˜Flu bü Ju ne
Atºt yvle Gb„t fUt vrhag ”u mfU„u nî, rslbü msoltÀbfU ytih fUÖvltÀbfU Nr¢„ yrOfU ntu„e ni |
RmfuU r˜Y Atºttku fUtu mkJu”lNe˜ ytih fUÖvltŒJK ntult atrnY |
W”tnhK Rm ŒfUth ni_
1. YfU skd˜ - YfU fUtiyt ƒt - YfU r”l - Oqv yrOfU - cý„ Ëgtm ˜de - fUné - vtle lné - „˜tN
- ”qh-”qh „fU - Dh fuU vtm - D·zt - cý„ FwN - cý„ fUb vtle - atüa „fU lné - YfU Wvtg mqSt -
ytmvtm - Atuxu-Atuxu fUkfU·z - YfU YfU fUhfuU - vtle Qvh - Ëgtm cwStge - W·z dgt |
a„wh fUtiyt
YfU skd˜ bü YfU fUtiyt ƒt | YfU r”l Jn skd˜ bü ROh-WOh CxfU hnt ƒt | dLbgtü fuU r”l fuU
fUthK Oqv yrOfU ƒt | Wmu cý„ Ëgtm ˜de | ˜urfUl Wmu fUné Ce vtle lné rb˜t | vtle fUe „˜tN
bü Jn ”qh-”qh „fU W·z„t dgt | yatlfU YfU Dh fuU vtm YfU D·zt r”FtRo r”gt | Jn cý„ FwN ýyt |
fUtiyt FwNe-FwNe Jntâ výâat ytih D·zu bü StkfUt, „tu Wmu v„t a˜t rfU Wmbü cý„ fUb vtle ni | fUtiY lu
yvle atüa D·zu bü zt˜e, ˜urfUl vtle cý„ fUb ntulu fuU fUthK Jn Wmu atüa „fU lné yt hnt ni | yatlfU
Wmu YfU Wvtg mqSt | ytmvtm fuU Atuxu-Atuxu fUkfU·z YfU-YfU fUhfuU D·zu bü zt˜lu ˜dt, rsmmu vtle fUt
ô„h ƒtuz· t Qvh yt dgt | fUtiyt yvle Ëgtm cwStfUh Jntâ mu W·z dgt |
2. YfU rfUmtl - ath ˜·zfuU - ytvm bü ˜·z„u - rfUmtl cwý„ cebth - bÐÀgw fuU rlfUx - mcfUtu
cw˜tgt - rb˜-sw˜fUh hnlu - fUtuRo ŒCtJ lné v·zt - ˜fUr·zgtü fUt dxTXh - ˜fUr·zgtü fUtu „tuz· lu fUtu r”gt -
rfUme mu l xqxt - ˜fUr·zgtâ dxTXh mu y˜d - ˜·zfUtü fUtu cthe-cthe mu cw˜tgt - YfU-YfU fUh ˜fUr·zgtâ
„tuz· e |
YfU„t
YfU rfUmtl ƒt | WmfuU ath ˜·zfuU ƒu | vh, Wl ˜·zfUtü bü bu˜ lné ƒt | Ju ytvm bü chtch
˜·z„u-Sd·z„u hn„u ƒu | YfU r”l rfUmtl cý„ cebth v·zt | sc Jn bÐÀgw fuU rlfUx výâa dgt, „c Wmlu
yvlu athtü ˜·zfUtü fUtu cw˜tgt ytih rb˜-sw˜fUh hnlu fUe rNGt ”e | rfUà„w ˜·zfUtü vh WmfUe ct„ fUt fUtuRo
ŒCtJ lné v·zt | „c rfUmtl lu ˜fUr·zgtü fUt dxTXh bâdtgt ytih ˜·zfUtü fUtu „tuz· lu fUtu fUnt | rfUme mu
Jn dxTXh l xqxt | rVUh, ˜fUr·zgtâ dxTXh mu y˜d fUe dgé | rfUmtl lu yvlu mCe ˜·zfUtü fUtu cthe-cthe
mu cw˜tgt ytih ˜fUr·zgtü fUtu y˜d-y˜d „tuz· lu fUtu fUnt | mclu ytmtle mu Yumt rfUgt ytih ˜fUr·zgtâ
YfU-YfU fUh xqx„e dgé | yc ˜·zfUtü fUe ytâFü Fw˜é | „Ce Wàntülu mbSt rfU ytvm bü rb˜-sw˜fUh
hnlu bü rfU„lt c˜ ni | rNGt : YfU„t bü c˜ ni |
3. YfU skd˜ - FhdtuN ytih fUAwyt - yvle VwU„eo - dJo - nbuNt fUAwY fUtu - YfU r”l FhdtuN -
„wönthu ytih buhu cea ”tiz· - bwSu bksqh ni - Qâae vnt·ze „fU - ”tiz· ythkC - FhdtuN fUt·VUe ytdu - ythtb
fUhlt - dnhe lé” - Oehu-Oehu - ytdu rlfU˜ - rJsg huFt - lé” xqxe - rmh Nbo - SwfU dgt |
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vºt (LETTERS)
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1. AwxTxe - vºt
ôƒtl : htsbkŠe,
r”ltkfU : XXXX.
muJt bü,
¶e ŒOtlÆgtvfU se,
rs. Œ. v. W. vtXNt˜t,
htsbkŠe |
btàgJh bntu”g,
mt”h ŒKtb |
bî ytvmu rlJu”l fUh„t nqâ rfU buhe c·ze cnl fUe Nt”e yd˜u mtubJth r„h¥vr„ bü ntuluJt˜e ni |
bwSu Jntâ stlt sÁhe ni | ¢gtürfU Nt”e fuU fUtbtü bü mntg„t fuU r˜Y buhu rv„tse bwSu yvlu mtƒ hFlt
atn„u nî | nb ˜tud fU˜ ne, r„h¥vr„-Y¢mŒum mu st hnu nî | Rmr˜Y Nt”e bü mröbr˜„ ntulu fuU fUthK
bî rJ‘t˜g bü lné yt mfU„t | Rmr˜Y ytv bwSu r”.------------- mu ------------- „fU vtâa r”l fUe
AwxTxe ”ulu fUe fÐUvt fUhü |
mOàgJt” |
ytvfUt ytÒttfUthe Atºt,

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX,
”mJe fUGt - Y,
htsbkŠe |
2. ˜tpfUztWl (LOCK DOWN)
˜tpfUztWl fuU cthu bü c„t„u ýY rbºt fuU ltb vºt r˜rFY |
ôƒtl : htsbkŠe,
r”ltkfU : xxxx.
rŒg rbºt,
bî gntâ fwUN˜ nqâ | ytNt fUh„t nqâ rfU „wb Ce Jntâ fwUN˜ ntüdu | fUhtult Jtghm fuU a˜„u vqhu ”uN
bü ˜tpfUztWl ni | aqârfU, gn btifUt ”uN fuU ˜tudtü fuU mtblu vn˜e cth ytgt ni | Rmr˜Y RmfuU cthu bü
ytvfuU r˜Y stllt cý„ sÁhe ni | RmfuU cthu bü mne stlfUthe ntulu mu ytvfUtu Rmmu rlvxlu bü fUt·VUe
b”” rb˜ude |
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btâ fUe ca„ cîfU Ft„u fUe lkch W˜x-VuUh ýRo | ytv bwSu fÐUvt fUh ôfUeb bü Ntrb˜ fUhü „tu yvle ytdu
fUe v·ZtRo sthe hF mfqUâde | gr” bî ytdu fUe v·ZtRo l fUh mfUe „tu buht CrJíg ykOfUthbg ntudt | ytv
buhe rôƒr„ vh rJath fUhü | mOàgJt” |
ytvfUt ytÒttfUthe Atºtt,

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX,
”mJe fUGt - Y,
htsbkŠe |
10. rbºt fuU ltb vºt

”mJe fUGt fuU ct” Rkxhberzgx bü ˜uluJt˜e d½qv fuU rJMg bü mk”un rlJÐrút nu„w rbºt fuU ltb vºt |
ôƒtl : htsbkŠe,
r”ltkfU : xxxx.
rŒg rbºt,
bî gntâ fwUN˜ nqâ | ytNt fUh„t nqâ rfU „wb Ce Jntâ fwUN˜ ntüdu | nbthu CrJíg fuU WßßJ˜ Œƒb Dx
”mJé fUGt bü nb ”tultü WúteKo ntu awfuU nî | RmfuU ct” v·ZtRo fuU rJMg bü bwSu „wönthe b”” atrnY | Ràxh
bü gb.ve.me fuU Åtht CrJíg bü Rkslegh cllt gt ctRo.rv.rm fuU Åtht ztp¢xh cllt ”tultü bü buhu r˜Y
fUtil-me v·ZtRo Wútb ntude ? „wönthu Wúth ytih b”” fuU r˜Y Rà„sth fUh„u ýY . . .
„wöntht rŒg rbºt,
xxxxxxxxx.
v„t :_
¶erlJtmwzw d½krO,
”mJé fUGt,
rs.Œ.v.W.vtXNt˜t,
xxxxxxxxx.
11. rzrsx˜ ¢˜tm Áb (DCR)

„wönthe vtXNt˜t bü a˜luJt˜e rzrsx˜ ¢˜tm Áb fuU cthu bü c„t„u ýY rbºt fuU ltb vºt r˜rFY |
ôƒtl : htsbkŠe,
r”ltkfU : xxxx.
rŒg rbºt,
bî gntâ fwUN˜ nqâ | ytNt fUh„t nqâ rfU „wb Ce Jntâ fwUN˜ ntüdu | vtXNt˜t rNGt bü htßg mhfUth
Åtht ˜u ytRo rzrsx˜ ¢˜tm Áb ŒKt˜e bwSu cý„ yåAe ˜de | ¢gtü rfU ytsfU˜ lRo „fUlefUe mu rNGt
˜u hnu Atºttü fUe v·ZtRo fuUJ˜ rfU„tctü „fU merb„ lné ni | v·ZtRo fuU Rm lgu „hefuU bü nbfUtu nh ae·s
Jerzgtu, rv¢ah ytih d½trVU¢m fuU srhY mbStRo st„e ni | yrOfU„h rJMg rVUÖbtü J YlrbNl ”Ðëgtü fuU
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srhY v·ZtY stYâdu | v·ZtRo fUt „hefUt c”˜lu Jt˜e gu xu¢ltu˜tpse l rmVoU nbthu r˜Y r”ãôv ni crÖfU
yÆgtvfU fuU r˜Y ytmtl Ce ni | ôbtxo rNGt fUe yJOthKt Jtô„J bü 21 Jé m”e fuU Atºttü fuU r˜Y YfU
Jh”tl ni |
„wöntht rŒg rbºt,
xxxxxxxxx.
v„t :_
¶erlJtm ctuÖ˜,
”mJé fUGt,
rs.Œ.v.W.vtXNt˜t,
xxxxxxxxx.
12. rNfUg„e vºt (ATM bNel bü d·zc·ze)

ATM mu vimu lné rlfU˜u ˜urfUl Ft„u mu vimu fUx stlu fuU möckO bü NtFt ŒckOfU fuU ltb vºt |
ôƒtl : htsbkŠe,
r”ltkfU : xxxx.
muJt bü,
¶ebtl NtFt ŒckOfU,
ôxux cîfU ytpVU Rkrzgt,
”tlJtRo vux,
htsbkŠe |
rJMg : ATM mu vimu lné rlfU˜u ˜urfUl Ft„u mu vimu fUx stlu fuU möckO bü |
bntNg,
mrJlg rlJu”l ni rfU bî (cur„lerz ¶erlJtm htJ) ytvfuU cîfU fUt YfU Ft„tOthe nqâ | sc
bî ATM bNel mu vimu rlfUt˜ hnt ƒt „Ce ATM bNel bü fwUA d·zc·ze fuU fUthK vimu lné rlfU˜u ytih Ju
vimu buhu Ft„u mu fUtx r˜Y dgu nî | gn htrN ”m n·sth (10,000) ƒe ytih mbg 11.25AM ƒt | Rl
h¥vgtü fUe bwSu cý„ sÁh„ ni |
y„: ytvmu rlJu”l ni rfU buhu vimtü fUtu bwSu ”ulu fuU r˜Y fÐUvt fUhü | RmfuU r˜Y bî m”t
ytvfUt ytCthe hnqâdt |
ytvfUt rJëJmleg,
ce.¶erlJtm htJ
Ft„t lkch : 3147828xxxx
btuctR˜ lkckh : 998907xxxx
(nô„tGh fUhü)
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rlckO (GENERAL ESSAYS)

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1. vgtoJhK ytih Œ”qMK
rlckO fUe Áv huFt : 1.rJMg ŒJuN 2. rJMg rJô„th 3. líx 4. Wvmknth |
rJMg ŒJuN :
vgtoJhK fUt yƒo ni Jt„tJhK | vgtoJhK nh ŒtKe fUt hGtfUJa ni | vgtoJhK fuU mk„w˜l mu btlJ
fUt ôJtôÚg yåAt hn„t ni | vgtoJhK bü Cqrb, Jtgw, s˜, ÆJrl ltbfU ath ŒfUth fuU Œ”qMK VUi˜ hnu nî |
Rl Œ”qMKtü fuU fUthK vgtoJhK rcdz„t st hnt ni |
rJMg rJô„th :
Oh„e vh hnluJt˜u nh ŒtKe fUtu selu ŒtKJtgw fUe ytJëgfU„t ntu„e ni | gn ŒtKJtgw nbü vuz· -vtiOtü
fuU nhu-Chu vúttü mu ne rb˜„e ni | Rl r”ltü vuz· -vtiOtü fUtu curVUf½U fUtx hnu nî | vuz· -vtiOtü fUtu fUtxlu mu
vgtoJhK fUt mk„w˜l „us · e mu rcdz„t st hnt ni | nbthu athtü ytuh fuU fU˜-fUthFtltü mu Owytâ rlfU˜„t
ni | Rmmu Jtgw Œ”qMK c·Z hnt ni | fqUzu-fUahu fUtu l”e-lt˜tü bü cnt ”ulu mu s˜ Œ”qMK ntu hnt ni | Jtgw,
s˜ Œ”qMKtü fuU fUthK fURo cebtrhgtâ VUi˜ hne nî | gt„tgt„ mtOltü fuU CeMK ÆJrlgtü mu ÆJrl Œ”qMK ntu
hnt ni |
líx :
vgtoJhK fuU ymk„w˜l mu btimb mbg vh lné yt„t | Rmmu JMto Ce XefU mbg vh lné ntu„e |
JMto ýRo Ce „tu yr„JÐríx gt yÖvJÐrôx ntu„e ni | JMto fuU fUthK yfUt˜ vz„t ni |
Wvmknth :
Œ”qMK fUtu gƒt Nr¢„ ”qh fUhlt nb mcfUt fU„oÔg ni | RmfuU r˜Y nb mc gn Jal ˜ü ytih
ŒgÀl fUhü _ dk”de l VUi˜tYâ, fqUzt-fUaht l”e lt˜tü bü l cntgü, WlfUtu m”t mt·VU hFü | vuz· tü fUtu l
fUtxü | lgu vuz· -vtiOu ˜dtfUh vÐÚJe fUe nrhgt˜e c·Ztgü | Jtnltü fUt Owytâ ytih ÆJrl fUb fUhü | Yumt fUhlu
mu ne vgtoJhK fUtu Œ”qrM„ ntulu mu cat mfU„u nî |
2. vtXNt˜t bü Fu˜tü fUt bnÀJ

1.Œô„tJlt 2. ŒfUth 3. ˜tC 4. líx 5. Wvmknth |
Œô„tJlt :
vtXNt˜t bü rJ‘tÆggl fuU mtƒ Fu˜tü fUe Ce sÁh„ ni | rJ‘tƒeo yvlu rJ‘tÆggl fuU mtƒ - mtƒ
Fu˜tü vh Ce Ægtl ”ult atrnY | Nheh fUtu ôJôƒ hFlu fuU r˜Y Ôgtgtb ytih Fu˜ - fqU”tü fUe sÁh„ ni |
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Wvmknth :
yts fUtuRo Ce Yumt Guºt ctfUe lné cat rfU rsm „hVU Cth„eg rJÒttl ytih JiÒttrlfUtü fuU ahK-rañl
ykrfU„ l ýY ntu | JiÒttrlfU rlbtoK fuU rJrCàl Guºttü bü WmfuU stu ahK YfU cth WX fUh c·Z awfuU nî Ju yc
h¥fUlu Jt˜u lné; R„lt rlrëa„ ni |
4. fUhtult Jtghm
rlckO fUe ÁvhuFt : 1.Œô„tJlt 2.fUhtult Jtghm ¢gt ni ? 3.˜GK 4.Rmmu catJ fuU Wvtg 5.Wvmknth
Œô„tJlt :
fUhtult Jtghm cý„ mqÌb ˜urfUl ŒCtJe Jtghm ni | Rm Jtghm fUt mkf½UbK r”mkch 2019 bü
ael fuU Jwntl ldh bü NwÁ ýyt ƒt | fUhtult Jtghm btlJ fuU ct˜ fUe „w˜lt bü 900 dwlt Atuxt ni,
˜urfUl RmfUt mkf½UbK „use mu VUi˜„t ni |
fUhtult Jtghm ¢gt ni ?

fUhtult Jtghm (me.ytu.Je) fUt mkckO Jtghm fuU Yumu vrhJth mu ni rsmfuU mkf½UbK mu swfUtb mu
˜ufUh mtkm ˜ulu bü „fU˜e·VU sime mbôgt ntu mfU„e ni | gn Ftkme ytih AéfU mu rdhlu Jt˜e cqk”tü fuU
srhY VUi˜„t ni | RmfuU mkf½UbK fuU VU˜ôJÁv cwFth, swfUtb, mtkm ˜ulu bü „fU˜eVU ltfU cnlt ytih
d˜u bü FhtN sime mbôgtYâ WÀvàl ntu„e ni | gn Jtghm YfU Ôgr¢„ mu ”qmhu Ôgr¢„ bü VUi˜„t ni |
Rmr˜Y Rmu ˜ufUh cý„ mtJOtle ch„e st hne ni |
˜GK :
fuU bw„trcfU cwFth, Ftkme, mtkm ˜ulu bü „fU˜eVU RmfuU ˜GK nî | fUtuJtRz 19 / fUhtult
WHO
Jtghm bü vn˜u cwF · th ntu„t ni | RmfuU ct” mqFe Ftkme ntu„e ni ytih rVUh YfU n·Ü„u ct” mtkm ˜ulu bü
vhuNtle ntulu ˜d„e ni | fUhtult Jtghm fuU dkCeh btb˜tü bü rlbturlgt, mtkm ˜ulu bü cý„ ßgt”t
vhuNtle, rfUzle V· u ˜ ntult ytih gntâ „fU rfU bti„ Ce ntu mfU„e ni | cwswdo gt rsl ˜tudtü mu vn˜u mu
ytôƒbt, bOwbun gt ntxo fUe cebthe ni WlfuU btb˜u bü F · „ht dkCeh ntu mfU„t ni |
Rmmu catJ fuU Wvtg :

ôJtôÚg bkºtt˜g lu fUhtult Jtghm mu calu fuU r˜Y r”Nt-rl”uoN sthe rfUY nî | RlfuU bw„trcfU
ntƒtü fUtu mtcwl mu Otult atrnY | yÖfUtun˜ ytOtrh„ nîz hc fUt Rô„ubt˜ Ce rfUgt st mfU„t ni |
Ftkm„u ytih AéfU„u mbg ltfU ytih bwân Ábt˜ gt rxëgq vuvh mu Z· kfUfUh hFü | rsl Ôgr¢„gtü bü fUtuÖz
ytih Ü· ˜q fuU ˜GK ntü, Wlmu ”qhe cltfUh hFü ytih Wànü btôfU vnltlu fUe sÁh„ c„tlt ni |
Wvmknth :
rJëJ ôJtôÚg mkdXl (WHO) lu fUhtult Jtghm fUtu bntbthe DturM„ fUh r”gt ni | vqhe ”wrlgt bü
˜tFtü ˜tud Rmmu mkf½Urb„ ýY ƒu | mtJosrlfU Jtnl simu_ cm, hu˜, ytpxtu gt xi¢me mu gtºtt l fUhü |
ytpVUem, ôfqU˜ gt mtJosrlfU sdntü vh l stYâ | 14 r”ltü „fU Yumt fUh„u hnü „trfU mkf½UbK fUt F
· „ht
fUb ntu mfuU |
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X CLASS – HINDI STUDY MATERIAL(C,D Grade)
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1. chm„u ct”˜
1. fUrJ ¶e mwrbºttlk”l vk„se fUt mkrGË„ vrhag ”ersY |
s : ¶e mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se fUt sàb mlT 1900 bü ýyt | ”untk„ mlT 1977 bü ýyt | Ju AtgtJt”e fuU ŒbwF
fUrJ btlu st„u nî | RlfUe haltytü bü ŒfÐUr„ fUt mwk”h raºtK rb˜„t ni | ra”kcht fUtÔg d½kƒ vh
RlfUtu ÒttlveX vwhôfUth rb˜t |
2. buD, rcs˜e ytih cqâ”tü fUt JKol gntâ fUimu rfUgt dgt ni ?
s : mtJl bü buD Sb-Sb Sb-Sb chm„u nî | rcs˜e ab-ab abfU„e ni | rhbrSb-rhbrSb cqâ”ü
rdh„e nî |
3. ŒfÐUr„ fUe fUtil-fUtilme ae·sü bl fUtu Aq ˜u„e nî ?
s : JMto fUe cqâ”ü, Xãze nJt, atâ”le, cn„e lr”gtâ, Qâau vJo„, Fu„tü fUe nrhgt˜e, mwkŠh vuz· , vrGgtü fUt
fU˜hJ ytr” ŒfÐUr„ fUe aesuk bl fUtu Aq ˜u„e nî |
4. „ÐK-„ÐK fUe Œmàl„t fUt ¢gt CtJ ni ?
s : ŒfÐUr„ fUe mthe aesü blwíg, vNw-vGe, vuz· -vtiOu mCe bü JMto fuU fUthK Œmàl„t At st„e ni | rclt
JMto fuU mc ”w:Fe ytih lehm hn st„u nî |
5. Dlu ct”˜tü fUt JKol yvlu ëç”tü bü r˜rFY ?
s: ytmbtl bü Dlu ct”˜ bkz· ht„u nî | ytmbtl bü ct”˜ rJrCàl ytfUthtü bü r”FtRo ”u„u nî | mtJl fuU
bnelu bü RlfUe NtuCt ”uFlu ˜tgfU ntu„e ni | ct”˜tü fuU †”g bü rcs˜e abfU„e ni |
6. JMto mCe ŒtrKgtü fuU r˜Y seJl fUt ytOth ni | fUimu ?
s : JMto ntu„e nî „tu lr”gtâ cn„e nî | Fu„tü fUe rmkatRo ntu„e ni | vuz· -vtiOu Wd„u nî | rsmfuU fUthK mCe
ŒtrKgtü fUe Ëgtm cwS„e ni, ytnth rb˜„t ni |
7. JMto ×U„w fuU ŒtfÐUr„fU mtî”go vh yvlu rJath r˜rFY |
s : JMto ×U„w bü fUt˜u ct”˜ At st„u nî | ytfUtN bü ababt„e rcs˜e fU·zfU„e ni | JMto ×U„w bü ne nbü
mwk”h RàŠOlwM ”uFlu fUtu rb˜„t ni | JMto fuU mbg btuh vkF VUi˜tfUh lta„t ni | lr”gtâ cnlu ˜d„e
nî | ŒtKe btºt bü WÖ˜tm At st„t ni |
8. chm„u ct”˜ (mthtkN) : chm„u ct”˜ fUrJ„t fuU fUrJ ¶e mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se nî | Rm fUrJ„t bü JMto
×U„w fUt JKol ni | JMto ×U„w bü ct”˜ Sb-Sb chm„u nî | rcs˜e abab abfU„e ni | JMto fUe cqâ”u
Ab-Ab rdh„e nî | büZ· fU, rSÖ˜e, btuh ytih at„fU ytJtsü fUh„u nî | Dwbz· -Dwbz· fUh buD dhs„u nî |
ytfUtN mu s˜ fUe OthtYâ Oh„e vh rdh„e nî | rbxTxe fUt fUK-fUK vw˜rfU„ ntu„t ni | fUrJ fUt bl
RkÆt½OlwM fuU Sq˜u bü Sq˜lu ˜d„t ni | fUrJ bl CtJl mtJl fUtu cth-cth ytlu fUt rlbkºtK ”u„u nî |
2. Ro”dtn
1. Ro” fuU r”l fUt raºtK yvlu Nç”tü bü fUersY |
s : Ro” fuU vn˜u „em r”l bwm˜btl htus · t hF„u nî | „emJü r”l atâ” fUtu ”uFfUh Ro” blt„u nî | bmrs”
bü mtbqrnfU lbt·s v·ZfUh mCe nâme-FwNe d˜u rb˜ Ro” blt„u nî |
2. ntrb” d · hec ni rVUh Ce Jn Ro” fuU r”l yàg ˜·zfUtü mu yrOfU Œmàl ni, ¢gtü ?
s : ntrb” fUe Œmàl„t fuU fUthK gn ni rfU_ WmfuU bt„t- rv„t fuU bhstlu fUe ct„ fUt Wmu v„t lné |
Jn mbS„t ni rv„t vimu fUbtlu dgu, btâ yÖ˜tn fuU Dh mu WmfuU r˜Y rF˜tilt ˜tlu dRo ni |
3. ntrb” fuU FwNe fUt fUthK ¢gt ni ?
s : mc cåatü fuU mtƒ Ro”dtn stlu fUt btifUt rb˜lu fuU fUthK Jn cý„ FwN ƒt |
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rlckO
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1. vgtoJhK ytih Œ”qMK

vgtoJhK fUt yƒo ni Jt„tJhK | Œ”qMK ath ŒfUth fuU ntu„u nik_ Cqrb, Jtgw, s˜ ytih ÆJrl | Rl
Œ”qMKtü mu fURo ntrlgtâ ntu„e nî | Rl Œ”qMKtü fUtu ”qh fUhlt nbtht fU„oÔg nî | vuz· tü fUtu l fUtxlt atrnY |
vuz· -vtiOü ˜dtlt atrnY | vgtoJhK fUe hGt fUhlt nbtht fU„oÔg ni |
2. htíx± CtMt rnà”e

Cth„ YfU rJNt˜ ”uN ni | gntâ ylufU str„-Obo Jt˜u hn„u nî | rVUh Ce nb mc rb˜-sw˜fUh
hn„u nî | Cth„ bü YfU„t fuU ”Nol ntu„t ni | Cth„ fUe htíx±CtMt rnà”e ni | rnà”e meFlu mu mthu Cth„ bü
nb ytmtle mu Dqb mfU„u nî | YfU ”qmhu fuU cthu bü stl mfU„u nî | Rm mu htíx±eg YfU„t c·Z mfU„e ni |
3. buht rŒg Àgtinth(”evtJ˜e)

”evtJ˜e fUt yƒo ni ”evtü fUt mbqn | gn Àgtinth ytrëJlbtm fuU ybtJtôgt fUtu bltgt st„t ni |
Rm r”l ¶efÐUíK ytih mÀgCtbt lu lhfUtmwh fUt JO rfUgt | ˜tudtü lu ”ev s˜tfUh FwrNgtâ bltge | Rm
r”l Ôgtvthe ˜tud ˜Ìbe fUe vqst fUh„u nî | vfUJtl clt„u nî ytih vxtFü Wzt„u nî |
4. ôJåA Cth„
gn yrCgtl 2 y¢„qch 2014 fUtu dtâOe sgk„e mk”Co bü NwÁ ýyt | 2 y¢„qch 2019 „fU a˜udt |
gn yrCgtl htíx±Cr¢„ fUe ŒuhKt mu rfUgt stluJt˜t fUtgof½Ub ni | Rm yrCgtl fUt ltht ni_ I I YfU
fU”b ôJåA„t fUe ytuh I I | Rm yrCgtl fUt W°uëg ni, nh Ôgr¢„ yvlu ytm-vtm fUe dr˜gtü ytih
m·zfUtü fUtu mtVU-mwƒht fUhlt ni | Cth„ fUtu ôJåA cltlu fuU r˜Y Nvƒ ˜üdu |
5. ”qh”Nol
gn bltuhksl fUt YfU ŒbwF mtOl ni | su. Y˜. cgtzo lu RmfUt ytrJífUth rfUgt | Rmbü ”Ðëg
ytih ÆJrl fUt mbàJg Œmth ntu„t ni | Rmmu bltuhksl fuU mtƒ rJÒttl Ce rb˜„t ni | Rmmu ylufU ˜tC
nî | fwUA líx Ce nî | nbü RmfUt m”wvgtud fUhlt atrnY |
6. fkUËgqxh (mkdKfU)
yts rJÒttl fUt gwd ni | fUkËgqxh rJÒttl fUe mc mu c·ze bnÀJvqKo abÀfUthe ”ul ni | fUkËgqxh fUtu
rnà”e bü I mkdKfU I fUn„u nî | dKl gt dwKl RmfuU mnthu nb cý„ ytmtle mu fUh mfU„u nî |
Rmmu btlJ fUe ctirÆ”fU Gb„t fUe ßgt”t mu ßgt”t ca„ ntu mfU„e ni | Rmr˜Y nh Atºt fUtu fUkËgqxh fUt
Òttl vtlt ytJëgfU cl dgt ni | gn btlJ - seJl fuU r˜Y rJÒttl fUt yvqJo Jh”tl ni |
7. rŒg lu„t / yt”No lu„t

dtâOese mc fuU r˜Y rŒg/yt”No lu„t ƒu | Wàntülu ˜tudtü fUtu mt”de fUt seJl rc„tlu fUt Wv”uN
r”gt | ôJgk ytahK bü hFfUh, nh fUtgo Wàntülu ”qmhtü fUtu btdo”Nol rfUgt | lunÁ, vxu˜ ytr” bntl
lu„t WlfuU yt”No vh ne a˜u nî | bntÀbt dtâOese buhu yÀgk„ rŒg / yt”No lu„t nî |
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HINDI NOTES (10th CLASS)

POTTI SAMBASIVA RAO, M.A.,T.T.C.,

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POTTI SAMBASIVA RAO, M.A.,T.T.C.,

POTTI SAMBASIVA RAO, M.A.,T.T.C.,

��Book ��QR �Scan���Teacher / Student Concept��

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~ qrif<'r <8\ ~ ;ij qrif<'Tonr~3!0 * QlO - QO<! ~ ~ ~(11 iO orR ;ij

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Googe Play -. ' .

10th Class HINDI

1. chm„u ct”˜ (fUrJ„t)

* ¶e mwrbºttlk”l vk„ se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |

ø£$ |ü]#·jT· + (about the poet)

”tu gt „el ykfU fuU Œël (TWO or THREE MARKS QUESTIONS )

rJMg rJë˜uMK : vÐÚJe EARTH uÛ÷Ñ $T

btimb bü Ne„˜„t yt st„e ni | y˚T|òTü eTT

ath(4) ykfU fuU Œël (FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS )

1. JMto mCe ŒtrKgtü fuU r˜Y seJl fUt ytOth ni | fUimu ?

gn VUm˜tü fUe ”Ðríx mu bnÀJvqKo ni |

ytX (8) ykfU fuU Œël (EIGHT MARKS QUESTIONS )

vk„se fUn„u nî rfU JMto ×U„w cý„ mwk”h ntu„e ni |

CtMt fUe ct„ : (uÛ≤cÕ+XÊ\T) Lesson Related Grammar

2. Sh„e OthtYâ mwk”h ˜d„e nî | mwk”h fw Áv

4. cn„t vtle Nw”TO ntu„t ni | Nw”TO yNw”TO

(Ro) fUrJ„t fUe vkr¢„gtü vh Ægtl ”ersY ytih y˜kfUth mbrSY |

Sb-Sb Sb-Sb buD chm„u nî mtJl fuU,

Ro) rcs˜e fUimu abfU hne ni ? vuz· _

II. v‘tkN (vrX„) v·ZfUh Œëltü fuU Wúth ”ersY | 4 X1 = 4

”t”wh xh-xh fUh„u rSÖ˜e cs„e Sl-Sl,

y) ”t”wh xh-xh fUe ytJt·s fUh„u nî | dK _

IV. v‘tkN (vrX„) v·ZfUh Œëltü fuU Wúth ”ersY | 4 X1 = 4

vfU·z Jtrh fUe Oth Sq˜„t ni buht bl, r˜kd c”r˜Y |

Wúth : y. D yt. A R. D Ro. C

II. v‘tkN (yvrX„) v·ZfUh Œëltü fuU Wúth ”ersY | 4 X1 = 4

Wúth : y. D yt. A R. C Ro. D Online Test

* ¶e bwkNe Œubak” se fuU cthu bü ytv ¢gt stl„u nî ? r˜rFY |

”tu (2) ykfU fuU Œël (TWO MARKS QUESTIONS )

1. Ro” fuU r”l fUt raºtK yvlu Nç”tü bü fUersY |

WvJtafU Ntkr„ fUe htn bü (rlckO)

Nç”tƒo : X¯u≤›sú¡eTT\T (Meanings)

”tu (2) ykfU fuU Œël (TWO MARKS QUESTIONS )

Nç”tƒo : X¯u≤›sú¡eTT\T (Meanings)

”tu (2) ykfU fuU Œël (TWO MARKS QUESTIONS )

6. yk„htoíx±eg ô„h vh rnk”e (vºt)

”tu (2) ykfU fuU Œël (TWO MARKS QUESTIONS )

WvJtafU yvlu ôfqU˜ fUtu YfU Wvnth (fUntle)

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