CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

SESSION-2022-23

TOPIC: - COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTY

MADE BY: - AYON BHATTACHARYA

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GUIDED BY: - MR. BRIJESH UPADHYAY

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 Certificate
This is to clarify that Ayon Bhattacharya student of
class XII has successfully prepared the report on the
project entitled “COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY” under the
guidance of Mr. Brijesh Upadhyay. The report is the
result of his efforts and endeavor. The report is found
worthy of acceptance as the final project for the
subject Chemistry of Class XII

Signature of student:

Signature of Guide:- Signature of Examiner:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to
them whose encouragement and cooperation has
been a source of inspiration. It’s an honor to
thank our principal for providing me the
opportunity to make this project and learn
through it. I would like to thank Mr Brijesh
Upadhyay for providing us the right direction
and for his cooperation and help in successful
completion of our project.

I am indebted to both of them for their help.

Ayon Bhattacharya (XII)

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CONTENTS:-
What is colligative property?
Types of colligative property
Lowering Vapour Pressure (∆P) of
solutions.
Boiling point elevation.
Freezing point depression
Osmotic pressure of the solution.

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 WHAT IS COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY?
In chemistry, colligative properties are properties
of solutions that depend upon the ratio of the number of
solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a
solution, and not on the type of chemical species
present. The number ratio can be related to the various
units for concentration of solutions. The independence of
the nature of solute particles is exact for ideal solutions,
and approximate for dilute real solutions.
Here we consider only those properties which result
because of the dissolution of nonvolatile solute in a
volatile liquid solvent. They are independent of the nature
of the solute because they are due essentially to the
dilution of the solvent by the solute. The word colligative
is derived from the Latin colligatus meaning bound
together.

TYPES OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY:-

1. Lowering Vapour pressure of solution: Roult’s law.
2. Elevation in boiling point (ΔT ).
B

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3. Depression in freezing point (ΔTf ).
4. Osmosis.

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1.Lowering Vapour Pressure (∆P) of solutions:
Roult’s law:-
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the
vapour pressure of the solution decreases.
According to Roult’s Law, the vapour pressure of a
solvent (P1) in a solution containing a non-volatile solute
is given by

According to Raoult's Law,

Vapour pressure of the pure solvent = P1°
Vapour pressure of the solvent in solution = P1
    P1 = x1P1°

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  ΔP1 = P1° - P1
       = P1° - x1P1°
                        = P1° (1 - x1)
In a binary solution, 1 - x1 = x2
                        ΔP1 = P1° x2

                        ΔP1/P1° = (P1° - P1)/P1° = x2

The lowering of vapour pressure relative to the vapour

pressure of pure solvent is called relative lowering of
vapour pressure.
ΔP1/P1° → Relative lowering of Vapour pressure
Thus, the relative lowering in vapour pressure depends
only on the concentration of solute particles and is
independent of their identity.
If the solution contains more than one non-volatile
solute, then the relative lowering in vapour pressure of a
solvent is equal to the sum of the mole fractions of all the
non-volatile solutes.
If n1 and n2 are respectively the number of moles of the
solvent and solute in a binary solution, then the relative
lowering in the vapour pressure of the solvent,

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(P1° - P1)/P1° = x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn
if n1 and n2 are the number of moles of the solvent and
solute,
(P1° - P1)/P1° = n2/(n1+n2)
For dilute solutions n2 << n1
(P1° - P1)/P1° = n2/n1
n1 = W1/M1 , n2 = W2/M2
(P1° - P1)/P1° = (W2xM1)/(W1xM2)
            W1 = Mass of solvent
            W2 = Mass of solute
            M1  = Molar mass of solvent
            M2  = Molar mass of solute

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2. Boiling point elevation (ΔTB ):-
The exact relation between the boiling point of the
solution and the mole fraction of the solvent is rather
complicated, but for dilute solutions the elevation of the
boiling point is directly proportional to the molal
concentration of the solute:

OR ΔTb = Kb.Cm
Kb = Ebullioscopy constant, which is 0.512°C kg/mol
for the boiling point of water.
The vapour pressure of a liquid increases with an increase
in temperature. When vapour pressure of the liquid
becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure (or) external

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pressure, then liquid starts boiling. The temperature at
which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the
external pressure is known as its boiling point.
At any temperature, the vapour pressure of a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is less than that of the
pure solvent.
The temperatures at which the vapour pressure of the
solvent and the solution become equal to the atmospheric
pressure are Tb0 and Tb.
Tb-Tb0 =∆Tb
Thus, it can be seen that the boiling point of a solution is
greater than the boiling point of the pure solvent.
The boiling point of a solvent changes as the
concentration of the solute in the solution changes, but it
does not depend on the identity of the solute particles.
The elevation of the boiling point depends upon the
concentration of the solute in the solution and is directly
proportional to molality (m) of the solute in the solution.
             ΔTb = Tb - Tb°
                Tb > Tb°
 
        ΔTb ∝ Concentration of solute

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        ΔTb ∝ m (Molarity)

         ΔTb = Kb m

Kb = Boiling point elevation constant or molal elevation

constant or ebullioscopic constant
          

Molal elevation constant is defined as the elevation in the

boiling point when 1mole of a solute is dissolved in
1kilogram of a solvent.
If w2 grams of a solute with M2 molar mass is dissolved in
w1gram of a solvent, then molality (m) of the solution is,
 m = (W2x1000)/(W1xM2)

ΔTb = Kb (W2x1000)/(W1xM2)

3. Freezing Point Depression (ΔTf ):-

The freezing point of a substance is defined as the

temperature at which its solid phase is in dynamic
equilibrium with its liquid phase. At the freezing point,
the vapour pressure of the substance in its liquid phase is

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the same as the vapour pressure of the substance in its

solid phase.

When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the

freezing point of the solution gets lowered.
According to Roult’s law, the vapour pressure of a
solution containing a non-volatile solute is lower than that
of the pure solvent. Thus freezing point of a solvent
decreases when a non-volatile solute is added to it.

The depression in freezing point depends upon the

concentration of the solution. For dilute solutions,
depression in the freezing point is directly proportional to

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molality (m).
Thus, ∆Tf =Kf m
Where
Kf =freezing point depression constant (or) molal
depression constant (or) cryoscopic constant.
Molal depression constant Kf can be defined as the
depression in freezing point when 1mole of solute
dissolved in 1kg of solvent. The unit for Kf is kelvin
kilogram /mole.
As Kf depends upon the nature of the solvent, its value is
different for different solvents.
The values of Kf can be calculated from this expression

Kf = (R x M1 x Tf2)/(1000 x ΔfusH)

    R = Gas constant

   M1= Molar mass of the solvent
   Tf  = Freezing point of the pure solvent
ΔfusH = Enthalpy for the fusion of the solvent

If w2 grams of a solute with molar mass M2 is dissolved in

w1 grams of a solvent, then molality m of the solution is

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given by W2 multiplied by 1,000 divided by w1
multiplied by M2
Substituting this value of molality in the freezing point
depression equation, we get depression in freezing point

Molarity , m = (W2 x 1000)/(W1xM2)

         ΔTf = Kf m
         ΔTf = (Kf x W2 x 1000)/(W1xM2)
     
        M2 = = (Kf x W2 x 1000)/(W1xΔTf)

Thus, the molar mass of a non-ionic solute can be

calculated by using the depression in freezing point.

4. Osmosis:-
Membranes which allows only solvent particles but not
solute particles of solution is called semi-permeable
membranes (or) SPM. These membranes can be of
natural origin (or) synthetic origin.

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Vegetable membranes, membranes found under the shell
of an egg are examples of natural membranes and
cellophane is an example of synthetic membrane.
Thus 'Osmosis' can be defined as the spontaneous flow of
solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a pure
solvent to a solution or from a dilute solution to a
concentrated solution.
It is important to note that osmosis drives solvent
molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from
low solute concentrations to high solute concentrations.
Osmosis ends when the solute concentration becomes
equal on either side of the membrane and equilibrium is
attained.
The flow of solvent molecules from low concentration to
high concentration can be stopped by applying some
extra pressure on the high concentration side. The

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minimum pressure required to do so is known as the
osmotic pressure of the solution.

Thus, osmotic pressure π of a solution is defined as the

excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to
prevent osmosis from taking place.
Osmotic pressure does not depend on the identity of the
solute, but on its concentration.
Osmotic pressure for dilute solutions is proportional to
molarity of the solution at a given temperature(T).
                                  π ∝ C (at given T)
π =  C R T
R = Gas constant
C = n2/V
π =  n2RT / V

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If W2 grams of solute of molar mass M2 is present in the
solution,

n2 = W2/M2

π =  W2RT / M2V

M2 = W2RT / πV

This is widely used to determine the molar masses of

polymers and macromolecules, especially biomolecules,
as they are generally unstable at higher temperatures and
decompose before their boiling point is reached.
If the solutions have the same concentrations (C1 = C2),
then π1= π2.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
1. www.google.com
2. www.slideshare.com
3. www.icbse.com
4. www.wikipedia.com
5. www.yahoo.com

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