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Globalisation
Globalisation
Globalisation
The history of the processes of globalization has been traced already in the
Era of Antiquity. In particular, the Roman Empire was one of the first states to
assert its dominance over the Mediterranean and led to a deep interweaving of
different cultures and the emergence of a local division of labor in the
Mediterranean regions.
The origins of globalization are in the XVI and XVII centuries, when Europe
experienced steady economic growth and the era of Great Geographical
Discoveries, when new lands were discovered for Europeans, the world market
began to take shape, connecting the continents with a multitude of trade and then
political ties, besides, the capitalist way of life, which is the genetic basis of
globalization, was also formed. As a result, Portuguese and Spanish traders spread
all over the world and engaged in the colonization of America. In the XVII
century, the Dutch East India Company, which traded with many Asian countries,
became the first genuine multinational company. But the period of Great
Geographical Discoveries was not the beginning of a rapid process of
globalization, because, firstly, the "discovery" of the world was incomplete (the
interior of the continents and Australia remained unknown). Secondly, even in
colonial empires, metropolises and colonies were connected externally. Thirdly,
the economic independence (until the second third of the XIX century) of many
countries (Russia, Japan, Latin American states) was preserved. Thus, it is wrong
to attribute globalization to the period of domonopolistic capitalism.
There are also large regional economic integration zones. In 1992, the
European Union became a single economic space after the conclusion of the
Maastricht Agreements. This space provides for the abolition of customs duties,
free movement of labor and capital, as well as a single monetary system based on
the euro. Less close integration is observed between the participants of the North
American Free Trade Area: the USA, Canada and Mexico. Most of the former
republics of the USSR joined the Commonwealth of Independent States after its
collapse, providing elements of a common economic space.
Features of globalization
The idea of globalization has become popular for several reasons. Firstly, the
Western world emerged from the hardships of the 70-80's and resumed its role as
the world's economic dominant. Secondly, the information revolution has made it
possible to link together the individual regions of the planet. Thirdly, the collapse
of communism and then the crisis in Asia created the illusion of the victory of
liberal values on a global scale. Fourth, the growing cultural exchange between the
countries of the periphery and the “first world” was of great importance. All these
circumstances play, of course, a significant role, but the real basis for globalization
can only be the inexorable need of individual economies to actively interact with
each other.
The processes of forming a world government were in full swing in the XIX
century, the Napoleonic Wars became the catalyst, when Napoleon Bonaparte
himself tried to become a world hegemon and actually lead the then world by
subjugating all the states of Europe (which at that time set the whole world policy).
As a result of the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, a new world order was actually
established, the leading role in the new system was given to the actual victorious
countries - Russia and Great Britain, which greatly strengthened their positions by
the middle of the XIX century. France and Austria recovered fairly quickly, and
new European hegemons — the future Germany and Italy - began to rise. New
centers of power are being formed. By the middle of the XIX century, the military
alliance of Great Britain, France and the Kingdom of Sardinia (consider Italy)
began to play an important role. The Crimean War of 1853-1856 actually became
the first prototype of the MP's actions against Russia (then the former empire). As
a result of good coordination, Western minds were able to question Russian
military power and actually humiliated Russia following the results of that war,
forcing it to suffer losses in favor of Turkey. At the same time, important processes
are taking place in the USA and Japan, which few people took seriously in the
middle of the XIX century. Both countries are rapidly modernizing — America as
a result of the civil war, where progressive forces that fought against slavery are
winning, and Japan voluntarily and forcibly decides to update the archaic state
system in order not to fall under the blows of Western invaders.
By the end of the XIX century, two centers of gravity in the world are
completing their formation, which are fighting for the right to become the world
government responsible for world destinies — the bloc of Central Powers
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Italy, Bulgaria) and the Entente bloc (France,
Great Britain, Russia, Romania, Japan, and then Italy with the USA). The rivalry
turned into an open confrontation in 1914, when the devastating First World War
broke out, in which Russia was forced to participate as an unspoken member of the
structures of the MP (the only question is — as an equal member or as a controlled
satellite of Western friends), suffered the greatest losses in the war and lost
territories more than other belligerent countries. Russia tried to fight for the
interests of the MP to the last, but could not withstand the internal pressure and
collapsed, burying many of the MP's plans. The unexpected withdrawal of Russia
from the war, the coup d'etat in Petrograd and the beginning of negotiations with
the Central Powers on peace enraged the Entente, who actually declared war on
Russia itself, soon launching an armed intervention inside Russia and financial
support for politicians who want to return Russia to the control of the MP/Entente.
The First World War ended with the defeat of the Central Powers, the victory of
the Entente (without Russia) and the formation of the first official world
government — the League of Nations, to which Russia (already Soviet) was not
invited by anyone. The era of a long confrontation began.
• Environmental protection
• Ensuring security
• Economics (finance, investment, capital, trade)
• Guarantee of human rights and freedoms (social security)
• Communication and transport
• Migration
At the same time, regulation will apply not only to national states, but will
also be provided for at the level of non-governmental organizations, corporations,
communities, associations, as well as on an individual basis. The principles of
regulation should be based on global and local democracy.
(https://brickofknowledge.com/articles/world-government)
However, the organization of humanity at this level will be too utopian due
to human nature, according to which people are characterized by selfishness,
jealousy of sovereignty, eternal striving for hegemony. The degradation of the
world government can lead to global tyranny, which will significantly limit and
destroy autonomy, which is fraught with consequences in the form of wars.
Despite the existence of positive aspects and the utopian construction of the
world government, its functioning may or may not meet expectations. "It remains
to be explored whether agents, networks and structures of global governance can
effectively protect the environment, develop power mechanisms to regulate the use
of force with the help of non-state actors and the most powerful states, and whether
they can serve the interests of the poorest part of humanity, barely making ends
meet, even if it requires small sacrifices on the part of 15 percent of the lucky ones
living in the most profitable economies in the world."
https://brickofknowledge.com/articles/world-government
However, the forecast for Russia is likely to provide for independent
development. Russia will not be a participant in the world government. Most
likely, she will be the enemy. Starting with the history of the USSR, when a
different path was offered to the world: instead of capitalism, where all resources
are concentrated in the hands of a narrow circle of people, socialism, leading in the
historical perspective to communism. An alternative Western financial system was
created, as well as a very efficient planned economy. But the most terrible
challenge for the United States and its satellites was the social system of the
USSR, which forced the capstans to introduce modern standards of social services
for the population.
The "Cold War" ended with the defeat of the Soviet Union due to the
vile betrayal in Belovezhskaya Pushcha with the tacit consent of the national
nomenclature, which wanted to take part in the division of national wealth. The
army was drained of blood without a war, the fleet was mostly sold abroad or for
scrap, they drove bulldozers on missiles. The Russian Federation was in debt to the
IMF, joined the WTO and WHO, did not participate when the NATO bloc
destroyed Yugoslavia, Iraq, Libya.
Особенности глобализации
Формирование МП и Россия