Prelim - Bosh

OSH LEGISLATION,
ADMINISTRATION and
ENFORCEMENT
ME 15: BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
▪ It is concerned with preserving and protecting human and facility
resources in the workplace.
▪ It deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and
has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards.
▪ Its goal is to prevent accidents and harm to people from work-
related activities.
OSH Legislation
▪ A constitutional mandate to safeguard the worker's social and
economic well-being as well as their physical safety and health.
▪ It is essential as a first step for the implementation of improved
measures for safety and health as well as the prevention of
accidents and diseases in the world of work.
Relevant Laws and Regulations
▪ Commonwealth Act No. 104 (1936) - First Industrial Safety Law
▪ Republic Act No. 184 (1947) - Electrical Engineering Law
▪ Republic Act No. 1054 (1954) - Free Emergency Medical and
Dental Treatment Law
▪ Presidential Decree 442 (1974) - Labor Code of the Philippines
Labor Code of the Philippines
Article 162, under Book IV of the "Labor Code of the Philippines"
also known as Presidential Decree No. 442, states that:
"THE SECRETARY OF LABOR SHALL, BY APPROPRIATE ORDERS,

SET AND ENFORCE MANDATORY OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH STANDARDS TO ELIMINATE OR REDUCE
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH HAZARDS IN ALL
WORKPLACES AND INSTITUTE NEW, AND UPDATE EXISTING
PROGRAMS TO ENSURE SAFE AND HEALTHFUL WORKING
CONDITIONS IN ALL PLACES OF EMPLOYMENT."
Occupational Safety and
Health Standards (OSHS) 1978
▪ It was Approved and Passed in 1978 for Implementation
▪ Adopted through the Tested Democratic Machinery of Tripartism
▪ Considered as a Landmark in Philippine Labor and Social
Legislation
▪ Amended in 1989, to provide all establishments with better tool
in promoting and maintaining a safe and healthful working
environment
▪ Rule 1000 - General Provision
▪ Rule 1010 - Other Safety Rules
▪ Rule 1020 - Registration
▪ Rule 1030 - Training of Personnel in Occupational Safety and
Health
▪ Rule 1040 - Health and Safety Committee
▪ Rule 1050 - Notification and Keeping of Records of Accidents
and/or Occupational Illnesses
▪ Rule 1060 - Premises of Establishments
▪ Rule 1070 - Occupational Health and Environment Control
▪ Rule 1080 - Personal Protective Equipment and Devices
▪ Rule 1090 - Hazardous Materials
▪ Rule 1100 - Gas and Electric Welding and Cutting Operations
▪ Rule 1120 - Hazardous Work Processes
▪ Rule 1140 - Explosives
▪ Rule 1150 - Materials Handling and Storage
▪ Rule 1160 - Boiler
▪ Rule 1170 - Unfired Pressure Vessels
▪ Rule 1200 - Machine Guarding
▪ Rule 1210 - Electrical Safety
▪ Rule 1220 - Elevators and Related Equipment
▪ Rule 1230 - Identification of Piping System
▪ Rule 1410 - Construction Safety
▪ Rule 1420 - Logging
▪ Rule 1940 - Fire Protection and Control
▪ Rule 1950 - Pesticides and Fertilizers
▪ Rule 1960 - Occupational Health Services
▪ Rule 1970 - Fees
▪ Rule 1980 - Authority of Local Government
▪ Rule 1990 - Final Provision
Enforcement and Administration of the Occupational
Safety and Health Standards (OSHS)
▪ The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) shall be

responsible for the administration and enforcement of OSH laws
in all workplaces.
▪ Enforcement shall be carried out by the 16 Regional Offices of
the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) including their
District Offices nationwide.
Enforcement and Administration of the Occupational
Safety and Health Standards (OSHS)
▪ Local government units may be authorized by the Secretary of

DOLE to enforce safety and health standards within their
respective jurisdiction.
• Technical Safety Inspection
• General Safety Inspection
• General Labor Standards Inspection
Governing Laws
▪ Article 165 of the Labor Code of the Philippines - The
Department of Labor and Employment shall be solely responsible
for the administration and enforcement of OSH laws, regulations
and standards in all establishments and workplaces, wherever
they may be located.
Governing Laws
▪ Article 128 of the Labor code of the Philippines - Visitorial and
Enforcement Power of the Secretary of Labor and his/her
designated representatives.
▪ Department Order No. 13 Series of 1998 - Guidelines Governing
Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry.
▪ Department Order No. 16, series of 2001 - Guidelines Governing
Appointment, Training and Accreditation of Safety Officers.
Governing Laws
▪ Department Order No.18-02 series of 2002 - Rules Implementing
Articles 106 to 109 of the Labor Code of the Philippines, as
amended. Regulations Governing Contracting and Subcontracting
arrangements.
▪ Department Order No. 44-03 series of 2003 - Declaring and
Commemorating April 28 every year as the "World Day for Safety
and Health Work", pursuant to the mandate of the International
Labour Organization [ILO].
Governing Laws
▪ Department Order 57-04, series of 2004 - The New Labor
Standards Enforcement Framework, strategies in Implementing
Voluntary compliance to Labor Standards in all Workplaces.
▪ Department Order 53-03 - Guidelines in the Implementation of a
Drug-Free Workplace Policy & Programs in the Private Sector)
was approved.
Governing Laws
▪ Department Circular No. 01 series of 2008 - Policy Guidelines
Governing the Occupational Safety and Health of Workers in the
Call Center Industry.
▪ Department Circular No. 02 series of 2008 - Amending certain
Provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards.
Governing Laws
▪ Department Circular No. 01-09 - Guidelines on Occupational
Safety and Health in Ship Building, Ship Repair and Ship Breaking
Industry.
▪ Department Advisory No 04-09 - Guidelines on Influenza A
[H1N1] Prevention and Control at the Workplace.
Job Titles of Individuals Performing
Occupational Safety and Health Activities
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENIST
▪ basically trained in engineering, physics, chemistry, or biology
▪ this individual has acquired through study and experience
knowledge of the effects on health of chemical and physical
agents under various levels of exposure
▪ involved in the monitoring and analytical methods required to
detect the extent of exposure and the engineering and other
methods used for hazard control
RISK MANAGER
▪ in an organization is typically responsible for insurance programs
and other activities that minimize losses resulting from fire,
accidents, and other natural and man-made losses
SAFETY PROFESSIONAL
▪ an individual who, by virtue of their specialized knowledge and
skill and/or educational accomplishments, has achieved
professional status in the safety field
SAFETY ENGINEER
▪ an individual who, through education, licensing, and/or
experience, devotes most or all of their employment time to the
application of scientific principles and methods for the control
and modification of the workplace and other environments to
achieve optimum protection for both people and property
SAFETY MANAGER
▪ an individual responsible for establishing and maintaining the
safety organization and its activities in an enterprise
▪ administers the safety program
▪ manages subordinates, including the fire prevention coordinator,
industrial hygienist, safety specialists, and security personnel
Importance of Occupational Safety
and Health (OSH)
▪ Reduced risk or accidents or injuries by identifying and mitigating
hazards.
▪ Improved efficiency and productivity due to fewer employees
missing work from illness or injury.
Importance of Occupational Safety
and Health (OSH)
▪ Improved employee relations and morale (a safer work
environment is a less stressful work environment).
▪ Reduced costs associated with accidents or injuries (healthcare
and rehabilitative costs, losses in productivity, impact on
employees’ well-being).
Class Announcement/s
▪ Activity No. 01 |
• August 25 (Thursday)
▪ Next Topic/s |
• Fundamentals of Safety Management
▪ Groupings |
• To Be Submitted Until August 25 (Thursday)
References
▪ Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health (Mark Friend, James
Kohn)
▪ Global Occupational Safety and Health Management Handbook
(Thomas P. Fuller)
▪ Handbook of Occupational Safety and Health (National Safety
Council)
▪ Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and
Managers, Global Edition. (Goetsch, David L.)
▪ Various BOSH / OSH Lecture Notes
▪ Internet Sources, Etc.
End of Lecture
DISCLAIMER
Contents of this learning material were taken directly from
the references and are owned by the respective authors.
No copyright infringement intended.
FUNDAMENTALS OF
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS

Introduction
UNDERSTANDING THE BIG

PICTURE OF BUSINESS IS
CRITICAL TO SUCCESSFULLY
MANAGING A COMPANY'S
SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Introduction
PETER DRUCKER
a well-known management consultant said it this way…
"The first duty of business is to survive and the guiding principle
of business economics is not the maximization of profit, but the
avoidance or control of loss."
"The ignorance of the function of management, of its work, of its
standards, and its responsibilities is one of the most serious
weaknesses of an industrial society — and it is almost universal."
What is Management?
▪ It is the process of coordinating all the resources and activities
of an organization through planning, leading, organizing, and
controlling in order to fulfill organizational objectives, at the
least possible cost.
What is a System?
▪ It is an orderly arrangement of interdependent activities and
related procedures which implement and facilitate the
performance of a major activity within an organization.
Safety Management Systems
▪ It is the application of professional management techniques
and skill through program activities directed at risk avoidance,
loss prevention and loss reduction, specifically intended to
minimize losses resulting from pure (non-speculative) risks of
business.
It involves the following:
▪ The identification of risk exposures.
▪ The measurement and analysis of exposures.
▪ The determination of exposures that will respond to existing or
available standards and loss control techniques or activities.
▪ The selection of the appropriate loss control action based on
relevant standards set forth for the effectiveness of
implementation and economic restraints.
Trends in Safety Management Systems
▪ Until the beginning of the 20th century, many owners & societies
at large took a fatalistic* view of safety.
▪ ACCIDENTS were seen as regrettable, but not preventable as
farm workers and immigrants were willing to risk their lives and
limbs went to the city for decent wage.
The occurrence of accidents led social reformers & labor unions

push for more humane workplaces.
* relating to or characteristic of the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable
▪ 1910 — reformers succeeded in getting worker's compensation
laws. This led to employers’ impression that a greatly increased
financial stake is needed in making the workplace safe.
▪ 1920 — interest in scientific management, improved safety
leads to improved productivity. Many employers began
inspecting their workplaces, keeping it clean and also monitored
working conditions.
▪ 1930 — companies began to study not just physical workplaces,
but human contributions to accidents. Herbert William Heinrich
wrote the first significant book on modem safety management
titled " Industrial Accident Prevention".
▪ 1940 — focus on safety management broadened to include
prevention of not only accidents but also from illnesses.
Workers' compensation was updated to cover disability caused
by work-related diseases and industrial hygiene problems.
▪ 1950 — management adopted the behavioral approach, and
turned to technology for solutions. Many companies began to
apply management and motivational principles in an effort to
change workers' behavior. At the same time, some came to
believe that technology had all the answers Emphasis on
engineering control.
▪ 1960 — national concerns about safety broadened to include
office environmental hazards. Government began to recognize
many serious environmental risks.
▪ 1970 — the Federal government established the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration. Safety and health efforts
began to reflect workers participation in safety and health
concerns.
In the Philippines, the passage of Presidential Decree 442 also

known as the Labor Code of the Philippines in 1974 paved the
way to the mandatory implementation of the Occupational
Safety and Health Standards [OSHS] despite its approval in 1978,
four years after the P.D 442.
▪ 1980 — priorities shifted from hazard identification to hazard
prevention, inception of general movement toward pro-active,
rather than reactive. Behavioral aspect of safety thru behavioral
based trainings were introduced. Studies focused on trying to
uncover worker's behavior at work.
▪ 1990 — the focus is now on integrating safety, health &
environmental management; safety, health, & environmental
(SHE) programs contribute to company's success.
▪ 2000 — empowerment of workers; integrating quality, safety &
health, and environment management systems; and multi-
tasking of workers. Every employee, from CEO to forklift driver, is
now seen as responsible for safety. Most managers today accept
that good safety, health, environmental programs contribute to
the company's success.
Components of
▪ PERSON — worker's qualification, heath condition, relationship
with co-workers.
▪ ENVIRONMENT — environmental conditions of the workplace,
weather, plant layout, workspace.
▪ MANAGEMENT — existence or non-existence of safety policy,
mismanagement, lack of written job procedures, poor
communication, poor training.
▪ EQUIPMENT — defective equipment, improper use of
equipment, inappropriate PPE, poor equipment design.
▪ TIME, and WORK PROCEDURES
Seven Critical Characteristics of
1. MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT - management of a company
shows, in words and actions, their commitment to the safety
and health program
2. ACCOUNTABILITY - responsibilities and authority are assigned;
all employees (including management) are held accountable
for their responsibilities
3. EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT - employees are encouraged to, and
actively participate in, the development and implementation of
their safety and health program
4. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL - the company has a
system for regularly scheduled self-inspections to identify
hazards and to correct and control them
5. INCIDENT/ACCIDENT ANALYSIS - there is a procedure at the
company for investigating and reviewing all workplace near
miss incidents, accidents, injuries and illnesses
6. TRAINING - there is a comprehensive program of safety and
health training for all employees (including management)
7. PROGRAM EVALUATION - the company has a system for
evaluating the overall safety and health program and does so
on a regular basis
Changing Safety Management Systems
▪ SAFETY EXPERTS now try to look for all factors that may have
contributed to a given incident.
▪ Studying all the contributing causes leading to the loss, helps
them to identify the root or key causes.
▪ The Management of Safety and Health Programs has evolved
over the years – focusing on the preventive and predictive aspect
rather than on the corrective measures, approaches to safety
and health management branched to the PROACTIVE than the
REACTIVE approach to safety.
WHAT'S A PROACTIVE APPROACH TO SAFETY?
▪ This approach emphasizes doing everything management can to
anticipate and prevent accidents.
WHAT'S A REACTIVE APPROACH TO SAFETY?

▪ This approach emphasizes doing everything management must
do to limit losses after an accident occurs.
Structure of Safety
Management Systems
It is understood that all

systems including Safety and
Health have structure: INPUTS,
PROCESSES and OUTPUTS.
Structure of
▪ Managing safety starts from the principle that most accidents
can be prevented.
▪ Team Leaders and Supervisors are important links in the chain of
safety consciousness. They are responsible for watching over the
workplace and protecting their workers for potential hazards on
the job.
Structure of
Structure of
▪ SAFETY MANAGER - The primary consultant on OSHA mandated
standards and programs. May have overall responsibility for
safety management.
▪ SAFETY ENGINEER - Consults on the use of engineering controls
to eliminate or reduce hazards in the workplace.
▪ HUMAN RESOURCES COORDINATOR - Consults on human
resource programs that impact the safety and health of
employees.
Structure of
▪ SAFETY COMMITTEE - Identifies, analyzes, and evaluates safety
and health programs. "In organizations, clients for the services
provided by staff people are called line managers. Line managers
have to labor under the advice of staff groups, whether they like
it or not. But any staff function, by definition, has no direct
authority over anything but its own time, its own internal staff,
and the nature of the service it offers."
Top Management Commitment (TMC)
▪ It is defined by how much Time, Money, and Concern the
employer gives" to safety.
▪ The degree to which managers demonstrate TMC indicates their
understanding of the benefits derived from an effective safety
management system.
▪ The employers are motivated to make a commitment to safety to fulfill
social, fiscal, and legal obligations.
▪ The obligation considered most of the important influences of the level of
management commitment.
TO FULFILL THE SOCIAL TO FULFILL THE FISCAL TO FULFILL THE LEGAL
OBLIGATION: OBLIGATION: OBLIGATION:
▪ WE MUST SAVE LIVES ▪ WE MUST SAVE MONEY ▪ WE MUST STAY OUT OF
TROUBLE
▪ DO WHATEVER IT TAKES ▪ DO WHAT WE HAVE TO
▪ DO ONLY WHAT WE HAVE TO
▪ THIS IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE ▪ THIS IS A BETTER STRATEGY
STRATEGY! ▪ THIS IS THE LEAST EFFECTIVE
STRATEGY
COMMITMENT WILL SHAPE A TOUGH-CARING SAFETY CULTURE.
AN EFFECTIVE SAFETY CULTURE INCLUDES A BALANCED USE OF

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT.
Positive Reinforcement
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT when effective, it increases required
and voluntary behaviors…
▪ Examples: PAY, BENEFITS, RECOGNITION, REWARD
▪ Employees perform to receive promised positive consequences
▪ Employees may perform far beyond minimum standards to be
rewarded
Positive Reinforcement
▪ Builds trust between labor and management
▪ Leads to higher levels of excellence
▪ What do you hear from employees?

o if I report a hazard, I know my supervisor will thank me.'
o if I make some good suggestions, I’ll have a better chance for
that pay raise.'
Negative Reinforcement
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT when effective, it increases required
behaviors only…
▪ Examples: FINES, TRANSFERS, DISCIPLINE, PUNISHMENT,
TERMINATION
▪ Employees perform to avoid promised negative consequences -
fear based
▪ Employees perform to minimum standard - just enough to stay
out of trouble
Negative Reinforcement
▪ Builds fear of management
▪ Leads to higher levels of compliance only
▪ What do you hear from employees?

o "If I wear that eye protection, my boss won't write me up."
o "If I don't use fall protection, I'll get fired."
▪ Next Topic/s |
• Basic Work Accident Causation Theories
References
Kohn)
(Thomas P. Fuller)
Council)
End of Lecture
DISCLAIMER
BASIC WORK ACCIDENT
CAUSATION THEORIES

Introduction
An ACCIDENT is an event which can be viewed in different angles
depending on how a person is situated and related to the event:
▪ To the VICTIM and his/her FAMILY, ultimate tragedy;
▪ To the WITNESS, a profound and horrifying experience which in
time becomes a conversation piece;
▪ To his/her COMPANY, a preventable and irreparable loss of an
employee;
▪ To the PUBLIC, a news item;
Introduction
▪ To the LEGAL COURTS, an "Act of God";
▪ To the GOVERNMENT, a statistic; and
▪ To the NATION, a tragic and unnecessary loss.
"AN INJURY PREVENTED IS A BENEFACTION, whereas

AN INJURY COMPENSATED IS AN APOLOGY "
How Do Accidents Occur?
▪ Accidents (with or without injuries) occur when a series of
unrelated events coincide at a certain time and space.
▪ Accidents can be from a few events to a series of a dozen or
more events.
▪ Since the coincidence of the series of events is a matter of luck,
actual accidents only happen occasionally.
What is an Accident?
▪ An unexpected and undesirable event, especially one resulting
in damage or harm: car accidents on icy roads.
▪ An unforeseen incident: A series of happy accidents led to his
promotion. An instance of involuntary urination or defecation in
one's clothing.
What is an Accident?
▪ A series of events culminating in an unplanned and unforeseen
event, which may or may not result in injury, bodily harm,
damage or destruction to property, or their combinations that
interrupts or disrupts the normal and orderly progress of any
activity thereby resulting to losses in any of the following:
person, productivity, money, income, opportunity, time, image,
etc.
▪ The Immediate Causes of Accident are the Unsafe Acts and the
Unsafe Conditions.
Unsafe Acts (Behavioral)
▪ It is a violation of a commonly accepted safe procedure which
results in an accident.
▪ These "states of being" also represent hazardous conditions in
the workplace.
Management can have great influence over these factors because:
▪ An unsafe act occurs in approximately 85%- 95% of all analyzed
accidents with injuries
▪ An unsafe act is usually the last of a series of events before the
accident occurs (it could occur at any step of the event)
▪ By stopping or eliminating the unsafe act, we can stop the
accident from occurring
Management can have great influence over these factors because:
▪ Although an accident could occur with the first unsafe act,
studies have shown that between 300 to 1000 of the same
unsafe acts occur before an injury is sustained
▪ An unsafe act is mainly due to the other series of events that
may not align.
Examples of Unsafe Acts:
▪ Improper Attitude
▪ Lack of Knowledge or Skill
▪ Physical or Mental Defects
▪ Negligence Anger/Temper Hasty Decisions Indifference
Distractions Curiosity
▪ Inadequate Instructions Poor Work Habits Over-Confidence
Lack of Planning
Unsafe Conditions (Environmental)
▪ It is the unsafe condition of the agency
which could have been guarded or
corrected.
▪ Examples are improper guarding,
defective agencies, poor housekeeping,
poor ventilation, improper illumination,
degradation of equipment or tools
through unsafe procedures, etc.
Examples of Unsafe Conditions:
▪ Inadequate Guards/Barriers
▪ Presence of Defective Tools/Equipment/Materials
▪ Congestion or Restricted Body Movement
▪ Inadequate Warning Systems
Examples of Unsafe Conditions:
▪ Presence of Fire/Explosion Hazards
▪ Poor Housekeeping/Disorder
▪ With Noise/Radiation Exposure
▪ Exposure to Extremes of Temperature / Ventilation
How to Prevent Accidents?
▪ we need to know why accidents happen and what causes them
▪ it is extremely difficult in the absence of an understanding of
the accident causation theories
Accident Causation Theories
▪ These are used as models to help predict and prevent accidents.
Accident Causation Theories:

▪ Domino Theory ▪ Systems Theory
▪ Human Factors Theory ▪ Combination Theory
▪ Accident / Incident Theory ▪ Outside Factors Theory
▪ Epidemiological Theory ▪ Management Failures
DOMINO THEORY
5 Factors in Sequence Lead to
Accident:
1. Ancestry and Social Environment
2. Fault of Person
3. Unsafe Act / Hazardous Condition
4. Accident
5. Injury
DOMINO THEORY
Two Central Points:
▪ The injuries are caused by the actions of preceding factors.
▪ The removal of the central factor (unsafe act or hazardous
condition) negates the action of the proceeding factors; and in
doing so, prevents accidents and injuries.
DOMINO THEORY
How Do You Use This Model To Prevent Accidents?
▪ Herbert Heinrich - Travelers Insurance - 1920’s
▪ 88% caused by UNSAFE ACTS
▪ 10% caused by UNSAFE CONDITIONS
▪ 2% UNAVOIDABLE
HUMAN FACTORS THEORY
▪ It attributes accidents to a chain of events that were ultimately
the result of human error.
Three Broad Factors Leading To Human Error:
▪ OVERLOAD (Worker’s Capacity; Environmental Factors; Internal
Factors; Situational Factors)
▪ INAPPROPRIATE RESPONSES (Ignores a Suspected Hazard, Etc.)
▪ INAPPROPRIATE ACTIVITIES (Performing Tasks Without
Requisite Training, Etc.)
ACCIDENT / INCIDENT THEORY
▪ Dan Petersen’s Extension to the Human Factors Theory
Additional Elements:
▪ Ergonomic Traps
▪ Decision to Err
▪ System Failures
Accident / Incident Theory
Overload Ergonomic Traps Decsion to Err
Human Error
System Failure Accident
Injury / Damage
▪ It refers to conscious or unconscious decision to make a
mistake.
▪ It refers to causal relationship between management decision,
management behavior and safety.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL THEORY
▪ It refers to traditional approaches focused on accidents and
resulting injuries.
▪ It is used to study causal relationships between environmental
factors and disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL THEORY
▪ The current trend includes a broader perspective of industrial
hygiene issues.
▪ Industrial Hygiene concerns environmental issues that can lead
to sickness, disease, impaired health.
SYSTEMS THEORY
▪ A system is a group of interacting and interrelated components
that form a unified whole.
Host (People) Agent (Machinery) Environment
▪ The likelihood of an accident occurring is determined by how
these components interact.
▪ Changes in the patterns of interaction can increase or decrease
the probability of an accident occurring.
COMBINATION THEORY
▪ The cause of accident cannot be determined by one model of
theory.
▪ It combines parts of several different theory models, to avoid
the tendency to apply one model to all accidents.
▪ Some theories address particular problems better than other
theories. A combination of theories and models may be the
optimal approach toward problem solutions.
OUTSIDE FACTORS THEORY
▪ Drugs
▪ Alcohol
▪ Depression
▪ Family Issues
▪ Intent
MANAGEMENT FAILURES
1. Injuries Result From Series Of Factors; One Is The Accident
Itself.
2. Accident Occurs Only From An Unsafe Act By A Person And / Or
Hazardous Condition.
3. Most Accidents Result From Unsafe Behavior.
4. Unsafe Act Does Not Always Immediately Result In Accident.
5. Reason For Unsafe Act Can Guide Correction
MANAGEMENT FAILURES
6. Severity Of Accident Is Fortuitous And Accident Is Preventable
7. Best Accident Prevention = Best Quality & Production
Techniques
8. Management Should Assume Responsibility For Safety.
9. Supervisor Is Key In Prevention
10.Accidents Have Direct And Indirect Costs.
▪ Next Topic/s |
• Hazards Identification, Risks Assessment & Control
▪ Prelim Term – Online Quiz No. 01 |

• September 8, 2022 (Thursday)
• Via Google Form
• Coverage: OSH Legislation, Administration and Enforcement &
Fundamentals of Safety Management Systems
References
Kohn)
(Thomas P. Fuller)
Council)
End of Lecture
DISCLAIMER
HAZARDS
IDENTIFICATION

Introduction
Employees should have access to a proactive health surveillance
program, and need to know about the hazard and what they
should do to reduce the risk…
▪ Potential Sources of Exposures;
▪ The Health Effects of Hazards;
▪ Risk Factors (e.g. high levels of vibration, daily
length/regularity of exposure);
▪ How to Recognize and Report Signs of Injury; and
▪ Ways to Minimize Risk.
What is Hazard?
▪ An Existing or Potential Condition That Alone or Interacting With
Other Factors Can Cause Harm
Examples:
▪ A Spill on the Floor
▪ Broken Equipment
What is Risk?
▪ A measure of the probability and severity of a hazard to harm
human health, property, or the environment
▪ A measure of how likely harm is to occur and an indication of
how serious the harm might be
Risk  0
What is Safety?
▪ It is the Freedom From Danger or Harm
▪ A Judgement of the Acceptability of Risk
Three Steps Used To Manage Health
And Safety At Work
Step 1 | Spot the Hazard (Hazard Identification)

Step 2 | Assess the Risk (Risk Assessment)
Step 3 | Make the Changes (Risk Control)
Hazard Identification / Recognition
BIOPHYSICAL HAZARDS
▪ Are those that affect the quality of the general work
environment.
Examples:
▪ Noise
▪ Light
▪ Temperature Extremes
▪ Radiation
▪ Housekeeping
MECHANICAL HAZARDS
▪ Are those associated with the operation of machinery.
Examples:
▪ Points of operation
▪ Power transmission
▪ In-running Nip points
▪ Shear points
▪ Other moving parts
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
▪ Are those associated with electric circuits and components.
Examples:
▪ Wiring
▪ Grounding / Bonding
▪ Power Panels
▪ Outlets / Switches
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
▪ Are those related to the storage, transfer, production or use of
chemicals.
Examples:
▪ A wide variety of chemicals are fire and explosion hazards. They
can burn under the right conditions (Hydrogen, Acetylene,
Propane, Etc.)
SPOT THE HAZARD
▪ Key point: A hazard is anything that could hurt you or someone else.
▪ Examples of workplace hazards include:
▪ frayed electrical cords (could result in electrical shock)
▪ boxes stacked precariously (they could fall on someone)
▪ noisy machinery (could result in damage to your hearing)
▪ During work experience, you must remain alert to anything that may
be dangerous. If you see, hear or smell anything odd, take note. If you
think it could be a hazard, tell someone.
Risk Assessment / Evaluation
GASES
▪ The inspection should concentrate on any condition that could
lead to a leak or other unintentional release of those gases in the
air.
VIBRATION
▪ The level of exposure to mechanical vibration may be assessed
by means of observation of specific working practices and
reference to relevant information on the equipment used in the
particular conditions of use, including such information provided
by the manufacturer of the equipment.
VIBRATION
▪ A sensible approach to vibration assessment is to first obtain
details on the machinery/vehicles used and the usage time. Data
on the likely vibration levels should then be obtained from one or
more of the available data sources.
VIBRATION
▪ Reputable machinery/vehicle manufacturers will usually be able to
provide details about their products' vibration level and regulatory
agencies can often provide generic data about the vibration levels
expected from common equipment and processes. Decisions can
then be made on whether the equipment is suitable for the job and, if
it is, what length of time it can be used for before the relevant
exposure limits are reached. If the information is not available, if it is
questionable, or the estimated exposure looks like it might be above
the exposure limit value, consideration should be given to
undertaking exposure measurements.
NOISE
▪ Noise is typically defined as "unwanted sound", sound being the
human sensation of pressure fluctuations in the air.
▪ The sound levels are expressed in decibels (dB) on a logarithmic scale,
where 0dB is nominally the "threshold of hearing" and 120dB is
nominally the "threshold of pain".
▪ Depending upon the circumstances and characteristics of the sound
in question, a change in level of 3dB is just perceptible, whereas an
increase of 10dB is perceived as a subjective doubling of loudness (as
noise is measured on a logarithmic scale).
NOISE
▪ The frequency of sound is the rate at which a sound wave oscillates,
and is expressed in Hertz (Hz).
▪ The frequency of a sound produces it’s distinctive tone.
▪ The rumble of distant thunder has a low frequency, while a whistle
has a high frequency. The normal range of hearing for a healthy young
person extends from approximately 20 Hz up to 20 000 Hz (or 20 kHz)
while the range from the lowest to highest note of a piano is 27.5 Hz
to 4186 Hz. The sensitivity of the human ear to different frequencies
in the audible range is not uniform. For example, hearing sensitivity
decreases markedly as frequency falls below 250Hz.
NOISE
▪ A mechanism known as "A-weighting" has been adopted in
order to account for this non-linearity of the human ear.
▪ The sound levels expressed using "A-weighting" are typically
denoted dB(A).
▪ An indication of the level of some common sounds is shown in
the following figures:
NOISE
NOISE
NOISE
OCCUPATIONAL NOISE
▪ Noise Induced or Occupational Deafness involves regular
exposure to noise over a long period with gradually acquired
sensory-neural hearing loss — damage to the inner ear and
nerve pathways to the brain
▪ It is well established that prolonged exposure to high noise
levels can result in permanent and irreversible damage to
hearing.
▪ It is also recognized that the only effective preventative
measure is to control noise exposure before hearing loss occurs.
OCCUPATIONAL NOISE
▪ Acoustic Trauma involves exposure to a very high noise level
over a short period such as an explosion perforating the eardrum
of 40 out of every 100 workers who have worked all their lives at
high noise levels (>90dbA) who will at the age of 65 years find it
difficult to hear other people talking.
▪ This type of deafness is INCURABLE
▪ This type of deafness car be PREVENTED
OTOTOXINS
▪ The exposure to this certain chemical substance may result in
hearing loss. They may damage the cochlea in the inner ear
and/or the auditory neurological pathways.
▪ Hearing damage is more likely if exposure is to a combination of
substances or to a combination of the substance and noise.
▪ Ototoxins can be workplace chemicals and/or medication.
▪ This is an area where much research is still ongoing, however
workplace chemicals which are usually considered for inclusion
include some solvents and heavy metals.
ASSESS THE RISK
▪ Key point: Assessing the risk means working out how likely it is that
a hazard will harm someone and how serious the harm could be.
▪ Whenever you spot a hazard, assess the risk by asking yourself two
questions:
▪ how likely is it that the hazard could harm me or someone else?
▪ how badly could I or someone else be harmed?
▪ Always tell someone (your employer, your supervisor or your health
and safety representative) about hazards you can't fix yourself,
especially if the hazard could cause serious harm to anyone.
Example Ways to Minimize Risk:
▪ Changes to working practices to reduce vibration exposure such
as suspension adjustment for drivers’ weight, pressure, steering
the vehicle to avoid obstacles. How to use tools to reduce grip
force, strain, etc.
▪ Changes to work practices to reduce back pain such as sitting &
posture, seating adjustment, suspension adjustment for drivers’
weight
Example Ways to Minimize Risk:
▪ Correct operation and maintenance of equipment;
▪ Varying pattern of work to reduce exposure,
▪ Maintenance of good blood circulation at work, e.g., by keeping
warm, exercising fingers and not smoking.
Risk Control
Risk Control
MAKE THE CHANGES
▪ Key point: It is your employer's responsibility to fix hazards.
Sometimes you may be able to fix simple hazards yourself, as long
as you don't put yourself or others at risk. For example, you can pick
up things from the floor and put them away to eliminate a trip
hazard.
▪ The best way to fix a hazard is to get rid of it altogether. This is not
always possible, but your employer should try to make hazards less
dangerous by looking at the following options (in order from most
effective to least effective):
Risk Control
MAKE THE CHANGES
▪ Elimination - Sometimes hazards - equipment, substances or work
practices - can be avoided entirely. (e.g. Clean high windows from the
ground with an extendable pole cleaner, rather than by climbing a
ladder and risking a fall.)
▪ Substitution - Sometimes a less hazardous thing, substance or work
practice can be used. (e.g. Use a non-toxic glue instead of a toxic
glue.)
Risk Control
MAKE THE CHANGES
▪ Isolation - Separate the hazard from people, by marking the
hazardous area, fitting screens or putting up safety barriers. (e.g.
Welding screens can be used to isolate welding operations from other
workers. Barriers and/or boundary lines can be used to separate areas
where forklifts operate near pedestrians in the workplace.)
▪ Safeguards - Safeguards can be added by modifying tools or
equipment, or fitting guards to machinery. These must never be
removed or disabled by workers using the equipment.
Risk Control
MAKE THE CHANGES
▪ Instructing workers in the safest way to do something - This means
developing and enforcing safe work procedures. Students on work
experience must be given information and instruction and must
follow agreed procedures to ensure their safety.
▪ Using personal protective equipment and clothing (PPE) - If risks
remain after the options have been tried, it may be necessary to use
equipment such as safety glasses, gloves, helmets and ear muffs. PPE
can protect you from hazards associated with jobs such as handling
chemicals or working in a noisy environment.
Group Activity No. 01 |
Hazards Identification, Risks Assessment and Control
1. Choose an Industry or Type of Workplace |
example: manufacturing, processing facility…
2. Identify The Potential Hazards in your chosen Industry or Type
of Workplace (Choose 10)
example: slippery floors from spilt water, oil; uneven floors
from changing floor level
3. Make Risk Assessment for each Hazard Identified (Describe the
Risks, Consequences, Harmful Effects, Etc.)
4. Discuss the Different Ways to Control the Hazard Identified
Example Format
HAZARD RISKS CONTROL
• Briefing on Safe
• External Body
Work Procedure
Struck by the Injury
• Training Provided
Chemical Containers • Sprain
to the workers
in High Space • Broken Bones
before start of
• Torn Muscles
work
▪ Power Point Presentation to be Submitted in the Designated Bin
in the Google Classroom on or before due date
▪ For Oral Presentation of Activities:
- Maximum of 20 Minutes per Group
- PPT | Simple Design & Animation (if any)
- PPT | Maximum of 20-25 Slides
- PPT | Font Size: 25-30 | Font Style: Calibri or Arial
• Via Google Form
• Coverage: OSH Legislation, Administration and Enforcement &
Fundamentals of Safety Management Systems
Class Announcement/s:
• September 13, 2022 (Tuesday)
• Via Google Form
• Coverage: Basic Work Accident Causation Theories & Hazards
Identification
▪ Prelim Term – Examination|

• Via Google Form
• Coverage: OSH Legislation, Administration and Enforcement,
Fundamentals of Safety Management Systems, Basic Work
Accident Causation Theories & Hazards Identification
▪ Next Topic/s |
• Industrial Hygiene (Mid-Term)
▪ Group Activity No. 01 – Oral Presentation|

• Starts on September 20, 2022 (Tuesday)
• Order of Presentation to be determined via spin the wheel
References
Kohn)
(Thomas P. Fuller)
Council)
End of Lecture
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OSH LEGISLATION,

ME 15: BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

"THE SECRETARY OF LABOR SHALL, BY APPROPRIATE ORDERS,

▪ The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) shall be

▪ Local government units may be authorized by the Secretary of

ME 15: BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

UNDERSTANDING THE BIG

The occurrence of accidents led social reformers & labor unions

In the Philippines, the passage of Presidential Decree 442 also

WHAT'S A REACTIVE APPROACH TO SAFETY?

It is understood that all

COMMITMENT WILL SHAPE A TOUGH-CARING SAFETY CULTURE.

AN EFFECTIVE SAFETY CULTURE INCLUDES A BALANCED USE OF

▪ What do you hear from employees?

▪ What do you hear from employees?

ME 15: BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

"AN INJURY PREVENTED IS A BENEFACTION, whereas

Accident Causation Theories:

Overload Ergonomic Traps Decsion to Err

System Failure Accident

▪ Prelim Term – Online Quiz No. 01 |

ME 15: BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Step 1 | Spot the Hazard (Hazard Identification)

HAZARD RISKS CONTROL

▪ Prelim Term – Examination|

▪ Group Activity No. 01 – Oral Presentation|

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