COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

KAPUY-AN: A PROPOSED DISASTER RESILIENT

SHELTER AND ISOLATION CENTER LOCATED IN TALISAY

BATANGAS

A Thesis Proposal to be Presented to the Faculty of Architecture Department De

La Salle University - Dasmariñas

Dasmariñas, Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Architecture Design 9 and

Architectural Design 10 - Architectural Thesis T-ARCH511 for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Submitted by:

TINGZON, KIMBERLY KATE C.

201420548

ARC54

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 CERTFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

Kimberly here. Kate C. Tingzon, I hereby declare that my THESIS

PROPOSAL, titled "Kapu-An: A Proposed Disaster Resilient Shelter with

Isolation Center in Talisay, Batangas," is my original work. It contains neither

previously published nor written material by another person, nor material that has

been accepted for any other degree or diploma at De La Salle University Dasmariñas

(DLSU-D) or any other educational institute, unless due acknowledgement is made in

this thesis for any contribution made by others, with whom we have worked at

DLSU-D or elsewhere.

It is also claimed that the intellectual content of this thesis is the result of my

efforts, with the exception of acknowledgement of aid from others in the Project's

design, presentation, and linguistic expression.

_______________________

Kimberly Kate C. Tingzon

201420548.

___________________________________________________

Ar. Owen O. Nicerio, MSCM, uap,piep, GREEEN ADP+AA

Thesis Adviser.

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 APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that I have supervised the preparation of and have read the

Proposed Disaster Resilient Shelter with Isolation Center located in Talisay, Batangas

prepared by Tingzon, Kimberly Kate C., and that the said thesis has been

recommended for acceptance and approval for oral defense by the Thesis Evaluation

Committee.

OWEN O. NICERIO

Thesis Adviser

___________________

Thesis Coordinator

The members of the Thesis Evaluation Committee, we hereby certify that we have

revied and exacting this thesis with a grade of _____ and hereby recommended that it

will be accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements in (Design Code) -

Architectural Design 9 and 10 for the degree of Bachelor of Science and Architecture.

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 ABSTRACT

People's lives are disrupted when disasters compel them to evacuate their homes

and seek refuge in an evacuation center. Buildings utilized as evacuation shelters are

compelled to cease their intended uses, which can extend for weeks. The difficulty

will be maintenance costs if dedicated evacuation facilities are constructed. Because

disasters do not occur every day, the built evacuation center is sometimes ineffective

and may be neglected. This project, Kapuy-An: Proposed Disaster Risk Refuge with

Isolation Center, was envisaged as a viable architectural solution that will give shelter

to evacuees during a disaster, as well as housing for positive patients with infectious

diseases, particularly the current pandemic COVID-19.

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DEDICATION

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Through this acknowledgement, I convey my heartfelt appreciation to the

numerous and significant individuals who have contributed to my newfound

knowledge and wisdom. I'd want to thank our Thesis Adviser, Ar. Owen Nicerio, for

allowing me to be a member of his advisee group and get support during the thesis

writing process. I've learned new technical writing abilities and knowledge that I'll

put to use as I continue on my architectural path. My appreciation also extends to my

fellow advisees, particularly Ms. Michelle Angela N. Duran, for allowing me to

grow with them in terms of thesis writing improvement, as well as to my dear friends,

Ms. Alyssa Mae Apuyan, Ms. Jann Naima Chua, and Ms. Regine Gail San Jose,

for additional guidance and unwavering support. I'd also like to thank our Thesis

Coordinator, Ar. Pamela Turingan, for leading us through the entire process, from

answering our worries and enquiries to motivating us to keep going. And to the most

essential being who made all of this possible, I extend my heartfelt thanks to our dear

God; I offer Him all of my experiences and learning, and I continue to seek His

guidance.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTFICATE OF ORIGINALITY 2

APPROVAL SHEET 3

ABSTRACT 4

DEDICATION 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS 7

LIST OF TABLES 14

LIST OF FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 14

LIST OF APPENDICES 15

Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Background 16

A. Introduction 16

B. Background of the Study 20

C. Statement of Purpose/Objectives 25

1. PROJECT OBJECTIVE 25

a) ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTIVES 26

D. Significance of the Study 27

E. Scope and Limitations/Delimitations 28

F. Operational Definition of Terms 28

G. List of Acronyms 29

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 Chapter 2 – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1

A. Review of Related Literature 1

1. Planning Principles and Design Parameters 1

2. Evacuation Center 2

a) Implemented Rules and Regulations 2

b) Materials for creating Disaster Resilient Building 3

c) Type 6

d) Rooms needed in a Transitional Shelter 6

3. Isolation Center 7

a) Standard DOH and DILG Guidelines and Spaces 7

b) Requirements of an LIGTAS COVID Centers according to Joint

Administrative Order 7

c) Ideal Floor Plan in consideration of all DOH and DOIS Guidelines 16

4. Indoor Green Spaces 18

a) Mental health benefits of greenspace 18

b) Physical health benefits of greenspace 19

c) HOW DOES GREEN SPACE PROMOTE HEALTH? 19

d) OTHER FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE HEALTH IMPACT OF

GREEN SPACE 20

B. Review of Related Project 20

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 1. Disaster Resilient Shelter 20

a) Local 20

b) International 27

2. Green Spaces 30

a) Local 30

b) International 31

3. Isolation Center 34

a) Local 34

b) International 37

C. Review of Architectural Theories and Philosophies 46

1. Theory on Building Approach 46

2. Arrangement of Spaces 46

D. Ontological Framework of Architectural Design 47

1. Conceptual Framework 47

Chapter 3 – METHODOLOGY 49

A. Research Design 49

1. Quantitative or Qualitative Inquiry Approaches 49

B. Research Setting and Participants 50

C. Methods and Procedures of Data Collection 50

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 a) Site Criteria 50

b) Review of Published and Unpublished Material 52

o The Internet 52
c) Site Survey 53

D. Methods and Procedures of Architectural Analysis and Translations 53

Chapter 4 – PRESENTATION OF DATA 54

A. Existing Conditions 54

B. Technical Specifications & Costing (Cite capability & limitations) 54

Chapter 5 – ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PROGRAMMING 55

A. The Site 55

1. Analysis 55

2. Site Development Conceptualization 55

d) Site Zoning and Apportionment 55

e) Site Amenities 55

f) Site Movement Analysis 55

g) Parking System Analysis 55

B. Theoretical Analysis of Form 55

1. Derivation and Semantics of Form 55

2. Transformation of Form 55

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 3. Articulation of Form and Integration of the Elements of Composition

55

4. Interior Concept Analysis 55

5. Interior Articulation 55

6. Material Expressions 55

E. Spatial Analysis 55

1. Derivation 55

a) Building Operation and Management Analysis 55

b) Issue Rejoinder-Analysis 55

2. Quantification 55

3. Sizing 55

4. Articulation 55

F. Structural Concept Analysis 55

G. Utility System Analysis 55

1. Electrical 55

2. Plumbing and Sanitary 55

3. Electronics 56

4. Electrical 56

5. Other Systems 56

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 H. Synthesis of Space Program and Spatial Juxtaposition 56

1. Interrelationship Diagram 56

2. Behavioral Diagram 56

3. Circulatory Diagram 56

4. Spatial Distribution and Site Development Integration 56

I. Sustainability Analysis 56

J. Summary of Results 56

1. Design Philosophy (encompassing the whole process chapter 1-5/ do not

adopt any philosophy from any source or known architect/ this shall be the

proponent’s acquired design philosophy after the analysis) 56

2. Derived Considerations (based on the analysis) 56

Chapter 6 – TRANSLATION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

56

A. The Site Development Plan 56

B. The Landscaping 56

C. The Plan 56

D. The Building Forms 56

E. The Interior Design 56

F. Conclusion and Recommendations 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES 56

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 APPENDICES 56

BIODATA OF THE RESEARCHER/CURRICULUM VITAE 57

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 LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1.................................................................................................................19

Figure 2.................................................................................................................20

Figure 3.................................................................................................................21

Figure 4.................................................................................................................22

Figure 5.................................................................................................................23

Figure 6.................................................................................................................24

Figure 7.................................................................................................................16

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LIST OF APPENDICES

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 Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Background

A. Introduction

Batangas City is the capital of the Philippines' Batangas province. First-class

component city. The 2020 census reports 351,437 residents.

Philippines is known to be a disaster-prone country due to its geographical

location and located on the seismically active Pacific “Ring of Fire,” a band of

volcanoes and fault lines that arcs round the edge of the Pacific Ocean.   The main

things that go wrong are lava flows, pyroclastic flows, volcanic bombs, and ash falls.

Batangas City is a fast-growing Philippine city. Calabarzon's "Industrial Port City" It

has one of the Philippines' busiest passenger and freight facilities, Batangas

International Port. It has one of the country's largest oil refineries, three natural gas

power plants, and other large companies. Education, manufacturing, and

transportation are centered on the city. Batangas has fast urbanization. It has historical

landmarks, distinctive structures, and outdoor attractions. Near Manila, the province

boasts black-to-white-sand beaches. It has farms, camping grounds, waterfalls,

mountains, diving opportunities, hiking paths, and restaurants. The Batangas

Provincial Tourism and Cultural Affairs Office forecasts 10.35 million visitors this

year, 20% more than in 2013. (PTCAO).

Even with all of this, it's easy to forget that Batangas is one of the Philippines'

most disaster-prone places. In 2015, an international research firm put it as the

seventh most dangerous place on the planet. In recent January 2020, when the Taal

Volcano erupted, Batangas declared a state of calamity. The world's smallest active

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volcano yet second most active reached Alert Level 4, which means it made

earthquakes all the time until it finally stopped. Because of this disaster, more than

15,000 people and 3,000 families had to leave their homes. Taal Volcano has been on

Alert Level 2 since 9 March 2021. Taal Volcano Network recorded volcanic tremors,

SO2 gas emissions, and steam-rich plumes after the 1 July phreatomagmatic plume.

Volcanic smog was seen over CALABARZON, the NCR, and other portions of

Luzon. Volcanic smog irritates eyes, throat, and lungs. Preexisting conditions, the

elderly, pregnant women, and children are especially vulnerable. 6,262 households

(22,433 persons) were displaced in 131 barangays in CALABARZON, according to a

DSWD report. 1,655 families (5,865 people) temporarily remained in 29 evacuation

centers, and others stayed with relatives or acquaintances. Farming, cattle, fishing,

and tourism also suffered.

Table 1

Number of Affected Families / Persons according to DROMIC

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 On April 4, 2017, a 5.5 magnitude earthquake hit the province of Batangas in the

Philippines. This was the most recent disaster. After the earthquake, two more of 5.6

and 6.0 magnitude hit Mabini, Batangas. More than 5,000 people were forced to leave

their homes. According to the census, the population of Talisay, Batangas in 2020

was 46,238, and as of 2022, there are still 612 households or 2,328 people who

remain homeless and still increasing as a result of disasters that occurred in and

around Talisay, Batangas.

Even with what's been going on lately, a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2

virus called Coronavirus disease or what most people call COVID-19 has been

spreading around the world, including the Philippines, since 2019. As of today, April

10, there had been 3,681,374 COVID-19 cases and 59,769 (1.6% of all COVID-19

deaths) since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a sudden and sharp rise

in the number of cases in late December 2021. The number of cases reported per day

peaked in early January and has been going down ever since (Figure 1). There were

1,905 new cases reported in week 14 (4-10 April 2022), which is 29% less than the

week before (28 March – 3 April 2022: 2,670 new cases, 2.4 cases per 100,000

population3). For week 14, there were 678 cases in NCR, 268 cases in Region IV-A:

CALABARZON, which includes Batangas, and 199 cases in Region III: Central

Luzon.

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 Figure 1

Daily reported COVID-19 cases in the Philippines (30 January 2020 – 14 August

2022)

Kapuy-An is a proposed 12 hectare evacuation shelter located in Tranca, Talisay

Batangas is structurally build to withstand disasters around the area with isolation

center to help the improvement of safety of the community on the ongoing pandemic.

It aims to shelter people who are in danger because of natural disasters, pandemics

and any outbreaks. Shelters for disaster relief (DR) are an important part of

responding to and getting back on your feet after a big disaster. DR shelters are used

to give people who have been forced to leave or lost their homes because of a disaster

a safe and private place to stay. DR shelters not only give disaster victims a place to

stay right away and for a short time, but they also help them get over the trauma of

the disaster and give them a place to start the process of recovery. Even though

Batangas was the first place to do something about COVID by opening Isolation

Centers, it is still one of the cities with the most COVID cases as of August. This is

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why Kapuy-An wants to help add another isolation facility for people who have

caught communicable diseases like COVID-19.

Figure 2

Proposed 12,000 SqM Kapuy-An Lot Area located in Tranca, Talisay, Batangas

B. Background of the Study

Our nation has many natural wonders. Most of our provinces contain islands with

diverse plants and animals, fine-sand beaches, and gorgeous mountains. Most of our

idyllic islands are also disaster-prone. We reside in the typhoon belt, so natural

catastrophes are often, but there are also ways to avert them. Overpopulation,

unplanned urbanization, and environmental destruction are cited as factors.

Some of the most disaster-prone locations in the Philippines are nevertheless

attractive. Philippines needs disaster-resistant shelters. It has many natural calamities

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and floods. In the Philippines, using schools and gyms as evacuation shelters could

make it tougher for people to live and work regularly, especially those not

immediately affected by a crisis. Batangas is called "The Land of Rolling Hills and

Wide Shore Lands" because it has the Taal Volcano, Nasugbu, and most of the

world's coral reef species. Southern Luzon is noted for its temperate weather, lovely

beaches, and diving locations.

Figure 3

Flooding and Landslide Susceptibility Map of Batangas City

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 Despite this, it is easy to forget that Batangas is one of the Philippines' most

disaster-prone regions. In 2015, an international research firm ranked it seventh

among the world's ten most dangerous locations. However, given the recent

developments, this may not come as a surprise.

Figure 4

Impacts of Taal Volcano Phreatic Eruption (12 January 2020) on the Environment

and Population

The Taal Volcano erupted in January 2020, and Batangas announced a state of

emergency. The world's smallest active volcano reached Alert Level 4, which implies

it continued to produce tremors until it stopped. More than 15,000 persons and 3,000

families were forced to flee their homes as a result of the calamity. Taal Volcano will

remain active for the foreseeable future. Agoncillo, Alitagtag, Balete, Cuenca, Laurel,

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Lemery, Lipa City, Malvar, Mataas na Kahoy, San Nicolas, Sta. Teresita, Taal,

Talisay, Tagaytay and Tanauan City are among the local government units (LGUs)

with barangays within the 14-kilometer risk zone.

Figure 5

14km cities Danger Zone of Taal Eruption

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) has also

recorded a 4.2-magnitude earthquake in Batangas province on Monday, August 22.

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This is in addition to the Taal Volcano Eruption. Phivolcs said the earthquake

happened about 10:59 p.m., 4 kilometers (km) northeast of Tingloy, Batangas. The

instruments of Phivolcs also recorded the earthquake at Intensity III in Batangas City,

Batangas; Intensity II in Tagaytay City and Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro; and

Intensity I in Calatagan, Batangas, Magallanes, Cavite, San Pablo, Laguna, and

Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro.

Even after many natural disasters, CALABARZON, including Batangas has a

record of being one of the largest positive COVID patients despite being one of the

fastest to response to it and has higher chance that they might also increase COVID

got a sharp increase starting at the beginning of the year (Figure 6) and surrounded by

the city which has the largest population of COVID-19 which is NCR as of today.

Figure 6

Daily reported COVID-19 cases in the Philippines (15 March 2020 – 2 January

2022)

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 The proposed site will be in Tranca, Talisay, Batangas, one of the 14km risk

zones near communities. The proposed shelter is made up of two structures: an

evacuation shelter for victims of natural disasters in the community, and an isolation

center for positive patients with communicable diseases, particularly families who do

not meet the DOH checklist standards. The two buildings are linked to another

scenario, which is to host post-disaster victims who lost their homes due to the effects

of the natural disaster. The structure will also be self-sufficient, thanks to a rooftop

farm, rainwater harvesting, solar panels, and generators. The government could

provide funding for the initiative. Although the management can be privatized, the

facility remains government-owned.

C. Statement of Purpose/Objectives

The goal of this research is to design a Disaster-Resilient Shelter and Isolation

Center which helps the current and future epidemics and can be used as a place to

stay for a long time and can stand up to extreme situations like natural disasters and

pandemics in the Talisay, Batangas community.

1. PROJECT OBJECTIVE

● To provide a permanent safe place to host the community especially on

emergency and unexpected scenarios

● To provide a post disaster recovery facility for the victims of disasters around the

community

● To make patients safer by cutting down on the chance of infection, injuries from

falls, and medical mistakes

● To get rid of environmental stressors, like noise, that hurt the health of patients

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 and the work of staff.

● To reduce stress and help people heal by making shelter and isolation more

pleasant, comfortable, and supportive for patients, victims, and staff.

● To make a health care system that is tailored to each patient, focuses on health

and wellness, and gives each person what they need to stay healthy.

● To make it easy to get to and use, and to use the latest technologies

● To make it easy and quick for visitors to get to each patient's nursing unit in an

isolation center, they shouldn't have to go through other functional areas.

● To make it easy for visitors and people who want to help raise money to get to the

victims and find them as soon as possible.

● To set up facilities that will help keep patients with contagious diseases away

from other patients, visitors, and staff, so that they don't spread their diseases to

them.

● To create a place where people who have been hurt can get the services and care

they need and where people with communicable diseases can stay safe.

a) ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTIVES

● To be able to create an appropriate site that meets the residents' interests and

demands.

● To demonstrate sustainable site ad spacing programming for the project proposal

in accordance with NDCC and DOH program standards.

● To develop a space program based on green construction principles in

architectural reference to architectural and technical standards, as a response to

the study's difficulties.

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● Making employees more productive by reducing the distance they must walk

between frequently used locations.

● Box conveyors, human or automated carts, and gravity or pneumatic chutes are

used to transfer food and clean supplies swiftly and to dispose of trash,

recyclables, and dirty objects.

● To be able to select acceptable architectural materials and finishes for the planned

building's design.

● To be able to build structures that are safe from things like floods, earthquakes,

tsunamis, and other natural disasters.

D. Significance of the Study

Kapuy-an is a proposed Disaster-Resistant site and Isolation facility that will help

the following groups in case of disasters or pandemics in the Municipality of Talisay,

Batangas Province of Cavite:

TO THE ARCHITECTS AND DESIGNERS: The study's results could be used

as a guide when planning to build a shelter that can withstand natural disasters,

pandemic and war outbreak. They could come up with a better plan to bring in more

people. It will also help them make a safe place for victims and patients who will be

there for a long time.

TO THE STAFFS. This study to figure out how to improve their services and

create a better, more efficient workflow that keeps everyone safe, including victims,

patients, and staff.

TO THE VICTIMS AND PATIENT. The results of this study will help people

have improved the trust and experience of the victims in emergency situations giving

27
them a proper facility that will accommodate then in terms of emergency and also to

keep them safe and healthy.

TO THE FUTURE RESEARCHERS. The results can be used to help with

other studies about Conceptualization, design proposals, and academic performance.

TO THE COMMUNITY. The study's findings could be utilized to assist and

establish services for disaster victims and patients who need to be isolated in the

community.

E. Scope and Limitations/Delimitations

The research will be limited to the design and planning of the Disaster Resilient

Shelter and an Isolation center, as well as the planning and design of the facilities

with therapeutic environments in mind. The study will also look at new architectural

designs, space planning, and how the people who use the shelter move through the

space. This research is limited by the designs and technologies that can be used to

help people live, recover, and get better. The research is only about how to design the

shelter so that it includes therapeutic environments. Its goal is to create and improve

the design of spaces with therapeutic environments. It won't get in the way of

management or procedures in the area.

F. Operational Definition of Terms

● LIGTAS COVID Centers - Term that DOH and DILG called for the programs of

Isolation Center committed to COVID-19

● Transitional Shelters - Specifies a suitable shelter that serves during the process

that begins with emergency intervention and ends with permanent repair, leading

to sustainable development

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● Protection Motivation Theory - One of the financial functions, calculates the

payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.

● Theory of Planned Behavior - is a theory about how people think and act that

links beliefs to actions. The theory says that a person's plans for how to act are

shaped by three main factors: attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral

control.

G. List of Acronyms

DR - Disaster Resilient Shelter

DOH - Department of Health

DILG - Department of the Interior and Local Government

NDCC - National Disaster Coordinating Council

AIA - American Institute of Architects

PMT - Protection Motivation Theory

ECQ - Enhanced Community Quarantine

TPB - Theory of Planned Behavior

DPWH - Department of Public Works and Highways

PGBI - Philippine Green Building Initiative

FEMA - The Federal Emergency Management Agency

DSWD - Department of Social Welfare and Development

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 Chapter 2 – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the preferred approach in this study or an outline for

potential courses of action.

A. Review of Related Literature

1. Planning Principles and Design Parameters

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10121

"An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management System, providing for the National Institutionalization of the

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, Appropriating

Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes" contains 26 rules on Risk

Reduction protocols for establishing Evacuation Centers approved by the

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council.

P.D. 1096 (National Building Code of the Philippines)

P.D. 1096 refers to the Philippine Green Building Code (National Building

Code). DPWH started the GBC on June 25, 2015, with help from the

World Bank-IFC and the technical support of the Philippine Green

Building Initiative (PGBI)

The Code aims to improve the efficiency of building performance through

a set of standards that will improve sound environmental and resource

management to fight harmful gases throughout the building's life cycle.

This includes the efficient use of materials; site selection; planning;

design; construction; use; occupancy; operation; and maintenance without

a large cost increase.

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 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514 (or the Revised Fire Code of the Philippines

2008)

The Fire code specifies the basic standards for preventing or minimizing

potential fire damage to a structure and its occupants, such as the safety

measures for potentially fire hazardous materials utilized in the proposed

Disaster Resilient with Isolation Center. This law must be observed and

will serve as the foundation for ensuring that the structure and its

components of the proposed Disaster Resilient Shelter with Evacuation

Center are fire resistant.

BP 344 (Accessibiliy Law)

The accessibility law specifies basic design and planning requirements

in order to fulfill the urgent needs of physically challenged people and

the elderly. Following this law, the proposed Disaster Resilient Shelter

for Disaster Victims shall provide simple access and accommodation to

persons with disabilities, the elderly, and pregnant evacuees.

BP 220 (Rules and Standard for Economic and Socialized Housing Projects)

In order to provide appropriate economic and socialized housing units for

average and low-income workers in urban and rural areas, the government

has a policy of promoting and encouraging the development of economic

and socialized housing projects, mostly by the private sector. This law will

go into effect in the event that isolation facilities for pandemics become

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 useless in the future. Kapuy-An will also provide assistance to local

families who lost their homes as a result of disaster damages.

2. Evacuation Center

a) Implemented Rules and Regulations

SECTION 10.2.5.13 EMERGENCY EVACUATION PLAN

Contents on key and noticeable building locations, as well as basic size

requirements for designing occupant safety inside the structure.

b) Materials for creating Disaster Resilient Building

Due to the unexpected increase in demand for disaster-resistant buildings caused

by climate change in 2022 Foxblocks Incorporation published an article titled 15

Building Products Designed to Survive Natural Disasters; the list of the 15 building

materials is provided below.

Table 2
List of Building Materials and Foundations

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33
 FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (FEMA) Design

Guidance for Shelter and Safe Rooms

The Federal Emergency Management Body (FEMA) is a United States of

America agency whose principal mission is to coordinate the response to a

disaster that has happened in the country and has overwhelmed the resources of

local and state authorities. The agency's Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe

Rooms was created to help engineers, architects, building officials, and property

owners design shelters in the workplace, home, or community building that will

give protection in the event of a man-made disaster.

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 The Guidelines comprise the planned shelter's design and planning criteria. The

shelter offers an isolation facility, which allows those with contagious diseases to

stay for an extended amount of time and provides additional assurance to the

entire community.

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT (DSWD)

Guidelines

The DSWD is a government agency entrusted with providing technical assistance

to local governments in the provision of emergency disaster relief prior to the

occurrence of the threat. The following standards, riles, and guidelines were

developed to provide direction and guidelines to LGUs and to ensure system and

order in the management of evacuation centers. The recommendations provide

baseline standards and requirements that will influence the design of the proposed

Disaster Resilient Shelter with Isolation Center.

c) Type

From Standalone Shelters, which will be Kapuy-main An's accessible facility, is

a standalone building (not within or attached to any other building) built to withstand

natural and artificial hazards. The following describe this shelter:

Site it away from debris hazards.

It will be structurally and mechanically isolated from any building, so it won't be

weakened by a nearby collapse or CBRE catastrophe.

It does not need to be integrated into an existing building design.

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 A CBRE shelter can be as basic as a residential room or as large as a public

shelter for hundreds. A shelter may house more than 12 people and even several

hundred.

d) Rooms needed in a Transitional Shelter

Transitional shelters include four components. Every Transitional shelter needs

air, electricity, water, and waste disposal.

While planning the shelter one should consider plumbing connections, own

electricity, ventilation, running water, and sewage, plus enough food and water to last

two weeks. Include games and other activities to keep people busy and maintain

mental health.

3. Isolation Center

a) Standard DOH and DILG Guidelines and Spaces

DOH and DILG published guidelines for local isolation and general treatment

areas for COVID-19 cases and community-based management of mild cases. The

Local Government Code (Art. Ill, Ch III, Title I, Book I, RA 7160 as modified)

defines how inter-local government relations shall facilitate the integration of local

health systems into Province- and City-wide health systems, under Section 19 of RA

11223 or the Universal Health Care (UHC) Act.

All LIGTAS COVID Centers must provide basic room and board, symptomatic

case management, quick referral at the first sign of clinical deterioration, and

discharge instructions for continuous home care and follow-up.

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 b) Requirements of an LIGTAS COVID Centers according to Joint Administrative

Order

Space. It might be a permanent or temporary facility (e.g. school, gym,

multipurpose hall, church, or other establishment) with utilities and basic facilities,

provided DOH Memorandum No. 2020-0123 is followed. In accordance with

Infection, Prevention, and Control standards, each COVID-19 suspicion and probable

patient must have his/her own toilet and bath. If individual rooms are not available,

beds must be at least 2 meters apart, preferably with an opaque impermeable sheet

(tarpaulin, shower curtain, etc.) between them. At least twice a day, employees in

PPE must disinfect shared bathrooms and tubs. Shared toilets and tubs must be

cleaned and disinfected after each use. Ensure all restrooms and bathtubs, whether

dedicated or shared, are well-ventilated.

Staff.

Table 3
List of minimum staffs under DOH Guidelines in Isolation Center

37
38
39
40
41
 Supplies.

Special Services. LIGTAS COVID Centers are closed to guests. Patients and

family should communicate remotely. The LIGTAS COVID Center will charge

patients' cell phones. MHPSS must be coordinated with DOH.

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 LGUs must offer safe, comfortable, free board and lodging for LIGTAS COVID

workers during both on-duty and off-duty days. PhilHealth reimbursements for

LIGTAS COVID services, among others, may fund these agreements.

Financing.

Table 4
Facility Requirements inside Isolation Center following DOH Guidelines

43
44
Table 5 Requirements for the LIGTAS COVID Center (DOH AND DILG)

c) Ideal Floor Plan in consideration of all DOH and DOIS Guidelines

Figure 7
Sample Floorplan for a LIGTAS COVID Center

45
 Figure 8
Isometric View of the Sample Floorplan

General Isolation facilities can be configured as follows:

Standard rooms. These rooms have neutral air pressure. They have standard

HVAC systems, a handwash sink, en suite shower and toilet, and a self-closing

door. When isolation is not required, they can be used for normal patient care.

Airborne Infection Isolation (AII) Rooms. Infectious isolation rooms use

negative pressure. They have lower pressure than surrounding rooms, so air

rushes in when opened. This architecture keeps infectious airborne particles from

spreading. They're used to segregate patients with airborne-transmissible

illnesses.

46
 Figure 9
Typical Airborne Infection Isolation (AII) Rooms

Positive-pressure rooms (PE rooms). When opened, air rushes out rather than in

because of the higher pressure. This design keeps infectious airborne particles from

entering the room. Immunocompromised patients use them to prevent airborne

infections.

4. Indoor Green Spaces

According to Making the Most of Green Space for People's Health: Summary of

Evidence, 2020, there is a large body of evidence linking green space exposure, use,

and perceptions to mental and physical health outcomes. These include reduced

stress, weariness, anxiety, and sadness, and enhanced subjective and physical health.

a) Mental health benefits of greenspace

• Increasing exposure to greenspace improves the quality of life for children and

adults.

• Children and adolescents who reside in greener areas likely to have better mental

health outcomes.

47
• Studies have revealed correlations between urban nature experiences and pleasant

feelings

• Greener living environments are associated with lower rates of depression,

anxiety, and exhaustion.

b) Physical health benefits of greenspace

• Studies have found that a higher proportion of green space around a home is

associated with a lower risk of mortality.

• Several studies have found that self-reported health tends to be higher in

individuals with greater exposure to natural environments, particularly if those

environments are of high quality.

• Greener living environments are associated with fewer physiological stress

symptoms, lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol, and a lower incidence of type

2 diabetes.

• Greater green space around the home is associated with a healthier birth weight

and a positive association with cognitive development indicators in childhood.

c) HOW DOES GREEN SPACE PROMOTE HEALTH?

There are a number of ways in which greenspace can boost health and well-being,

including:

• Physical activity — Green space visits are often linked to increased walking.

Physical activity is a cost-effective way to improve health and avoid disease.

• Community and social cohesion — Green spaces, especially in cities, can help

people feel connected to their communities and help minority groups assimilate

48
 and identify with them. Green spaces reduce isolation and loneliness by

encouraging social activity.

• Relaxation and rest - Spending time in or near green places helps alleviate stress

and anxiety.

• Reduced environmental risks - Green areas can aid in lowering air pollution levels

and mitigating the urban heat island effect.

d) OTHER FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE HEALTH IMPACT OF GREEN

SPACE

Many elements affect a community's health and wellness from green space. As

noted, we don't fully grasp this complex network of relationships, but these elements

may help:

• Diverse types of environments may be significant for different persons.

• Environmental 'quality' is vital, but complex. The natural qualities of areas, such

as flora, fauna, topography, and water, can influence how they are employed and

valued for health and well-being.

• Facilities and amenities that make sites pleasant to visitors, such as benches and

other seating areas, signage and interpretative materials, access to refreshments,

restrooms, parking, and other amenities, are necessary.

• Perceptions are crucial - how secure does the area feel? Is it a place where folks

feel a sense of belonging? Exist other folks who they would like to meet or would

like to avoid?

• For instance, what is restorative for a parent with young children may differ from

49
 what is restorative for a group of teenagers or an older couple.

There may also be differences between people of different backgrounds, such as those

who grew up in nature and others who are more accustomed to man-made

environments.

B. Review of Related Project

1. Disaster Resilient Shelter

a) Local

The Manila Disaster Risk Reduction Building, the country's first, is a four-story

evacuation center on a 4,000-square-meter site on Del Pan St. in Manila. The structure

can house 3000 disaster victims. It features a centralized kitchen and washing area, a

clinic, a stockroom, a paging system room with security cameras, an office for social

welfare staff, and a generator. It also has an elevator for people with impairments,

pregnant women, and older residents. According to Mayor Alfredo Lim, the location is

close to disaster-prone locations such as the Parola Compounds, Smokey, Mountain,

Isla Puting Bato, and Happyland. He also claimed that a larger evacuation location was

being built at the Baseco compound. According to Francis Tolentino, chairman of the

MMDA, the building would be displayed as a model for evacuation centers to

delegates from Asian cities attending the Asian Disaster Conference. Because they

both serve as evacuation centers, this proposal is related to the Proposed Disaster

Resilient Shelter with Isolation Center. Spaces within the facility might also be

factored into the project's design.

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 Figure 10
Manila Disaster Risk Reduction Building

BCDA projected "New Clark City" in 2021, a 9,450-hectare development project

with mixed-use real estate buildings.

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 Figure 11
(2021) Catalyst of The Vision of Modern Philippines Magazine
Large portions of the city will be walkable, and efficient transportation systems

will reduce automobile use and pollution. Full build-out will include wide walkways,

bike lanes, and a people mover. Public utilities will use solar, LNG, and waste-to-

energy facilities. Energy-efficient buildings are being built. New Clark City's

renewable energy goal is 30% by 2030. Engineers and planners are protecting New

Clark City's natural beauty by retaining its river, avoiding tree chopping, and

constructing around it. BCDA worked with UP-TCAGP to obtain an aerial map for

52
New Clark City to ensure the masterplan is compatible with the land's natural

contours and usage.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is also conducting a Biodiversity

Assessment and Hydrology Study to ensure the sustainability of water in New Clark

City. BCDA is building the 1.4-kilometer River Park Corridor as directed by the

ADB. A severe tragedy in the capital, where all government agencies function, would

cripple the nation. NGAC is the government's response to disasters and commitment

to serve the people. BCDA is developing New Clark City as the Philippines' first

resilient city. It's a master-planned community with smart buildings, green areas, and

eco-friendly transport. It's a modern Filipino metropolis where people may live and

work in comfort and safety.

This proposed Disaster Risk Reduction Community will improve on the current

proposal evacuation center by incorporating current technologies into their proposals

and buildings, helping on the reduction of the possible energy consumption of the

proposed Kapuy-An Shelter, particularly during long-term stays, and assisting in the

post-disaster recovery of the target people who will use the proposed shelter and also

the community

Colin Walth released an article regarding natural catastrophe evacuation on May

3, 2018. This article examines evacuation conditions. It compares a successful

evacuation in Orissa, India, before storm Phailin with a failed evacuation in Tacloban,

Philippines, before typhoon Haiyan (the Philip-pines). This report investigates this

dramatic difference by focusing on two factors: experience and trust. The research

claims that traumatic natural disasters enhance individual risk perception and may

53
contribute to institutional learning. Trust between civilians and officials increases the

possibility of natural catastrophe evacuations. The empirical research is based on 41

interviews and six focus groups in India and the Philippines from August to

November 2014. The findings of this article will greatly aid in the site's planning by

evaluating the reasons why the evacuation process in Tacloban failed during Typhoon

Haiyan, as well as assisting the researcher in understanding the behavioral analysis of

the community, particularly when a disaster occurs, by analyzing the successful

evacuation in Orissa, India.

IOM and UNICEF initiated a campaign to improve evacuation shelters in Eastern

Samar in 2015. (known locally as Yolanda). The program helped the Philippines

develop disaster-resistant community facilities. Evacuation centers would boost

community resilience and readiness.

Key to this effort was the design of an evacuation center building template that

combines worldwide best practices with local technology and materials. The initiative

financed the development of two evacuation centers that will operate as shelters from

natural calamities such as floods, typhoons, and earthquakes, and as multi-purpose

centers for community-based activities when not in use as evacuation centers.

54
 Figure 12
Evacuation Centre Template Design - Upper Level Floor Plan

Figure 13
Evacuation Centre Template Design - Lower Floor Plan
Local and national governments, humanitarian and development groups, and other

stakeholders should invest in safe areas for vulnerable individuals during natural

catastrophes. Lessons learned throughout the planning, design, building, and

handover of community evacuation centers in Guiuan and Borongan led to the

project's success. The findings on this proposal will help the planning of the proposed

55
Kapuy-An Shelter on its layout and also choosing the materials needed for a Disaster

Resilient Shelter in a Disaster Prone Areas.

(OYO International Corporation, Province of Albay, Philippines, 2011)

Philippines has 7,109 islands, 299,404m2, and 88.57million people. Official

languages include English, Tagalog, and 80 others. Filipino is widely spoken and

taught in public schools. Women are mayors and administrators, and religion-based

discrimination is rare. Region V, where Albay is located, is rich in volcanoes. Mayon

is the Philippines' most active volcano. The Philippines have a hot, humid, wet

tropical climate. Provinces facing the Philippine Sea experience year-round rain.

Legazpi City's dry season rainfall is 204mm/month while its wet season rainfall is

428mm/month. October-December sees typhoons. The Philippines' $1,600 GDP per

capita comes from 15% basic industry, 30% secondary, and 55% tertiary. Agriculture,

fishing, and electric machinery are prominent sectors.

Table 5
Final Proposal sites and their priorities

JICA conducted the Preparatory Survey (Field Survey I) from August 1 to 28,

2010 and the Draft Report Explanation Survey (Field Survey II) from February 18 to

56
27, 2011. All 6 sites have met the evaluation criteria, including Sto. Domingo C/S and

Gogon C/S.

Table 6
Evaluation results of the proposed sites

As evacuation shelters, Project schools have also been assessed. Sto. Domingo

C/S and Gogon C/S will have strong, raised-ground floors. APSEMO will determine

the relationship between explosiveness and precipitation, define evacuation shelter

conditions, and prepare a guidebook on the below-mentioned topics.

● For very explosive eruptions, the building won't be used as an evacuation shelter,

and evacuees would be guided to wide area shelters.

● For medium-term eruptions, evacuees will be relocated. If it rains enough during

an evacuation, evacuees will be directed to large shelters.

57
This proposal will aid in the planning of the future site by analyzing the results of the

preparatory survey they conducted, allowing the researcher to understand the required

spaces on the evacuation site, particularly near an active volcano, as well as the

limitations of the evacuation area by analyzing the results which can be reduced on the

Kapuy-An Shelter.

b) International

HELTER SHELTER: RETHINKING DISASTER ARCHITECTURE AS THE

FOUNDATION is a thesis proposes a new type of structures designed as permanent

catastrophe shelters. These shelters would house and defend evacuees during the early

phases of a natural disaster and provide medical services, warm meals, and

connection with the outside world. This thesis explores and critiques current

procedures with assigning areas as disaster shelters by identifying their faults and

then presents answers through the final product's design. This thesis defines a

potential solution through design studies in lower Manhattan. This project can help

future designers develop comparable structures for their sites.

When building a similar institution, consider numerous factors. Create evacuation

plans. Katrina and New York both sheltered large crowds. Smaller shelters serving

fewer people will involve communities. It will also make filtering populations to safe

evacuation zones easier. These facilities demand immediate on-site solutions.

Compressing the curriculum and constructing on-site dorms aided adaptation.

Comparable facilities should apply similar strategies.

Relaxation and service areas are required. People can grieve on the roof and in the

Common Room. So, the Shelter's mental health improves. Locker Room showers and

58
Makerspace gadgets can make users feel safe. Future centers must consider these

factors. Physically, but not emotionally, a disaster shelter protects its residents. These

characteristics show developers care about evacuees' mental and emotional well. The

study of this proposal will considerably assist in the improvement of the planning of a

permanent evacuation center and will also assist the researcher in determining the

spaces due to the evaluation of the community's conduct after the disaster occurred

inside the evacuation site.

Another case study from Meulaboh City, Indonesia regarding tsunami evacuation

planning uses geo-information technology to allocate evacuation shelter buildings

(ESB) in a tsunami-prone metropolitan area.

The December 26, 2004 tsunami, caused by a 9.3-magnitude earthquake in

Sumatra, Indonesia, is the most important research subject in tsunami study and

disaster mitigation today. Limiting deaths is part of tsunami reconstruction plans.

Horizontal or vertical evacuation reduces tsunami deaths. Vertical evacuation is an

alternative or supplement to horizontal evacuation in coastal areas with no safe higher

land, large building and people densities, and limited roads, bridges, and other

horizontal evacuation routes. Multi-story ESBs are utilized for vertical evacuation.

Structure, evacuation floor, function, design and capacity, accessibility, and security

are ESB criteria.

Accessibility analysis and location-allocation modeling can simulate network-

based evacuation and define the ideal spatial distribution of escape buildings in the

researched area. The tsunami-prone population is simulated walking to the nearest

ESB. The December 26 tsunami's travel time and the area's early warning system

59
define time parameters. Demographic statistics, geographical reconstruction criteria,

architectural design space needs, and field observation are used in occupant

estimations. Quickbird and Ikonos are used for spatial analysis. Flowmap's location-

allocation modeling. Locations, capabilities, and coverage areas are modeled. Time

and road load for evacuees. Accessibility analysis, a location-allocation model, and

architectural space requirements are used to estimate disaster-area population

dispersal. This method can be used to assign tsunami-prone public facilities with

ESB, escape tower, and evacuation route.

Due to cities' inherent vulnerability, extreme natural hazards have increased in

recent years. Local governments must undertake risk reduction and disaster operation

management to increase disaster resilience in cities. L Zhao, 2017 released Planning

Emergency Shelters for Urban Disaster Resilience: An Integrated Location-

Allocation Modeling Approach. Transforming open spaces in cities into emergency

shelters provides life support and aids in disaster recovery. Planning for emergency

shelters must find acceptable places and allocate evacuees. In this research, we

consider post-disaster building state and human choice to estimate time-varying

shelter demand.

60
 Figure 14
Calculation process for determining the time-varying shelter demand

Then, the researchers formulate an integrated location-allocation model that is

used sequentially: an emergency shelter location model to satisfy time-varying shelter

demand in a given urban area with a goal of minimizing total setup cost and an

allocation model that allocates evacuees to shelters with a goal of minimizing total

evacuation distance. The researchers design a model-solving algorithm. Finally, plan

emergency shelters based on Shanghai, China.

2. Green Spaces

a) Local

Metro Manila's urban growth and sprawl leave few green spaces. Life's value

declines in the nation's commercial and entertainment hub. Metro Manila is one of the

world's 10 most stressful cities because of how individuals respond to daily life.

(2021)

Urban green space and well-being are worldwide topics. Philippines has little

comparable research. This study investigates urban densification's green space

impacts. Densification difficulties were identified by the researcher. This study

61
explored the health benefits of urban green spaces. A RBD-based project. This

method visualizes urban design changes.

Manila is developing, however many sites might be turned into green spaces.

Research shows that desirable city districts have idle lands. Cities have many idle

lands. Creating urban green spaces will improve local quality of life.

2017 British Journal of Psychology paper on "greenspace" and mental health.

Living in cities with more greenspace reduces mental discomfort, anxiety, depression,

and improves well-being and cortisol profiles. Armin Sarthou, former VP for

Development and College of Architecture dean, says UP is great for mental health.

Predecessors ensured it. Sarthou credits previous administrations' green vision. He

argues large land grants made UP campuses greenspaces. UP Diliman, Los Baños,

Visayas, and Mindanao are notable. "Open areas create a sensation of expressiveness,

independence, etc.," explains Sarthou.This study will aid in the analysis of what are

the prevalent psychological consequences of people, particularly when making major

changes to their lifestyle, and how to decrease them using architectural planning.

b) International

Green spaces improve mental health. When public green spaces are inaccessible

or unsuitable, evidence on house green features is lacking. This study examines the

links between greenness in the home and surrounding surroundings and isolation

during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Italy. An Italian online survey of 3886

respondents examined the association between indoor and outdoor green features

(plant pots, sunlight, green view, and access to private green space and natural

outdoor environment) and self-reported increases in anxiety, anger, fear, confusion,

62
moodiness, boredom, irritability, recurrent thoughts and/or dreams, poor

concentration, and sleet. Green features and psychological health outcomes were

estimated using single-exposure regression models. Having houseplants reduces

anxiety, anger, fear, impatience, and sleep disturbances. Sunlight reduces aggression,

fear, disorientation, moodiness, boredom, annoyance, poor attention, and sleep

disturbance. Greater green view and access to private green spaces were linked to

lower psychological health, except for green view and recurrent thoughts and/or

dreams. Natural outside environments reduce anxiety, fear, boredom, impatience, and

sleep disturbances. Significant associations maintained after adjusting for COVID-19.

Discussing future research.

Planned green spaces are one of the sustainability markers for ensuring

community well-being, according to 2020's Prashanti Rao. Green space has well-

documented health benefits. Urbanization and housing demand are creating suburbia.

Depleted green space per capita. This chapter covers residential community

challenges and how passive and active green spaces improve quality of life and well-

being. Case studies highlight green space's benefits. This study shows that residents

of all ages deserve a high quality of life in residential communities. People with

access to green space may value safety, health, and social cohesion. Green spaces in

dwellings should promote health and happiness. Happiness boosts longevity.

Due to their psychological and aesthetic benefits, plants are increasingly used

indoors, especially in homes. There's minimal data on how to maximize IG

preferences. The current study analyzed the preferences of 363 residents of two

63
residential complexes with 38% and 6% green space in Tabriz, Iran, using a

simulated photo questionnaire from the interior of the home.

Figure 15
Plant type preferences within residential complexes (RC).

Figure 16
Leaf size preferences within residential complexes (RC)

64
 Figure 17
Plant colour preferences within residential complexes (RC).
Results reveal preferences vary by room. High greenery quantity and flowering

plants are favored, but tall, wide-leafed plants are not. Green spaces in residential

complexes were also researched on IG preferences. Results demonstrate that two

complexes' residents prefer different plant colors, leaf sizes, and plant types. Interior

designers and landscape architects might use the research results to expand green

space in residential complexes.

By examining the results of all papers, the relevance of proposing outdoor and

indoor green spaces would considerably improve the people's mental health during a

traumatic situation and will assist them better their recovery on both physical and

mental state will be greatly improved.

3. Isolation Center

a) Local

Micheal L. Tee and 6 others published a study on COVID-19's psychological

impact in the Philippines in 2020. COVID-19 undermines society's mental health.

This study examined the causes of psychiatric disorders in the Philippines.

65
 In March-April 2020, 1,879 online surveys were collected. Sociodemographic,

health status, contact history, COVID-19 knowledge and concerns, preventive

measures, information needs, DASS-21, and IES-R evaluations were collected. Mean

IES-R score was 19.57 (SD=13.12), and DASS-21 score was 25.94 (SD=20.59).

16.3% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the epidemic as moderate to

severe. 16.9% experienced moderate to severe depression symptoms. 28.8%

expressed moderate to severe anxiety.

Female gender, youth age, single status, students, specific symptoms, recent

imposed quarantine, prolonged home-stay, and reports of poor health status,

unneeded worry, family concerns, and prejudice were associated with higher stress,

anxiety, and depression (p0.05). Adequate health information, having grown children,

a feeling of high health status, and confidence in doctors' ability lessened the

psychological impact of the pandemic and stress, anxiety, and sadness (p0.05).

One-fourth of respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-sixth

indicated moderate-to-severe depression and psychological harm. Using the identified

factors, psychological support systems can be developed. This research will assist the

researcher in evaluating the general impacts of isolation on people's mental health and

will improve the layout of the rooms within the proposed Isolation Center. In this

study, the conceivable planning solution is linked to the relevant studies of green

spaces.

Subnational governments control the spread of viruses within a nation. To limit

the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippines' Inter-Agency Task Force on

Emerging Infectious Diseases suggested different quarantine procedures, ranging

66
from keeping just vital enterprises open to allowing all establishments to operate at a

specific capacity. Other ways include keeping certain age groups indoors. Local

government units (LGUs) - municipalities and provinces — may implement any of

these procedures depending on pandemic intensity. The goal is to reduce infections

and mortality while minimizing economic costs. Several LGUs have reacted well to

COVID-19. This study uses quantitative methods to identify non-pharmaceutical

treatments in remote LGUs.

The Philippine Department of Health, Philippine Statistics Authority Census, and

Google Community Mobility Reports provided the data. Normalize with Z-transform.

Infection and mortality statistics (dataset Y) were compared to economic, health, and

demographic data (dataset X) for each locality. If a data pair (x,y) surpasses the mean

Euclidean metric values by two standard deviations, it's a 'good' outlier.

67
 Figure 18
COVID-19 community quarantines in Regions III, IVA and VII
Central Luzon (Region III), CALABARZON (Region IV-A), the National Capital

Region (NCR), and Central Visayas (Region VII) are 'excellent' outliers in terms of

working population, population density, ICU beds, doctors on quarantine, number of

frontliners, and gross regional domestic product. Davao was a 'good' demographic

outlier among metropolises.

68
 Strict border control, early lockdowns, quarantine facilities, efficient public

communication, and monitoring helped these LGUs mitigate pandemic harm.

Harmonizing these rules would help countries prepare for health emergencies. This

article helps the researcher to understand the countermeasures that has already been

done by the Philippine Local Governments regarding COVID and evaluate the rate of

the COVID on past communities including Batangas.

b) International

Malmo University in Malmo, Sweden released a Bachelor Thesis on Health

Facility options for Coronavirus Pandemic in the spring of 2021. The technique

comprises permanent building layout to limit space moving. Prefabricated interior

fittings are straightforward to install and move. By proposing a building with an

office floor design, it might be converted into an infectious disease clinic in event of

major health hazards to modern welfare society. (Dyi&Fischer, n.d.)

The semi-triangular building houses isolation clinic prefabs. Our architecture

features prefabricated anterooms and bathrooms. Converting primary to secondary

space is time-consuming. Triangular buildings minimize construction time by sliding

prefabricated modules through an open wall.

69
 Figure 19
Different Building Parts and Zones

Figure 20
First Level - Standard Isolation Room

70
 Figure 21
Second level - Positive pressure isolation rooms.

Figure 22
Third level - Negative pressure isolation rooms.

71
 Figure 23
Fourth level - Quarantine rooms.
The study compares foreign and Swedish perspectives on temporary medical

facilities. Our infectious illness care unit plan aims to meet evolving societal needs.

Rooms and layouts should be adjusted when needed. The conversion of an office

building to a clinic should not affect medical equipment design. Design includes

ventilators for individuals with serious respiratory disorders. These issues will justify

this project's need. (2018). This project is linked to the projected Kapuy-An Shelter

since both serve as isolation centers. Spaces within the facility might also be factored

into the project's planning.

Although isolation rooms are necessary, constructing one that fulfills client

expectations is hard. This has three causes. First, the client's business case and

72
isolation room design are unclear. Isolation room design focuses on hospital real-

estate department expectations, not room users' needs. The second issue is outdated

isolation room regulations. It depends on the engineer/experience consultant's

interpretations. Due to hospital preferences, space, and function, isolation room

designs vary. Complexity of these three issues can make clients feel ignored.

Mismatched isolation room design could also disappoint clients and users. behage et

al.

For this, researchers must investigate isolation room design. Because this design

system isn't well understood, its processes, functions, and dependencies must be

mapped out. Step one in creating a collaborative design decision-making tool. Then, a

design system must be turned into feasible designs. How to use discoveries in a

collaborative design tool must be studied.

73
 Table 7
Consulted experts for identify needs and constraints

Figure 24
Groups that have an interest in isolation room design with their main needs results
Research discovered isolation room procedures, functions, and dependencies to

better design cooperation. Diagrams demonstrate isolation chamber operations and

functions. Separate reviews are done on alternatives and criterion dependencies. This

study discovered 9 incompatibilities. Using performance parameters, an Excel sheet

presents options and criteria. Six boundary conditions and six requirements are

74
created to improve design cooperation with this information. Software structure is

advised by use-case diagrams. Despite identifying isolation room design, more

research is needed. Using the given criteria and requirements, more study is needed to

apply this design concept in a collaborative decision-making tool. This research is a

step toward enhancing digital engineering and healthcare. With hospital and designer

cooperation, Corona virus outbreaks can be avoided. This research evaluates the

design system inside an isolation room and will help the researcher to analyze the

patient behavior in an isolation room. By assessing the results of the offered study, it

will aid in planning considerations and criteria.

COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2. It generated global health and economic

problems. There's no proven therapy, only prevention. Published research evaluate

different preventive methods. Inconclusive evidence exists. This study aims to

discover optimum techniques for COVID-19 prevention using contact tracing,

screening, quarantine, and isolation.

Girum et al. from Tropical Medicine and Health in 2020 conducted a

comprehensive review using PubMed/Medline, Global Health Database, Embase,

CINAHL, Google Scholar, and clinical trial registries. Non-randomized and modeling

articles on COVID contact tracking, screening, quarantine, and isolation were

included. Two experts reviewed the publications and assessed bias using ROBINS-I

and GRADE. Narrative and tabular results were provided. Nine observational and

thirteen modeling studies were selected. The trials consistently found benefits from

quarantine, contact tracing, screening, and isolation. Quarantine of exposed people

prevented 44 to 81% of incidents and 31 to 63% of deaths. Quarantine can reduce the

75
reproductive number and incidence, decreasing the epidemic phase. Early quarantine,

screenings, contact tracking, and case isolation can minimize the pandemic.

Screening and isolation with limited coverage can miss 75% of asymptomatic cases,

hence it's ineffective.

Quarantine, contact tracing, screening, and isolation are effective COVID-19

preventative methods. Effective quarantine requires early implementation and a

bigger community. This study will assist the researcher in learning how individuals

distinguish and track positive patients from other negative patients, and understanding

the behavior around it may aid in the planning of both evacuation and isolation sites.

2021's Clara Hu Me project gives a critical hypothesis on how the pandemic may

affect our interaction with public places based on a formal and theoretical analysis of

the field hospital, a sort of COVID-19 medical architecture. As pandemics are

typically a rehearsal for utopian government, the field hospital may be the right

environment. The field hospital setting is highly regulated, supervised, and open, yet

surprisingly near. Loss of privacy and social isolation force residents to practice

mutual surveillance and self-discipline.

76
 Figure 25
(2021) Rethinking the “Room” through the Pandemic: Isolation, Openness, and
Confrontation
The initiative seeks to critically interact with the putative conventions of a

community house by recalling the field hospital's conflicting interplay between

openness and isolation, distance and closeness. Implementing a convertible core

destabilizes the spatial and optical connectivity of the enfilade, creating a spectrum of

ground floor plan conditions. The rooms are either visually connected but

geographically isolated or visually disconnected yet spatially connected. Second-level

convertible cores offer public-private interaction. They are neither visibly or spatially

related, but are linked through a comparable tactile operation, creating a disturbing

impression of intimacy despite their isolation. This project will assist researchers in

determining the necessary space, equipment, and possible arrangement in isolation

rooms.

(Dincer & Gocer, 2021) COVID-19 has spatial implications for social isolation to

prevent virus dissemination. Arriving travelers must stay in quarantine for 14 days.

77
Due to a lack of government infrastructure, hotels have become quarantine centers.

Dincer and Grocer 2021 studied quarantine hotels. This research focuses on

quarantine hotels in Australia, one of the first countries to apply a border limitation,

to examine user spatial demands and effects. This study addresses to an information

gap about the quarantine hotel system by focusing on hotel users' well-being during

isolation by presenting user comments on negative and positive variables affecting

their well-being. 54 participants completed a multiple-choice and open-ended survey

about quarantine motels. An operable window (4.7), ventilation (4.5), and natural

illumination were the three highest-scoring well-being sources (4.3). Guests required

a balcony or operable window for outside access. Participants are unwilling to return

to the hotel where they were quarantined, raising questions about hotels' future.

C. Review of Architectural Theories and Philosophies

1. Theory on Building Approach

On January 2019, Front Desk Architecture published an articles about “4

Circulation Elements”, Frontal, Oblique and Spiral:

Frontal, Frontal approaches follow axial paths to building entrances. The method

ends with a clear visual aim, such as a building's exterior or an extravagant

entryway.

Oblique, Improve the building's facade and form's perspective. The path can be

diverted multiple times to delay the approach.

Spiral, A spiral path extends the approach and encircles the building's perimeter.

The building's entrance may be revealed occasionally during approach to clarify

its location, or it may be hidden until arrival.

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 2. Arrangement of Spaces

Facility space use depends on design organization. Radial, Grid, Axial, Spiral, and

Cluster are five organizing principles used to build functional facilities.

Radial elements radiate from a figural center. The solar system is the simplest

radial design.

Grid, Grids are one of the most basic types of visual and spatial organization,

defining an orderly collection of points and lines. Most Midwestern cities use

grids.

Axis, Well-defined axes connect "nodes," or symbolic locations in space. Gothic

cathedrals are axially organized with primary aisles joining the narthex to the

altar.

Spin, A space spiral rotates outward. The shape's size grows as it rotates away

from its center. Highway entrances and exits are spiral-organized.

Cluster, A cluster organization is a loosely ordered group of items or shapes.

Several housing complexes are clusters of dwellings and landscape features.

D. Ontological Framework of Architectural Design

1. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework for the proposed Disaster Resilient Shelter with

Isolation Center is based on the architectural design of an evacuation center, NDCC

rules, DOH health standards, and other themes connected to the establishment of an

Evacuation Shelter with Isolation Center facility. The input data will be provided for

the process of site selection, space programming, site development, utilities and

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building form analysis, and material identification to produce the "Kapuy-An" a

suggested Natural Disaster Risk Shelter and Isolation Center research output.

Figure 26
Conceptual Framework of the proposed project

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 Chapter 3 – METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The descriptive developmental method was utilized by the researchers. According

to Gillaco (2014), the descriptive method seeks true information about a

contemporary situation. Furthermore, this approach focuses on the description,

comparison, evaluation, and interpretation of existing facts. Meanwhile, the

developmental method is defined as "the systematic study of designing, developing,

and evaluating instructional programs, processes, and products that must meet the

criteria of internal consistency and effectiveness" (Seels & Richey, 1994), which

means that an output will be created after this research is completed. That is, the

descriptive developmental technique is a systematic study of creating, producing, and

carefully analyzing programs, processes, and products that must fulfill certain quality

or standards.

The study's goal was to create a Permanent Disaster Resistant Shelter with an

Isolation Center in Talisay, Batangas. This research was carried out through

fieldwork and the review of relevant literature. Site inspection and land survey of the

prospected location are part of the field operations. The researchers evaluated the

specified site and its surrounding surroundings, which were included in the design, to

determine the existing facilities and pertinent circumstances.

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 1. Quantitative or Qualitative Inquiry Approaches

This study will be conducted using qualitative research methodologies. The researcher

will attempt to obtain the aforementioned problem's solutions, justify and achieve the

study's aims. Similarly, it should seek to understand the various impacts on their lifestyle.

According to Sis International Research (n.d.) Qualitative research is typically more

exploratory, as it is dependent on the collection of verbal, behavioral, or observational

data that can be subjectively interpreted.

Quantitative research is a methodical procedure for gathering and interpreting data from

many sources. Quantitative research employs computational, statistical, and mathematical

methods to generate results. It concludes its objective by attempting to quantify the

problem and assess its prevalence by searching for results that may be extrapolated to a

larger population.

B. Research Setting and Participants

The target site for the proposed Disaster Resilient Shelter with Isolation Center,

which is located in Talisay, Batangas, will serve as the research environment. While

the study will concentrate on the project's design and site analysis. The target site,

shared information by the Local Government Unit, and database provided by several

National Agencies are to be used in conjunction with participants who are COVID

patients and victims of natural disasters.

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 C. Methods and Procedures of Data Collection

a) Site Criteria

Table 8
Site Criteria Description
FACTOR DESCRIPTION

ACCESSIBILITY Accessibility is influenced by proximity to major highways or

avenues, as well as appropriate transportation. Other factors to

consider include the width of access routes and the accessibility of

access to the location.

AVAILABLE Water and wastewater systems, an energy supply system, a surface

UTILITY SYSTEMS water drainage system, and a communication system are all displayed

nearby.

PROXIMITY TO The proximity of residential areas to the site; it is preferred that the site

USERS be located near a disaster-prone community so that evacuated residents

may access the structure in the shortest amount of time.

SITE SIZE The location should be large enough to accommodate the project's

size. The site should be able to provide open space aside from the

building itself so that users arriving at the site can circulate

comfortably, as well as areas for other functions.

LAND-USE The site must be placed inside or close to residential zones.

CLASSIFICATIONS

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AND SECURITY

SAFETY AND Inside the location, the safety of the evacuees and the assistance

SECURITY personnel must be ensured. The site must be elevated above the

surrounding region, away from rivers and other bodies of water, as

well as low-lying locations prone to flooding and areas with poor

drainage systems. It must also be located far away from dangerous

buildings and sites.

DEVELOPMENT Physical, topography, environment, landscaping, and open space

POTENTIAL development and expansion areas Development offers alternate

applications such as agriculture and job opportunities.

b) Review of Published and Unpublished Material

o The Internet

As a guide and original source of information, the Internet fosters contact

among researchers. It is incredibly simple to use and saves time, allowing a

person to better and more effectively manage their resources (Bastis Consultores,

2021). The NDRRMC, DSWD, FEMA, and other disaster risk management and

mitigation agencies' websites were visited to learn more about the designs, design

considerations, and requirements for evacuation facilities.

Libraries and Reference Books

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 To thoroughly obtain the necessary information for the study, public and

private libraries, including Aklatang Emilio Aguinaldo, were visited. Unpublished

studies, such as graduate school and undergraduate theses, were reviewed in

relation to this study.

Government Agencies

Government offices such as the Department of Social Welfare and

Development, the Natural Risk Reduction and Management Agency, and the

National Risk Reduction and Management Agency were visited to obtain statistics

and information from relevant agency journals, books, and other resources. Some

information was collected through visits to the Batangas Local Government

Office.

c) Site Survey

The researchers made site visits to examine existing structures, plants, and

variables that could affect the design. Through ocular assessment, the researchers

gathered vital information about the site's existing features. A land survey will be

requested of the designated LGU in order to obtain the areas and bounds of the

planned Disaster Resilient Shelter, and the researcher will undertake an onsite

tour. The researchers were there, along with an onsite worker or representative, to

provide directions to the survey areas.

D. Methods and Procedures of Architectural Analysis and Translations

Lay out of The Proposed Natural Resilient Shelter. The data gathered from

existing literatures was evaluated to determine the best site for evacuations. The true

dimensions of the Kapuy-An were determined using data from the site survey.

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Furthermore, the FEMA, NDCC and PBC rules and guidelines served as a reference

for the dimensions and measures for planning the needs and safety of the entire site,

and the researcher will visit the given site for basis in venue placement and inspection

of the surrounding area. Following the determination of the suggested location's area,

the researchers assessed what facilities may be included, the capacity of the site, and

the positioning of these venues in light of the aforementioned considerations.

Lay out of The Proposed Natural Resilient Shelter. The data gathered from

existing literatures was evaluated to determine the best site for evacuations. The true

dimensions of the Kapuy-An were determined using data from the site survey.

Furthermore, the DOH, , PBC, and DILG rules and guidelines served as a reference

for the dimensions and measures for planning the needs and safety of the entire site,

and the researcher will visit the given site for basis in venue placement and inspection

of the surrounding area. Following the determination of the suggested location's area,

the researchers assessed what facilities may be included, the capacity of the site, and

the positioning of these venues in light of the aforementioned considerations.

Site Development Plan. The primary basis for laying out the design is the site

assessment and survey, where existing structures are recognized and their areas are

measured. The projected Kapuy-An area design is incorporated into the site

development plan.

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 Chapter 4 – PRESENTATION OF DATA

A. Existing Conditions

B. Technical Specifications & Costing (Cite capability & limitations)

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 Chapter 5 – ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PROGRAMMING

A. The Site

1. Analysis

2. Site Development Conceptualization

d) Site Zoning and Apportionment

e) Site Amenities

f) Site Movement Analysis

g) Parking System Analysis

B. Theoretical Analysis of Form

1. Derivation and Semantics of Form

2. Transformation of Form

3. Articulation of Form and Integration of the Elements of Composition

4. Interior Concept Analysis

5. Interior Articulation

6. Material Expressions

E. Spatial Analysis

1. Derivation

a) Building Operation and Management Analysis

b) Issue Rejoinder-Analysis

2. Quantification

3. Sizing

4. Articulation

F. Structural Concept Analysis

G. Utility System Analysis

1. Electrical

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 2. Plumbing and Sanitary

3. Electronics

4. Electrical

5. Other Systems

H. Synthesis of Space Program and Spatial Juxtaposition

1. Interrelationship Diagram

2. Behavioral Diagram

3. Circulatory Diagram

4. Spatial Distribution and Site Development Integration

I. Sustainability Analysis

J. Summary of Results

1. Design Philosophy

2. Derived Considerations (based on the analysis)

Chapter 6 – TRANSLATION, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

A. The Site Development Plan

B. The Landscaping

C. The Plan

D. The Building Forms

E. The Interior Design

F. Conclusion and Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES

APPENDICES

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(This includes relevant information on the research [i.e. permission to conduct

the study, instrument used, computer print-out of statistical computations] that

needed to be placed here because they will crowd the text)

BIODATA OF THE RESEARCHER/CURRICULUM VITAE

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