word-formation process - 14/11/22

neologism

neo (new) + logos (word) = neologism

⁃ a new word or expression, or a new meaning for an existing word
⁃ ex: staycation (n), google (n) -> google (v)

etymology

clipping
⁃ cutting off a part of a word, leaving a part to stand for the whole
+ hypocorism: a diminutive form of a name (ending with -y or -ie)
⁃ you can cut whatever you want
advertisement
gasoline
memorandum

reduplication
⁃ 3 types:
+ pretty-pretty,
+ lovey-dovey,
+ chit-chat, ping-pong,

reversion/ back-formation
⁃ process of forming a new rods by removing actual or supposed affixes from
another word.
⁃ ex: air-conditioning (n) -> air condition (v)

back-formation
+ you just can cut an affix

⁃ lazy: laze
⁃ resurrection: resurrect (v)
⁃ reminiscence -> reminiscent

blends
⁃ a kind of compound
+ modified blends
+ meaningful blends: brunch

⁃ motor+camp = mocamp
⁃ science + fiction = sci-fi
⁃ binary + digit = bit
⁃ guess + estimate = guesstimate
⁃ fan-magazine = fanzine
⁃ helicopter + airport = heliport
⁃ internal + communication = intercom
⁃ slang + language =
⁃ aqua + aerobics
⁃ entrepreneur + porn = entreporn

acronyms
⁃ acronym: blend made up of initial letters (NATO) - we can pronounce it as a
word
⁃ abbreviation: the way of reading the string is by pronouncing each other (USA,
RIP)

conversion: hiệu quả, lao động, chiến thắng

blending: Việt Cộng, Hàn Quốc,
exocentric compounds: trăng hoa, ong bướm, giang sơn, giang hồ, đất nước,

bark (v.) (n.): conversion

bark (outer part of a tree): hyponyms

morphology - 23/11/22
blends: practice 2

⁃ modem = modulator + demodulator

⁃ Spanglish = Spanish + English
⁃ alcoholiday = alcohol + holiday
⁃ Amerind = American + Indian (American Natives)
⁃ carbecue = car + barbecue

acronyms
⁃ acronyms: are able to pronounce as a word
⁃ initialism: pronounce single letter
⁃ abbreviation: shortening
+ clipping
+ acronyms
+ initialism

practice:
⁃ YOLO: You Only Live Once (acronyms)
⁃ OMW: On My Way (initialism)
⁃ FAQ: Frequently Ask Questions (initialism)
⁃ RADAR: RAdio Detecting And Ranging (acronyms)
⁃ SWOT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (initialism)
⁃ CAPTCHA: Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computer and
Human Apart (acronyms)
⁃ SUV: Sport Utilities Vehicles (initialism)

borrowing
⁃ French, German, Spanish, Italian, ...

loan-translation or calque
english vietnamese
laptop laptop: borrowing/ loan
máy tính xách tay: translation
mouse (computer) con chuột: loan-translation (calque)
sky-crapper nhà chọc trời: translation
nhà cao tầng: loan-translation (calque)
supermarket siêu thị: translation

coinage
⁃ the invention of totally new terms
⁃ least common processes
⁃ normally in technology, fields that create new things
+ eponyms: the new words based on the name of a person or a place
ex: sandwich, jeans, Fahrenheit, ...
ex: Sở Khanh, Hoạn Thư, mạnh thường quân (name of a person -> sponsor)

multiple processes
snow + ball -> snowball (n) -> snowball (v)

exercise 1
⁃ curio -> curiousity: clipping
⁃ (to) laze (v.) -> lazy (adj): back-formation
⁃ (to) network -> network (n): conversion
⁃ (to) cohere -> coherence: reversion/ back-formation
⁃ (a) sitcom = situation + comedy -> blending
⁃ (the) muppets = marionette + puppet -> coinage/ blending
⁃ (a) what-not: compounding/ phrasal words: những thứ linh tinh, lặt vặt
⁃ margarine -> mario + marine: borrowing + blending
⁃ dystopia -> dys + utopia: blending/ compounding
⁃ serendipity: coinage
⁃ diesel: eponym
⁃ (a) ha-ha: borrowing from french + reduplication
⁃ (to) make up: phrasal words
⁃ (to) total: conversion
⁃ (the) hereafter: conversion + compounding
⁃ amphetamine: blending
⁃ (a) construct: conversion
⁃ (the) chunnel = channel + tunnel -> blending
⁃ guestimate: blending
⁃ canary: eponym
⁃ brain-gain: compounding + reduplication
⁃ boojum: coinage
⁃ gaffle-slack: compounding
⁃ psycho: clipping
⁃ walkie-talkie: reduplication
⁃ bonfire: compounding

exercise 2
⁃ stagflation = stagnation + inflation -> blending
⁃ nostril = nosu + thyrl "hole" -> compounding (compound 2 bound roots)
⁃ bookie = bookmaker -> clipping
⁃ van = caravan -> clipping
⁃ Amerindian = American Indian -> blending
⁃ CD = Compact Disc -> initialism
⁃ RAM = Random Access Memory -> acronyms
⁃ televise = television -> back-formation
⁃ xerox = xeroxgraphy -> clipping
⁃ telathon = television + marathon -> blending
⁃ sci-fi = science-fiction -> blending/ abbreviation
⁃ elect = election -> reversion
⁃ deli = delicatessen -> borrowing -> clipping
⁃ scuba = self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (acronyms)
⁃ scavenge = scavenger -> back-formation
⁃ hazmat = hazardous material -> blending

clipping back-formation/ reversion

cut anything cut affix
unchanged meaning changed meaning/ category

WORD FORMATION
NEOLOGISMS
⁃ the study of creating new words

loanwords (từ mượn dịch): supermarket, air conditioner, convenience store, network,
interface, ... (Vietnamese)

fanatic -> fan

lab

CONVERSION:
nouns -> verbs: google, love, bottle, glue, ....
verbs to nouns: to run -> a run, present -> a present, love -> a love ...
adjectives -> verbs: negative, better, empty, right,
prep. -> adverbs: besides, to, across, before, after, under, ...
phrasal verbs -> nouns: break up -> a break up, start up -> a start up business, make up ->
make-up, make over -> do a makeover, ...

7, 9, 10