Objectives of Primary

Cementing
Objectives of Primary Cementing

Zone Hydraulic
Cement Isolation
Gas Zone Prevents
•Mixing of unwanted fluids
Oil
Zone •Fluids escaping to surface
•Invading fluids
Shale Zone
[crossflow]
•Casing Corrosion
•Casing Collapse
Water Zone

Casing
Cement Quality Problems

No Zone Hydraulic Isolation

Cement
Prevents
•Mixing of unwanted fluids
Oil
Zone •Fluids escaping to surface
•Invading fluids
[crossflow]
•Casing Corrosion
•Casing Collapse
Water Zone

Casing
Environment Description 4

Fluid filled Annulus

Top of Cement
Micro-Annulus

b
Poor Cement to Formation Bond

Formations

Two stages Cement job

Less than perfect cement job.

Double Casing
CBL-VDL Log Applications
Client Needs
To Evaluate Cement Job
Cement
•Check Integrity of Cement
•To Verify Zone Isolation
Oil •To Determine Cement
Zone Quality
•Is there any Channel ?
•Is it necessary to Repair ?
•Will be possible to Repair?
Water Zone [ by performing a SQUEEZE
]
Casing
•Where is the Top of the
Cement ?
Basic Sonic Principle

Basic Tool Principle

– A Transmitter fires an acoustic signal

in all directions
– Surrounding Media Resonates
– Receivers record resulting sound
– Sound wave is Analyzed
Basic CBL Principle
Similar to a
Ringing Bell
When Fluid is behind
No
Casing, pipe is free to
Cement
vibrate [ loud sound ]

When the casing is

bonded to hard cement,
Good casing vibrations are
Bond attenuated
proportionally to
bonded surface
CBL Measurement Principle
Basic Tool Configuration
1 Transmitter – 2 Receivers
Tx
–3 ft Receiver for CBL Measurement
3 ft
–5 ft Receiver for VDL Analysis
TOOL MUST BE CENTRALIZED
R3
5 ft
CBL: CEMENT BOND LOG

R5 VDL: VARIABLE DENSITY LOG

CBL-VDL Measurement Principle

Acoustic Signal
Amplitude

T0 Time
ms
|--- Resulting Sound--|

- T0 : Firing Pulse
- Resulting Sound wave : as recorded at the
Receivers
CBL Measurement Principle
CBL Definition
Amplitude of First Arrival in mV
Tx
Measured at 3 ft Receiver

It is a function of the Casing-Cement Bond

3 ft

R3

R5

Transit Time Definition

• Time elapsed from T0 to First detected
Arrival (above threshold level)
• T T is used as Log Quality Control
Indicator
CBL Qualitative Meaning

No
Good
Cement
Bond

LOW CBL signal strength => attenuated energy [ cement is present]

HIGH CBL signal strength => pipe is free to vibrate [ no cement ]

The VDL Signal
VDL: VARIABLE DENSITY LOG
Tx 5 ft Receiver for VDL Analysis
Allows easy differentiation between
casing and formation arrivals

R3
5 ft

R5
Propagation of the Acoustic Energy
distance
Velocity =
time

Slowness
1 time
Slowness = Dt = =
velocity distance

Time required for sound to travel 1 foot

DT Casing = 57 msec/ft
DT Cement = 75
msec/ft
DT Formation ≈ 100 msec/ft
DT Fluid ≈ 189 msec/ft
Propagation of the Acoustic Energy cont’d

Acoustic impedance (Z) defined as:

Z=r.v
Z1

Z2 : density of material
Water
V: velocity of sound on that material
Steel

Cement
The amount of sound transmitted
between two different materials
Sound
depends on their acoustic impedance
difference
1. If Z1/Z2 is high ==> low
transmittance
1. If Z1/Z2 is low ==> high
transmittance
CBL-VDL Standard Outputs Presentation
•Transit Time TT in micro-seconds [ms]
•CBL Amplitude in millivolts [mV ]
•VDL Variable Density Log [wafeform visual representation]

400 TT 200 0 CBL 200 VDL

100 1200
[ms]
[mV] [ms]

CCL

GR
FREE PIPE CHECK
CBL

100 Interpretation
100

Perfect
Chevron Patterns
Depth Match

Chevron Patterns

TT and CBL Amplitude

as expected according to Casing Size
Cased-Hole VDL’s (After Casing)

GR CCL Standard VDL

CBL-VDL Standard Outputs
•Transit Time TT in micro-seconds [ms]
Log Quality Control

•CBL Amplitude in millivolts [mV ]

Quantitative Measurement of waveform energy

•VDL Variable Density Log [wafeform visual

representation]
Qualitative Analysis of sound
Qualitative indicator of the presence of solid materials between the casing
and the formation

•Gamma Ray and CCL as auxiliary curves for Correlation

CBL Quantitative Interpretation

 ATTENUATION
–Logarithm of E1 amplitude [first peak of CBL waveform]

 BOND INDEX

Attenuation in zone of interest [dB/ft]

BI =
Attenuation in best Cemented Section [dB/ft]
Bond Index
Zone Insulation Based on Bond Index
30 Bond Index = 60 %
I
25
n
t Bond Index = 70 %
e 20
r
v 15
a
l Bond Index = 80 %
10

[ft]
5

5 6 7 8 9 10

Casing O.D. [in]

 CBL
Quantitative M1 Chart
Interpretation Casing Data

O.D. 7”, 29 lbm/ft

Cement Compresive
70% Bond Index ?
Strength
CBL value for 70% Bond 3000 psi

CBL value for 100% Bond

Casing Thickness
[minimum expected amplitude]
[from tables] .408 in
USIT – Ultrasonic Imager Tool
Good cementing job
Client require information to decide whether he has a “good
cement job” or not
What is the definition of good?
• Cement placement - zone isolation
• Cement coverage - channels
• Cement compressive strength
• Cement to casing bond
• Cement to formation bond
• Gas filled micro-annulus
• Liquid filled micro-annulus
• Top of cement (TOC)
• Cement composition (gaseous, contaminated)

Which of these can the USIT evaluate?

Acoustic impedance

For homogeneous mediums:

Z = r n (density x acoustic velocity)

For inhomogeneous mediums:

= k r n (density x acoustic velocity x factor)

 is expressed in MRayl (106 kg.m-2.s-1)

Acoustic property of some materials

Z (Mrayl)
8

Neat

6
Cement Contaminated
Cement

4
Light
Heavy
mud
2
Water
Oil
0 Gas Materials
 Sound Transmission

Steel Air

Air Steel R=99%

(inverted)

R=99%
Steel Water
Z 2  Z1
Water Steel R R=93%
Z 2  Z1 (inverted)

R=94%
Steel Cement

R=70%
(inverted)
Why Ultrasound?
Ultrasonic Reflection Principles
USI Measurements

Echo Transit Thickness Cement

amplitude time Impedance
(Internal Internal
casing radius
condition)
Physics of Measurement

Four measurements are made by analysis of the echoes:

1. Ultrasonic Radius Measurement

2. Ultrasonic Rugosity Measurement

3. Ultrasonic Decay Rates

4. Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement

Acoustic Impedance

Water

Cement
USIT Repeatability

1 2 3 4

The excellent repeatability of the USI Tool is demonstrated here.

Tracks 1 and 2 are the bond index and the full coverage cement map ran on 7/21/93. The
dark colors of the cement image represent variations of cement density; whereas, the blue
color is a mud channel.
Tracks 2 and 3 are the resulting bond index and cement map performed on 8/21/93.
USI and CBL/VDL guide
USI C B L/V D L
R e s o lu t io n 1 .2 in . 3 6 0 d e g . x 3 ft
W e ll b o n d e d Cem e nt Ce m e nt
cem ent
V e r y l ig h t Lo w c o n tra s t Lo w c o n tra s t fro m
cem ent [ s p e c i a l p r o c e s s in g m ud
if d e b o n d e d ]
D r y m ic r o a n n . D r y m ic r o a n n . / g a s G o o d / f a ir b o n d
D e bonde d ( s p e c i a l p r o c e s s in g )
cem ent
W e t m ic r o a n n . S lig h t ly a f f e c t e d A m b ig u o u s
M u d la y e r Channe l A m b ig u o u s
C o n ta m in a te d Lo w - Z c e m e n t A m b ig u o u s
cem ent
M i x e d l e a d / t a il M ix e d le a d / t a il A m b ig u o u s
cem ent
M ud channe l Channe l A m b ig u o u s
Ga s cha nnel Ga s cha nnel C e m e n t/ a m b ig u o u s
Fo r m a tio n b o n d N ot se e n V D L q u a l it a t i v e
O u t e r c a s in g / S lig h t ly a f f e c t e d S tr o n g ly a ffe c te d
h a r d f o r m a t io n
C a s in g c o n d it io n V e r y s e n s it iv e S lig h t ly s e n s it iv e
M u d a t te n u a tio n < 12 d B /c m /M H Z N o l i m it
Good cement
Strong formation arrival
CBL flat, low Mean Z 8
MRayl Weak casing arrival

QC CBL USI VDL

Mud channel and contaminated cement

Weak formation arrival

CBL variable,
high Strong casing arrival

Channel

Low-Z cement

QC CBL USI VDL

Cement top

Weak formation arrival

CBL flat, high
Strong casing arrival

Traces of contaminated
cement

QC CBL USI VDL

Channel and Squeeze
Channel After squeeze

Perfs

USI

CBL

USI BI VDL USI BI VDL

Light cement top

• Light cement has low

impedance
• 0-4 MRayl scale shows
contrast between light
cement and liquid
• Liquid/solid threshold set
low (2.1) for light cement
• CBL agrees with USI

0 100 0-4 MRayl Threshold 2.1

MRayl
Contaminated cement
Contaminated (low Z) cement: USI image clear, CBL ambiguous

Weld

CBL BI

Mud channels: CBL, USI agree

CBL BI
USI BI
CBLBI VDL Casing Cement