La Excellence

General Science
Biology
Cell Structure, Plant System

by D. Malleswari Reddy
Cell- Basic Unit of Life on Earth
Cell Theory is one of
the basic principles
of biology. Credit for
the formulation of
this theory is given to
German scientists
Theodor Schwann
(1810–1882),
Matthias Schleiden
(1804–1881), and
Rudolph Virchow
(1821–1902).
Types of Cells
 Types of Cells

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

 Functions of Cell Organelles
Name Function
Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

Vacuole
Name Function

Ribosome

Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Bodies

Nuclear Membrane

Nucleus
 Gene

Gene-
It is a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring.
It determines characteristics of the offspring.
 Inside Nucleus
Name Meaning and Function

Chromatin

Chromosome

DNA

Gene
Gene
Expression
DNA and RNA
Comparison DNA
Full Form Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Function ✓ Long-term storage of genetic
information;
✓ Transmission of genetic
information to make other cells
and new organisms.
Structural ✓ DNA is a double-stranded
Features molecule consisting of a long
chain of nucleotides.
Composition ✓ deoxyribose sugar
of Bases and ✓ phosphate backbone
Sugars ✓ Adenine, guanine, cytosine,
thymine bases
Propagation DNA is self-replicating.
Base Pairing AT (adenine-thymine)
GC (guanine-cytosine)
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
✓ Used to transfer the genetic code from the
nucleus to the ribosomes to make proteins.
✓ RNA is used to transmit genetic information in
some organisms.
✓ It may have been the molecule used to store
genetic blueprints in primitive organisms.
✓ RNA usually is a single-strand helix consisting of
shorter chains of nucleotides.
✓ ribose sugar
✓ phosphate backbone
✓ Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil bases
RNA is synthesized from DNA on an as-needed
basis.
AU (adenine-uracil)
GC (guanine-cytosine)
Genome
 Human Genome Project

The first whole genome The worm

The project to
to be sequenced was Caenorhabditis elegans
sequence whole
of the bacterium was the first animal to
genome of humans
Haemophilus have its whole genome
stared in 1985.
influenzae. sequenced.
Cell Division
Plants
Plant Adaptation Function
Broad leaves Provide a large surface area to absorb as much sunlight as possible.
Provide a short diffusion pathway for gases to move into and out of
Thin leaves
cells.
Network of tubes
To transport water, mineral ions and glucose (food) around the
(xylem and
plant.
phloem)
Lots of Contain a green substance called chlorophyll, which traps energy
chloroplast from the sun for photosynthesis.
Tiny holes found mainly underneath the leaf to allow gases to
Stomata
diffuse into and out of the leaf. Each hole is a single stoma.
Guard cells Controls the opening and closing of stomata.
Provides strength throughout the leaf, keeping it upright and sturdy
Midrib
in the wind.
Petiole Attaches the leaf to the stem.
Plant Adaptation Function
Broad leaves

Thin leaves
Network of tubes
(xylem and
phloem)
Lots of
chloroplast

Stomata

Guard cells

Midrib
Petiole
Xylem and Phloem –

Xylem cells transport

water from the roots
to other parts of the
plant.
Phloem cells
transport sugary
water from the
leaves to the rest of
the plant.
Stomata
Xerophytes

1. Thick, waxy skin to reduce loss of

water and to reflect heat
2. Large, fleshy stems to store
water
3. Thorns and thin, spiky or glossy
leaves to reduce water loss
4. Spikes protect cacti from animals
wishing to use stored water
5. Deep roots to tap groundwater
6. Long shallow roots which spread
over a wide area
7. Plants lie dormant for years until
rain falls
 Plant Adaptations

Deserts Tropical Temperate Grasslands Water

Rainforests Forests
All The Best