Direction : Label the parts of the volcano.

Use the words in the box

MATCH EACH PART WITH ITS DESCRIPTION
Column A Column B
1.Vent Steep-walled depression around a volcanic
vent
2. Magma Volcanic shape
3. Lava Materials spewed out of an erupting
volcano
4. Crater Magma that reaches the earth surface
5. Cone Hot liquid below the earth surface
6. Ash/ dust/ cinder Opening on earth’s surface where magma is
forced up
Diagram illustrating how heat is transferred in the Earth’s interior
SCIENCE VOCABULARY

VISCOSITY -measure of a fluid resistance to flow

VOLATILE-vaporizable materials present in a magma

FLUIDITY -a measure of the ease of flow

BUOYANT – Less dense than the host rock

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• Describe what happens after magma is formed
(S11ES-IIc-25)
Magma is defined as molten rock found below the earth's surface. It's a Greek word meaning
'thick ointment.'

Magma is primarily a very hot liquid, which is called the melt.

Volatile components of natural magma
1. Water and carbon dioxide are the most important volatile
components in natural magmas.
2. At higher pressures, deeper within the Earth, most of the water and
carbon dioxide are dissolved in the silicate melt portion of
the magma,
3. The temperature at which a rock melts is also affected by water
and pressure.
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF MAGMA
The temperature at which a rock melts
is affected by its composition

Mafic and felsic are the terms used to

describe the silica content of igneous
rocks formed on the cooling of lava.

Silica is compound composed of silicon

and oxygen
Magma with low silica content is very fluid
and easily erupts onto the surface
through cracks and crevices at the
surface.

MAFIC MAGMA : LOW SILICA CONTENT, LESS

VISCOUS
.FELSIC MAGMA : HIGH SILICA CONTENT, TOO
VISCOUS
FACTORS AFFECTING VISCOSITY OF MAGMA
Why magma rises up?

Density contrast ; Magma is less dense than the surrounding country rock. Magma rises faster
when density contrast between the magma and the country rock is greater.

TWO PROCESSES AS MAGMA RISES UP

1. At deeper level magma passes through mineral grain

boundaries and cracks in the surrounding rock. When enough
mass and buoyancy is attained, the surrounding rock is pushed
aside as magma rises. Depending on surrounding pressure and
other factors, the magma can be ejected to the earth’s surface or
rise at shallower levels underneath
2. At shallower levels, magma may no longer rise because
its density is almost the same as that of the country
Rock. The magma starts to accumulate and slowly
solidifies
Bowen’s Reaction Series describes the sequence of mineral crystallization in a cooling magma.
-infer the temperature condition in which rock was formed.

1. Certain minerals are stable at higher melting temperature and crystallize before those stable at lower temperature
2. The series explain how minerals are formed under different conditions, given that all the required elements for
certain minerals are present
3. There are two branches, the discontinuous and continuous branches which happen simultaneously
❑ The minerals in the discontinuous branch include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and biotite mica
❑ In the discontinuous process there is only plagioclase, but the calcium and sodium content changes from
high temperature to low temperature.
4. A single parental magma can produce various kinds of igneous rocks through magmatic differentiation
MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS- the process of creating one or more secondary
magmas from a single parent magma.
1. Crystal Fractionation- a chemical process by which the composition of a liquid such as
magma, changes due to crystallization.
Crystal settling – denser minerals crystallize first and settle down while the lighter
minerals crystallize at the latter stages.

Bowen's reaction series showing the sequence of minerals that would be formed and removed during fractional
crystallization of a melt. The magmas relating to the crystallizing minerals are shown on the left.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
.

Bowen's reaction series showing the sequence of minerals that would be formed and removed during fractional
crystallization of a melt. The magmas relating to the crystallizing minerals are shown on the left.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS- the process of creating one or more secondary
magmas from a single parent magma.

2. Partial Melting- A process known as partial melting generates the molten rock, known as
magma, that cools to form crystalline rocks in the earth's outer compositional layer, or its crust
Quartz and Muscovite are basically the most stable minerals at the earth surface making them
the first to melt from parent rock once exposed in higher temperature and/or pressure.
Partial melting of an ultramafic rock in the mantle produces a basaltic magma
MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS- the process of creating one or more secondary
magmas from a single parent magma.

3. Magma mixing- occur when two different magma rises up, with more buoyant mass overtakes
the more slowly rising body. Convective flow then mixes the two magmas, generating a single,
intermediate (between two parent magma) magma.
Bowen's Reaction Series describes the temperature at which minerals crystallize when cooled, or
melt when heated.
 .
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• Describe the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks due to changes in pressure and
temperature (metamorphism) (S11ES-IIc-26)

Metamorphic rock rocks forms when the chemical composition of a rock changes because of heat
and pressure through the process called metamorphism
Metamorphic grade pertains to. the temperature and/or pressure condition(s) to which a rock has
been subjected during metamorphism.

Foliation is the pervasive planar structure that results from the nearly parallel alignment of sheet
silicate minerals and/or compositional and mineralogical layering in the rock.

Foliated metamorphic rock, the minerals are

arrange in stripes or bands

Non foliated metamorphic rocks, the mineral

crystal are not arranged in bands or stripes
Metamorphic grade pertains to the temperature and/or pressure condition(s) to which
.
a rock has been subjected during metamorphism.
.
Metamorphic rocks exhibit a variety of textures
.
For igneous and
metamorphic rocks, the
terms are generally used as
modifiers—e.g., medium-
grained granite.

Aphanitic is a descriptive
term for small crystals, and

phaneritic for larger ones.

Very coarse crystals
Pegmatitic for those larger
than 3 centimetres, or 1.2
inches
The common textural terms used for rock types with respect to the size of the grains or crystals
Metamorphic rocks exhibit a variety of textures. These can range from textures
.
similar to the original protolith at low grades of metamorphism, to textures that are
purely produced during metamorphism and leave the rock with little resemblance to
the original protolith.

A protolith is the original, unmetamorphosed rock from which a given metamorphic

rock is formed
The concept of metamorphic facies
. is a systematic way to look at the mineral assemblages
in rocks and determine a potential range of pressure and temperature (P/T) conditions that
were present when they formed.
.
.