Hawassa university

Internship
Monthly report

Name ;Dawit Gizaw

Id ; MecivlR/0017/10

Sub to ;eng surafel

Sub date; 26/12/22
Reinforcement
Reinforcement in beams and columns is of two types Primary longitudinal reinforcement and
secondary lateral ties. Primary reinforcement is used for taking a load of the structure whereas
secondary steel is used to avoid buckling of the primary steel.

Reinforcement of column
Columns are defined as vertical load-bearing members supporting axial compressive loads chiefly.
This structural member is used to transmit the load of the structure to the foundation. In reinforced
concrete buildings beams, floors, and columns are cast monolithic ally. The bending action in the
column may produce tensile forces over a part of cross-section. Still, columns are called compression
members because compressive forces dominate their behavior.

Longitudinal reinforcement are the main bars in the RC column. They are arranged in square,
rectangular, or circular pattern.

Longitudinal Reinforcement:

1 To assist concrete, in resting compression, so as to reduce the overall size, of the column.
2 To resist any tension that might develop due to bending caused by transverse load, eccentric load or
the moments.
3 To reduce the effect of creep and shrinkage due to sustained loading.
4 To prevent or delay sudden brittle collapse.
5 To hold the transverse reinforcement.
6 To impart necessary ductility to the column.
Transverse Reinforcement:
1 To prevent buckling of longitudinal bars.
2 To prevent longitudinal splitting of concrete.
3 To resist diagonal tension due to transverse shear.
4 To confine the concrete.
5 To hold the longitudinal reinforcement in position.
6 To prevent or delay sudden collapse and impart necessary ductility to the members.

Reinforcement of beam

 Beam carries transverse external loads that cause bending moment, shear forces and in
some cases torsion
 Concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension.
 Steel reinforcement counter act tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams.

Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements:

 Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face.

 Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent up
longitudinal bars.
 o Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam provided when the
depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm.
o

Reinforcement of slab
Reinforcement detailing of a slab is done based on its support conditions. Slab may be supported on
walls or beams or columns. Slab supported directly by columns are called flat slab. Slab supported on
two sides and bending takes place predominantly in one direction only is called One Way Slab. On the
other hand, when slab is supported on all four sides and bending take place in two directions are said
to be Two Way Slab. The slabs having ratio of longer length to its shorter length (Ly/Lx) greater than 2
is called one way slab otherwise as two way slab. In one way slab main reinforcement is parallel to
shorter direction and the reinforcement parallel to longer direction is called distribution steel. In two
way slab main reinforcement is provided along both direction.

Formwork
is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is poured and
formed. Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can also
be constructed from steel, glass fibre reinforced plastics and other materials often used to refer to
the process of using plywood to form the mould.
The removal of concrete formwork also called as strike-off or stripping of formwork should be carried
out only after the time when concrete has gained sufficient strength, at least twice the stress to which
the concrete may be subjected to when the formwork are removed.

Beam formwork

Formwork for beams takes the form of a three-sided box which is supported and propped in the
correct position and to the desired level. The removal time for the formwork will vary with air
temperature, humidity and consequent curing rate. Typical striking times are as follows (using air
temperature of 7-16 ºC):
Beam sides: 9-12 hours.
Beam soffits: 8-14 days.
Beam props: 15-21 days.

Column Formwork

This consists of a vertical mould of the desired shape and size of the column to be poured. As a
means of keeping the formwork material thickness to a minimum,
horizontal steel or timber clamps are used at equal centers for batch filling and at varying centers for
filling that is completed in one pour.
The head of the column formwork can be used to provide support for the beam formwork, but
while this gives good top lateral restraint it can make the formwork complex. Alternatively,
the column can be cast to the underside of the beams. Later on, a collar of formwork can be
clamped around the cast column to complete the casting and support the
incoming beam formwork.
Plastering
Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in the construction of houses
and other structures with a plastic material, called plaster, which is a mixture of lime or cement
concrete and sand along with the required quantity of water.
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for
moulding and casting decorative elements.

Curing

Curing of concrete is defined as providing adequate moisture, temperature, and time to allow the
concrete to achieve the desired properties for its intended use.
curing is a term applied to the chemical process that describes a change in the state of materials,
usually as they turn from liquid (or semi-liquid) to solid. It can apply
to cement, concrete, adhesives, plasters, thermosetting plastics and other materials. It usually has
important implications for strength development and so its effects must be considered carefully in
the construction industry.

Hollow Concrete Block

A hollow concrete block is a block made of concrete that has hollow spaces between its walls. It is
used to build different types of walls for different purposes like retaining walls, decorative walls,
classic walls, etc. hollow blocks are made of the same ingredients used in poured concrete walls.
The hollow concrete block is becoming increasingly popular in a wide range of building applications,
from residential to industrial. Not only are they highly cost-effective but also, they offer design
flexibility, durability, energy efficiency, and resistance to extreme weather conditions.
Standard hollow concrete blocks are available in full size as well as half size. Full-sized blocks are
rectangular and have two cores while half-sized blocks are cubical and contain one core.
In our site we use this size of HCB
Length: 400
Height: 200
Width: 100, 150 or 200 mm
In the site they used stretcher bond Longer narrow face of the ceramic is called as stretcher as shown
in the elevation of figure below. Stretcher bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks
are laid with only their stretchers showing,

Concrete casting

concrete, in construction, structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate

substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and
water. concrete.

How is concrete casting done?

Fresh concrete is poured into the open molds or forms, so the concrete flows out to fill the mold and
encapsulate suspended steel reinforcing (if it's used). Wet casting usually uses vibration to assist in
liquidizing the concrete, allowing complex and intricate molds to be filled, quickly creating very
detailed pieces.
Generally I get many knowledge how to check beam ,column and slab alignment and I see different
material used in the site like play wood ,panel , H frame , bolt and how to check plumb and read the
plan.