The Child and Adolescent Learners - Used by infants

and Learning Principles -One-word utterances to describe familiar objects

Prepared by: Joy Marie D. Blasco, LPT Example: water, book, ball
Resource: Lorimar Publishing Incorporated
Overextension error
Human Development Example: any four-legged animal will be called “doggy”
_________- Refers to quantitative changes in an
individual as he progresses in chronological age. It may _______ speech
refer to increase in size, height or weight. -Develops by 1.5-2.5 years
Example: drink water 
_________- progressive series of changes of an orderly
and coherent type leading to the individual’s The Stages of Pre-natal Development
maturation.

__________- Transmission of traits from parents to

offspring through the genes. It brings about
development through the process of maturation which
is the unfolding of hereditary potentials.
_________- -includes all forces that affect or influence
man.
The process of development that occurs through the
medium of environment is learning.

Trends in development
_________ Sequence in which the earliest growth
always occurs at the top, beginning with the head.
Proximodistal- sequence in which growth starts at the
center of the ____ and moves toward the extremities.
Research findings about newborns.
Newborn’s vision is about ________ times lower than
normal adult vision.
By ____ birthday, vision approximates that of an adult.
When the baby is in the womb, he can already hear his
mother’s heartbeat, stomach grumbling, mother’s voice
and music.
Newborns feel pain and respond to touch.
Brain development
At birth, the newborn’s brain is about 25% of its adult
weight. By second birthday, the brain is about 75% of its
adult weight.
___________
Inability to recall events that happened when we were
very young.
___________
Germinal Period
(First 2 weeks after conception)
Creation of the zygote
Continued cell division
Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
__________
Inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal
period later develops into embryo.
Trophoblast
Outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal
period, later provides nutrition and support for the
embryo.
________ Period
(2 or 3-8 weeks after conception)
In this stage, zygote becomes embryo
Cell differentiation intensifies
Life-support systems for the embryo develop
Organs appear
Endoderm- Develops into the digestive and respiratory
systems.
 
The outer layer of cells is divided into two parts- the Principles of Development
ectoderm and the mesoderm. Development is relatively orderly.
________- Outermost layer which becomes the nervous
system, sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose) and skin
parts (nails, hair).
Mesoderm- Middle layer which becomes the circulatory,
skeletal, muscular, excretory, and reproductive systems.

This process of organ formation during the first two

months of pre-natal development is called __________.

Fetal period
9 weeks to birth
Learner-Centered Psychological Principles Development takes place _______.
Development is multidimensional.
The _____ is the center of instruction. Development is ______
Development involves ______, maintenance and
regulation.

Two approaches to human development

Cognitive
and ________________ factors

__________ approach
Extensive change from birth to childhood, little or no
change in adulthood and decline in late old age.

_________ approach
Adulthood developmental changes takes place as it
does during childhood.

The stages of human development

Pre-natal period
_____________ and affective factors (From conception to birth)
Learning Principles on Development, Social, and - It involves tremendous growth from a single cell to an
Individual Differences organism complete with brain and behavioral
capabilities.

_____________
(from birth to 18-24 months)
-a time of extreme dependence on adults. Many
psychological activities are just beginning-0 language,
symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination, and social
learning.
Early childhood
________________
-also known as preschool years. They start to care for
themselves, develop school readiness, and spend many
hours in play with peers.
Middle and late childhood
(6-11 years of age)
-the _________ years. They master the fundamental
skills of reading, writing and arithmetic.
Adolescence
(10-12 years of age ending up to 18-22 years of age)
Begins with rapid physical changes, Dramatic gains in
height and weight. Development of sexual
characteristics.
____________
(from late teens or early 20s lasting through 30s)
Time for establishing personal and economic
independence, selecting a mate, starting a family,
rearing children.
Middle adulthood
_______________
Expanding personal and social involvement; assisting
the next generation in becoming competent and mature
individuals.
Late adulthood
(60s and above)
Time for adjustment to decreasing strength and health,
retirement, adjustment to new social roles.
Physical and Motor Development
____________: movements related to large muscles
such as legs, arms, etc.
____________: movements involving smaller muscle
groups such as those in the hand and wrist.
Newborn Reflexes
____________. This reflex begins when the corner of
the baby's mouth is stroked or touched. The baby will
turn his or her head and open his or her mouth to
follow and "root" in the direction of the stroking. 
____________. When the roof of the baby's mouth is
touched, the baby will begin to suck. 
____________ often called a startle reflex. In response
to the sound, the baby throws back his or her head,
extends out the arms and legs, cries, then pulls the arms
and legs back in. A baby's own cry can startle him or her
and trigger this reflex
____________ When a baby's head is turned to one
side, the arm on that side stretches out and the
opposite arm bends up at the elbow. This is often called
the "fencing" position. 
____________ Stroking the palm of a baby's hand
causes the baby to close his or her fingers in a grasp. 
____________ When the sole of the foot is firmly
stroked, the big toe bends back toward the top of the
foot and the other toes fan out. 
____________- When an infant’s middle or lower back
is stroked next to the spinal cord, the baby will respond
by curving his or her body toward the side which is
being stroked.
____________.  also called the walking or dance reflex
because a baby appears to take steps or dance when
held upright with his or her feet touching a solid
surface.
Brain Development
The brain’s ability to change from experience is known
as ____________.
Factors Affecting Development
__________________
__________________
__________________
Linguistic and Literacy Development
Noam Chomsky- Innatist Theory
“Language Acquisition Device.”
Children are born with a built-in ability to learn a first-
language.
Jean Piaget- Cognitivist Theory
Lev Vygotsky- Social Contextual Theory
Bilingual Language Development
______________________
First 2 languages are learned but one is learned before
the other, before 3 years old
______________________
Two first languages are learned at the same time, before Anal expulsive- messy and disorganized
the age of 3.
Sigmund Freud’s Topographical Model
Parten’s Stages of Play The _________
-the most that influence us.
1. Unoccupied play
Example: Oedipus and Electra complex
2. Solitary play
We bury it down but it still influences our thinking
3. Onlooker play
4. Parallel play The conscious
-comprises a small part of all we are
5. Associative play
- All that we are aware of is stored in our conscious
6. Cooperative play mind

The subconscious
Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality -also known as preconscious
The Id -we can reach if prompted, but is not in our active
consciousness.
The id, the most primitive of the three structures, is - example: telephone number, childhood memories
concerned with instant gratification of basic physical
needs and urges The nonconscious
The Superego All that we are not aware of, have not experienced, has
not been made part of our personalities
The superego  is concerned with social rules and morals
—similar to what many people call their ” conscience ”
or their “moral compass.”
The Ego
the rational, pragmatic part of our personality and its
job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in
the practical context of reality. 

Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Basic Components To Piaget's Cognitive Theory:

Fixations example:
__________- tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, overeat 1. Schemas
(building blocks of knowledge).
Oral aggressive- tendency to bite his/her nails, use curse
words, or gossip 2. Adaptation processes that enable the transition
from one stage to another (equilibrium,
Fixations: assimilation, and  accommodation).
Anal ________- an obsession with cleanliness and
perfection; controlling 3. Stages of Cognitive Development:
 o sensorimotor, weigh data in order to make a final decision or
o preoperational, judgement.
o concrete operational,
o formal operational. Analogical reasoning—
This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one
Assimilation–using an existing schema to deal with a instance, and then use that relationship to narrow down
new object or situation. possible answers in the same situation or problem.

Accommodation – This happens when the existing

schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be
changed to deal with a new object or situation.

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 yrs)

Object Permanence - knowing that an object still exists,
even if it is hidden.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
-can think about things symbolically
____________ -the tendency to focus on only one
aspect of a situation at one time
Egocentrism- child's inability to see a situation from
another person's point of view.
Animism- Inanimate objects (such as toys and teddy
bears) have human feelings and intentions. 
____________ - This is the belief that certain aspects of
the environment are manufactured by people
Irreversibility- the inability to reverse the direction of a
sequence of events to their starting point.

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 yrs old)

Conservation-is the understanding that something stays
the same in quantity even though its appearance
changes
____________ -is the ability to identify the properties of
categories, to relate categories or classes to one
another, and to use categorical information to solve
problems.
Reversibility- ability to do certain operations in reverse
Seriation—the ability to sort objects in an order
according to size, shape, or any other characteristic. For
example, if given different-shaded objects they may
make a color gradient. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Elimination of Egocentrism—the ability to view things Level 1: Preconventional
from another's perspective Stage 1: Obedience-and-Punishment Orientation
focuses on the child’s desire to obey rules and avoid
being punished.
Formal Operational Stage (11 years and over) Stage 2: ______________________- expresses the
People develop the ability to think about abstract “what’s in it for me?” position, in which right behavior is
concepts, and logically test hypotheses. defined by whatever the individual believes to be in
their best interest.
__________ reasoning—the ability to come up with
different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and
 Level 2: Conventional
Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation- children want
the approval of others and act in ways to avoid
disapproval.
Stage 4: ______________________
the child blindly accepts rules and convention because
of their importance in maintaining a functioning
society. 
Level 3: Postconventional
Stage 5: _____________________- The world is viewed
as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Laws
are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid edicts. 
Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation
Generally, the chosen principles are abstract rather than
concrete and focus on ideas such as equality, dignity, or
respect.  Example: school, family, neighborhood
Lev Vygostky (Social Development Theory)
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
someone who has a better understanding or a higher
ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular
task, process, or concept.
Zone of Proximal Development
the difference between what a child can achieve
independently and what a child can achieve with
guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner
Scaffolding
the activities provided by the educator, or more
competent peer, to support the student as he or she is
led through the zone of proximal development.
Scaffold and fade-away technique
As learners become more proficient, able to complete
tasks on their own that they could not initially do
without assistance, the guidance can be withdrawn.
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
Microsystem
-The most basic relationships and interactions that a
child has in his/her immediate environment. 
___________
This layer serves as the connection between the
structures of the child’s microsystem.
For example, the mesosytem will include the link of
interaction between the parents and the teachers, or
the parent and health services or the community and
the church.
Exosystem
This layer refers to the bigger social system in which the
child __________________. This includes the city
government, the workplace, and the mass media.
 This includes the work circumstances that affect the
child’s development.
Macrosystem
The outermost part in the child’s environment.
Includes the cultural values, customs, and laws.
For example: In US, most young people are expected to
be independent by their teenage years.
While in Asian countries, parents are expected to
support for a long period of time.
______________
This covers the element of ______ as it relates to a
child’s environment.
For instance: whether a child is characterized by an
orderly predictable pattern, or whether the child is
subjected to sudden changes in routine.