EEE 2113:

MICROPROCESSOR &
MICROCOMPUTERS

WEEK 01: INTRODUCTION

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 2
NEWS FLASH: Moore’s Law

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CPU
 Architecture & Operation
 What does the CPU do and how its operate?
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 Computer
▪ Computers  compute!
▪ Basically perform arithmetic operations. Calculator.
▪ Information now is digitize. Translating into digital
form: zeros ‘0’ and ones ‘1’.
▪ Computer can process any type of information.
▪ Make it easier to process.
▪ Digital technology emerges that ease human lives.
▫ Now, IR4.0.
▪ The CORE is the CPU.
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 Examples of Digital Technology
▪ Discuss…

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 CPU
▪ Central Processing Unit - in charge of the computer’s
operations.
CPU
Operation

Arithmetic Logic

Add Subtract AND OR NOT

▪ Modern CPU can process floating point units (FPU)

▫ can handle multiplication & division.

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 CPU
▪ Modern computer now consist of 5 primary components.
Control
Unit
Data
Control Flow
Flow CPU

Arithmetic
Unit

Input Memory Output

Devices System Devices

Primary Memory
Secondary Memory
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 INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES
▪ INPUT DEVICES – Keyboard, Mouse.
▫ What other examples?

▪ OUTPUT DEVICES – Monitor, Printer.

▫ What other examples?

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 ARITHMETIC UNIT
▪ Combinational digital electronic circuits.
▪ Perform the arithmetic operations - Calculations.
▪ Need to cooperate with both MEMORY SYSTEM &
CONTROL UNIT.
▪ When CPU perform operations, it need to operate on
some type of information stored in memory.
▪ The type of operations performed will be based on the
programs instruction told by the control unit.

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 MEMORY SYSTEM
▪ MEMORY SYSTEM – Storing & retrieving CPU

data. Control
Unit
▪ Important because during CPU operations,
needs to operate on some type of information Arithmetic
stored in memory. Unit

▪ Both the data that is operated on and the

computer’s program* are stored in memory
where it is used as input. Memory
System
▪ The CPU may used either registers or cache
memory.

* Programs are instructions that human gives to computers: what data to use, which operations and in what order.
10 Those instructions are written in programs. Programs are directions that tell the computer what to do.
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 CONTROL UNIT
▪ Reads the program instructions from memory & interprets it
▪ Tells the other 4 systems (input, output, arithmetic &
memory) what to do.
▪ Give orders to all other systems on how to process the
program instructions.

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 ALU
▪ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) are the arithmetic unit’s principal
components  Perform arithmetic & logic operations.
Input A Input B

Command Status, S
Input, F

Output

▪ Example:
▫ Subtract 4 from 7. Defined A, B, F, Y and S as far as ALU is concerned.
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REVIEW
Based from
 Digital Electronics
 Measurement & Instrumentations
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 Digital Operations Still remember
how to convert?

▪ Voltages in computer circuits falls into 2 bands.

▫ High voltage close to supply voltage ’1’
▫ Low voltage close to ground’0’
▪ Use these 2 values when perform operations  binary number
system.
▪ There’s also other number system: decimal, octal, hexadecimal.
▪ Can also works on fractional expressions, fixed-point and
floating-point fractions.
▪ Let’s review…

* Binary digit (0 or 1) for computer terminology is also called BIT.

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 REVIEW: Binary Number System
▪ Checklist:
 Binary number system concept.
 Simple conversion binary vs decimal.
 Fixed point & floating point conversion.
 Addition & subtraction in binary.
 Two’s Complement and its operation.

Thick accordingly once you masters the

skills.
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 Logic Operations Still remember
these gates?

▪ IC contains logic gates.

▪ Basic logic gates: AND, OR and NOT.
▪ Other logic gates are derived from these 3 basic
gates: NAND, NOR, X-OR & X-NOR.
▪ Have unique symbol represent for each gates.
▪ The expression for logic gates is called Boolean
expression.
▪ Normally associated with Truth tables & Venn
diagram.
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 REVIEW: Logic Gates & Operation
▪ Checklist: Again?

 Type of gates, operation & symbols.

 Relation to Truth table & Venn diagram.
 The Boolean expression and its rules.
 NAND & NOR as universal gates.
 De Morgan theorem.

Thick accordingly once you masters the

skills.
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 Circuit that perform Arithmetic Still remember
how to add?

▪ How do we add to bits

together?
▪ How does this translate
into gates?

MSB LSB
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 REVIEW: Circuit that perform Arithmetic
▪ Checklist: Again?

 Half adder.
 Full adder.
 Ripple carry adder.
 Carry look-ahead adder

Thick accordingly once you masters the

skills.

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 Circuits that remembers
▪ Memory means can be stored, can recall and can
be change.
▪ The basic of memory circuits: Flip-Flops
▪ Variations of Flip-flops
▫ R-S flip-flops
▫ J-K flip-flops
▫ D flip-flops
▫ T flip-flops
▪ Have clock
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 REVIEW: Circuit that remember
▪ Checklist: Again?

 Flip-flops types and operation

 Simple implementation - Counter

Thick accordingly once you masters the

skills.
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 “ ▪ The expert in
anything was once a
beginner…

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 END OF WEEK 01

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 CREDITS
Special thanks to all the people who made and
released these awesome resources for free:
▪ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
▪ Photographs by Unsplash

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