phosphate

told tg

pitch of DNA Halix lo bp

31014 s p

Distance b w two bp 34170 or 0.34hm

10 bp 0.39 10 3.4mm
or
34170

Total bp in Human DNA ancell

6 6 109 bp
Total length of Human DNA
distance b w two base pair X Total bp
0.34 10 9 X 6.6 1091
0.34 X 6.6 2 244 meter
 law of complementary
A T i GIC Na Ba se pas
purine A G
s fcta3 pyrimidine
Thats

Double Helical model of DNA was

given by Watsons crick

Model was based on X ray
Diffraction method given by wilkinson
Rosalind frankhin

Double Helical model was supported by

Erwin chargaff Chargaff Rule
Applicable for only dsDNA or dsRNA
Acc to this law in a dsDNA
Total purine Total pyrimidine
A kit Tfot
G 30 1 C
Go t 7
At G Ttc
 valve

Italy's value constant

ftp for a species

for prokaryotic cell

III I D
for Eukaryotic cell
III 71

1.52 for Homan cell

III O 93 For E Coli

a in a dsDNA a 15 valve c

Any Att th t c 100.1

It IS t X t X 100

21 70 JC 35 f

packaging of DNA Haix

meter
length of typical Human DNA 2.244
this length of Dna is far
greater
 I er
engl go

70 here
the dimension of a nucleus
in prokaryotic Cell 4.6 106 bp
total length 1.36mm

For packaging of DNA in Eukaryotic

cell tre charged basic protein
Histone required while in prokaryote
polyamines tht
DNA
packaging in prokaryotic cell
DNA Found in cytoplasm in super
coiled state This coil are maintain
by polyamines This compact St of
DNA is called nucleoid or genophore
DNA packaging in eukaryotic cell
with the Help of Histone protein
Histone protein are rich with two
Amino Acid 11 Arginine
G lysine
Histone protein
Basic protein
 5 types of Histone protein
H i 14217 4213 13 Ht
4 Histent make copy
Histone
octanes
core of formed
Nucleosome M
Jabodt f
hinker
DNA
Bpo p
if I INA

DNA 1 J
H
Nucleosome

Total nucleosome
4
11
3.3 107
 200 bp of DNA is wrapped over
core of nucleosome nu body
or

to complete about 73g torn

peg

chromatin material
condensed to
beads
form
of string St
chromosome

Chromatin
I J
Euchromatin Heterochromatin
Light stain Dark colour

Loosely bound tightly bound

Transcriptionally Transcriptionally
Active inactive

Nucleosome is former coiled to

 I ther I

form chromosome St
The packaging at Higher level
required additional set of protein
that collectively refer to as a NHC
NON Histone chromosomal protein

search of genetic material

grifith experiment Transformation
Streptococcus pneumoniae
t
RItstrain SII strain
smooth strain
Rough strain
mucous polysaccharide
Mucous ht
pathogen violent
Nonvirulent

Yim RI strain survive

SI Death
Éf
 survive
Fml If king
R Death
52 tagging
conclusion said something is
grifith
transferred from S III to RI
R II become transformed
Virulent Responsible for Death of
mice Dio not explain the
grifith
nature of transformation
material

Avery Macleod Mac Carty

experiment they explained
the chemical nature of grifith transform
material they used 3 types of
ENZYME
RNAase inhibition of RNA
DNAase DNA
Protease n protein
 O 1 a n

t keen
RNA axe
protein
conclusion The chemical Nature
of gifith transform material is
DNA

Evidence from experiment with

bacteriophage it is Ing which
cause infection in bacteria
Vins made up of DNA t protein
Hershey chase prove that
DNA act as a genetic material
while protein is not a genetic material
Normal radio
ADNA
protein
Kittie
MDNA active
Head
S protein
normal
Radio RadioActive

Iste active 32
535 p
 7
Infection Both type of virus allowed to
infect in bacteria

Étasozningm
S S
FI
Blending these bacterial cell were
agitated in a blender to break
the contact b w vans bacteria

EA
est se ee

Centrifugation

s
Er
O 5000
O 0
Leary
palate
Radioactivity Radioactivity
Detected in
Detected in
535 bacterial cell
supernatant
via Cell
Bacterial Have
no radioactivity

it
nearly showed that only
Note
DNA Enter into Host cell and
not the protein
it is milestone experiment
experiment in search of genetic
material
i i vf

ee properties of genetic material

following properties should tht in genetic
material
D chemically Is soundly be stable
2 Should follow Mandali 9h 19W
able to replication
 I

capable for
4 mutation
DNA
being more stable is prefaced as
a genetic material
RNA unstable because
I free L'OH show RNA can
easily degrade more reactive
a tht of uracil at place of
thymine
RNA unstable g mutant faster
RNA was the Ist genetic material

Replication of
DID
Occurs in s phase of cell cycle
3 Template s
3711473
A T G C A
SIT A
Template
C G T 31 FAT GC As
S T A C GT3
semi conservative method of DNA
SE conservall E Ein In
Replication

Experimentally proved by meselson

Stahl
N have two Isotope
I 14N IS

Light Nitrogen Heavy nitrogen

Cscl density gradient centrifugation method
MN

É'd
a
centrifuge
CHIN

source of NTD Ithycl

After 20min gf
TH N't Nlt
New NIT old
I 3 His
New
N't 1007 Hybrid
NIS
Miss sot Hybrid
50 f Heavy
Nita's allowed to replicate
thrice in a medium
containig Nlt
Light Heart hybrid DNA
proportion
And 7 o 1
hight Heavy Hybrid

I_ I1 Ei
I
l4

N'N Hyal
If After a generation
I IET 100.1 Hybrid
II He i
It
 51 31

i K
mate
Kae

old
NEW 31 51 NEW
parental
Daugther DNA
Daughter