CONTROL SYSTEM

RULES GUIDING THE BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION

Rule 1: Representation of a closed loop Rule 2: When blocks are connected in

system. series/cascade.
R(s) G(s) C(s)
R(s) G1 G2 C(s)

H(s) The two gains G1 and G2 are connected in series.

So we have:
Since it is a negative feedback system. The block of
G(s) and H(s) are multiplied with addition of 1. R(s) G1 G2 C(s)
That is:
G(s) C(s)
R(s) C(s) = G1 G2
1 + G(s) H(s) R(s)

Tips: Whenever two gains are connected in series or

Tips: Whenever we have a negative feedback, we
cascade, their gains are multiplied.
multiplied the numerator and denominator together
with +1 Rule 3: When blocks are connected in parallel
Similarly, if we have a positive feedback system. G1
R(s) C(s)
R(s) G(s) C(s) G2

The gain blocks are connected in parallel with same

H(s)
point R(s). So, G1 is added to G2

R(s) G1 + G2 C(s)
To reduce to a single block diagram system.
We have: C(s)
= G1 + G2
G(s) So we R
have:
(s)
R(s) C(s)
1 - G(s) H(s) Rule 4: Shifting of Take-off point before a
block
Tips: Whenever we have a negative feedback, we Take-off point
multiplied the numerator and denominator together
R G C
with -1

C = R.G
Here, the output of the take-off point is R.G and
therefore C=R.G

So we have:
 Now, let’s shift the take-off point before the block/gain Rule 6: Shifting of Take-off point before an
adder
R G C Adder/Summing point
C = (R1 + R2) G
R1 G
So Rwe have:
Note.
R2 R1 + R2
After shifting the take-off point, the output of the take-
off point becomes R. Now, let’s shift the take-off point
To make the take-off point output equals R.G; we need
R
to multiply with its gain. R1 G2 C = (R1 + R2) G
So we have:

R G C So1 we have:
R
R2
So we have: R
We need to add an adder/summing point to make the
R.G G
take-off point output be R1 + R2.
So we have:
Tips: Whenever we want to shift the take-off point b4 a
block, we need to multiply it with the gain of the block R1 G C = (R1 + R2) G
R1
Rule 5: Shifting of Take-off point after a
block So we have: R2
R1 + R2
R G C =R.G
Tips: Whenever we shift a take-off point before an
R adder, we need to add one more adder to the input
R2

Here, the output of the take-off point is R. Rule 7: Shifting of Take-off point after an
Now, let’s shift the take-off point after the block adder

R1 R1 + R2 G C = (R1 + R2) G
So weRhave: G C
R.G
R1
R2 R2
1/G C = R.G
Now, let’s shift the take-off point
Tips: Whenever we shift a take-off point after a block,
we need to divide the take-off point by the gain of the R1 + R2 C = (R1 + R2) G
G1 R1 G
block R
So we have:
R1 + R2
R2 R2

R2
 Therefore
R1 + R2
R1 + R2 C = (R1 + R2) G R1 G
R1 G R2 C = (R1 + R2) G
R1 + R2
So we R
have: R2
2 R2
R1

Tips: When shiftingRa2 take-off point b4/after an adder R1 + R2/G C = (R1G + R2)
is introduced (it only depends on the polarity) R1 G

R2 1/G R2
Rule 8: Rearrangement of adders R2

Tips: Whenever we shift an adder b4 a block, we need

R1 + R2+R3
R1 + R2 to divide the gain of the block with the input (R2)
R1 G

C = (R1 + R2+R3) G Rule 10: Shifting of adder after a block

R2 R2
G R1 + R2
R1 G
R2 R3
R2 C = (R1 + R2) G

Now, let’s shift the adder with input R3 R2

R1 + R2+R3
R1 + R3
G Now, let’s shift the adder after the block
R1
C = (R1 + R2+R3) G R1 G
So we have: R2 R1 G C = (R1 G + R2)
R2 G
R3 R2 So we have:
R2 R2
Tips: We can re-arrange two sides by sides’ adder
without any change in the block representation Therefore :

R1 G C = (R1 + R2) G
R1 G
Rule 9: Shifting of adder before a block
So we have:
R2 G2
R
R1 G
R1 G C = (R1 G + R2)
R2

R2 R2 Tips: When shifting an adder after a block, we need to

introduce a block to the input (R2)

Now, let’s shift the adder before the block

So we have: