SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay

www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: Alface@gmail.com
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09285033733
UNIT 8
PRE-FINAL COVERAGE

PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND TREATMENT

Module description:
Like toys produced in a factory, no matter how perfect a
machines or computer program may be, there is always a possibility of
defect, and they call the product as “with factory defect.” For humans, it
is also possible that certain individual may be born with something that
is below normal, that is, something is lacking or something is missing
and we can attribute it with personality disorder. There is a saying that
nobody is perfect, this is in relation to one’s action but it is also true in
terms of human faculties.
Most of us may have encountered a person with personality
disorder, some people criticize them for their inability to deal with other
people or their insensitivity. Some are puzzled about their behavioral
patterns and to their feelings that their actions are “normal” or “correct”.
Some may have reached the point of hating them for their narrow view
of the world and their refusal to participate in social activities. But they
failed to understand that psychological disorder is a mental illness.

Credit Unit: 3 units/ 18 weeks

Summary of learning outcomes
At the end of this module, you must be able to;
-   Define and differentiate between personality styles, traits, and
disorders. 
- Identify the essential features of the following personality disorders:
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal (cluster A); antisocial, borderline,
histrionic, narcissistic (cluster B); and avoidant, dependent, obsessive-
compulsive (cluster C).  Apply  this information to clinical situations. 
- Distinguish between some commonly confused terms, such as schizoid
versus schizotypal versus schizophrenic, and  obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder versus obsessive-compulsive disorder. 
-Identify some prominent personality traits in yourself, your peers, and
your patients. 
- Develop some strategies for dealing with the difficult patient.
What is personality disorder?
Personality is the way of thinking, feeling and behaving that makes a
person different from other people. An individual’s personality is
influenced by experiences, environment (surroundings, life situations)
and inherited characteristics. A person’s personality typically stays the
same over time. A personality disorder is a way of thinking, feeling and
behaving that deviates from the expectations of the culture, causes
distress or problems functioning, and lasts over time.1

There are 10 specific types of personality disorders. Personality

disorders are long-term patterns of behavior and inner experiences that
differs significantly from what is expected. The pattern of experience
and behavior begins by late adolescence or early adulthood and causes
distress or problems in functioning. Without treatment, personality
disorders can be long-lasting. Personality disorders affect at least two of
these areas:

o Way of thinking about oneself and others

o Way of responding emotionally
o Way of relating to other people
o Way of controlling one’s behavior
Types of Personality Disorders

o Antisocial personality disorder: a pattern of disregarding or

violating the rights of others. A person with antisocial personality
disorder may not conform to social norms, may repeatedly lie or
deceive others, or may act impulsively.
o Avoidant personality disorder: a pattern of extreme shyness,
feelings of inadequacy and extreme sensitivity to criticism. People
with avoidant personality disorder may be unwilling to get
involved with people unless they are certain of being liked, be
preoccupied with being criticized or rejected, or may view
themselves as not being good enough or socially inept.
o Borderline personality disorder: a pattern of instability in
personal relationships, intense emotions, poor self-image and
impulsivity. A person with borderline personality disorder may go
to great lengths to avoid being abandoned, have repeated suicide
attempts, display inappropriate intense anger or have ongoing
feelings of emptiness.
o Dependent personality disorder: a pattern of needing to be taken
care of and submissive and clingy behavior. People with dependent
personality disorder may have difficulty making daily decisions
without reassurance from others or may feel uncomfortable or
helpless when alone because of fear of inability to take care of
themselves.
o Histrionic personality disorder: a pattern of excessive emotion
and attention seeking. People with histrionic personality disorder
may be uncomfortable when they are not the center of attention,
may use physical appearance to draw attention to themselves or
have rapidly shifting or exaggerated emotions.
o Narcissistic personality disorder: a pattern of need for admiration
and lack of empathy for others. A person with narcissistic
personality disorder may have a grandiose sense of self-
 importance, a sense of entitlement, take advantage of others or lack
empathy.
o Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a pattern of
preoccupation with orderliness, perfection and control. A person
with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder may be overly
focused on details or schedules, may work excessively not
allowing time for leisure or friends, or may be inflexible in their
morality and values. (This is NOT the same as obsessive
compulsive disorder.)
o Paranoid personality disorder: a pattern of being suspicious of
others and seeing them as mean or spiteful. People with paranoid
personality disorder often assume people will harm or deceive
them and don’t confide in others or become close to them.
o Schizoid personality disorder: being detached from social
relationships and expressing little emotion. A person with schizoid
personality disorder typically does not seek close relationships,
chooses to be alone and seems to not care about praise or criticism
from others.
o Schizotypal personality disorder: a pattern of being very
uncomfortable in close relationships, having distorted thinking and
eccentric behavior. A person with schizotypal personality disorder
may have odd beliefs or odd or peculiar behavior or speech or may
have excessive social anxiety.

THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGICAL

TREATMENT
1.PSYCHOTHERAPHY

Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is a way to help people with a broad

variety of mental illnesses and emotional difficulties. Psychotherapy can
help eliminate or control troubling symptoms so a person can function
better and can increase well-being and healing.

Problems helped by psychotherapy include difficulties in coping with

daily life; the impact of trauma, medical illness or loss, like the death of
a loved one; and specific mental disorders, like depression or anxiety.
There are several different types of psychotherapy and some types may
work better with certain problems or issues. Psychotherapy may be used
in combination with medication or other therapies.

2. PSYCHOANALYSIS

Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and

therapeutic methods which have their origin in the work and theories
of Sigmund Freud.
The primary assumption of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people
possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and
experiences, i.e., make the unconscious conscious. It is only having a
cathartic (i.e., healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured."
Remember, psychoanalysis is a therapy as well as a theory.
Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety
disorders.

2.1 Free association  is a practice in psychoanalytic therapy . In this

practice, a therapist asks a person in therapy to freely share thoughts,
words, and anything else that comes to mind. The thoughts need not
be coherent. But it may help if they are authentic.

HOW DOES FREE ASSOCIATION WORK?

In traditional free association, a person in therapy is encouraged to
verbalize or write all thoughts that come to mind. Free association is not
a linear thought pattern. Rather, a person might produce an incoherent
stream of words, such as dog, red, mother, and scoot. They may also
jump randomly from one memory or emotion to another. The idea is that
free association reveals associations and connections that might
otherwise go uncovered. People in therapy may then reveal repressed
memories and emotions.

2.2 Dream analysis   is a therapeutic technique best known for its use
in psychoanalysis . Sigmund Freud viewed dreams as “the royal road”
to the unconscious and developed dream analysis, or dream
interpretation, as a way of tapping into this unconscious material.

THE USE OF DREAM ANALYSIS IN THERAPY

Most theoretical models use the basic tenets of dream analysis in the
same way: A person in therapy relates a dream to the therapist,
discussion and processing follows, and new information is gleaned from
the dream. At the conclusion of the process, the therapist can help the
person apply the new information in a useful way. Although these
similarities exist, each therapy model applies dream analysis in different
ways.

2.3 Resistance, in psychoanalysis, refers to oppositional behavior when

an individual's unconscious defenses of the ego are threatened by an
external source. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalytic theory,
developed his concept of resistance as he worked with patients who
suddenly developed uncooperative behaviors during sessions of talk
therapy. He reasoned that an individual that is suffering from a
psychological affliction, which Freud believed to be derived from the
presence of suppressed illicit or unwanted thoughts, may inadvertently
attempt to impede any attempt to confront a subconsciously perceived
threat. This would be for the purpose of inhibiting the revelation of any
repressed information from within the unconscious mind
2.4 Transference

In psychoanalytic theory, transference occurs when a client projects

feelings about someone else, particularly someone encountered in
childhood, onto her therapist.

Frequently spoken about in reference to the therapeutic relationship,

the classic example of sexual transference is falling in love with one’s
therapist. However, you might also transfer feelings such as rage, anger,
distrust, or dependence.

3. BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION

What Is Behavior Modification?

Do you remember being punished as a child? Why do you think your
parents did that? Despite what we thought back then, it wasn't because
they hated us and enjoyed watching us suffer through a week without
television. They merely disapproved of our actions and were hoping to
prevent us from repeating them in the future. This is an excellent
example of behavior modification.
Behavior modification refers to the techniques used to try and decrease
or increase a particular type of behavior or reaction. This might sound
very technical, but it's used very frequently by all of us. Parents use this
to teach their children right from wrong. Therapists use it to promote
healthy behaviors in their patients. Animal trainers use it to develop
obedience between a pet and its owner. We even use it in our
relationships with friends and significant others. Our responses to them
teach them what we like and what we don't.

Origin of the Theory

Behavior modification relies on the concept of
conditioning. Conditioning is a form of learning. There are two major
types of conditioning; classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning relies on a particular stimulus or signal. An
example of this would be if a family member came to the kitchen every
time you baked cookies because of the delicious smell. The second type
is known as operant conditioning, which involves using a system of
rewards and/or punishments. Dog trainers use this technique all the time
when they reward a dog with a special treat after they obey a command.
Behavior modification was developed from these theories because they
supported the idea that just as behaviors can be learned, they also can be
unlearned. As a result, many different techniques were developed to
either assist in eliciting a behavior or stopping it. This is how behavior
modification was formed.
Some of the behavior modification techniques used are:
3.1 Systematic desensitization. This therapy aims to remove the fear
response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the
conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning.
The number of sessions required depends on the severity of the phobia.
Usually 4-6 sessions, up to 12 for a severe phobia. The therapy is
complete once the agreed therapeutic goals are met (not necessarily
when the person’s fears have been completely removed).
Exposure can be done in two ways:
· In vitro – the client imagines exposure to the phobic stimulus.
· In vivo – the client is actually exposed to the phobic stimulus.
Research has found that in vivo techniques are more successful than in
vitro (Menzies & Clarke, 1993). However, there may be practical
reasons why in vitro may be used.
There are three phases to the treatment:
First, the patient is taught a deep muscle relaxation technique and
breathing exercises. E.g. control over breathing, muscle detensioning or
meditation. This step is very important because of reciprocal inhibition,
where once response is inhibited because it is incompatible with another.
In the case of phobias, fears involves tension and tension is incompatible
with relaxation.
Second, the patient creates a fear hierarchy starting at stimuli that create
the least anxiety (fear) and building up in stages to the most fear
provoking images. The list is crucial as it provides a structure for the
therapy.

Third, the patient works their way up the fear hierarchy, starting at the
least unpleasant stimuli and practising their relaxation technique as they
go. When they feel comfortable with this (they are no longer afraid) they
move on to the next stage in the hierarchy. If the client becomes upset
they can return to an earlier stage and regain their relaxed state.
The client repeatedly imagines (or is confronted by) this situation until it
fails to evoke any anxiety at all, indicating that the therapy has been
successful. This process is repeated while working through all of the
situations in the anxiety hierarchy until the most anxiety-provoking.
For Example
Thus, for example, a spider phobic might regard one small, stationary
spider 5 meters away as only modestly threatening, but a large, rapidly
moving spider 1 meter away as highly threatening.
The client reaches a state of deep relaxation, and is then asked to
imagine (or is confronted by) the least threatening situation in the
anxiety hierarchy.
3.2 Aversion therapy is a type of behavioral therapy that involves
repeating pairing an unwanted behavior with discomfort. 1 For example,
a person undergoing aversion therapy to stop smoking might receive an
electrical shock every time they view an image of a cigarette. The goal
of the conditioning process is to make the individual associate the
stimulus with unpleasant or uncomfortable sensations.

During aversion therapy, the client may be asked to think of or engage in

the behavior they enjoy while at the same time being exposed to
something unpleasant such as a bad taste, a foul smell, or even mild
electric shocks. Once the unpleasant feelings become associated with the
behavior, the hope is that unwanted behaviors or actions will begin to
decrease in frequency or stop entirely.

3.3 Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through

rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning,
an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a
consequence (Skinner, 1938).
for example, if when you were younger you tried smoking at school, and
the chief consequence was that you got in with the crowd you always
wanted to hang out with, you would have been positively reinforced
(i.e., rewarded) and would be likely to repeat the behavior.
If, however, the main consequence was that you were caught, caned,
suspended from school and your parents became involved you would
most certainly have been punished, and you would consequently be
much less likely to smoke now.

3.4 Modeling behavior modeling is the precise demonstration of the

desired behavior. According to the theory, we learn not only by
doing but by watching what others do.1 In a therapeutic setting, behavior
modeling is purposeful and positive, teaching clients healthier ways of
behaving. But behavior modeling can also be negative, such as a parent
passing on a prejudiced way of dealing with others or a friend teaching a
child to use drugs. Therapeutic behavior modeling is often used to help
clients change previously learned negative behaviors.
How Behavior Modeling Helps Treat Phobias?

Albert Bandura was a psychologist who discovered how behavioral

modeling could help people overcome phobias. 2 In his work with people
with snake phobias, Bandura found that when patients observed others
who had overcome the same fear handling snakes, the current patients
were more likely to find relief. When compared to persuasion and
observing the psychologist handle the snakes, Bandura found behavior
modeling by the former patients was more effective.
Behavior modeling is used effectively to treat people with a variety of
mental health concerns, from anxiety disorders to post-traumatic stress
disorder, attention deficit disorder to eating disorders. It has been found
to be particularly effective in the treatment of various phobias.
Similar to another treatment for phobias known as systematic
desensitization, behavior modeling exposes the phobic patient to the
object or situation he fears, however, the confrontation is experienced
by another person rather than by the patient himself. 3 When witnessing
the model respond to the phobia with relaxation rather than fear, the
patient has a reference framework for imitating that response. In theory,
the patient would be able to transfer this new response to real-life
situations.
3.5 Cognitive influence. Behaviour therapists are beginning to
recognize the role that cognitive factors play in learning. Attention is
paid to possible ways to dealing with imagery, perception and thinking
to modify the thought patterns responsible for a person’s maladjusted
behaviour. Therapists concentrate on getting their patients think
logically and reject irrational ideas. Example, a person with social
phobia, therapist will condition the behaviour of the person by giving
new thoughts that will guide his behaviour like” there is a bigger world
out there".

4.GROUP THERAPHY
Group therapy involves one or more psychologists who lead a group of
roughly five to 15 patients. Typically, groups meet for an hour or two
each week. Some people attend individual therapy in addition to groups,
while others participate in groups only.
Many groups are designed to target a specific problem, such as
depression, obesity, panic disorder, social anxiety, chronic pain or
substance abuse. Other groups focus more generally on improving social
skills, helping people deal with a range of issues such as anger, shyness,
loneliness and low self-esteem. Groups often help those who have
experienced loss, whether it be a spouse, a child or someone who died
by suicide.

Benefits of group therapy

Joining a group of strangers may sound intimidating at first, but group
therapy provides benefits that individual therapy may not. Psychologists
say, in fact, that group members are almost always surprised by how
rewarding the group experience can be.
Groups can act as a support network and a sounding board. Other
members of the group often help you come up with specific ideas for
improving a difficult situation or life challenge, and hold you
accountable along the way.
Regularly talking and listening to others also helps you put your own
problems in perspective. Many people experience mental health
difficulties, but few speak openly about them to people they don't know
well. Oftentimes, you may feel like you are the only one struggling —
but you're not. It can be a relief to hear others discuss what they're going
through, and realize you're not alone.

4.1PSYCHODRAMA. In this therapeutic technique, patients

spontaneously play assigned roles devised by the therapist in order to
understand the behavior of people with whom they have problems
interacting with.

Psychodrama, an experiential form of therapy, allows those in treatment

to explore issues through action methods (dramatic actions). This
approach incorporates role playing and group dynamics to help
people gain greater perspective on emotional concerns, conflicts, or
other areas of difficulty in a safe, trusted environment.

People seeking therapy  may find psychodrama to be beneficial for the

development of emotional well-being as well as cognitive and
behavioral skills. 

4.2 PLAY THERAPY. A modern type of psychoanalytical treatment

that utilizes fantasy play and other techniques that are useful for
children. In this type of therapy, the child plays out his/her feelings,
bring out suppressed emotions to the surface in which he/she can
confront and cope with them. The therapy is undertaken using specially
selected materials. The role of the therapist is just to listen and not to
react on what the child might say or do.play therapy is a form of
therapy used primarily for children. That’s because children may not be
able to process their own emotions or articulate problems to parents or
other adults.
While it may look like an ordinary playtime, play therapy can be much
more than that.
A trained therapist can use playtime to observe and gain insights into a
child’s problems. The therapist can then help the child explore emotions
and deal with unresolved trauma. Through play, children can learn new
coping mechanisms and how to redirect inappropriate behaviors.
Play therapy is practiced by a variety of licensed mental health
professionals, like psychologists and psychiatrists. It’s also practiced
by behavioral and occupational therapists, physical therapists, and social
workers.
Benefits of play therapy
According to the professional organization Play Therapy International,
up to 71 percent of children referred to play therapy may experience
positive change.
While some children might start off with some hesitation, trust in the
therapist tends to grow. As they become more comfortable and their
bond strengthens, the child may become more creative or more verbal in
their play.
SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED
Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: Alface@gmail.com
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09285033733
UNIT 9
MODULE TOPIC. ABNORMAL REACTIONS TO
FRUSTRATIONS
Module description:
Man dreams to have a perfect world .A world that will conform
to his plans desires, and goals. But man is an imperfect being, his actions
and his faculties. Man may dream of stress-free life and a life free of
frustrations but it is impossible for him to attain it. Man is born to
struggle and survive and frustration is part of his existence. In
everything there is always a hindrance in every undertaking, arising
from personal to environmental and it is up for every man to control his
emotion and adjust to his environment.

Frustration is man’s emotional response when there is hindrance

towards his goals. It may be in the form of disappointment or anger. If it
becomes so intensed and defense mechanisms become inadequate, he
may develop abnormal reactions and if these reactions become
disorganized and exaggerated then it would lead to abnormal behavior.
But if he is successful in overcoming these hindrances, then that makes
his existence on earth more colorful and meaningful.

Credit Unit: 3 units/ 18 weeks

Summary of learning outcomes
At the end of this module, you must be able to;
- Define frustration
- Elaborate the factors that causes frustration
- Recognize the persons who experienced frustration

__________________________________________________________
_______

Frustration defined
Mosby’s medical dictionary defined frustration as a feeling that results
from interference with one’s ability to attain a desired goal or
satisfaction.
Frustration occurs if there is hindrance or opposition to the attainment of
individual will. The higher the obstacle and the higher the will, the more
the frustration is likely to be.

FACTORS THAT CAUSES FRUSTRATION

The different factors that cause frustration are as follows:

1. Environmental Frustration: Sometimes frustration grows from our

surrounding environment in which we live or work. For this reason,
Environment of a frustrated person is responsible in many cases for
growing frustration in his mind. Because, when a person faces
unfavorable environment in the path of his working and long term goal,
He becomes frustrated. This types of frustration is called as
environmental frustration.

2. Personal Frustration: Every man has some expectations and

personal wants. Everyone reserve those. On the other hand,  The
qualities and abilities of a person is limited. It means that capability of a
person is always limited. With limited capabilities, no one can fulfilled
all wants and expectation in one life. For this reason, one can not
becomes what he wants to be. Personal frustration grows from this
point. 

FORMS OF ABNORMAL REACTIONS

1. Neurosis refers to a class of functional mental disorder involving

distress but not delusions or hallucinations, where behavior is not
outside socially acceptable norms. It is also known as psychoneurosis
or neurotic disorder.
There are different types of psychoneurosis. These are follows:
1.1 anxiety neurosis-Prior to being referred to as anxiety disorders, the
range of mental disorders, characterized by excessive anxiety were
called anxiety neurosis. Anxiety can be defined as a feeling of dread or
worry that something bad is going to happen.
A ‘neurotic’ person is a person with an exaggerated response of anxiety
to a particular situation. We all have a fight or flight response to a threat,
but in neurotic persons, this reaction is exaggerated and their reactions to
a situation are not in proportion to what the situation demands.
The exact causes of anxiety neurosis are still unknown. Neurosis can be
due to any one of, or a combination of factors like genetic, biochemical
imbalance and life experiences.
Some of the common anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety
disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobias, social
anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder.
What Are The Symptoms Of Anxiety Neurosis?
The symptoms of anxiety neurosis could be physical or mental:

 The first symptom of anxiety neurosis is the irrational and

unjustified fear and apprehension that something terrible will
happen. This ‘ something ’ could be in the control of the patient
(like fear of losing temper and getting into a fight) or beyond the
control of the patient (terrorism, natural calamities).
 Some symptoms include listlessness and difficulty in
concentration, irritability and short temper, excessive pathos,
difficulty in retaining information in the mind (forgetfulness) and

Other physical manifestations include:

 Dryness of mouth and throat.

  Short, rapid intakes and outtakes of breath.
 Increased rate of heartbeat and palpitations.
 Shivering and trembling of hands and legs.
 Involuntary twitching of muscles
 Profuse sweating
 Feeling chilly even when the temperature is warm

 Dizziness and light headedness

 Nausea, hyperacidity, acid reflux reaction
 Insomnia or excessive sleeping
 Fatigue and being devoid of energy
 Excessive or reduced sexual drive

1.2 Phobia
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a
phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you
encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place,
situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually
connected to something specific.
The impact of a phobia can range from annoying to severely disabling.
People with phobias often realize their fear is irrational, but they’re
unable to do anything about it. Such fears can interfere with work,
school, and personal relationships.
Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is a fear of places or situations that you can’t escape from.
The word itself refers to “fear of open spaces.” People with agoraphobia
fear being in large crowds or trapped outside the home. They often avoid
social situations altogether and stay inside their homes.
Many people with agoraphobia fear they may have a panic attack in a
place where they can’t escape. Those with chronic health problems may
fear they will have a medical emergency in a public area or where no
help is available.
Social phobia
Social phobia is also referred to as social anxiety disorder. It’s extreme
worry about social situations and it can lead to self-isolation. A social
phobia can be so severe that the simplest interactions, such as ordering at
a restaurant or answering the telephone, can cause panic. People with
social phobia often go out of their way to avoid public situations.
Other types of phobias
Many people dislike certain situations or objects, but to be a true phobia,
the fear must interfere with daily life. Here are a few more of the most
common ones:
Glossophobia: This is known as performance anxiety, or the fear of
speaking in front of an audience. People with this phobia have severe
physical symptoms when they even think about being in front of a group
of people. <Glossophobia treatments can include either therapy or
medication.

Acrophobia: This is the fear of heights. People with this phobia avoid

mountains, bridges, or the higher floors of buildings. Symptoms
include vertigo, dizziness, sweating, and feeling as if they’ll pass out or
lose consciousness.

Claustrophobia: This is a fear of enclosed or tight spaces. Severe

claustrophobia can be especially disabling if it prevents you from riding
in cars or elevators. <Learn more about claustrophobia, from additional
symptoms to treatment options.
Aviophobia: This is also known as the fear of flying.

Dentophobia: Dentophobia is a fear of the dentist or dental procedures.

This phobia generally develops after an unpleasant experience at a
dentist’s office. It can be harmful if it prevents you from obtaining
needed dental care.
Hemophobia: This is a phobia of blood or injury. A person with
hemophobia may faint when they come in contact with their own blood
or another person’s blood.
Arachnophobia: This means fear of spiders.
Cynophobia: This is a fear of dogs.
Ophidiophobia: People with this phobia fear snakes
Nyctophobia: This phobia is a fear of the nighttime or darkness.
It almost always begins as a typical childhood fear. When it progresses
past adolescence, it’s considered a phobia.

1.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder in which
time people have recurring, unwanted thoughts, ideas or sensations
(obsessions) that make them feel driven to do something repetitively
(compulsions). The repetitive behaviors, such as hand washing, checking
on things or cleaning, can significantly interfere with a person’s daily
activities and social interactions.

Many people have focused thoughts or repeated behaviors. But these do

not disrupt daily life and may add structure or make tasks easier. For
people with OCD, thoughts are persistent and unwanted routines and
behaviors are rigid and not doing them causes great distress. Many
people with OCD know or suspect their obsessions are not true; others
may think they could be true (known as poor insight). Even if they know
their obsessions are not true, people with OCD have a hard time keeping
their focus off the obsessions or stopping the compulsive actions.
For example, a woman may have a recurring thought of a forthcoming
calamity. Obsessed with the thought of a forthcoming flood, she may
compulsively pack foods, clothing, and important documents from day
to day.
1.4 Neurotic depression
This is a form of depression characterized by overreaction to distressing
event with more than usual sadness and failure to recover within
reasonable period of time. Depression is termed neurotic only when it is
disproportionate to the event and continues to pasts the point where most
people begin to recover.
1.5 conversion reaction
This is a form of hysterical neurosis in which the impulse causing
anxiety is converted into functional symptoms of the special senses or
voluntary nervous system. Examples are:
a. hysterical paralysis- inability to move the voluntary muscles
b. hysterical motion- inability to speak or move the mouth to speak
c. hysterical deafness- inability to hear even there is no cause for it.
d. hysterical anesthesia- loss of sensitivity or the sense of touch
e. hysterical blindness- inability to see although medical findings show
that nothing is wrong with the eyes.

1.6 Dissociative reactions

A Neurotic disorder leading to unpleasant disorganization of the
personality.It may take the form of the ff;
a.AMNESIA-Amnesia is a form of memory loss. Some people with
amnesia have difficulty forming new memories. Others can’t recall facts
or past experiences. People with amnesia usually retain knowledge of
their own identity, as well as motor skills.
Mild memory loss is a normal part of aging. Significant memory loss, or
the inability to form new memories, may indicate the presence of an
amnestic disorder.

b.FUGUE-Dissociative fugue (formerly called psychogenic fugue) is a

psychological state in which a person loses awareness of their identity or
other important autobiographical information and also engages in some
form of unexpected travel. People who experience a dissociative fugue
may suddenly find themselves in a place, such as the beach or at work,
with no memory of traveling there

C.MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER(MPD).

Dissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality

disorder) is thought to be a complex psychological condition that is
likely caused by many factors, including severe trauma during early
childhood (usually extreme, repetitive physical, sexual, or emotional
abuse).
What Is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder is a severe form of dissociation, a mental
process which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts,
memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity. Dissociative identity
disorder is thought to stem from a combination of factors that may
include trauma experienced by the person with the disorder. The
dissociative aspect is thought to be a coping mechanism -- the person
literally shuts off or dissociates himself from a situation or experience
that's too violent, traumatic, or painful to assimilate with his conscious
self.

MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR RELATED TO NEUROSIS.

 ALCOHOLISM
  DRUG ADDICTION
 SEXUAL DEVIATION
-passive sexual disturbances
-aggressive sexual behaviour

2.PSYCHOSIS.
Psychosis is a condition that affects the way your brain processes
information. It causes you to lose touch with reality. You might see,
hear, or believe things that aren’t real. Psychosis is a symptom, not an
illness. A mental or physical illness, substance abuse, or
extreme stress or trauma can cause it.
Psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia, involve psychosis that usually
affects you for the first time in the late teen years or early adulthood.
Young people are especially likely to get it, but doctors don’t know why.
Even before what doctors call the first episode of psychosis (FEP), you
may show slight changes in the way you act or think. This is called the
prodromal period and could last days, weeks, months, or even years.
SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHOSIS

o Hallucinations:
o Auditory hallucinations: Hearing voices when no one is around
o Tactile hallucinations: Strange sensations or feelings you can’t
explain
o Visual hallucinations: You see people or things that aren’t
there, or you think the shape of things looks wrong
o Delusions: Beliefs that aren’t in line with your culture and that don’t
make sense to others, like:
o Outside forces are in control of your feelings and actions
o Small events or comments have huge meaning
o You have special powers, are on a special mission, or actually
are a god
FORMS OF HALLUCINATION

Hallucinations may affect your vision, sense of smell, taste, hearing, or

bodily sensations.

 Visual hallucinations involve seeing things that aren’t there. The

hallucinations may be of objects, visual patterns, people, or lights.
For example, you might see a person who’s not in the room or flashing
lights that no one else can see.

 Olfactory hallucinations involve your sense of smell. You might

smell an unpleasant odor when waking up in the middle of the
night or feel that your body smells bad when it doesn’t.
This type of hallucination can also include scents you find enjoyable,
like the smell of flowers.

 Gustatory hallucinations are similar to olfactory hallucinations,

but they involve your sense of taste instead of smell.
These tastes are often strange or unpleasant. Gustatory hallucinations
(often with a metallic taste) are a relatively common symptom for people
with epilepsy.

 Auditory hallucinations are among the most common type of

hallucination. You might hear someone speaking to you or telling
you to do certain things. The voice may be angry, neutral, or warm.
Other examples of this type of hallucination include hearing sounds, like
someone walking in the attic or repeated clicking or tapping noises.
 Tactile hallucinations involve the feeling of touch or movement
in your body. For example, you might feel that bugs are crawling
on your skin or that your internal organs are moving around. You
might also feel the imagined touch of someone’s hands on your
body.
 Disorder of thinking are strong convictions contrary to reality and
which firmly holds despite its lack of evidence, irrationally, and
impossibility which is known as delusions.
TYPES OF DELUSIONS

1.Delusion of grandeur-Specifically, a delusion of grandeur is a

person’s belief that they are someone other than who they are, such as a
supernatural figure or a celebrity. A delusion of grandeur may also be a
belief that they have special abilities, possessions, or powers.

2.Delusion of reference- A person may interpret events as something

that has direct connection to him. A student , for example, who performs
a dance number in one of school’s extra-curricular activities, may
interpret admiration to the screams he receives but in reality , it is
actually annoyance or dissatisfaction from the audience.

3.Delusion of persecution- a person believes that there are people who

planned to hurt him or even to kill him. A person who suffers onto this
will continue to have the uncomfortable feeling especially when alone
and so his normal reaction is to keep on looking of his back. It is already
pounded on hs mind that there is someone who is spying or chasing him.

4.Disorders of emotion- some individual show exaggerated reaction of

sadness, joy, fear and anger. Most of the time , the emotion is not
appropriate to the situation. One example is a certain basketball fan who
turn wild( anger) after his team loses. While others do not show any
signs of emotion after being told about another family member’s big
success.