5-Staggered Bolts With Notes

Start of Lecture @ 9:10am
Call time : 10 mins
DESIGN OF TENSION
MEMBERS:
STAGGERED BOLTS
PREPARED BY: ENGR. HIPOLITO M. REVADULLA JR, CE, MP
WHAT ARE STAGGERED BOLTS?
 Staggered arrangement of
bolts is used to minimize
the reduction of the cross-
sectional area
 Net Area will be maximized

if the bolt arrangement is
placed in a single line
 If the amount of stagger is

small enough, the influence
of an offset hole may be
felt by a nearby cross
section, and rupture along
an inclined path
 Cochrane (1922) proposed that when deducting the

area corresponding to a staggered hole, use a
reduced diameter, given by:
𝒔𝟐
𝟒𝒈
𝒔𝟐
𝟒𝒈
FORMULA FOR NET AREA OF
STAGGERED BOLTS
𝒔𝟐
𝒘 𝒏 = 𝒘𝒈 − 𝚺 𝒅 − 𝟒𝒈
𝒔𝟐
𝒘𝒏 = 𝒘𝒈 − 𝚺𝒅 + 𝚺 𝟒𝒈
Where:
𝒘𝒏 = net width
𝒘𝒈 = gross width
𝒅 = hole diameter
s = parallel spacing distance of bolts wrt applied force
g = perpendicular spacing distance of bolts wrt applied force
Problem 1.
Compute for the smallest net area for the plate shown in the Figure. 22mm ∅
bolt are used. Bolt hole allowance is 3mm. Thickness of plate is 19mm. Solve
for the Allowable Strength of the section using ASD and Design Strength using
LRFD Method. A36 Steel is used. Fy = 248 MPa. Fu = 400 MPa.
1. Check all the possible patterns for rupture.
Solve for the smallest net area
Formula:
𝒔𝟐
For line abcde:

(𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎)𝟐
𝑤 = 400 mm – 3(22 mm+3 mm) + 2 𝟒(𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎)
𝑤 = 347.5 mm
𝐴 = 347.5mm (19mm)
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅𝒆 = 6602.5 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Formula:
𝒔𝟐
For line abde:

𝑤 = 400 mm – 2(22 mm+3 mm)
𝑤 = 350 mm
𝐴 = 350 mm (19 mm)

𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒅𝒆 = 6650 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Formula:
𝒔𝟐
For line abcfg:
abcfg = abcde
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒇𝒈 = 6602.5 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Formula:
𝒔𝟐
For line abch:

(𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎)𝟐
𝑤 = 400 mm – 2(22 mm+3 mm) + 𝟒(𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎)
𝑤 = 361.25 mm
𝐴 = 361.25 mm (19mm)
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒉 = 6863.75 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Solve for the smallest net area.
For line abij:
Is line abij pattern possible?

Not possible.
Is line abcfh pattern possible?

Not possible.
Is line abcfde pattern possible?

Not possible.
 Summary of Net Areas

𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒅𝒆 = 6650 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒇𝒈 = 6602.5 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒉 = 6863.75 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Smallest Net Area: A =A = 6602.5 mm
Check A ≤ 0. 85A (NSCP)

0. 85A = 0.85 (400 mm)(19 mm) = 6460 𝑚𝑚
Use 𝑨𝒏 = 6460 𝒎𝒎𝟐

 Check the Allowable Strength for ASD Method
Equation for yielding:
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
A = (400mm)(19mm)
A = 7600 mm
Since A36 steel is used, F𝒚 = 248 MPa
Substitute the given values to the equation:

P = 0.6 (248 MPa)(7600 mm )
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵
Equation for rupture:
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
Based on the Figure; U = 1.0, 𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏
A = A = 6460 mm
Since A36 steel is used, F𝒖 = 400 MPa

𝑃 = 0.5 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(6460 mm )
𝐏𝐚 = 𝟏 𝟐𝟗𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟐𝐤𝐍
1. Determine the Allowable Strength for ASD Method.
P = 1130.88 𝑘𝑁 (yielding)
P = 1292 kN (rupture)
Use the smaller value, 𝐏𝐚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐍

 Check the Design Strength for LRFD Method
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
A = (400mm)(19mm)
A = 7600 mm

𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 0.9 (248 MPa)(7600 mm )
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏 𝟔𝟗𝟔 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
A = A = 6460 mm

𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 0.75 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(6460 mm )
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏 𝟗𝟑𝟖 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑵
2. Determine the Design Strength for LRFD Method.
ΦP = 1696.32 kN (yielding)
ΦP = 1938 kN (rupture)
Use the smaller value, 𝜱𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵

Problem 2.
Compute for the smallest net area for the Channel Section shown in the
Figure. 22mm ∅ bolt are used. Bolt hole allowance is 3mm. d. C6x13 Section is
used. Solve for the Allowable Strength of the section using ASD and Design
Strength using LRFD Method. A36 Steel is used. Fy = 248 MPa. Fu = 400 MPa.
A = 2464.51 mm
𝑡 = 11.10 mm
x = 13.1 mm
1. Check all the possible patterns for rupture. Solve
for the smallest net area
𝐴 = 2464.51 mm
𝑡 = 11.10 mm
For line abe:

𝐴 = 𝐴 - d(t)
𝐴 = 2464.51 mm - (22 mm + 3 mm)(11.10 mm)
1. Check all the possible patterns for rupture. Solve
𝐴 = 2464.51 mm
𝑡 = 11.10 mm
For line abcd:

𝒔𝟐
𝐴 = 𝐴 - d(t) +𝑨𝒈 − 𝚺𝒅𝒕 + 𝒕 𝟒𝒈
𝐴 = 2464.51 mm
- 2(22 mm + 3 mm)(11.10 mm)
𝟐𝟓𝟐
+ 11.10 mm 𝟒(𝟕𝟔)
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 = 1932.33 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝐴 = 2187.01 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 1932.33 𝑚𝑚
Smallest Net Area: 𝐴 = 1932.33 𝑚𝑚

0. 85A = 0.85 (2464.51 mm )= 2094.84𝑚𝑚
Use 𝑨𝒏 = 1932.33 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝐴 = 2464.51 mm

P = 0.6 (248 MPa)(2464.51 mm )
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝟕𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟖𝟖 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵
Given: x = 13.1 mm
𝒙 𝟏𝟑.𝟏
𝐔=𝟏 −𝒍 = 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 0.869
A = A 𝑈 = 1932.33 mm 0.869
A = 1679.20 mm

𝑃 = 0.5 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(1679.20mm )
𝐏𝐚 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝐍 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐍
P = 366.72 𝑘𝑁 (yielding)
P = 335. 840 kN (rupture)
Use the smaller value, 𝐏𝐚 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐍

𝐴 = 2464.51 mm

𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 0.9 (248 MPa)(2464.51 mm )
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝟎𝟕𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟐 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑵
U = 0.869
A = A 𝑈 = 1932.33 mm 0.869
A = 1679.20 mm

𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 0.75 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(1679.20mm )
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟑 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝑵𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵
ΦP = 550.80 kN (yielding)
ΦP = 503.76 kN (rupture)
Use the smaller value, 𝜱𝑷𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝒌𝑵

STAGGERED BOLTS IN ANGLE BARS
 If staggered lines of bolts are present in both
legs of an angle, then the net area is found
by first unfolding the angle to obtain an
equivalent plate.
 The unfolding is done at the middle surface to

obtain a plate with gross width equal to the
sum of the leg lengths minus the angle
thickness.
 AISC Specification says that any gage line

crossing the heel of the angle should be
reduced by an amount equal to the angle
thickness.
STAGGERED BOLTS IN ANGLE BARS
AISC Specification says that any gage line crossing the heel of the angle
should be reduced by an amount equal to the angle thickness.
g=𝑔 +𝑔 −𝑡
g = 3 in + 2 in – ½ in = 4.5 in
Problem 3.
An angle with staggered fasteners in each leg is shown in the Figure. A36
steel is used. Bolt Diameter is 22mm. Bolt Diameter Allowance is 3mm.
1. Determine the allowable strength for ASD Method.

2. Determine the design strength for LRFD Method.
A = 4354.83 𝑚𝑚
t = 12.7 𝑚𝑚
Fy = 248 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
Given:
t = 12.7 𝑚𝑚
Solve for x:
x = 75𝑚𝑚 + 57𝑚𝑚 – 12.7𝑚𝑚
x = 119.3 𝒎𝒎
 Check all the possible patterns for rupture. Solve
A = 4354.83 mm
x = 119.3 mm
t = 12.7 mm
Line abdf:
A = A − Σ𝑑(𝑡)
A = 4354.83 mm − 2(22mm + 3mm)(12.7mm)
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒅𝒇 =3719.83 𝒎𝒎𝟐
 Check all the possible patterns for rupture. Solve for the
smallest net area
A = 4354.83 mm
x = 119.3 mm
t = 12.7 mm
Line abceg:
A = A − Σ𝑑(𝑡) + Σ (𝑡)
A = 4354.83 mm
−3(22 mm + 3 mm)(12.7 mm)
+ (12.7mm)
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒆𝒈 =3528.32 𝒎𝒎𝟐

smallest net area
A = 4354.83 mm
x = 119.3 mm
t = 12.7 mm
Line abcdf:
A = A − Σ𝑑(𝑡) + Σ (𝑡)
A = 4354.83 mm
−3(22 mm + 3 mm)(12.7 mm)
+ + .
(12.7𝑚𝑚)
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅𝒇 =3594.86 𝒎𝒎𝟐

smallest net area
A = 4354.83 mm
x = 119.3 mm
t = 12.7 mm
Line abcdeg:
A = A − Σ𝑑(𝑡) + Σ (𝑡)
A = 4354.83 mm
−4(22 mm + 3 mm)(12.7 mm)
+ + .
+ (12.7𝑚𝑚)
𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅𝒆𝒈 =3383.19 𝒎𝒎𝟐

A =3719.83 mm
A =3528.32 mm
A =3383.19 mm
Smallest Net Area: A =3383.19 mm

0. 85A = 0.85 (4354.83 mm )= 3701.61𝑚𝑚
Use 𝑨𝒏 = 3383.19 𝒎𝒎𝟐

A = 4354.83 mm

P = 0.6 (248 MPa)(4354.83 mm )
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟖. 𝟕 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵
A = A = 3383.19 mm

𝑃 = 0.5 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(3383.19 mm )
𝐏𝐚 = 𝟔𝟕𝟔 𝟔𝟑𝟖𝐍 𝐨𝐫 𝟔𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟑𝟖 𝐤𝐍
P = 648 kN (yielding)
P = 676.638 kN (rupture)
Use the smaller value, 𝐏𝐚 = 𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝐤𝐍

A = 4354.83 mm

𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 0.9 (248 MPa)(4354.83 mm )
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟗𝟕𝟏 𝟗𝟗𝟖. 𝟎𝟔 𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝟗𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵

A = A = 3383.19 mm

𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 0.75 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(3383.19mm )
𝚽𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝑵𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵
ΦP = 972 kN (yielding)
ΦP = 1014.96 kN (rupture)
Use the smaller value, 𝜱𝑷𝒏 = 𝟗𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵

END

5-Staggered Bolts With Notes

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Start of Lecture @ 9:10am

Call time : 10 mins

 Net Area will be maximized

 If the amount of stagger is

 Cochrane (1922) proposed that when deducting the

For line abcde:

For line abde:

𝐴 = 350 mm (19 mm)

For line abcfg:

For line abch:

For line abij:

Is line abij pattern possible?

Is line abcfh pattern possible?

Is line abcfde pattern possible?

𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅𝒆 = 6602.5 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Smallest Net Area: A =A = 6602.5 mm

Check A ≤ 0. 85A (NSCP)

Use 𝑨𝒏 = 6460 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒚 = 248 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Based on the Figure; U = 1.0, 𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒖 = 400 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Use the smaller value, 𝐏𝐚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐍

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒚 = 248 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Based on the Figure; U = 1.0, 𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒖 = 400 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Use the smaller value, 𝜱𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵

For line abe:

For line abcd:

𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 = 1932.33 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Smallest Net Area: 𝐴 = 1932.33 𝑚𝑚

Check A ≤ 0. 85A (NSCP)

Use 𝑨𝒏 = 1932.33 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒚 = 248 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒖 = 400 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Use the smaller value, 𝐏𝐚 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐍

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒚 = 248 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒖 = 400 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Use the smaller value, 𝜱𝑷𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝒌𝑵

 The unfolding is done at the middle surface to

 AISC Specification says that any gage line

1. Determine the allowable strength for ASD Method.

𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒆𝒈 =3528.32 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅𝒇 =3594.86 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑨𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅𝒆𝒈 =3383.19 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Smallest Net Area: A =3383.19 mm

Check A ≤ 0. 85A (NSCP)

Use 𝑨𝒏 = 3383.19 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒚 = 248 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Based on the Figure; U = 1.0, 𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒖 = 400 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation:

Use the smaller value, 𝐏𝐚 = 𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝐤𝐍

Since A36 steel is used, F𝒚 = 248 MPa

Substitute the given values to the equation: