Spec122 Genchem 2 - Catungal

Presentation by Prince Eugene D Catungal
General
Chemistry 2
INTERACTIVE DIGITAL NOTEBOOK
01
Presentation by Prince Eugene D, Catungal
Use the kinetic molecular model to explain

the properties of solids and liquids
Objectives Differentiate the types of intermolecular

forces
Describe the types and properties of
liquids and solids through their
intermolecular forces
02 Discussion Points
Kinetic Molecular Model Intermolecular Forces
Kinetic It describes the characteristics of

solids and liquids in terms of
intermolecular forces of attraction and
An intermolecular force is the force
that mediates the interaction of
molecules, including electromagnetic
Molecular individual particle kinetic energy. forces of attraction or repulsion that

act between atoms and other types of
nearby particles, atoms, or ions.
Model
03
Kinetic Energy
- maintains the particles at a respectable distance and/or
moving
- dependent on the substance's temperature
04
The KM Model aids in understanding particle

behavior as well as liquid and solid characteristics.
05
Intermolecular
Forces of
Attraction
The term “INTERmolecular forces” is used to
describe the forces of attraction
between atoms, molecules, and ions when
they are placed close to each other
06
Types of
Intermolecular
Forces of
Attraction
07
Polar vs Non-Polar
Polar molecules form when two atoms in a covalent There is no net electrical charge across a molecule when
connection do not exchange electrons evenly. A dipole molecules distribute electrons evenly in a covalent link. The
occurs, with one half of the molecule slightly positively electrons in a nonpolar covalent bond are uniformly
charged and the other slightly negatively charged. This distributed. Nonpolar molecules are predicted to develop
occurs when the electronegativity values of the individual when atoms have the same or comparable
atoms diverge. electronegativity.
07
What is Dipole?
A dipole in chemistry is the separation of charges

within a molecule between two covalently bound
atoms or atoms sharing an ionic connection.
09
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

and Properties of Liquids
Surface Tension Viscosity Vapor Pressure Boiling Point Heat of Vaporization
The property of the Viscosity is the Vapour pressure is a The boiling point of The enthalpy of
surface of a liquid resistance of a fluid measure of the a pure substance is vaporization, also
that allows it to (liquid or gas) to a tendency of a the temperature at known as the heat of
resist an external change in shape or material to change which the substance vaporization or heat
force, due to the movement of into the gaseous or transitions from a of evaporation, is the
cohesive nature of neighbouring portions vapour state, and it liquid to the gaseous amount of energy
its molecules. relative to one another. increases with phase. that must be added
temperature. to a liquid substance
to transform a
quantity of that
substance into a gas.
10
Amorphous Solids Crystalline Solids
amorphous solid, any Crystalline solids are those in

noncrystalline solid in which the which the atoms, ions, or
atoms and molecules are not molecules that make up the solid
organized in a definite lattice exist in a regular, well-defined
Types and pattern. Such solids include glass,

plastic, and gel.
arrangement.
Properties of
Solids
11
Solutions and Their Properties
12
Describe the different types of solutions
Objectives Use different ways of expressing

concentration of solutions
Perform stoichiometric calculations for
reactions in solution
Types of Solutions
- Solutions are homogeneous mixtures
containing two or more substances
called the solute and solvent.
- can be physically separated
- made of solutes and solvents
12
15
Types of Solutions
Classification
Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated
whereas unsaturated solutions A saturated solution is one that A supersaturated solution is composed
contain less than the maximum contains the maximum amount of of more than the amount of solutes that
amount of solute capable of being solute capable of being dissolved can be dissolved in a solvent at the
dissolved. same temperature.
16
Energy of Solution Formation
17
Energy of Solution Formation
18
Energy
Changes in
Chemical
Reactions
19
Explain the energy changes during
Objectives chemical reactions

Distinguish between exothermic and
endothermic processes
Explain the first law of thermodynamics
Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry is defined as the branch of
thermodynamics that focuses on changes occurring
during chemical reactions. For thermochemical
purposes, chemical reactions are understood to include
not only the reactions in which the products have a
different chemical composition than the initial reactants,
but also those reactions that result in a physical
transformation of the aggregate state of a chemical
entity, such as vaporization, sublimation, melting, or a
phase transition between two different crystalline
states.
21
Thermochromism
Thermochromism refers to the
dramatic reversible color change that
occurs when a material is melted or
dissolved in a solvent.
22
Thermochemistry
Heat is represented by q
23
First Law of Thermodynamics

Thermochemistry is a branch of The first law of thermodynamics states that
thermodynamics dealing with the heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamic
interconversion of energy between two processes are therefore subject to the
forms: heat and work. principle of conservation of energy.
24
First Law of Thermodynamics
It asserts that the change in energy of a

system in any process is equal to the heat
absorbed (q) by the system and the work (w)
done on it.
25
Objectives
Define heat capacity and specific heat
Explain calorimetry
Calculate the amount of heat released or
absorbed in calorimetry
Heat
Capacity Heat and temperature is related by a constant
proportionality known as heat capacity which
vs. is the amount of energy needed to increase the

temperature of a substance by 1oC. (J/oC)
Specific
Heat For a pure substance, heat capacity is
equal to the product of its mass (m)
and specific heat (c).
27
Calorimetry
Calorimetry is the measurement of the quantity of heat
transmitted to or from a material. To do this, heat is
exchanged with a calibrated item (calorimeter). The
quantity of heat transmitted by the process under
investigation is calculated using the temperature
change observed by the calorimeter.
28
Calorimetry
Calorimeter is an insulator apparatus that Coffee cup calorimeter is atypical
contains water or any liquid of known heat calorimeter used in experiments usually
capacity made up of polystyrene cup.
29
Explain the enthalpy of a reaction
Objectives Write the thermochemical equation for a

chemical reaction
Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given
reaction using Hess’ Law.
Thermochemical Equation
The equation below means that 890.4 J of heat is released
when one mole of gaseous methane and two moles of
oxygen gas combust to form one mole of gaseous carbon
dioxide and two moles of liquid water.
31
Enthalpy Enthalpy of a
reaction
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of

a system. It is the sum of the internal Enthalpy of Reaction) is the change in the
energy added to the product of the enthalpy of a chemical reaction that occurs at a
pressure and volume of the system. It constant pressure. It is a thermodynamic unit of
reflects the capacity to do non- measurement useful for calculating the amount
mechanical work and the capacity to of energy per mole either released or produced
release heat. in a reaction.
32
Enthalpy of
a reaction
Standard molar enthalpy of formation (ΔHof)is
the change in enthalpy when the compound is
formed from its elements under standard
conditions (1 atm, 25oC).
33
Enthalpy of a reaction
Consider the combustion of ethanol

Standard enthalpy of a reaction (ΔHorxn) (C2H2OH) to produce carbon dioxide and
can be calculated by subtracting the sum (Σ) water.
of the enthalpies of formation of the
products and the sum of the enthalpies of
formation of the reactants.
32

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Spec122 Genchem 2 - Catungal

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Presentation by Prince Eugene D Catungal

Use the kinetic molecular model to explain

Objectives Differentiate the types of intermolecular

Kinetic Molecular Model Intermolecular Forces

Kinetic It describes the characteristics of

Molecular individual particle kinetic energy. forces of attraction or repulsion that

The KM Model aids in understanding particle

A dipole in chemistry is the separation of charges

Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Amorphous Solids Crystalline Solids

amorphous solid, any Crystalline solids are those in

Types and pattern. Such solids include glass,

Solutions and Their Properties

Describe the different types of solutions

Objectives Use different ways of expressing

- can be physically separated

- made of solutes and solvents

Energy of Solution Formation

Energy of Solution Formation

Explain the energy changes during

Objectives chemical reactions

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

It asserts that the change in energy of a

vs. is the amount of energy needed to increase the

Explain the enthalpy of a reaction

Objectives Write the thermochemical equation for a

Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of

Consider the combustion of ethanol

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