Manual Permiso B Inglés

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After many years of teaching, we have seen the real needs of students in
their learning to obtain the permission of the class B. Their difficulties,
doubts, ...
Therefore, this manual aims to be a simple and useful tool that will facilitate
all the learning to the student, in order to obtain the skills to pass the theory
test of permission B.
It is prohibited to reproduce all or part of the programming, text and images
under criminal liability without prior consent.
Entered in the register of intellectual property.
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INDEX
1. Definitions……………….……………………..…......… Pag. 5
2. Documentation……………………………………...…...... Pag. 21
3. Signaling …………………………………….......….…. Pag. 35
4. Use of roads….……………………………………….......... Pág. 99

5. Speed…..……………………………………….………. Pág. 109
6. Maneuvers….……………………………………..……....... Pág.117
7. Right of way …………………………..………………. Pág. 139
8. Freight Traffic…………………………….….… Pág. 151
9. Lighting ……………………………………….…………. Pág. 159
10. Active Safety………………………………………….... Pág. 169
11. Passive Safety …………...…………………………….... Pág. 181
12. Mechanical………..………………………………..……… Pág.189
13. Vehicle Controls ……….………………………………. Pág. 193
14. Economic/efficient driving and pollution……….….. Pág. 197
15. Driver's psychophysical state…………………..…….……. Pág. 203
16. Risk situations…………...……………………...………… Pág. 219
17. Accidents and First Aid……………………..………… Pág. 233
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CHAPTER 1: DEFINITIONS.
1. Definitions related to the person
2. General Classification of Vehicles

2.1. No motor vehicles.
2.2. Motor Vehicles. Cars.
2.3. Motor Vehicles. Special Vehicles.
3. Tare / MAM / GCW.
4. Parts of the roads.

4.1. Urban roads, within the village.
4.2. Interurban roads, outside the village.
4.3. Other roads.
4.4. Traffic on highways and dual
carriageways.
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Tema 1: Definitions. Related to the person.
1. –DEFINITIONS RELATED TO THE PERSON.
▪ Driver: person operating the steering mechanism or is in charge of a vehicle or in

charge of an animal or animals. In vehicles traveling in the learning function of the
driving, the driver is in charge of additional controls.
Vehicle for those learning to drive
The teacher is the driver
▪ Pedestrian: person who, without being a driver, travels on foot through the streets or
public land suitable for circulation; but also those who push or drag a pushchair or
disabled car or another vehicle without motor of small dimensions, those who drive afoot
a cycle or motorcycle of two wheels and the disabled who circulate to step in a
wheelchair, with or without motor.
Impaired chairs, with or

without motor, TO
STEP.
Afoot→ Cycle or
motorcycle of two
wheels.
▪ Owner of the vehicle:

➢ Person in whose name the vehicle is registered in the appropriate Official
Record. DOES NOT HAVE TO BE THE PERSON WHO BOUGHT IT.
➢ He/she is responsible for all documentation of the vehicle and that it passes the
ITV.
➢ In case of a minor, the responsibility will be of the FATHER / MOTHER /
GUARDIAN.
▪ Policyholder: A person who contracts the

insurance with the insurance company.
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Chapter 1: Definitions. General Classification of Vehicles.
2. –GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
▪ Vehicle ROADWORTHY apparatus to circulate through ways and public or private

land, of common use.
NO motor vehicles:
•Animal-drawn vehicle.
• Cycles (of 2, 3 and 4 wheels).
• Trailers.
• Motorcycles (of 2, 3 and 4 wheels) light quadricycle.
• Vehicle for people with reduced mobility.
• Trams.
• Personal mobility vehicles
Motor vehicles: motor vehicle provided for its propulsion;

mopeds, vehicles for disabled and trams, bicycles with assisted
pedalling and personal mobility vehicles because even they have
a motor, we apply special rules, are excluded from this
definition:
Automobile
• MOTORCYCLE (2 wheels/with sidecar).
• Vehicle 3 wheels / QUADRICYCLE.
• Tourism / Derived from tourism.
• Adaptive mixed/ All-terrain vehicle.
• Camper.
• Bus.
• Van.
• Truck/Tract truck.
• Combinations of vehicles (articulated vehicle/ road train).
Special
• Agricultural / Works and Services / Tourist Train.
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Chapter 1: Definitions. General Classification of vehicles.
2.1. –NO MOTOR VEHICLES.
Aminal-drawn vehicles:
Animal-drawn vehicle: animal-drawn

vehicles and their maximum speed is the
trot.
Cycles:
Cycles: 2-wheel vehicle, at least, powered by the
muscular effort of the people who occupy it through
pedals or cranks. Maximum speed: 45 km / h.
Bicycle: 2-wheel cycle.
Assisted pedal bike: a motor bike with a power
not exceeding 0.5 kw to help the driver's muscular
effort. The engine will stop if the driver stops
pedaling or the speed exceeds 25 km / h.
Trailers:
Trailer: not self-propelled vehicle
designed and intended to be
towed by a motor vehicle.
Not light (+ 750 Kg MAM)
Semitrailer: not self-propelled vehicle designed

and intended to be attached to a car, on which
part of it will rest, transferring a substantial part
of its mass.
Personal mobility vehicles:

Personal mobility vehicles: vehicle with one ore more wheels,
equipped with a single seat and powered by an electric motor that can
provide 25 km/h as máximum speed by design. It can be only
equipped with a seat or saddle if it’s equipped with a self-balancing
system. Vehicles without a self-balancing system and with a seat,
vehicles designed for people with reduced mobility and vehicles with a
working voltage greater than 100 VDC or 240 VAC are excluded.
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2.1. –NO MOTOR VEHICLES.
2 wheels 3 wheels Light Quadricycle

(4 wheels moped)
Moped: 2, 3 or 4 wheels vehicle fitted with an engine displacement not

exceeding 50 cc, and a maximum design speed not exceeding 45 km / h.
Not a motor vehicle.
Vehicles for people with reduced mobility:

vehicle whose tare does not exceed 350 kg
and its maximum speed will be 45 km/h.
Designed and built especially, and not merely
adapted, for use by persons with physical
disabilities. Meets norms and signs as a 3-
wheel motorcycle.
Tram: Marching vehicle by rail on public

roads.
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2.2. –MOTOR VEHICLES: AUTOMOBILES.
Automobile: motor vehicle that is used normally to transport people or things, or both at
once, or to tow other vehicles with that same purpose. Special vehicles are excluded
from this definition.
2-wheel With sidecar
Motorcycle: vehicle fitted with a motor, of a capacity of a cylinder exceeding 50

cc and/or a maximum speed exceeding 45 km/h.
3-wheel vehicle: symmetrical 3-wheel car, fitted

with a motor, of a capacity of a cylinder exceeding
50 cc and/or a maximum speed exceeding 45
km/h.
Quadricycle (quad): 4-wheeled vehicle whose

unladen mass is less than or equal to 400 or 500
kg., if it's a vehicle designed to carry goods, not
including the mass of batteries for electric vehicles,
whose maximum net engine power is less or equal
to 15 kw. They have the consideration of a 3-wheel
vehicle.
Quadricycle
Maximum speed: 70 Km/h on the road.
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Tourism/Derivatives/Mixed:
Passenger car: automobile for the transportation of

people which has up to 9 seats, including the driver.
(1 driver + 8 passengers).
Passenger car derivative: car designed for the

carriage of goods, which keeps the body of a
passenger car, but has only one row of seats.
Adaptive mixed vehicle: simultaneous car to

transport goods and people or not, up to 9 seats
including the driver, and which may eventually
replace the load, partly or wholly by people by
adding seats. It must have a separator between
people and goods.
Vehicle for shared use: vehicle destined to be rented without driver and to be
used by an undetermined number of users within a zone of delimited service. It
will be available at any time to be used by mobile applications. Not included in here are
those vehicles destined to be rented without driver not dedicated exclusively to this
kind of renting service.
Electric/Hybrid vehicles:
Electric vehicle (EV): vehicle with the propulsion of at least one or more electric motors.
Electric vehicle with batteries (BEV): vehicle which uses for its propulsion exclusively
rechargeable electric batteries from an exterior energy source. It might have a braking
system which recharges batteries during detentions and braking.
Range extended electric vehicle (REEV): is a battery electric vehicle that runs on
electricity but includes an auxiliary power unit known as a ‘range extender’.
Hybrid vehicles (HV): vehicle equipped with a propulsion system which contains at least
two different categories of converters of propulsion energy and at least two different
categories of storage of propulsion energy.
Electric hybrid vehicle (HEV): vehicle powered by a combination of combustion and
electric motors.
Hydrogen vehicle (HICEV): vehicle powered by motor(s) with hydrogen combustion.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV): is a type of hybrid electric vehicle that combines a
gasoline or diesel engine with an electric motor and a large battery that can be recharged
by plugging into an electrical outlet or electric vehicle charging station.
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Truck/Van/Tractor:
Truck: car with 4 wheels or more to transport Van: car with 4 wheels or more to
goods, the cab is not integrated into the rest of transport goods, the cab is integrated
the body (independent of the cab box) and a with the rest of the body (without box)
maximum of 9 seats including the driver. (1 and a maximum of 9 seats including the
driver + 8 passengers). driver. (1 driver + 8 passengers).
Tractor: car designed and built to pull,

mostly a trailer.
Vehicle Set:
Road Train: vehicle consisting of a Articulated Vehicle: vehicle

motor vehicle + trailer. comprising a motor vehicle + a trailer.
Articulated bus , bus and Trolley bus:
Bus consisting of two rigid parts linked

together by an articulated section. NOT A
SET OF VEHICLES. It does not have any
trailer or semitrailer. NOT AN
ARTICULATED VEHICLE.
Bus: Automobile for 10 seats or more including the

driver, destined to the transport of people and their
luggage (1 driver + 9 passengers).
Trolley bus: Same as bus but connected to
electricity, more than 9 seats.
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Chapter 1: Definitions. Tare / MAM / GCW.
.
2.3. –MOTOR VEHICLES: SPECIAL VEHICLES.
▪ Special Vehicle: self-propelled vehicle (moves by itself) or towing (moves by other

motor vehicle), designed and built to perform work or services and that, by its nature, is
exempt from fulfilling some technical conditions prescribed in the General Regulations of
the Vehicle or permanently exceeds the established limits for masses or dimensions,
such as agricultural machinery and its trailers.
Agricultural
• Walking tractor (1 axle).

• Agricultural Tractor (2 or more
axles).
• Tractocarro (2 or more axles).
Works and Services

(2 or more axles)
• Tractor de obras.
• Tractor de servicios.
• Tractocarro (2 o más ejes).
• Máquina de obras automotriz.
• Máquina de servicios automotriz
NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH PRIORITY VEHICLES

(Ambulances, policemen, firemen, civil protection and rescue).
3. -TARE / MAM / GVW.
▪ TARE (unladen mass) = What the empty vehicle weighs (without people or
cargo) but with the complete provision of parts and accesories (triangles, fuel, etc.).
▪ MAM = Maximum mass for the use of a loaded vehicle on public
roads. MAM = TARE + cargo.
▪ GVW= What the vehicle weighs at the time with cargo and people.
TARA + cargo of “TODAY”.
Example:
TARE 4.000 Kg. = 4 T.
Maximum cargo = 2,5 T.
Cargo TODAY = 1 T.
MAM = TARE + maximum cargo = 4 + 2,5 = 6,5 T.
GVW = TARE + cargo TODAY = 4 + 1 = 5T.
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Chapter 1: Definitions. Parts of the road.
4. –PARTS OF THE ROAD.
Platform
Roadway
Lane Lane Hard

Shoulder
Paved → asphalted.
Hard Shoulder:
Passable → practicable, that can be used.
▪ Road: permanent fixture where the traffic develops. It divides in:

▪ Platform: area of the road for vehicle use, consisting of roadway and hard shoulders.
▪ Roadway: part of the road intended for the traffic of vehicles and consists of a
number of lanes.
▪ Lane: longitudinal band in which the roadway can be subdivided delimited or not by
longitudinal marks. If lanes are not delimited by longitudinal markings, it will have as
many lanes as cars, which are not motorcycles moving in parallel.
▪ Hard Shoulder: affirmed longitudinal strip (paved or not) next to the roadway, not
intended for automobile use except in exceptional circumstances.
▪ Traffic Island : area not intended for traffic and which separates roadways.
Road with two roadways: Road with three roadways:

I circulate on the right roadway.
- The central roadway single or double direction.
14 - The side roadways one-way.
4.1. –URBAN ROADS, WITHIN THE TOWN.
Area comprising buildings and in

whose input and output roads these End of town
signals are placed:
Entry to the town
Within the roads of the town there are:

Urban roads (Streets) Crossing: NOT AN URBAN ROAD
Public roads located within town Stretch of the road that goes through
(streets, squares, etc.).. the town. Those stretches that have an
alternative road or variant to which it has
access will not be considered crossings.
That is, if I can pass without going through
the town, THERE IS NO CROSSING.
4.2. –INTERURBAN ROADS, OUTSIDE THE TOWN.
▪ Situated outside the town and are classified as:
Does not have specific

sign.
Highway Dual Road for Conventional Roads

carriageway automobiles
▪ Road: Paved public path situated outside of the town, except the stretches on crossings.
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4.2. –INTERURBAN ROADS, OUTSIDE THE TOWN.
Highway: Road for the exclusive circulation of cars capable of reaching 60 km/h of
minimum speed on flat terrain.
Toll: Pay to circulate

Free
Entering a checkpoint through a lane

with a traffic light with a green arrow
o It has several roadways, separated by traffic islands or other means.
o No direct access from adjacent properties to the motorway.
o No crosses. The cuts with other roads meet at a different level.
Dual carriageway
o It has several roadways, separated by traffic islands or other means.

o With limited accesses: there can be shortcuts (of gas stations, hotels, ...).
o No crosses. The cuts with other roads meet at a different level.
Road for automobiles
o Road reserved exclusively for the traffic of automobiles.

o It has a single roadway.
o No direct access from adjacent properties. TOTAL LIMITATION of accesses.
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4.2. -INTERURBAN ROADS, OUTSIDE THE TOWN.

Conventional Road Service Road
• Road that does not meet the characteristics • Parallel path to the road that gives
of highways, dual carriageways and roads for access to adjacent properties. Not to be
automobiles. confused with service area→ ground
station, restaurant, ...
4.3. –OTHER ROADS.
Straight: Track section that does not change direction.
Curve
Section of track that changes direction
With visibility
Reduced Visibility: It
doesn't allow you to see
the full width of the road,
or vehicles traveling in
the opposite direction
from a sufficient
distance.
Elevation changes
Place where the road changes slope (grade)
With visibility
No Visibility: It
doesn't allow you to
see the full width of the
road, or vehicles
traveling in the
opposite direction from
a sufficient distance.
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Intersection
When several tracks cross at the same level (same height).
Intersection. Roundabout.
A special type of intersection

with a roundabout around a
central island
Parted square.
The so called parted squares

aren't roundabouts which allow the
traffic between two sections of track
without surrounding the central
island.
Sidetrack: widening of the roadway Level crossing (with or withour barriers):

to facilitate left turns or in narrowings. at the same level crossing with a train.
Emergency braking area

Islet (high) Fitted to stop the vehicle in case of brake
Zebra (painted) failure in an area of sand.
18 To guide traffic.
Cycling Via: specifically adapted road only for the traffic of cycles, with
horizontal signaling (ground) and the corresponding vertical. NO PEDESTRIANS.
Track bike: segregated

Bike path: next to the roadway. Sidewalk bike: on the (separate) from motorized
Protected bike lane: with wall. sidewalk. traffic.
Cyclable path: pedestrian and cycle

route, segregated (independent) from
motorized traffic that goes through parks,
gardens or forests. No cycle path.
Areas reserved for pedestrians

Longitudinal road area
intended for pedestrian
traffic, high or not.
Walk Sidewalk
Shelter
To protect pedestrians
crossing a street.
Two-way, I will circulate to the right and In one way, I will circulate leaving the shelter
the shelter will be on the left. either left or right.
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4.4. –TRAFFIC ON HIGHWAYS AND DUAL CARRIAGEWAYS.
On highways and dual carriageways cars and special vehicles that develop MORE
than 60 km/h., can circulate on flat.
Automobiles Special Vehicles
ENTRY PROHIBITED TO:

▪ Motorcycles / Vehicles for people with reduced mobility.
▪ Pedestrian / Animals / Animal-Drawn Vehicles.
▪ Special Vehicles that do not reach 60 km/h, unless they have authorisation.
▪ Cycles are prohibited from entering the highway but on the dual carriageway they
can enter always that the drivers are over 14 years old and that they circulate only
on the hard shoulder.
▪Personal mobility vehicles.
▪ You cannot pick up people

who are hitchhiking, on
highways or dual carriageways,
or on the terraces of the toll
roads.
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CHAPTER 2: DOCUMENTATION
1. General Rules.
2. Driving Licenses.
3. Driving Permits.
3.1. Permits AM, A1, A2 and A.
3.2. Permit B and B + E.
3.3. BTP permit.
4. Facts to consider about the licenses and permits.
5. Renewal of licenses and permits.
6. Novice drivers, plate "L".
7. License by points.
7.1. Courses.
7.2. Recovery of points without making course.
7.3. Examples.
7.4. Offences involving loss of 6 points.
7.5. Offences involving the loss of 4 points.
7.8. Points that can be taken from me.
8. Vehicle documentation.
- Circulation Permission.
- ITV card.
- Insurance. S.O.A. Third-parties.
9. Responsibilities. 21
Chapter 2: Documentation. General Rules.
1. –GENERAL RULES
▪ To drive motor vehicles or motorcycles it is required to have obtained an administrative

authorisation (License or Driving license) to be displayed to the agents if requested,
therefore, must be taken when driving.
Driving without authorisation or having lost all the points is:

• Fines and Vehicle immobilization.
• Imprisonment from 3 to 6 months or a fine of 12 to 24 months.
• Work for the benefit of the community from 31 to 90 days.
What documents do I have to take while driving ?
1. Driving license (card). Original or certified or collated copy.
2. Circulation Permit (when enrolling). Original or certified or collated copy.
3. Technical Inspection Card (measures of vehicle during manufacture). You have to take
the original or certified or collated copy. In the assemblies of cars pulling trailers or
semitrailers of up to 750 kg of MAM., in the technical inspection card of the trailer or
semitrailer and at the back of the technical inspection card of the vehicle it should appear
that it is fitted with a compliant coupling system with that of the trailer, as well as the
maximum weight that it can drag.
4. Compulsory Insurance. Must be hired but there is no need of carrying proof of it.
As a general rule, permits and driving licenses are issued by the Provincial Traffic
Headquarters.
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Chapter 2: Documentation. Driving Licenses and Permits.
2. –DRIVING LICENSES.
o NOT permits.
LCM LVA
(14 years) (16 years)
Vehicles for people with reduced mobility Special agricultural vehicles and its sets
You cannot carry passengers until the driver • Without exceeding the masses and
turns 16. dimensions established for ordinary vehicles.
• Or whose design speed does not exceed 45

km/h.
3. –DRIVING PERMITS.
o Document that authorizes me to drive. Driver's license shall become invalid when the
owner obtains a permit B, must deliver the license to the Provincial Traffic Authority.
3.1. –PERMITS AM, A1, A2 AND A.

These permissions do not allow to drive passenger cars.
AM (15 years) A1 (16 years) A2 (18 years) A (20 years)
Mopeds of 2, 3 and Motorcycles with or Motorcycles with or Motorcycles with or
4 wheels. without sidecar: without sidecar: without sidecar:
-To carry -Up to 125 cc.

passengers the -Power up to 35 Kw- -Over 35 Kw.
driver must be 18 -Power up to 11 kw. 47 horses.
years of age. -Power/weight ratio
greater than 0.2
-Power/weight ratio -Power/weight ratio
Kw/Kg.
up to 0.1 Kw/Kg. up to 0.2 Kw/Kg and
not derived from a -Motor tricycles. Until
-Motor tricycles with vehicle with more the age of 21 it is not
power not exceeding than double its authorized to drive
15 Kw. power. motor tricycles whose
maximum engine
-To obtain this permit power exceeds 15 Kw.
I need:-to be 18
years old. -To obtain this permit I
need:-to be 20 years
old, -a 2 year
experience with an A2
license and –to pass a
course of 9 hours (3
theoretical and 6
practical).
I can also drive: With A1, A2 and A: AM and LCM (Mopeds and disabled vehicles).
With a higher permit I can drive one of a lower category..
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Chapter 2: Documentation. Driving Licenses and Permits.
3.2. -PERMIT B AND B+E → 18 years.

▪ Vehicles up to 3,500 kg MAM and up to 9 seats including the driver (Cars / Trucks /
Mixed Vehicles). NO MOTORCYCLES can be driven, EXCEPT UPON AN
EXPERIENCE OF MORE THAN 3 YEARS OF PERMIT B, being able to drive
motorcycles that the A1 permit authorizes.
I can also drive:
▪ AM (motorcycles) y LCM (vehicles for people with reduced mobility).
▪ Tricycles. Until the age of 21 it does not authorize driving tricycles whose maximum
engine power exceeds 15 Kw.
▪ Quadricycles.
▪ I can be combined with a light trailer up to 750 Kg. of M.A.M.
With the cars I drive with B I can take +750 Kg. trailers. MAM without getting my permit
B+E, if the whole MAM does not exceed 4.250 Kg. If the trailer exceeds the 750 Kg
and the whole set the 3.500 Kg, it is necessary to pass a theoretical and practical
exam or training.
750 Kg. = 4.250 1.250 Kg

3.500 Kg. 3.000 Kg
Kg. (Group)
•Special Vehicles (up to 9 seats):
Agricultural: ALL, whatever they weigh, measure, run, with or without trailer.
Works and services, more than 9 seats, including the driver:

- If it doesn't exceed 40 Km/h and if its MAM does not exceed 3.500 Kg.
- If it exceeds any of these limits the license that applies to your
MAM will be required.
Priority vehicles, vehicles transporting pupils and vehicles destined for the
transport of passengers : all those with a maximum authorized mass not superior to
3,500 kg and with a total of seats not exceeding nine including the driver.
B+E: Vehicle combinations consisting of a towing vehicle authorizing the permit of the
class B and a trailer or semitrailer whose MAM does not exceed 3.500 Kg.
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Chapter 2: Documentation. Data and Restoration.
4. -DATA TO BE CONSIDERED FOR LICENSES AND PERMITS.

▪ Any change in personal data must be notified to the Provincial Traffic Department in the
period of 15 days. (For example: change of address).
▪ All driving licenses of a person are in a single document.
▪ If a driver commits a violation the owner must notify it to traffic.
▪ In case of loss or theft it must be reported to Traffic for them to issue a duplicate.
▪ To obtain and renew a permit or driver's license, an aptitude test must be carried out
(medical test to see if I can or cannot drive).
▪ Psychophysical conditions to be met by a person for a driving license or permit, they
vary according to the KIND of PERMISSION you want to obtain.
▪ If the physical conditions of a driver change, and thus require adjustments to
their vehicle, they shall report such fact to the correspondent Traffic Department.
5. –RENEWAL OF LICENSES AND PERMITS.

▪ The driving licenses (LCM / LVA) and permits (AM, A y B) have a period of validity, that
is to say, a limited time, during which they are valid:
▪ Period of validity of licenses and permits:
Permits
Hasta cumplir 65 años Until 65
+ years
65 años + 65 years
LCM, LVA, AM, A1, A2, A, B,
Renovar B+E10 años.
cada RenewRenovar
every 10cada
years.
5 años.Renew every 5 years.
BTP, C1, C1+E, C, C+E, D1, D1+E, Renew every 5 years. Renew every 3 years.
D, D+E
Ex. Driver that obtains permit B at 18 years will renew it at 28 years old.
WITH THE PERMIT EXPIRED YOU CANNOT DRIVE.
LOSS OF VALIDITY.
Driving licenses and permits remain in effect unless:
When the requirements that were demanded when it was granted disappear (the
individual to maintain the knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours relating to the
driving and appropriate psycho-physical conditions).
▪ When the owner has lost all points of its driver's license.
▪ Expired the permit, the loss of validity CANNOT be produced. You could not drive,
but I can renew at any time.
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Chapter 2: Documentation. Novice driver and license by points.
6. –NOVICE DRIVER, PLATE “L”.

Novice driver. Driver that obtains its first permit.
After obtaining the permit:
▪ Place the plate “L” (both in passenger cars and bikes), during the first year.
▪ In passenger cars, the placement of the plate is in the rear, on the left side.
▪ The maximum rate of alcohol allowed during the first two years is of 0.30 g/l blood (0.15
mg/l air).
15 cms
19,5 cms If a 16-year-old person obtains the A1 permit and with 18 obtains
permit B. Should it take the plate L in its passenger car?
a) Yes.
b) No, because it was taken during 1 year on motorcycle.
7. –LICENSE POINTS.
▪ The permit and driving license have an allocation of 12 points, except in the
following cases:
• 8 points for holders of driving permits and licenses that are less than two years old
(example: when I obtain the first permit).
• 8 points for drivers who have retrieved with FULL recovery, the permit or license
after having lost it through the total loss of points.
▪ Holders who initially have 8 points, will have 12 points, if, during the next 2 years,
do not commit any violation that causes the loss of points.
▪ The holders of permits and driving licenses with a credit of 12 points may happen
to have a total of 15 points as follows:
▪ 2 points will be credited to those drivers who, during the first 3 years, have not been
punished with the loss of points and 1 point during the next 3 years without having
been punished with the loss of points.
Initial Credit Maximum Credit

3 years 3 years
12 without 14 without 15
losing losing
2 years without
losing
Exception:
At the time Less than 2 years license
8
of getting or
26 my license Course full recovery
Chapter 2: Documentation. License by points.
7.1. -COURSES.
If I have lost a point and I want it I can take the course once
back, I can take a course of: I recover
every 2 years. Professionals in half
PARTIAL recovery 6 pts. the time.
That is the most and
(12 h.) never more than the
ones lost.
If I have lost the license (I have 0 I recover I can do the course, but after 6 months
points) and I want it back I have to from the loss of points.
take a course of: 8 pts. Professionals, in half the time.
After completing
TOTAL recovery the course I have
(24 h.) to take a theory
test
SAFE DRIVING COURSE I recover 6 hours of course, I can do one every 2
CERTIFIED BY THE DGT years.
2 pts.
If in 3 years I lose again all the points, the waiting time for the course will be of 12
months (professionals, half, therefore 6 months).
7.2. –RECOVERY OF POINTS WITHOUT TAKING COURSES.

You can also retrieve all the points without taking a course, if during the next 2 years to
the loss of points violations that involve the loss of points have not been breached,
unless the loss of points has been for very serious offenses in which case the term to
retrieve all the credit (12 points), is 3 years.
7.3. -EXAMPLE.
▪ I have 8 points. I lose: 6 pts. mobile I have 2
I lose more TOTAL RECOVERY 24 hours.

0 Theory test.
I retrieve the license with 8 points,
I have 2 6 months without course.
Course 12 hours (PARTIAL RECOVERY)

I recover 4 points (1 course every 2 years).
RECOVERY
If I am 2 years without losing points, I retrieve 12 points
WITHOUT
TAKING A
If I lost points for an infraction very
COURSE.
serious and I'm 3 years without losing points, I retrieve
27
7.4. -INFRACTIONS INVOLVING THE LOSS OF 6 POINTS.
- Driving with a blood alcohol level exceeding the statutorily established:
• Non-professional drivers with over 2 years old driving license, with + 0.50
mg/l for breath.
• Professional drivers and holders of a driving license with less than 2 years
old with more than 0.30 mg/l for breath.
(That is, if it is more than twice the rate allowed).
- Driving under the influence of narcotics, psychotropics, stimulants and other

substances with similar effects.
- Failure to comply with the obligation to submit to testing for blood alcohol,
narcotics, psychotropic drugs, stimulants and other substances with similar
effects. (That is, not wanting to undergo alcohol testing, drugs, etc).
- Reckless driving, to drive in a counterclockwise sense to the established or drive

in unauthorized competitions and races. (You can make competitions and races
on public roads always when it is permitted).
- Exceeding more than 50% at the time of driving or deduction in more than 50% in
the rest periods established in the road transport legislation.
- Drive vehicles which have installed devices or systems designed to inhibit traffic
surveillance, or bearing instruments with the same intention, as well as inhibition
of radar detection systems.
- The participation or collaboration required of drivers in the placement or operation

of elements that alter the normal functioning of the use of the tachograph or speed
limiter.
- Circulating with a vehicle which does not have the corresponding administrative
authorization, driving with an authorization which does not comply with the
requirements or not complying with the conditions of the administrative
authorization which enables its circulation.
- Driving manually using mobile phone devices.
- Throw objects on the road or in its vicinity that could cause fires or accidents.
- Overtaking endangering or hindering cyclists or without leaving the minimum

separation of 1.5 m.
28
- Driving with a blood alcohol level exceeding the statutorily established:

• Non-professional drivers with over 2 years old driving license, with more than
0,25 mg/l to 0,50 mg/l for breath.
• Professional drivers and holders of a driving license with less than 2 years old
with more than 0,15 mg/l to 0,30 mg/l for breath.
(That is, exceed the maximum rate allowed)
- Driving a vehicle with a permit or license not qualified for it.
- Failure to comply with the legal provisions on the right of way and the obligation to
stop at the STOP sign, yield sign or traffic lights with red light.
- Failure on complying laws on overtaking endangering or hindering those oncoming
and overtaking in places or in low visibility conditions.
- Forward endangering or hindering cyclists and those circulating in the opposite
direction and overtaking in places of reduced visibility.
- Perform the reversing maneuver on highways and dual carriageways.
- Disregarding signals of agents who regulate circulation.
- Failure to maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead.
- Driving a vehicle having suspended the administrative authorization to drive or
having banned the use of the vehicle which is being driven.
- Doing a reversal of direction, in violation of the provisions in the Act and under the
terms established by regulation.
- Driving using headphones, earphones or other devices that reduce attention to
driving or manually using mobile devices, browsers or any other communication
system. According to advances in technology, regulations may specify the devices
included in this section.
- No use of seat belts, child restraints, helmets and other protective gear.
29
The loss of points for speeding will occur in accordance with the following table:
Limit 3 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 11 120 Fine in euros Pts

0 0 0
From / 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 100 0

To 50 60 70 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
From / 51 61 71 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 300 2

To 60 70 80 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
From / 61 71 81 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 400 4

To 70 80 90 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
From/ 71 81 91 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 500 6

To 80 90 100 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
From 81 91 101 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 600 and suspension of 6
license
In the sections of highways and dual carriageways of access to cities that have set lower
limits to 100 km/h, excesses of speeding shall be sanctioned with the corresponding
economic fine of the box. The rest of the administrative and criminal effects only occur
when exceeding 100 km/h.
- Example of loss of 2 points.

On the conventional road with my passenger car the maximum limit is 90
km/h. If on conventional road I circulate at 121 km/h: I'm exceeding in more
than 30 km/h the maximum limit.
7.8. –POINTS THAT CAN BE REMOVED: 2, 3, 4 or 6 points.
• At most 8 points can be taken off in one day, by accumulation of infractions.

• Unless there is a very serious offense, in which case, they can remove more points
on the same day, I can even lose all of them.
• If I exceed 10% of the maximum permitted speed I get a sanction but I do NOT
lose points.
30
Chapter 2: Vehicle Documentation.
8. –VEHICLE DOCUMENTATION.
▪ The characteristic documents of a vehicle are: circulation permit, Technical
inspection card and compulsory insurance.
Circulation Permit.
▪ Document authorizing the vehicle to circulate, a registration number is assigned
and collects your data and those of the holder. It is issued by the JPT after checking that
the vehicle meets the technical requirements necessary to circulate. It's green and has 4
pages.
In the case of selling a vehicle I must communicate it to Traffic in 10 days.
In the case of buying a vehicle I must communicate it to Traffic in 30 days.
Compulsory for:
▪ Motor vehicles.
▪ Mopeds.
▪ Trailers and semitrailers of + 750 kg. of MAM.
ITV card.
▪Document certifying that the vehicle meets the
technical requirements necessary to circulate.
Compulsory for:
▪ Motor vehicles.
▪ Mopeds.
▪ Trailers and semitrailers (all).
▪ Caravans.
More important data that appears in the documents.

Circulation permit ITV card
Registration number Registration number

MAM MAM
Nºof Seats Nº of Seats
Nº Chassis Nº Chassis
Cylinder capacity Cylinder capacity
Holder's data - Tare.

- Date first registration - If I want to hook up a trailer in my passenger car.
(date of when it was bought new).
31
Chapter 2: Vehicle Documentation.
¿When are technical inspections checked?:

• For the first inspection→ I look at the circulation permit where the date of the first
registration is (vehicle's age).
• Following inspections→ I check the ITV card for the date of the last inspection.
Extraordinary inspections:
- When making a major reform in the vehicle.
- When the ITV card is lost and we request a duplicate
- When the vehicle has suffered significant damage from an accident or other causes.
When passing the ITV the originals of the circulation permit and ITV card must be
taken. Officially endorsed copies are NOT valid.
The inspection can result:

• Favourable. The organism that does it, shall state it on the ITV card.
Distinctive sign of a favourable

inspection that I stick on the top
right of the windshield on the
inside.
(ITV acronyms in blue).
• Unfavourable. I can only drive to go to the garage to fix the deficiencies. I take the
car to the garage.
• Negative → The crane (a medium unconnected to the vehicle) moves the vehicle to
the garage. The vehicle represents a risk or danger.
In both cases I have less than two months to fix the vehicle and pass inspection,
otherwise they can terminate it.
When the result of the ITV is not favourable or negative I will be allowed to choose any
station to come back for another inspection.
If the vehicle passes the inspection in advance, the expected date for the next
inspection will not be modified as long as the fixed term does not pass one month.
Most common faults that are detected when passing the ITV:
- Brakes
- Lighting
- Tyres
32
Chapter 2: Vehicle documentation.
Frecuency to pass the ITV depending on the vehicle.
Vehicles Frecuency
Mopeds of two wheels. 1ª → At 3 years of registration.
The following every 2 years.
Motorcycles, veh. of 3 wheels, 1ª → At 4 years of registration.

quadricycles, mopeds of 3 wheels The following every 2 years.
and light quadricycles.
Passenger cars, campers and home 1ª → At 4 years of registration.

vehicles. The following every 2 years until 10 years.
+ 10 years Annual.
Vehicles and sets of up to 3,500 kg. 1ª → At 2 years of registration.
of MAM dedicated to transport The following every 2 years until 6 years.
goods. 6-10 years Annual.
+ 10 years Every 6 months.
PASSENGER
CARS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ITV ITV ITV ITV ITV ITV
Every 2
annual
TABLE TRAILERS
Trailers and light Trailers and semitrailers +750
semitrailers up to 750 Kg. Kg. MMA
Circulation NO YES
permit
ITV card Card YES Card YES
Revision NO Revision YES
Insurance NO YES
Light Non-Light
Light Trailers having NO circulation permit NON-light trailers having circulation permit
do not have their own registration number but have their own registration number and also
should have the registration of the tractor have to take the registration of the tractor
vehicle (the one in front). vehicle (the one in front).
33
Chapter 2: Vehicle documentation and responsibilities.
Insurance. S.O.A. (Compulsory Automobile Insurance), Third parties.

Vehicles that have to be insured:
• Motor vehicles.
• Mopeds and vehicles for people with reduced mobility.
• Trailers and semitrailers of + 750 Kg of MAM.
Holder → Responsible for the vehicle's insurance.

Policyholder→ Person that hires the insurance.
▪ The validity of the insurance is confirmed by the Agents by using the Informative File of
Insured Vehicles (FIVA), failing that, they must submit supporting documentation to
justify paying the corresponding premium. (Carry it in the vehicle).
If I don't take it:
o Fine.
o The agents could immobilize the vehicle.
o If in 5 days the existence of insurance isn't
demonstrated → seal of the vehicle.
▪ The mandatory insurance covers damage to: People (Body, up to 70 million euros per
accident) and things (material, up to 15 million euros per accident).
▪ Damage it covers→ The damage caused to third parties and things due to traffic
circumstances.
▪ Damage it does NOT cover→

• Damage caused to the driver responsible (body) in
the accident nor the damage to your vehicle
(materials).
• Material damage of the policyholder, insured, owner,
driver, spouse or relatives within the third degree of
consanguinity or affinity.
9. -RESPONSIBILITIES
▪ The driver is the responsible of events that are related to driving, unless you have less
than 18 years, in which case it will be the parent or guardian.
▪ Whoever commits an offense (perpetrator) is responsible (ie not wearing a seat belt in
a passenger car).
▪ For passengers without a helmet (when compulsory) the driver is responsible (to
whom the fine is given).
▪ Holder, responsible for documentation and vehicle condition. (ie pass the ITV).
34
CHAPTER 3: SIGNALING.
1. General rules.
1.1. Location of vertical signs and traffic lights.
1.2. Examples.
2. Order of priority between signals.

2.1. Contradiction between signals of different type.
2.2. Contradiction between signals of the same type.
2.3. Examples of signal priority.
3. Signals that are not taken into account in the order of priority.
4. Circulation agents. Arm signals and others.

4.1. Signals from vehicles.
5. Military Police, work staff and school patrols.
6. Circumstantial and beacon signals.

6.1. Variable message panels.
6.2. Beacon signals.
A) Barrier devices.
B) Guide devices.
7. . Colours code.
8. Traffic lights.
8.1. Traffic lights for pedestrians.
8.2. Circular traffic lights for vehicles.
8.3. Arrows at traffic lights.
8.4. Square traffic lights for vehicles or of lane.
8.5. Traffic lights reserved for certain vehicles.
9. Vertical signals.
10. Road markings.

35
Chapter 3: Signaling. General rules.
1. –GENERAL RULES
▪The signaling of the road is composed of signs and orders of the agents, circumstantial
signaling that modifies the normal regime of the use of road and fixed beacon signals,
traffic lights, vertical signals and road markings.
▪ It is prohibited to install, remove, transfer, conceal or modify the signaling of the road
without permission of the holder or, where applicable, the authority responsible for traffic
control. It shall be permitted, only, if there are justified reasons for this.
1.1. -LOCATION OF VERTICAL SIGNALS AND TRAFFIC LIGHTS.
▪ If signs are placed to the right

everyone obeys them, no matter
where they are heading to.
Hace STOP Hace STOP Hace STOP
▪ If they are placed to the left those

who will obey are the ones going to
the left or to the front. A sign on the
left will not affect those going to
the right.
Hace STOP Hace STOP No le afecta
▪ If there are signs on both sides,

the ones on the left are obeyed by
those going to the left or to the
front and those on the right only by
the ones going to the right.
Hace STOP Hace STOP Hace Ceda

36
Chapter 3: Signaling. Order of priority.
1.2. -EXAMPLES.
1 2
ROJO VERDE
STOP
ROJO ROJO
2. –ORDER OF PRIORITY BETWEEN SIGNALS.
▪ The most preeminent are placed on level 1 (agents), while the less preeminent are at
level 5 (road markings).
Signals and orders from the agents.

1
Circumstantial signs that modify the normal regime

2 of the use of the road and FIXED beacon.
Traffic lights.
3
Vertical signals.
4
Road markings (ground).
5
▪ If there are signs of different types that contradict each other you must obey the most
preeminent. However, if the signals are of the same type you should obey the most
restrictive.
37
2.1. –CONTRADICTION BETWEEN SIGNALS OF DIFFERENT TYPE.

EJEMPLO (1) EJEMPLO (2)
Drivers Drivers
should follow should obey
the indication the traffic
of the traffic lights as
agent as it is they are
priority. priority to
the vertical
signal.
IF THERE IS NO CONTRADICTION
Since there is no contradiction between the traffic light and the
signal, I should obey both, therefore, I CANNOT turn left.
2.2. -CONTRADICTION BETWEEN SIGNALS OF THE SAME TYPE.
Drivers must obey the stop sign because it is more

restrictive.
2.3. –EXAMPLES OF SIGNAL PRIORITY.
(1) Being different (2) Being equal

signals we signals we
should obey should obey
the more the more
preeminent. restrictive.
GIVES WAY. STOP.
38
3. –SIGNALS THAT ARE NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN THE ORDER

OF PRIORITY.
1. SQUARE lane traffic light.

▪ These traffic lights affect only vehicles traveling in
the lane on which they are located or the ones
indicated in the panel of variable signaling.
▪ The green arrows do not prevail over any signal, so

if there is a signal (eg STOP), I must obey.
▪ If there are no signs and a vehicle is approaching

from the right I should let it pass to meet the general
rule of right of way. That is, these traffic lights are not
exempt from having to obey the general rules about
right of way.
2. FLASHING YELLOW traffic light (one or two lights).
▪ With Stop, I Stop. ▪ Without Stop, PRECAUTION and GIVE WAY to all
vehicles from right and left.
3. LIFTED barrier or semibarrier.
▪ If a barrier or semibarrier is totally lifted,

EVERYTHING else, is still respected.
If there's a STOP, I do it.
If the flashing red light is on, I will stop until it
stops.
Hago el STOP
39
Chapter 3: Signaling. Ciculation agents.
4. –CIRCULATION AGENTS. ARM SIGNALS AND OTHERS.

Arm raised vertically ▪ It obliges all users that approach the agent to stop,
either from the front, back, right or left. You have to
stop at the nearest stop line, and if it doesn't exist,
immediately before the agent. If the agent makes this
sign at an intersection, drivers must stop before
entering it. This signal does not oblige vehicles already
within the intersection to stop (if I'm inside I continue
driving).
Arm or Arms extended horizontally

▪ Forces those drivers who approach the agent from
directions that cut the indicated by the arm or arms to
stop. That is, vehicles approaching the agent from the
front and back must stop. This signal remains in force
even if the agent puts down the arm or arms, provided
they do not change positions or perform another
signal. If the agent lowers the arms, I must remain
held up if he/she does not do anything else.
Red or yellow light balancing

▪ All users to whom the agent directs the light to
have to stop.
(NOT ONLY THE ONES APPROACHING FROM
THE FRONT OR THE BACK).
Extended arm moving up and down

▪ Drivers must slow down when approaching the
agent by the side corresponding to the arm making
the signal.
To blow the whistle

▪ Short and frequent blasts→ to stop.
(que te cortes).
▪ Long blast→ to continue, to drive off. (que te
largues).
40
Chapter 3: Signaling. Ciculation agents.
4.1. –SIGNALS FROM VEHICLES
Red flag Yellow flag Green flag
1. Roadway closed to traffic 2. Maximize attention or 3. Roadway reopened to traffic.

temporarily. Stop, no entry. proximity of a hazard. Drive with Allows passage. In front of the
caution. agent I cannot circulate
because that part of the road is
still closed, so I cannot overtake
4. Arm extended downward, inclined and fixed:
The agent forces to stop, on the right side,
those users to whom the signal is directed to.
5. Red or yellow flashing light, or flashing

forward: We stop in front of the agent, on the right
side. Without getting out of the vehicle. 4 5
5. –MILITARY POLICE, WORK STAFF AND SCHOOL PATROLS.
▪Agents may use any other sign made in a clear

way, different from the others previously seen.
▪Military police can "regulate circulation" when
traffic agents are not present or in the case that
these need assistance.
▪The works' staff and the accompaniment of
vehicles of special transport, on the roads can
"regulate the way" of vehicles through
incorporated signals to a pallet (on one side you
have a STOP sign and on the other a mandatory
sense signal).
▪The school patrols can also "invite" the users
of the road to stop through the stop sign.
▪The agents, military police and personnel of
works must use retroreflective clothing visible ▪Vertical signs and road markings
from at least 150 meters by the rest of users. used in works, background
YELLOW. Respect always, even if
there aren't any operators working at
that moment.
41
Chapter 3: Signaling. Circumstantial and beacon signals.
6. –CIRCUMSTANTIAL AND BEACON SIGNALS.
6.1. Variable message panels.
6.2. Beacon signals:
- Barrier devices: passage prohibited. The roadway is closed.
- Guide devices: indicate the edge of the roadway, obstacles or presence of curves.
6.1. –VARIABLE MESSAGE PANELS.
▪ They regulate circulation adapting it to

changing traffic circumstances,
prevailing more than the traffic lights,
vertical signals and road markings. In
order of priority are:
1º Agents.
2º Variable message panels .
3º Traffic lights.
4º Verticals.
➢Give information. 5º Road markings.
➢They warn of potential hazards.
➢Recommendations or instructions of a
mandatory fulfilment.
(Any signal can go on the panel).
What does this illuminated panel

indicate you?
a) Imposes an obligation on certain
COMPULSORY users from this point.
USE OF CHAINS
b) Warns of certain dangers to certain
users.
c) Establishes prohibitions for certain
users, prevailing over other fixed
signs of the road.
42
Chapter 3: Signaling. Circumstantial and beacon signals.
6.2. –BEACON SIGNALS.

A) BARRIER DEVICES.
Passage prohibited to the part of the road thay they delimit and can be:
Fixed barrier. Passage Mobile barriers or Temporary directional

prohibited to the road or the part semibarriers. Passage panel. In addition to prohibiting
that it delimits. temporarily prohibited, while in the passage, it informs on the
transverse position or moving to direction of the traffic that must
the roadway on a level crossing, be followed.
toll gate, etc.
Flags, cones or similar Fixed or flashing Fixed red light. Indicates that the
devices. Passage prohibited yellow lights. Passage roadway is completely closed to
through the real or imaginary prohibited through the traffic. It is not a traffic light. It's RED
line that joins them (neither to imaginary line that joins from works (beacon). It does not turn
overtake nor by emergency). them. green. It's on all night.
Not only serve to signal a
lane.
6.2. –BEACON SIGNALS.

B) GUIDE DEVICES.
They indicate the edge of the roadway, the presence of a curve and the sense of circulation, the
limits of factory work or other obstacles.
Edge milestone.
Milestone
Used to mark out
vertex.
the edges of roads.
Indicates the
Right side: white or
point where two
yellow. Left side:
flows of traffic
white.
separate.
Horizontal
reflectors Barrier
(cat's eyes) reflectors,
Are reflective on reflective.
the ground. 43
Chapter 3: Signaling. Colours code.
▪ Permanent directional panel. Guides and signals a

punctual danger (curves, roundabouts, …) and informs about
the circulation sense. The danger of the curves will go in
function of the panels that they have at the beginning of the
same.
Simple panel: Moderate hazard level.

Double panel: Medium hazard level.
Triple panel: High hazard level. (*)
(*)
Flat markers. Indicate the edge of Cylindrical markers. Reinforce any security
the roadway, the limits of works, of measure; it is forbidden to cross the real or
factory or other obstacles on the imaginary line that joins them.
road.
Lateral barriers. Indicate the edge of the platform,
protecting against a departure from the road. They
can be rigid, semirigid or displaceable.
Displaceable LATERAL
BARRIER
7. –COLOURS CODE.
▪ Are used to report on the circulation in the different
road types, for example, variable message
illuminated panels
The significance of these colours is the following:
White → Fluid circulation.
Green → Conditioned circulation. Does not allow to circulate at the maximum speed of
the road. Speed between 75 – 90 %.
Yellow → Intense circulation, with discontinuous and sporadic detentions.
Speed 25 - 75%.
Red → Very intense circulation, with prolonged detentions. Saturation. (-25%).
Black → Circulation cut (accident, snow, ice, etc.).
44
Chapter 3: Signaling. Traffic lights.
8. –TRAFFIC LIGHTS.
Reserved for Circular for Square for vehicles or Reserved for certain
pedestrians vehicles of lane vehicles
8.1. –TRAFFIC LIGHTS FOR PEDESTRIANS.

Not flashing green light in the
Not flashing red light
shape of a walking pedestrian:
in the shape of an
pedestrians can start crossing the
immobile pedestrian:
road. If the light goes to flashing, it
pedestrians should not
means that there is little time to finish
start crossing the road.
crossing the road because the red
light will go on.
8.2. –CIRCULAR TRAFFIC LIGHTS FOR VEHICLES.

If a traffic light at an intersection does not work, you must yield to vehicles coming from the right
and exercise extreme caution.
FIXED RED LIGHT: prohibits

the passage, therefore we must
Antes
stop at the transverse line of
detention before the traffic light if
it exists. If not, stop before the
traffic light itself.
If the traffic light is within an intersection or

on the opposite side of the same, vehicles must
stop just before the stop line before the intersection, if
there is no such line, they should stop immediately
before entering the intersection.
FLASHING RED LIGHT.

A flashing red light or two red lights flashing
alternately: Drivers must stop temporarily because it can be
a closed level crossing, a gateway to a mobile bridge, a
pontoon ferry, the proximity of an output of firefighting vehicles
or approach of an aircraft at low altitude. May resume driving
when the light or traffic lights go off, as the light of these traffic
lights does not go green.
45
FIXED YELLOW TRAFFIC LIGHT (NOT FLASHING).
Vehicles must stop as if it were a red light, except that, when

turned on, the vehicle is so close to the place of stopping, that it
cannot stop in adequate secure conditions.
FLASHING YELLOW TRAFFIC LIGHT.
Pass first Pass first
Maximize caution and I give way I respect the STOP and have
to right and left. caution for the traffic light.
▪ A flashing yellow light or two yellow lights flashing alternately: circulate with caution and, if
necessary, give way to vehicles approaching from the right or left. If the traffic light comes with a
stop signal I have to obey it, either vertical or road marking.
I respect the traffic light and I

give way to right and left.
FIXED GREEN TRAFFIC LIGHT (NOT FLASHING).

VEHICLES
STOPPED IN
TRAFFIC
Bad because
I invade the
Good if I don't invade.
crossing
Alllows the right of way, except when the vehicle can be stopped so as to prevent or obstruct the
transverse circulation. That is, if your vehicle is going to be stopped within an intersection, we
should not invade the crossing while the light is green.
46
8.3. –ARROWS ON THE TRAFFIC LIGHTS.
▪A black arrow on a non-flashing red light or yellow

light: does not change the meaning of these lights but
limits exclusively to the movement indicated by the
arrow. Example: This vehicle cannot change direction to
the right at this moment.
• A black arrow on a yellow flashing background: What do I do in this situation?
This vehicle is obliged to turn This vehicle is NOT obliged to turn right, but it can.
right because that is how the You can also wait to go straight but when the traffic
road marking of its lane light turns green. If a vehicle comes from behind
indicates it (exclusive lane). with the intention of turning right you will not
move away if you want to go straight even if it
bothers.
If I turn, I will, giving way to the vehicles that circulate on the lane to which I'm
incorporating.
• A green arrow on a black background:
This vehicle is obliged to This vehicle is NOT obliged to turn right, but it can.
turn right because that is how You can also wait to go straight but when the traffic
the road marking of its lane light turns green. If a vehicle is coming from
indicates it (exclusive lane). behind with the intention of turning right this
vehicle should go right as it bothers the driver
that comes from behind.
If I turn, I will, giving way to the vehicles that circulate on the lane to which I'm
incorporating.
47
8.4. –SQUARE TRAFFIC LIGHTS FOR VEHICLES OR OF LANE.

▪ Red cross → Indicates that you cannot occupy
the lane where you are located. Drivers who
occupy that lane must leave as soon as possible
even after the red cross.
▪ Green arrow→ Indicates that you can occupy
the lane where you are located. Does not prevail
over any signal, we remain respecting all, so if we
find another signal (eg a stop), we must respect it.
▪ White or yellow arrow steady or flashing.
Indicates that we must change to the lane to
which aims, in safety, as this lane will be closed
soon.
8.5. –TRAFFIC LIGHTS RESERVED FOR CERTAIN VEHICLES.

FOR CYCLES AND MOPEDS.
▪ When the traffic lights present a lit silhouette of a cycle, the
indications refer only to cycles and mopeds, 2, 3 or 4
wheels.
Red→ stop.
Fixed yellow→ stop.
Green→ continue circulating.
FOR TRAMS AND REGULAR LINES BUSES.

▪ Affects buses of regular lines and trams (does not affect the passenger car) and if a
lane reserved for buses, trams and other vehicles exists, it only affects vehicles that
circulate on it. Left Right
allowed. allowed.
Horizontal white stripe: Vertical white stripe: Oblique white stripes:

prohibits the passage→ allows the passage from allows the passage to the left
like a steady red light. the front. and right.
Vertical or oblique white stripe intermittently Is going to be

illuminated: stop → like a steady yellow light. horizontal.
48
Chapter 3: Signaling. Vertical signals.
CHAPTER 3.9. SIGNALING (Vertical signals).

3.9.1. Introduction.
3.9.2. Warning signs.

A) General characteristics.
B) Meaning.
3.9.3. Regulatory signs.

B) Signal priority.
C) Signs prohibiting entry.
D) Signals of flow restriction.
E) Other signs of prohibition or restriction.
F) Mandatory signs.
G) Signals of end of prohibition or restriction.
3.9.4. Indication signals.

B) Signs of general indications.
C) Signs of lanes.
D) Service signals.
E) Orientation signals.
- Pre-signaling signals.
- Direction signs.
- Road identification signs.
- Locallization signals.
- Confirmation signals.
- Signs of specific use in town.
F) Additional panels.
G) Other signals.
49
Chapter 3: Signaling. Warning signs.
3.9.1. -INTRODUCTION.
If there is contradiction between a general rule and a signal → WE HAVE TO OBEY THE SIGNAL.
All users must obey traffic signals even when they seem to contradict the rules.
Danger
Regulations Indication
1. of priority 1. General Indications
2. Lanes
2. Prohibition of entry
3. Service
3. Flow restriction
4. Orientation
4. Others of prohibition or
restriction
5. Additional panels
5. Obligation
6. Other signals
6. End of prohibition or of
restriction
3.9.2. –WARNING SIGNS.
A) –GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
▪The hazard warning signs are intended to indicate to road users
the proximity and nature of a danger difficult of being perceived on
time, in order to meet the standards of behavior which, in each
case are appropriate.
▪Characteristics → Triangular shape with the base down and
vertex upward. The edge is red and the background is white, with
symbol/s in black.
▪If they are illuminated signals they will be illuminated symbols in
white over a non-bright dark background.
50
B) -MEANING.
▪ Priority intersection: Endangered by the proximity of an intersection (with a path to the
right) (with a path on the left) where users must give way.
▪ Priority intersection. ▪ Intersection priority on incorporating.
▪ P-2 Intersection with priority to the right. Endangered by the

proximity of an intersection governing the general rule of the right of
way (give way to the vehicle on your right).
P-3 Traffic lights. P-4 Intersection with gyratory P-5 Mobile bridge.
Endangered by the circulation (roundabout). Endangered Endangered by the proximity
proximity of an by the proximity of an intersection of a bridge that can be lifted or
intersection isolated or where circulation takes place in rotation rotated, thus temporarily
stretch, with circulation in the direction of the arrows. It need not interrupting circulation.
regulated by traffic lights. be a roundabout, could be a square with
gyratory circulation in which we wouldn't
have priority going through the square.
P-6 Tram crossing. P-7 Level crossing with barriers. P-8 Level crossing without
Endangered by the proximity Endangered by the proximity of a level barriers. Endangered by the
of a crossing with a tram line crossing provided with barriers or proximity of a level crossing not
that has right of way. semibarriers. provided with barriers or
semibarriers.
51
B) -MEANING.
The proximity signal is
always accompanied by
some of the warning signs
of mobile bridge, tram, level
Closeness crossing or dock.
Approximation
Proximity (To level crossing, mobile bridge or dock).
P-11 Situation of a level crossing without barriers.

Danger from the immediate presence of a level crossing without
barriers. Of a railroad.
LEVEL CROSSING
WITHOUT BARRIERS
WITH MORE THAN
ONE RAILROAD
P-13a Dangerous curve P-13b Dangerous P-14a Dangerous curves to P-14b Dangerous curves
to the right. Endangered curve to the left. the right. to the left.
by the proximity of a Endangered by the Endangered by the proximity Endangered by the
dangerous curve to the proximity of a of a succession of curves proximity of a succession
right. dangerous curve to close together, the first one, of curves close together,
the left. to the right. the first one, to the left.
150 metres The length of the

DISTANCE remaining to curves is of 4,25
reach the km.
curves. LENGTH
52 It is not from the vertical of the signal. When the
curves start, 4,25 km of curves will come.
B) -MEANING.
P-15 Uneven road. P-15a Speed bump. P-15b Dip

Endangered by the proximity Endangered by the proximity Endangered by the proximity
of a speed bump or hump on of a speed bump on the road. of a dip on the road.
the road or rough pavement.
P-16a Slope with a strong P-17 Road narrowing.

incline. Endangered by the
Endangered by the
existence of a section of track
proximity of an area of the
with a strong downward slope.
road where the road
narrows.
P-16b Climb with a strong

P-17a Narrowing of the
incline.
roadway from the right.
Endangered by the existence
of a section of track with a Endangered by the proximity
strong upward slope. of an area of the road where
the road narrows from the
right.
Vehicles lose speed (go
slow).
P-17b Narrowing of the
100 m roadway from the left.
7m Endangered by the proximity

of an area of the road where
7% the road narrows from the
left.
53
B) -MEANING.
P-18 Works. P-12 Airport.

P-19 Slippery P-34 Slippery pavement
Endangered by the pavement. from ice or snow. Endangered by the
proximity of a stretch proximity of a place where
of road under Endangered by the proximity of an area of the aircrafts often fly low over
construction. road with slippery pavement the road and that can lead
to unexpected noises.
For any reason From ice or snow
P-20 Pedestrians. P-21 Children. P-22 Cyclists.

Endangered by the Endangered by the proximity Endangered by the proximity of a
proximity of a place of a place frequented by place where cyclists often take to
frequented by children such as the track or they cross it. This
pedestrians, need not be kindergartens, playgrounds, signal does not give priority to
a crosswalk. This etc. the cyclist.
signal does not give
priority to pedestrians.
CATTLE
P-23 Passage of P-24 Passage of wild
domestic animals. animals.
Endangered by the Endangered by the
proximity of a place With the cattle panel proximity of a place where
where the path may be domestic animals do the path may be traversed
traversed by domestic have right of way. by wild animals. They do
animals. They do not not have priority.
have priority.
54
B) -MEANING.
P-25 Traffic in both directions.

Endangered by the proximity of an area of the road
where circulation is performed in both directions,
temporarily or permanently.
P-26 Landslides. P-27 Quayside or P-28 Projection of P-29 Side winds.

riverbank. gravel. Endangered by the
Endangered by the
Danger because the Endangered by the proximity of an area
proximity of an area with
road leads to a dock or a proximity of a stretch of where strong wind
frequent landslides.
stream. road where there is a risk blows in a transverse
of gravel being projected. I direction. I do not
must increase the safety know from which side
distance. the wind blows.
P-30 Side step P-31 Congestion. P-32 Obstruction on the P-33 Reduced
Endangered by the Endangered by the roadway. visibility. Endangered
existence of an proximity of a stretch in Endangered by the by the proximity of a
irregularity along the which the flow is stopped proximity of a place where stretch in which the
road, on the side which or impeded by traffic there are vehicles circulation is hindered
the symbol indicates. In saturation. obstructing the road. It by a noticeable loss of
this case, step to the need not be a vehicle. visibility due to fog,
right. rain, snow, smoke,
etc..
P-50 Other hazards (Different).

Indicates the approach of danger other than the warned by
other signals. Usually accompanied by an additional panel to
indicate the type of hazard reviewed. Example: Output of
trucks. 55
Chapter 3: Signaling. Regulatory signs.
3.9.3. –REGULATORY SIGNS.
▪Regulatory signals are intended to

indicate to road users the obligations,
limitations or special prohibitions to be
observed. Regulatory signals are divided
into:
1. Signal priority.
2. Signs prohibiting entry.
3. Signals of flow restriction.
4. Other signs of prohibition or restriction.
5. Mandatory signs.
6. Signals of end of prohibition or restriction.
Regulatory signs placed at the side or on the vertical of a signal indicating the name of
a village, mean that the regulation applies to all the town except if, in this one, different
rules are indicated by other signs in certain sections of the road.
The signal affects all the town unless different regulations are indicated inside.
This one does not affect the whole town This one does not affect the whole town
because it is a little later. because it is of danger.
56
B) –SIGNAL PRIORITY.
R-2 Mandatory detention (Stop).

R-1 Give way.
Obligation for every driver to stop its vehicle
Obligation for all drivers to give way at the next always at the next stop line or, if none,
intersection to vehicles traveling on the road that immediately before entering the intersection and
approximates, or the lane you intend to yield to vehicles traveling on the transversal road.
incorporate, stopping or not according to If from where you make the first stop there is not
circumstances. enough visibility, you must stop a second time
where you see, without endangering any road
user.
P-1 Intersection priority (only in the 1st R-3 Roadway with priority (all intersections
intersection). Endangered by the proximity until the end of priority). Indicates drivers
of an intersection with a path whose users traveling on the road their priority at intersections
must yield. over vehicles traveling on the other roadway.
R-5 Priority at the opposite direction. R-6 Priority regarding the opposite
Prohibition of entry in a narrow path while it is not direction. Indicates drivers that, in the next
possible to go through without requiring vehicles narrow path they have priority regarding the
traveling in the opposite direction to stop. If I get stuck opposite direction.
with another vehicle, I must go back, as I have this 57
signal which gives priority to the contrary.
C) –SIGNS PROHIBITING ENTRY.
NO vehicle can come out
R-100 Circulation prohibited.

R-101 Entrance prohibited
Circulation prohibited to all type of vehicles
Access prohibited to all kind of
in both directions of travel. NO ENTRY, NO
vehicles. I can circulate in that road
EXIT.
but not enter. NO ENTRY.
R-102 Entry prohibited to R-103 Entry prohibited to motor R-104 Entry prohibited to
motor vehicles. vehicles, except two wheel motorcycles motorcycles. Access
Access prohibited to all without sidecar. Access prohibited to prohibited to motorcycles,
motor vehicles. Eg. Moped motor vehicles. Does not prohibit the with or without sidecar.
DOES pass (not a motor access to two wheel motorcycles without
vehicle). sidecar.
R-106 Entry prohibited to

R-105 Entry prohibited to vehicles destined to the
mopeds. Access prohibited transport of goods. Access
to mopeds (of 2, 3, or 4 prohibited to trucks and vans
wheels) and vehicles for regardless of their mass.
people with reduced
mobility.
R-107 Entry prohibited to

vehicles destined to the
R-114 Entry prohibited to transport of goods with greater
cycles. Access prohibited authorized mass than indicated.
to cycles (2, 3 or 4 wheels). Access prohibited to trucks and
vans whose MAM is bigger than the
indicated on the signal (even if
circulating empty).
58
C) -SIGNS PROHIBITING ENTRY.
R-108 Prohibited entry to vehicles destined for

the transport of dangerous goods.
Prohibition of passage to all kinds of vehicles
carrying dangerous goods and which must circulate
according to their special regulations. With the plate
of dangerous goods:
R-109 Entry prohibited to vehicles destined to

the transport of explosives or inflammable
goods.
Prohibition of passage to all kinds of vehicles
carrying explosives or flammables and that must
circulate according to their special regulations.
With the plate of dangerous goods:
R-110 Entry prohibited to vehicles

transporting water pollutants.
Prohibition of way to all kinds of vehicles carrying R-117 Entry prohibited
more than 1,000 litres of products capable of to saddle animals.
contaminating water.
Access prohibited to
saddle animals.
R-111 Entry prohibited to agricultural

motorized vehicles.
Access prohibited to tractors and other
self-propelled agricultural machines.
Works' tractor, does pass.
R-113 Entry prohibited to animal R-116 Entry prohibited to

traction vehicles. pedestrians.
Access prohibited to animal traction Access prohibited to

vehicles. pedestrians.
R-115 Entry prohibited to handcart.

Access prohibited to handcart.
59
R-112 .Entry prohibited to motor vehicles with a trailer which is not a

semitrailer or a trailer of an only axle.
The inscription of a tonnage figure, either on the outline of the trailer or in
a supplementary plate means that the prohibition of passage applies only
when the MAM of the trailer exceeds that figure.
It can enter because it is a It can enter because it is a IT CANNOT enter because it is

trailer of an only axle, no semitrailer. a trailer of 2 axles.
matter what the trailer weighs.
D) –SIGNALS OF FLOW RESTRICTION.
R-200 Prohibition of passing R-201 Limitation of mass. R-202 Limitation of mass by

without stopping. axle.
Passage prohibited to vehicles
Indicates the place where the stop with a laden mass exceeding Passage prohibited to vehicles
is mandatory, either by a customs that indicated in tons. (Not whose laden mass by axle,
post, police, toll or other, and MAM). exceeds that indicated in the
behind them there may be signall. (Not MAM).
installed mechanical mediums of
detention.
R-203 Length limitation. R-204 Width limitation. R-205 Height limitation.

Passage prohibited to vehicles and Passage prohibited to vehicles Passage prohibited to
combinations of vehicles (NOT whose maximum width, load vehicles whose maximum
ONLY TRUCKS) whose maximum included, exceeds that indicated height, load included,
length, load included, exceeds that in the signal. exceeds that indicated in
indicated in the signal. Example: a the signal.
bus of +10 m, does not pass. A
passenger car with a trailer of + 10
60 m, does not pass.
E) –OTHER SIGNS OF PROHIBITION OR RESTRICTION.
Except to overtake I can approach.
R-300 Minimum separation.

Prohibition of circulating without keeping with the vehicle of in front a separation equal or
greater than the indicated in the signal, except to overtake. If it appears without the
indication in metres, remember that in general terms a safe distance should be kept
between vehicles. That is, enough not to crash and that they can pass me.
R-301 Maximum speed.

Prohibition to circulate at a superior speed in km/h to the indicated in
the signal. If the limit of the signal coincides with the generic maximum
speed of the road, it will be a reminder signal. I cannot exceed 40
km/h.
When I pass the intersection When I pass the intersection

40 is finished This sign is still valid
Placed in the same post as a warning signal, ends As they are separated, DOES NOT END.
when the danger passes.
If there was in the crossing a GIVE WAY or a STOP
40 would end as I am on a road without priority when
crossing with the PRIORITY road. 61
E) -OTHER SIGNS OF PROHIBITION OR RESTRICTION.
R-302 Right turn prohibited. R-303 Left turn prohibited. It R-304 Half turn prohibited. But I
also prohibits the change of can turn right or left.
direction.
R-306 Overtaking
prohibited for trucks.
R-305 Overtaking Prohibition to trucks
prohibited. whose MAM exceeds
Prohibition to all vehicles 3.500 kg. of overtaking
to overtake motor vehicles motor vehicles that
traveling on the roadway, circulate on the roadway,
unless they are two-wheel unless they are two
motorcycles and never wheel motorcycles and
invading the opposite never invading the
direction. It also prohibits opposite direction. (The
the change of direction. signal does not affect the
truck of permit B,
max.3.500 kg.)
If it was in places where it is prohibited to

overtake by rule, sites without visibility,
intersections,… it will be a reminder signal and
the signal of end of overtaking prohibited would
not come after.
R-307 . Stopping and parking R-308 . Parking prohibited.

prohibited.
▪ Unless otherwise stated, the prohibition begins at the vertical signal and ends at the
nearest intersection and only affects the side where the signal is placed
62
E) -OTHER SIGNS OF PROHIBITION OR RESTRICTION.
R-308 a Parking R-308 b Parking R-308 c Parking R-308 d Parking

prohibited on odd days prohibited on even prohibited the first prohibited the second
(1,3,5…). days (2,4,6…). two weeks. two weeks.
Prohibition of parking Prohibition of parking Prohibition of parking on Prohibition of parking on
during odd days, on the during even days, on the side of the road the side of the road where
side of the roadway on the side of the roadway where the signal is the signal is located from 9
which the signal is situated. on which the signal is located from 9 of day 1 to of day 16 to 9 of day 1.
Unless otherwise stated, situated. Unless 9 of day 16. Unless Unless otherwise stated,
the prohibition begins at the otherwise stated, the otherwise stated, the the prohibition begins at
vertical signal and ends at prohibition begins at prohibition begins at the the vertical signal and ends
the nearest intersection. the vertical signal and vertical signal and ends at the nearest intersection.
Does not ban the stop. . ends at the nearest at the nearest Does not ban the stop. .
intersection. Does not intersection. Does not
ban the stop. . ban the stop. .
R-309 Area of limited parking (Paying).

Area of limited duration parking and obligation for the
driver to indicate, with regulations, the start time of
parking. Example: blue zone.
R-308 e Parking
prohibited in entrance.
Prohibits parking in front of
an entrance.
R-310 Audible warnings banned.

Reminds of the general prohibition
on acoustic signals, except to avoid
Not to be confused with:
an accident. Prohibits parking
63
Chapter 3: Signaling. Mandatory signs.
F) –MANDATORY SIGNS.
Mandatory sense
R-400 c Mandatory sense. R-400 a Mandatory sense. R-400 b Mandatory sense.

The arrow indicates the The arrow indicates the The arrow indicates the
direction and sense that the direction and sense that the direction and sense that the
vehicles are required to follow. vehicles are required to follow. vehicles are required to
follow.
R-400 d Mandatory R-400 e Mandatory sense.

sense. The arrow indicates the
The arrow indicates direction and sense that the
the direction and vehicles are required to follow.
sense that the vehicles
are required to follow.
a
YES
YES
b
YES
WRONG
R-402 Intersection of compulsory

R-401 a, b and c. Mandatory
rotational direction.
pass.
The arrows indicate the direction and
The arrow points the side or sides of sense of the rotational movement that
the refuge by which vehicles have to vehicles must follow. This signal can be
pass. found in intersections, squares,
roundabouts, etc..
64
F) -MANDATORY SIGNS.
R-403 b Only R-403 a Only R-403 c Only directions R-404 Roadway for
directions and directions and allowed and allowed ways. The automobiles except
allowed ways. The ways. The arrows arrows indicate the motorcycles without
arrows indicate the indicate the directions directions and ways that sidecar. Obligation for
directions and ways and ways that the the vehicles can take automobile drivers, except
that the vehicles can vehicles can take (prohibiting the change motorcycles, of circulating
take (prohibiting the (prohibiting the of direction). by the roadway to whose
change of direction). change of direction). entrance is located.
Others can pass.
R-405 Roadway for R-406 Roadway for trucks, R-407 a Track R-407 b Track reserved
motorcycles without and vans. Obligation for all reserved for for mopeds. Obligation
sidecar. Obligation kinds of drivers of trucks and cycles or cycle for mopeds of circulating
for motorcycle drivers vans, of whichever mass, of path. Obligation by the so marked track.
of circulating by the circulating by the roadway to for cycles of Prohibits the way to
roadway to whose whose entrance is located. circulating by the other users.
entrance is located. The registration of a figure in so marked track.
Others can pass. tonnes means that the Prohibits the
obligation applies only when way to other
it exceeds that figure. Others users.
can pass.
R-409 Path R-410 Path R-408 Path for R-411 Minimum speed.
reserved for reserved for vehicles of animal Obligation for drivers of vehicles
saddle animals. pedestrians. traction. Obligation to drive at least at the speed
Obligation for Obligation for for drivers of indicated in km/h., that figures in
riders of pedestrians to vehicles of animal the signal, from the place where it
circulating by the transit by the so traction of is located to another of different
so marked road. marked path. circulating by the so minimum speed, of end of
Prohibits the Prohibits the way marked path. Others minimum speed or of maximum
way to other to other users. can pass. speed equal or inferior, being
users. more restrictive.
65
F) –MANDATORY SIGNS.
R-412 Snow chains.

Obligation not to continue the march without snow chains or other devices which
act at least on the driving wheels. If the signal was square, it recommends
chains.
R-413 Short-Range Lighting.

Obligation for drivers to drive with short-range lighting at least, regardless of the
visibility of the road, from the place where the signal is located to another of end
of this obligation.
S-24 End of obligation of short-range lighting.
Indicates the end of a section in which it is mandatory the short-range lighting
and recalls the possibility of dispensing with it as long as it is not imposed by
visibility circumstances, time or roadway lighting. (NO OBLIGATION,
sometimes I continue with the lights. Example: at night).
Roadway for vehicles that transport:

R-414 Roadway for vehicles that transport dangerous goods.
Obligation for drivers of such vehicles of circulating by the so marked roadway.
R-416 Roadway for vehicles that transport explosive and

inflammable goods. Obligation for drivers of such vehicles of circulating by
the so marked roadway.
R-415 Roadway for vehicles that transport water contaminant

products. Obligation for drivers of such vehicles (+ than 1000 litres) of
circulating by the so marked roadway.
R-417 Mandatory use of seat belts. Obligation of the use of the security
belt.
R-418 Exclusive road for vehícles

with operating ETC. Mandatory
S-32 ETC. Indicates that
Electronic toll collection.
the vehicle traveling down the lane or
Obligation to pay tolls through the electronic so marked lanes, can make the
toll system. No payments by other means. payment by ETC or by other means
(No cash). such as cash or credit card.
In both signals I will place myself in halls of toll with GREEN LIGHT (open).
NEVER in RED light (closed post).
66
G) –SIGNALS OF END OF PROHIBITION OR RESTRICTION.
R-500 End of prohibitions.

Signals the place from which all specific prohibitions, indicated by
previous prohibition signs for vehicles in motion, are no longer
applicable.
No parking
signs DO
NOT END.
Nor the
obligation
ones.
R-501 End of speed limit.

Marks the place from which a previous sign of
maximum speed is no longer applicable.
R-502 End of the prohibition of

overtaking.
overtaking prohibited is no longer applicable.
R-503 End of the prohibition of

overtaking for trucks.
overtaking prohibited for trucks is no longer
applicable.
67
G) -SIGNALS OF END OF PROHIBITION OR RESTRICTION.
R-504 End of limited parking zone.

Marks the place from which a previous sign
of limited parking zone is no longer
applicable.
R-505 End of path reserved for R-506 End of minimum speed.

cycles. Marks the place from which a previous
Marks the place from which a previous sign of minimum speed is no longer
sign of path reserved for cycles is no applicable.
longer applicable.
3.9.4. –INDICATION SIGNALS.
▪ Indication signals are intended to facilitate the user of

the road certain information that may be helpful.
Indication signals are divided into:
1.- Signs of general indications.
2.- Signs of lanes.
3.- Service signals.
4.- Orientation signals.
5.- Additional panels.
68 6.- Other signals.
Chapter 3: Signaling. Indication signals.
B) –SIGNS OF GENERAL INDICATIONS.
S-3 Road
S-1 Highway. S-2 End of S-1 a Dual S-2 a End of dual S-4 End of road
reserved for
Indicates the highway. carriageway. carriageway. reserved for
automobiles.
beginning of a Indicates the end Indicates the Indicates the end of autombiles.
Indicates the
highway (Not a dual of a highway. beginning of a dual a dual carriageway. Indicates the end
beginning of a
carriageway). carriageway. of a road for
road for
automobiles.
automobiles.
S-5 Tunnel. Indicates the S-6 End of tunnel. May also have in its lower
beginning and eventually the Indicates the end of a tunnel, part the indication of the
name of a tunnel, underpass or underpass or a section of length of the tunnel.
a section of road equated with road equated with a tunnel.
a tunnel.
S-7 Maximum speed recommended. Recommends an approximate circulation speed,

in km/h, which advises not to exceed even if the weather conditions of the road are
favourable. When it is placed under a warning sign, the recommendation refers to the
section in which the danger persists.
S-8 End of the maximum speed recommended. Indicates where the maximum speed
recommended is no longer applicable.
S-9 Recommended interval of speed. Recommends to keep the

speed between the values listed, provided that the weather conditions
of the road are favourable. When it is placed under a warning sign, the
recommendation refers to the section in which the danger persists.
S-10 End of the recommended interval of speed. Indicates where

the recommended interval of speed is no longer applicable.
69
B) -SIGNS OF GENERAL INDICATIONS.
▪ These are the only three signs that

placed under a warning sign end when the
danger ends. Therefore in this example all
end at the end of the dangerous curves.
Below or on Below Below

the same post Curve with
visibility
The signal of overtaking prohibited

DOES NOT end with the warning sign,
unless it is a danger in which it is
prohibited to overtake by rule. Eg.
Does not end here
Curve without visibility, crossing,… with the warning
sign.
S-11 One-way roadway. Indicates that on the so marked roadway, vehicles must
travel in the direction indicated by the arrow and circulation in the opposite direction
is prohibited. It can have 1, 2, 3,… lanes. You can turn right or left.
S-11 a One-way roadway. Indicates that on the so marked roadway (two lanes),
vehicles must travel in the direction indicated by the arrows and circulation in the
opposite direction is prohibited.
S-11 b One-way roadway. Indicates that on the so marked roadway (three lanes),
vehicles must travel in the direction indicated by the arrows and circulation in the
opposite direction is prohibited.
S-12 Section of a one-way roadway. Indicates that in the so marked section

vehicles must travel in the direction indicated by the arrow. But as reported, I can
turn to another side.
NO YES NO YES YES YES
YES YES
70 Obliges Informs Informs

S-13 Situation of a S-14 a Pedestrian S-14 b Underpass for

pedestrian crossing. overpass. pedestrians.
Indicates the situation of Indicates the situation Indicates the situation of an
a pedestrian crossing. of an overpass for underpass for pedestrians.
(This signal DOES NOT pedestrians. Does not Does not give priority.
give priority). give priority.
S-15 a Pre-signaling of the roadway without exit.

Indicates that from the road marked with the red box vehicles can only
exit through the place of entry.
S-15 b Pre-signaling of the roadway without exit.

Indicates that from the road marked with the red box vehicles can
only exit through the place of entry.
S-15 c Pre-signaling of the roadway without exit.

Indicates that from the road marked with the red box vehicles can only
exit through the place of entry.
S-15 d Pre-signaling of the roadway without exit.

Indicates that from the road marked with the red box vehicles can
only exit through the place of entry.
71
S-16 Emergency braking zone. Indicates the

situation of an escape zone of the roadway, equipped
for a vehicle to be stopped in case of failure of the
braking system. Not to be confused with pre-signaling
of the roadway without exit or with fork.
S-17 Parking. Indicates the place where parking is permitted. Time may be
limited or restricted to certain vehicles in which case the corresponding
registration should come.
S-18 Place reserved for taxis. Indicates the place reserved for the stop and
parking of free taxis and in service. The registration of a number indicates the
number of taxis entering the stop.
S-51 Lane reserved for buses. Indicates the ban to drivers of vehicles other than
public transport to circulate down the indicated lane. The word “taxi” also
authorizes taxis the use of this lane. If the lane is delimited by a dashed line it is
allowed to be used to change direction. THIS SIGNAL CORRESPONDS TO
SIGNS OF LANES.
S-19 Bus stop. (Not to be S-20 Tram stop.

confused with bus lane).
S-21 Trafficability in section or mountain pass.

o In white with the registration “Open”.
o In green → Trucks of + 3500 Kg. of MAM cannot overtake.
o In yellow→ Trucks of + 3.500 Kg. of MAM and articulated vehicles cannot
circulate. El resto de vehículos circularán a una velocidad máxima de 60 km/h.
o In red→ Obliges to circulate using chains for snow or special tires, not
exceeding the maximum speed of 30 km/h. Trucks, articulated vehicles and
buses cannot circulate.
o In black→ The port is impassable.
PANEL 2: It can have the signal if the panel 1 is green. The signals
60 when panel 1 is yellow and the signals when it is red.
The registration in panel number 3 (Busdongo) means that panel 1

is applicable from Busdongo.
72 A passenger car with trailer can enter with panels white, green, yellow and red
(because it is a road train).
S-22 Change of direction at the same level. S-25 Change of direction at a different level.
Indicates the proximity of a place where you can Indicates the proximity of an exit through which to
make a U-turn at the SAME LEVEL. make a U-turn at a DIFFERENT LEVEL.
S-23 Hospital. S-27 Roadside assistance.

Indicates the status of the
Indicates the advisability of position or the nearest
taking the precautions emergency post from which you
required near medical can request help in case of
establishments, especially to accident or breakdown. The
prevent making noise. signal can indicate the distance
to which it is located.
S-26 c Panel of approximation to exit. Indicates on a

highway, dual carriageway or route for automobiles, that the
next exit is located approximately at 100 metres.
S-26 b Panel of approximation to exit. Indicates on a

S-26 a Panel of approximation to exit. Indicates on a

73
S-28 Residential street.

Indicates an area intended primarily for pedestrians in
which the following rules are applied:
▪ Maximum speed for vehicles is of 20 km/h.

▪ Pedestrians have priority.
▪ Vehicles can only park in the places designated by signs or markings
▪ Pedestrians can use the entire circulation area.
▪ Games and sports are authorized.
▪ Pedestrians must not unnecessarily impede.
S-29 End of residential street.

▪ Indicates that general rules of circulation apply
again.
S-30 Zone at 30.

Indicates the circulation area intended
primarily for pedestrians. The maximum
speed for vehicles is 30 km/h. Pedestrians
have priority S-33 Cyclable path.
Indicates the existence of a pathway
for pedestrians and cycles,
segregated from motorized traffic
S-31 End of zone at 30.
and running through open spaces,
Indicates that general rules of circulation parks, gardens or forests. NOT a
apply again. cycling via.
S-34 Sidetrack in S-34 a Sidetrack in tunnels.

tunnels. Situation of a place where to set
Situation of a place aside the vehicle in a tunnel, for the
where to set aside the purpose of clearing the passage and
vehicle in a tunnel. has an emergency phone available.
74
C) –SIGNS OF LANES.
S-50 d S-50 e
S-50 a S-50 b S-50 c
S-50 a, b, c, d y e. Lanes for the traffic according to the so marked speed.

▪ Indicates that the lane on which stands the minimum speed signal can only be used
by those vehicles traveling at equal speed or higher than indicated but, if
circumstances allow it, you should circulate in the right lane. The end of
compulsory minimum speed will be set by the S-52 sign (end of lane) or R-506 (end of
minimum speed).
I must circulate on the right lane and I will use the

centre lane when circumstances of traffic or of the
road advise it (for example to overtake at least at 70
Km/h).
S-52 End of lane destined for circulation.

Pre-signals the lane that will cease to be usable,
indicating the precise change of lane.
S-52 a End of lane destined for circulation.

Pre-signals, in a two-way roadway of circulation, the
lane that will cease to be usable, indicating the
precise change of lane.
S-52 b End of lane destined for circulation.

Pre-signals, in a two-way roadway of circulation, the
lane that will cease to be usable, indicating the
precise change of lane. 75
C) -SIGNS OF LANES.
S-53 Pass from one to two lanes of circulation. Indicates, in a section with a single lane in
one direction of circulation, that in the next section there will be two lanes in the same
direction of circulation.
S-53 b Pass from two to three lanes of circulation.

Indicates, in a section with two lanes in one direction of circulation, that in the next section
there will be three lanes in the same direction of circulation.
S-53 a Pass from one to two lanes of circulation, specifying the maximum speed for
each.
Indicates, in a section with a single lane in one direction of circulation, that in the next section
there will be two lanes in the same direction of circulation. It also indicates the maximum
speed that is permitted to reach in each of them.
S-53 c Pass from two to three lanes of circulation, specifying the maximum speed for
each.
Indicates, in a section with two lanes in one direction of circulation, that in the next section
there will be three lanes in the same direction of circulation. It also indicates the maximum
speed that is permitted to reach in each of them. (If I go alone at 100 Km/h. I would go in the
central lane).
FORK = Loss of lane, the roadway remains with less lanes.
S-60 a Fork to the left in roadway of two lanes. Indicates, in a roadway of two lanes in the
same direction of circulation, that in the next section the left lane will deviate to that same
side.
S-60 b Fork to the right in roadway of two lanes. . Indicates, in a roadway of two lanes in
the same direction of circulation, that in the next section the right lane will deviate to that
same side.
S-61 a Fork to the left in roadway of three lanes. Indicates, in a roadway of three lanes in
the same direction of circulation, that in the next section the left lane will deviate to that same
side.
S-61 b Fork to the right in roadway of three lanes. Indicates, in a roadway of three lanes
in the same direction of circulation, that in the next section the right lane will deviate to that
same side.
76
C) -SIGNS OF LANES.
S-62 a Fork to the left in roadway of four lanes.

Indicates, in a roadway of four lanes in the same direction, that in the next
section the left lane will deviate to that same side.
S-62 b Fork to the right in roadway of four lanes.

Indicates, in a roadway of four lanes in the same direction, that in the next
section the right lane will deviate to that same side.
S-63 Fork in roadway of four lanes.

Indicates in a roadway of four lanes in the same direction, that in the next
section the two lanes of the left will deviate to the left and the two from the right,
to the right.
S-64 Bike lane or cycling via attached to

the road.
Indicates that the lane on which the cycling via
sign is situated can only be used by cycles.
The arrows indicate the number of lanes of the
roadway, and traffic direction. (A passenger car
will circulate on the central lane, because the
right is reserved for cycles).
77
D) –SERVICE SIGNALS.
S-100 First-aid post. Situation S-108 Water. Situation of water

of an official centre where a cure source.
of urgency can be carried out.
S-101 Ambulance base.

Situation of an ambulance in S-109 Picturesque spot.
permanent service for cure and Picturesque location or place from
transfer of injured in traffic which you can sight.
accidents.
S-110 Hotel or motel. Situation of

S-102 ITV service. Situation of
a hotel or motel.
an ITV station.
S-103 Repair shop. Situation of S-111 Catering. Situation of a

a repair shop of automobiles. restaurant.
S-104 Telephone. Situation of S-112 Cafeteria. Situation of a bar

a telephone apparatus. or cafeteria.
S-113 Land for trailer-dwellings.

S-105 Fuel dispenser.
Situation of a land where you can
Situation of a dispenser or service
camp with a caravan.
station of fuel.
S-106 Repair shop and fuel

dispenser. Situation of an S-114 Picnic area. Place that
installation that offers a repair shop can be used for the consumption
and fuel dispenser. of food and drinks.
S-107 Campsite. Situation of S-115 Starting point for walking

a place where you can camp excursions. Appropriate place to
(campsite). initiate walking excursions.
78
D) –SERVICE SIGNALS.
S-116 Campsite and land for trailer- S-119 Fishing preserve. Stretch of
dwellings. Situation of a place where river or lake in which fishing is subject to
you can camp with a tent or caravan. special authorization.
S-117 Youth hostel. Situation S-120 National Park. Situation of a

of a shelter whose use is National Park whose name does not
restricted to youth figure registered.
organizations
S-121 Monument. Situation of a

S-118 Tourist information.
historical or art work declared
Situation of an office of tourist
monument.
information.
S-122 Other services. S-123 Rest area. S-127 Service area.

Generic signal for any other Indicates the situation of a Indicates, in highway or dual
service, that will be recorded in rest area. carriageway, the situation of a service
the white box. area.
Parking for users of….

▪Indicates the situation of a parking lot,
connected to a station of .... and intended
primarily for vehicles of users who perform a
part of their trip by private vehicle and
another in ...
S- 124 S- 125 S- 126 Bus
Bottom
Railway
railway
79
E) –ORIENTATION SIGNALS.
-PRE-SIGNALING SIGNALS.
S-200 Pre-signaling of a roundabout.

Indicates the directions of the different exits
of the next roundabout. If any inscription
figures on a blue background, it indicates
that the exit leads to a highway or dual
carriageway.
Road Road to
through Road Road to
which I through which I
which I ACCESS
GO which I ACCESS
GO
S- 250 Pre-signaling of S- 260 Pre-signaling of lanes. S- 270 Pre-signaling of two

itinerary. Indicates the Indicates the only allowed directions, in exits very close. Indicates the
itinerary to follow to take the the next intersection, to the users that proximity of two consecutive
direction of the arrow. circulate on the marked lanes. exits among which, for lack of
sufficient distance from each
other, you cannot install other
individual orientation signals for
each exit.
80
-PRE-SIGNALING SIGNALS.
Shared exit. Without the symbol

it would be exclusive.
S- 261 Pre-signaling in S- 263 Pre-signaling
conventional road area in highway or dual
or service area. carriageway area or
service area. Without
service road
because it is not
written.
S- 264 Pre-signaling in
conventional road of a
service road.
S- 271 Pre-signaling in
highway or dual
In conventional road, exclusive exits DO NOT differ carriageway of service
from shared ones. area.
-DIRECTION SIGNALS.
S- 300. Populations of an itinerary by conventional road.
S- 301. Populations of an itinerary by highway or dual carriageway.
S- 341. Target signal of immediate exit to conventional road. (I'm on the

highway or dual carriageway) If it were blue, it would be a shared exit to a
highway / dual carriageway and a petrol station.
S- 348. Target signal in turning.
S- 347. Target signal of immediate exit to a zone, area or service road, with
shared exit to a highway or dual carriageway. If it were white it would be an
exit to a zone, area, service road, unsure at first if it is exclusive (only petrol
station) or shared (to conventional).
-ROAD IDENTIFICATION SIGNALS.

Regional roads:
S- 400 European itinerary.
S- 430 First level.

S- 410 Highway or dual
carriageway.
S- 440 Second level.
S- 410 a. Toll highway.
S- 450 Third level.

S- 420 Road, of the general
network of the state, other than
highway or dual carriageway. 81
-LOCALIZATION SIGNALS.
S- 500 Entry to town

Indicates the place from which the rules of behavior in traffic on
the town start governing.
S- 510 End of town

Indicates the place where the rules of behavior in traffic on the
town are no longer applicable.
S – 570 Kilometric Milestone in highway or dual carriageway
S – 574 Kilometric
Milestone (a, b
and c)
Indicates the kilometre 10 Km/h.
point when that is a multiple
of ten (every 10 km/h.).
-CONFIRMATION SIGNALS.
S- 600 Confirmation of populations in an itinerary by

conventional road
Indicates, in conventional road, the names and distances in kilometres
to the expressed populations.
S- 602 Confirmation of populations in an itinerary by

highway or dual carriageway
Indicates, in highway or dual carriageway, the names and distances in
kilometres to the expressed populations.
82
Chapter 3: Signaling. Additional panels.
-SIGNS OF SPECIFIC USE IN TOWN.
S-700 Places of the urban road network (Streets,

roundabouts etc.).
S-710 Places of interest to travelers.
S-720 Places of sporting or recreational interest.
S-730 Places of geographical or ecologic interest.
S-740 Places of monumental or cultural interest.
S-750 Industrial areas.
S-760 Highways and dual carriageways.
S-770 Other places and roads different to the marked by

the above signals. Eg: hospitals.
F) –ADDITIONAL PANELS.
S- 800 Distance to the beginning of danger or

S- 810 Length of dangerous stretch or
prescription. Indicates the distance from the
subject to prescription. Indicates the
place where the signal is to that where the danger
length in which there is danger or
starts or starts to govern the prescription of that
prescription is applied.
one. If it was a very small amount, such as 4 m,
below the warning sign road narrowing, indicating
the free space to pass the narrowing.
83
Chapter 3: Signaling. Additional panels.
S- 820 Extending the ban to one side

Placed under one of prohibition indicates the
distance in which this prohibition is applied in
the direction of the arrow.
S- 840 Pre-signaling of mandatory
detention. Placed under the signal of “give
way”, indicates the distance to which the
signal “mandatory detention or stop” is
found in the next intersection.
S- 830 Extension of the prohibition
to both sides
▪ S- 850, S- 851, S- 852, S- 853 Itinerary with priority

Additional panel of the signal “roadway with priority”, that indicates the itinerary with priority.
▪ S- 860 Generic
Panel for any other further clarification or delimitation of the sign or traffic light under which is
placed.
84
Chapter 3: Signaling. Additional panels and other signals.
S- 870 Application of the signaling

Indicates under a signal, that it refers exclusively to the branch of exit
whose direction coincides aproximately with that of the arrow.
Trucks
SNOW
Veh. with
trailer
RAIN
Buses
FOG
Cycles
S- 880 Application of the signaling to S- 890 A supplementary panel of

certain vehicles. Indicates, under the a vertical signal
corresponding vertical signal that the Indicates, under another vertical
signal refers exclusively to the vehicles signal, that this one refers to the
that figure in the panel. circumstances listed in the panel.
G) –OTHER SIGNALS.
S- 900 Fire S- 920 Entry to S- 930 Confirmation S- 910 Fire S- 940 Speed limits in
hazard Spain of the country Extinguisher Spain.
S- 950 Radio
frecuency of S- 960
specific radios of Emergency
information on the telephone.
roads. S- 970 Sidetrack
Indicates the situation in a
sidetrack of a fire extinguisher
and an emergency telephone.
S- 990
Signboard
indicative sign
of emergency
in tunnels. S- 980 Emergency 85
exits.
86
Chapter 3: Signaling. Road markings.
TEMA 3.9. SIGNALING (Road markings).

3.9.1. Road markings.
3.9.2. White marks.

A) Longitudinal marks.
- Continuous longitudinal marking.
- Discontinuous longitudinal marking.
- Double discontinuous longitudinal marking.
- Continuous longitudinal marking attached to discontinuous.
- Border lines of roadway and parking.
- Guide marks at the intersection.
B) Transverse markings.
- Continuous transverse marking.
- Discontinuous transverse marking.
- Pedestrian crossing and cyclists passing.
C) Horizontal signals.
- Give way.
- Mandatory detention or “Stop”.
- Speed limit.
- Lane selection arrows.
- Exit arrow.
- End of lane arrows and return.
D) Other marks.
3.9.3 Marks of other colours.

A) Yellow.
B) Other colours. 87
3.9.1. –ROAD MARKINGS.

▪ White marks:
• Longitudinal marks.
• Transverse markings.
• Horizontal signals.
• Other white marks.
▪ Marks of other colours:

• Yellow.
• Red checkerboard and white.
• Blue.
3.9.2. –WHITE MARKS.
A) – LONGITUDINAL MARKS.
- CONTINUOUS LONGITUDINAL MARKING.
YES
NO NO BUS
NO
▪ If the mark is WIDER than normal →
SPECIAL LANE. Vehicles that circulate
▪No driver shall pass ▪ Two lines, has the through this lane may extend beyond
through or circulate on it same meaning as a the line carefully to leave the lane
with its vehicle. continuous longitudinal where required by the maneuver or
line. destination they intend to follow.
YES
NO
YES
NO
▪ DO NOT circulate left of the

continuous line in two-way roads. Do
not go in the opposite direction.. ▪ In ONE-WAY roads YOU CAN circulate on
the left of the continuous line.
88
- DISCONTINUOUS LONGITUDINAL MARKING.
Serves to delimit lanes and No driver should be driving on DISCONTINUOUS mark WIDER
can be traversed to perform it, I must circulate on my lane. than normal indicates a
any maneuver allowed. SPECIAL LANE.
BAD
GOOD
If the distance between the

discontinuous dashed line is
increasingly shorter, it
BAD BAD indicates that a continuous
line or section with special
risk approximates. Eg. curve
of reduced visibility.
BAD BAD
▪ Where necessary and the safety of traffic permits it, in roadways with narrow lanes (less than 3
m. wide) you can circulate with any vehicle on the discontinuous lines.
▪ If in this same situation the longitudinal line is continuous no vehicle could drive stepping
this mark even if the lane is narrow.
89
- DOUBLE DISCONTINUOUS MARKING.
▪ When a lane is delimited on both sides with

double discontinuous lines, it indicates a
REVERSIBLE reversible lane.
LANE
▪ In this lane, the circulation may be
regulated in one way or another by lane
traffic lights or other means.
- CONTINUOUS LONGITUDINAL MARKING ATTACHED TO

DISCONTINUOUS.
▪Two-way ▪One-way
roadway. You can roadway. You can
overtake by the overtake by the
SI discontinuous line discontinuous line
but YOU CANNOT
NO
and return to the
right lane. I only return to the right
consider the line of lane stepping on
the direction in the continuous line.
which I move. In I consider the line
this eg. I only that is on the lane SI
consider the which I am on.
discontinuous. NO
- BORDER LINES OF ROADWAY AND PARKING.
Border line of the roadway.

Separates the roadway from the
hard shoulder, either continuous or
discontinuous is the same.
In line
On kerb
Parking lines. Delimits parking places.
LONGITUDINAL MARKS ARE NOT CONSIDERED, can be stepped on, even if they are
continuous, for example to leave a road. Not being allowed to drive on it.
90
- GUIDE MARKS AT THE INTERSECTION.

▪ They indicate how to do a certain
maneuver at the intersection.
B) –TRANSVERSE MARKINGS.
- CONTINUOUS TRANSVERSE MARKING.
▪ They are detention lines. If stopped, do so just before the line, not go beyond it with the
vehicle or its load.
- DISCONTINUOUS TRANSVERSE MARKING.
2nd to pass 1st to pass
1st to pass 2nd to pass

▪ The discontinuous transverse marking does not take or give preference, it is only there
to give way in the case that you have to, you stop before the line. Can be used to give
way in:
• a signal of GIVE WAY.
• a green arrow of a circular traffic light.
• to apply the general rule of priority of the right. 91
WHERE DO I STOP IN A GIVE WAY IF VEHICLES TO GIVE WAY COME?
Si hay línea transversal If there is NO line before

discontinua, antes de la línea entering the intersection
I NEVER STOP
IN THE
VERTICAL OF
THE SIGNAL
WHERE DO I STOP IN A GIVE WAY WITHOUT VISIBILITY IF VEHICLES

ARE COMING?
IF THERE IS NO VISIBILITY, I GO DIRECTLY WHERE I SEE. (I jump the line or the entrance of
the intersection and I stop once where I see).
WHERE DO I STOP IN A STOP?
If there is line, before the line. If there is NO line, before entering in the
intersection.
I NEVER STOP BEFORE THE SIGNAL.
92
WHERE DO I STOP IN A STOP WITHOUT VISIBILITY?
1º Before the line. 1º Before the intersection.

2º WHERE I SEE. 2º WHERE I SEE.
- PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLISTS CROSSING.
Pedestrian crossing. Pedestrians have preference, Cyclists crossing

but they can only go through this crossing when the
Cyclists have preference.
distance and speed of the vehicles approaching
allow doing it with safety. Should not cross by the
vicinity of these pedestrian crossings. DO NOT
MAKE INDICATIONS TO THE PEDESTRIAN FOR
HIM/HER TO CROSS BECAUSE ANOTHER
DRIVER MAY NOT SEE HIM/HER AND IT
STRUCKS HIM/HER.
C) –HORIZONTAL SIGNALS.
Horizontal signals have the same meaning as the vertical signals.
- MANDATORY DETENTION OR
- GIVE WAY. “STOP”.
Give way to vehicles approaching both to

Always stop. Only respects the stop who
the right as to the left. Only respects the
circulate through the lane.
yield who circulate through the lane.
93
- SPEED LIMIT.
It only affects the lane where it is located.
The prohibition ends with:
Other maximum
speed (ground or
vertical).
Maximum speed
- SELECTION ARROWS OF LANES.
▪ Indicate that you should follow the direction or one of the directions indicated by the
arrow. If the longitudinal lines are discontinuous, you can switch lanes.
- EXIT ARROWS.
▪ Indicate the place from which you can

initiate the change of lane to take an exit.
94
- ARROWS OF END OF LANE AND RETURN.
End of lane Return arrow
The lane where they are located ends

In two-way roads. Announce the proximity of a
soon, indications must be followed. By
continuous line, prohibition of circulating to the left of
switching to the lane where the arrow
the line. Do not affect the drivers that circulate in the
points, give way to the ones
opposite direction to the arrows.
circulating on that lane.
D) –OTHER MARKS.
FORK. LEVEL CROSSING.
▪ Indicate that a fork is close in the roadway Level crossing WITH or WITHOUT
with possible readjustment of the total number barriers. We cannot know if it has or not
of lanes before and after them. barriers until we reach the train tracks.
INSCRIPTION OF LANE OR RESERVED ZONE.

▪ Lane or zone of the road reserved, temporarily or permanently, for
circulation, stop or parking of certain vehicles such as buses, taxis
and cycles.
▪ When the line is discontinuous→ I can enter to TURN (not
stopping, no parking, no overtaking, no change of direction).
When the line is continuous→ DO NO ENTER.
Start of reserved lane. DO NOT ENTER. 95

MARK OF BIKE LANE
Indicates a bike lane or cyclable

track.
MOTORBIKES OR MOPEDS
CANNOT ENTER.
ZEBRATED
Stopping and parking prohibited ▪ Zone formed by parallel oblique stripes and
framed by a continuous line, means that no driver
should enter with its vehicle or animal in this
NO zone, except those required to go through the
NO hard shoulder (bicycles, mopeds, etc.)
NO
OTHER MARKS
▪ Repeat indications of signals or

provide useful information to road
users..
NO
96
3.9.3. –MARKS OF OTHER COLOURS.
A) -YELLOW
Longitudinal Longitudinal continuous
discontinuous in kerb or in kerb or next to the border
In Zig – Zag.
next to the border of the of the roadway.
roadway.
No parking. No stopping and parking.

No parking.
GRID OF YELLOW M ARKS (Do not INVADE the crossing).

▪ Remember the
ban on entering
the intersection
if, in doing so, I
can be stopped
inside it
hindering
circulation.
BAD
GOOD
B) –OTHER COLOURS.
WHITE AND RED
CHECKERBOARD BLUE MARKS (paying)
▪ Indicates the place where an ▪ Limited parking zone during certain

emergency braking zone starts. periods of the day, you can only park the
Prohibits stopping, parking or the regulated time. (NOT AN AREA OF
usage for other purposes. RESIDENTS).
97
98
CHAPTER 4: USE OF ROADS.
1. General rules of behaviour.
2. Circulation in the roadway.
3. Circulation in two-way roads (2 and 3 lanes).
4. Circulation in one-way roads.

4.1. Roads.
4.2. Town.
5. Circulation in the right hard shoulder.

5.1. How do I circulate on the hard shoulder?
6. Special lanes.
6.1. Bus lane.
6.2. Acceleration lane.
6.3. Deceleration lane.
6.4. Waiting lane.
6.5. Special lane according to speed.
6.6. Reversible lane.
6.7. Opposite direction to the usual lane.
6.8. Additional lane.
6.9. VAO lane (High occupancy vehicles).
7. Pedestrian circulation.
8. Animal circulation.
99
Chapter 4: Use of roads. General rules and circulation.
1. –GENERAL RULES OF BEHAVIOUR.

▪ Do not throw objects on the track or materials which may impede circulation. Do not
throw cigarette butts out the window.
▪ Do not use headphones or earphones connected to receivers or sound reproducing
apparatus, neither to communicate with a rear seat passenger of the motorcycle.
▪ Do not use the mobile phone (even stopped at a red light), unless you have a hands-
free device, although the hands-free device is not recommended because it reduces the
attention almost a 40%.
▪ Do not drive using screens of internet access, TV, or DVD installed in the
vehicle. GPS is allowed, but you cannot handle it while circulating.
▪ Do not carry radar detected (antiradars) to elude the vigilance of the traffic agents.
▪ Do not warn of the presence of traffic agents to other drivers by bursts of short light and
long range by way of flashes.
▪ When refueling must be turned off: engine, lights, mobile phone, radio, and no
smoking.
▪ You cannot make sports competitions with vehicles on public roads, unless they
are duly authorized by the competent authority.
▪ Do not endanger, do not disturb and do not harm other road users and do not cause
damage to goods.
It is important to consider that drivers and pedestrians share public roads and do have
the same rights.
2. -CIRCULATION IN THE ROADWAY.
▪ In all roads, vehicles will circulate on the right and as close to the edge of the road as
possible, especially, on curves and gradient changes of reduced visibility. Must
maintain a sufficient lateral spacing for safely crossings, leaving completely
free the middle of the roadway corresponding to the opposite direction.
Circulate on the roadway:

NO
All automobiles
Special veh. + 3.500 KG. MAM
100
Chapter 4: Use of roads. Circulation.
3. -CIRCULATION ON TWO-WAY ROADS (2 AND 3 LANES).

▪ In two-way roadways
of circulation and three
separated lanes by
discontinuous marks,
vehicles must circulate
on the right lane, never
on the lane situated
more to the left. The
central lane will only be
used to overtake and
turn to the left.
▪ In two-way roadways of circulation

and two separated lanes or not by Only for those who To overtake To circulate and
road markings, vehicles must are circulating in and turn to change
circulate on the right lane. the opposite the left. direction.
direction.
4. –CIRCULATION IN ONE-WAY ROADS

4.1. -Road.
▪ On roads outside of town with more than one lane for the same direction of circulation, you must
circulate normally in the right lane. You may use the remaining lanes when traffic conditions or road
conditions make it advisable and not to impede the progress of another vehicle that follows us.
NO CANNOT go on the 3rd lane or following:

To overtake or remain if the traffic or
the road advice it. 3rd lane Trucks and vans + 3.500 Kg. MAM
Special vehicles + 3.500 Kg. MAM
To overtake or remain if the traffic or Combinations of veh. + 7 metres length

the road advice it. 2nd lane
General rule to circulate. 1st lane
3rd lane
2nd lane
I can remain if I am going to overtake another
BAD, because you should go on the
vehicle, if traffic circumstances or of the road
RIGHT
advice it without disturbing the one that comes
1st lane from behind faster. If I disturb I move away.
101
4. - CIRCULATION IN ONE-WAY ROADS.

4.2. -Town.
By the lane that is best for my destination if:
▪ I have 2 lanes or more for my direction.
▪ With road markings painted delimiting lanes. (If
there are no road markings I circulate on the right).
▪ If I am a motor vehicle (car or special vehicle of any
mass).
▪ Cycles, mopeds, disabled vehicles and animal drawn
vehicles circulate always on the right.
In highway or dual carriageway as general rule you

must circulate on the right (inside or outside the town),
that is to say, you follow the road rules, not those of town.
5. -CIRCULATION IN THE THE RIGHT HARD SHOULDER.

▪ Circulate by the right hard shoulder if passable and adequate if not possible, they
should circulate to occupy the the essential part of the road:
• Cycles.
• Mopeds.
• Animal drawn vehicles.
• Pedestrians (and in wheelchairs) and
animals.
• Special vehicles up to 3.500 Kg MAM.
• Vehicles following cyclists.
CIRCULATION ON THE RIGHT HARD SHOULDER IN EMERGENCY.
Vehicles of up to 3.500 kg MAM if they go:
- BY EMERGENCY.
- SPEED ABNORMALLY REDUCED (below the
minimum speed).
- Seriously DISRUPTING the flow.
If you are in an emergency, slow but NOT disturbing must go on the roadway.
▪ In HIGHWAYS AND DUAL CARRIEAGEWAYS,

if I go by emergency and at an abnormally
reduced speed I should abandon these roads by
the first exit, EVEN IF I AM NOT DISTURBING.
102
5.1. –HOW DO I CIRCULATE ON THE HARD SHOULDER?

▪ Vehicles from the hard shoulder should go in line (one after another), that is to
say, they CANNOT go paralleled (column of two) as a general rule, unless:
▪ BIKES: by the right hard shoulder and stepping even on the roadway if there is no hard
shoulder. But in sections without visibility and when traffic jams form, they should be
placed in line (not parallel). In prolonged decreases with curves they may also leave the
hard shoulder and go to the right of the road they need. In the DUAL CARRIAGEWAYS,
the bicycle driver over 14 years can only go by the right shoulder, without invading the
roadway at all. Having banned the entrace in highways.
▪ MOPEDS: If they go in parallel, should circulate only by the hard shoulder if it is
passable and adequate, without invading the roadway and without overtaking between
them. Cannot enter in highway or in dual carriageway.
OVERTAKINGS BETWEEN VEHICLES THAT CIRCULATE ON HARD SHOULDER.

▪ Vehicles required to go by the shoulder, cannot overtake if the duration of the march of
the vehicles PLACED IN PARALLEL exceeds 15 seconds or 200 metres. However, from
when the overtaking begins until it ends, we will use the necessary time and distance.
Can step the roadway when overtaking
TO ADVANCE
IN PARALLEL
200 metres
or
15 seconds
(Except BIKE, can do more than 200
metres or 15 seconds)
TOTAL overtaking, the essential. 103

6. –SPECIAL LANES.
6.1. –BUS LANE.
▪ Of exclusive use for vehicles of public passenger transport
(BUS) and other vehicles can enter but if indicated (taxi). NOT
COUNTED AS LANE, ie, the vehicles from the drawing are
going in the right lane, the bus does not count for them.
• With discontinuous line→ I can enter to TURN (no

stopping, no parking, no overtaking, no change of
direction), preference always given to buses and taxis,
where appropriate.
• With continuous line→ YOU CANNOT ENTER.
6.2. -ACCELERATION LANE.

To join a track at an adequate speed. NOT COUNTED AS LANE to effects of the rule of
driving on the right lane.
▪ MAKE SURE at the beginning of the lane: should be

noted by mirrors to enter safely.
▪ Signal it.
▪ I do not have priority. I give way and even stop if
necessary (not always) at the BEGINNING OF THE
LANE.
▪ Accommodate the speed to that of vehicles already
traveling on the road to which I incorporate to.
6.3. –DECELERATION LANE.

To exit a road. NOT COUNTED AS LANE.
▪ I will circulate by the lane closest to the

deceleration lane and will enter at the
BEGINNING OF THE LANE.
▪ I won't brake on the road but on the
deceleration lane.
104
6.4. –WAITING LANE.
▪ To turn left without disturbing the ones that continue in front or circulate in the opposite
direction. NOT COUNTED AS LANE.
NO
NO
6.5. –SPECIAL LANE ACCORDING TO SPEED.
IT IS CONSIDERED LANE.
▪ I must circulate in the right lane if the circumstances permit

it and the lane on which the signal of minimum speed signal is
located I will use when the traffic or road circumstances advice
it, but circulating at a speed equal or superior to the indicated
(for example to overtake at least at 70 Km/h).
6.6. –REVERSIBLE LANE.
▪ Delimited by double discontinuous longitudinal lines on both sides of the lane. The circulation
may be regulated by square traffic lights or other means.
▪ Maximum speed: The established with general

character (of the road) or by signals, if you are in town
(50 Km/h) , in conventional road (100 Km/h).
▪ Users: The authorized to go on the road can circulate,
ie, no specific limitation.
▪ Lighting: Short range, at least, day and night.
▪ You are not allowed to enter the lane left to the
reversible lane. 105
6.7. –OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE USUAL LANE.
ONE LANE.
▪ Speed: The one that circulates in the opposite
80/60 direction lane and adjacent lane → 80 Km/h maximum
km/h / 60 Km/h minimum.
▪ Users: For flow (jam) it remains limited to motorcycles
and passenger cars without trailers. If it is for works,
all type of vehicles can circulate, unless expressly
80/60 prohibited.
km/h
▪ Lighting: The one that circulates in the opposite
direction lane and adjacent lane to the cones
→ Short range, at least, day and night.
TWO LANES.
▪ Speed: With more than one lane for the normal sense
of circulation, only the one that circulates in the
opposite direction lane → 80 Km/h maximum / 60
Km/h minimum. For the blue and green vehicles their
maximum speed will be the established for that road.
▪ Users: For flow (jam) it remains limited to motorcycles
and passenger cars without trailers. If it is for works,
all type of vehicles can circulate, unless expressly
prohibited.
80/60
km/h ▪ Lighting: The one that circulates in the opposite
direction lane and adjacent lane to the cones
→ Short range, at least, day and night.
The vehicles cannot move sidewards invading the lane or the lanes destined to the traffic
into opposite direction to the usual one, not even for overtaking.
6.8. –ADDITIONAL LANE.
CARRIL In two-way roadways and shoulders where the
ADICIONAL width of the platform allows it. Where once two
vehicles use to circulate, now are three. The one
that does not use the shoulder is the additional.
▪ Speed: All 80 Km/h maximum / 60 Km/h minimum.
▪ Users: The authorized to go on the road can use it,
no specific limitation. It allows driving on the shoulder.
▪ Lighting: All short range, at least, day and night.
The vehicles cannot move sidewards invading the lane or the lanes destined to the traffic
into opposite direction to the usual one, not even for overtaking.
106
Chapter 4: Use of roads. Circulation and pedestrians.
6.9. –VHO LANE (HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLES)

Tourism cars can enter, but they must be occupied by the number of
passengers marked by Trafico headquarters (2 people per vehicle, including
the driver).
Allowed to enter, even though the vehicle is occupied only by the driver:
- The vehicles mentioned above carrying the sign V-15 (disabled).
- Motorbikes with 2 or 3 wheels.
- Mixed adapted vehicles.
- Tourism cars with the environmental sign V-25, classified as cero emissions.
- Tourism cars with the environmental sign V-25 classified as ECO, C or B, when it is
shown on the access panel of the VHO lane.
- Coaches with a maximum authorized mass of more than 3,500 kg and articulated
coaches.
- Vehicles classified as taxis.
- Vehicles on emergency service and maintenance vehicles.
- Lorries
Not allowed to enter: - Combination of vehicles (tourism car with trailer).
- Pedestrians, cycles and mopeds.
- Animals and animal traction vehicles
7. –CIRCULATION OF SKATERS.
▪ It is forbidden to circulate with them on walkways and pedestrian areas.
▪ Prohibition to circulate with them on interurban roads, crossroads or urban tunnels.
8. –PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION.
▪ Must circulate through the pedestrian streets unless they do not exist or are not
practicable, in which case they may go for the shoulder or, failing that, on the road.
▪ Pedestrians who use skates, skateboards or similar devices may not travel on the road
unless there are areas reserved for them. Can only circulate at a walking pace on the
sidewalks or residential streets; and in no case is permitted to be carried by other vehicles.
▪ Circulating on the roadway or shoulder:
Pedestrians → URBAN ROADS Pedestrians → OUTSIDE THE TOWN AND

CROSSINGS
They will go on the right or
left. They will go on the left, unless for safety reasons
they do it on the right.
107
Chapter 4: Use of roads. Pedestrians and animals.
▪ Pedestrians may not cross the Must circulate through the pedestrian streets and if
squares and roundabouts on the they block, on the road or right shoulder, both within
road, but must go AROUND. and outside town, the following pedestrians:
-Those who push a cycle or a two-wheel moped.
-Those who push carts or similar devices (eg,
pushing a large object).
-Pedestrians impaired (disabled) in wheelchairs (at
a walking pace).
-Groups of pedestrians, organized delegations.
ALWAYS ON THE RIGHT,

except for safety, if I take a car
or they are going in group.
▪ NIGHT CIRCULATION:
▪ At night or with poor visibility, pedestrians traveling on the roadway or shoulder of roads
outside of town will:
- Carry a bright or reflective approved element, visible at 150 metres.
- Circulating in group or in procession shall carry in addition, on the side closest to the
centre of the roadway, a white or yellow light in front and a red one behind.
8. –ANIMAL CIRCULATION.
▪ They will go by the cattle trails (canyons) guarded by a person over 18 years old; if
there is no cattle route they will go by a road of less traffic (never by highways or dual
carriageways), by shoulder or roadway.
General Rule: an animal or in group

→ By the right shoulder, and if they
had to use the road, they will approaching
as much as possible to the right edge
thereof.
Exception: Riding an animal is

allowed by the left shoulder for
safety reasons.
▪ NIGHT CIRCULATION:
At night on a road under-lit or with low visibility, the driver/s of animals bear white or yellow
lights forward and red backward on the side closest to the centre of the roadway.
108
CHAPTER 5: SPEED.
1. Concepts.
2. Moderate speed.
3. Maximum speed and minimum generic.
4. Rest of speeds.
5. Relation between speed and weight.
6. Safety distance.
6.1. Safety distance if I do not want to overtake.
6.2. Special situations.
6.3. Safety distance in tunnels and underpasses.
109
Chapter 5: Speed. Concepts.
1. -CONCEPTS.
▪ Speed: is the relationship between space travel and the time taken to travel it. To control the speed you
should be looking at the speedometer, although the GPS is also used to control it. With increasing
speed, it increases the severity of accidents and injuries, there is a reduced ability to anticipate and
more difficulty to control the vehicle.
▪ Speed limits that are set for a road depend on their alignment and the traffic that they will bear.
Example: Conventional road for a passenger car.
Maximum generic speed The maximum that a vehicle can travel on a road. 90 Km/h
Are set to improve safety and fluidity of the road.
EXCESS of speed Superior to the maximum permitted (punish me). 91 km/h or more
Excessive Speed Inappropriate speed, is not adapted to the 70 Km/h with ICE
circumstances of the road, vehicle, or adverse
conditions. RISK FACTOR that increases the risk
of accident and injury severity.
Adequate Speed The one that a driver must have according to the 10 Km/h with ice
circumstances occurring at all times to drive safely. plates
MINIMUM Speed At the very least that a vehicle must travel on a road. 45 Km/h
ABNORMALLY If I circulate below the minimum. It can cause injury Less than 45
REDUCED Speed and is therefore prohibited, unless there is a justified Km/h
cause → ice, jam, etc.
Design speed The maximum safe speed that can be maintained on

a road under favourable conditions.
Example: Conventional road for a passenger car → maximum speed 90 km/h.

Speed REMINDER Maximum speed signal which coincides 90 Km/h
with the maximum generic.
SPECIFIC speed Maximum speed signal inferior to the 80 Km/h

maximum generic.
Reminder Specific Specific speed

DO NOT
EXCEED EVER
110
Chapter 5: Speed. Moderate speed.
2. -MODERATE SPEED.
Circulate at a moderate speed and, if necessary, stop the car, especially in the
following cases:
When there are pedestrians on the When there are animals on the part When approaching cyclists
part of the road that is being used of the road that is being used or traveling on the road or hard
or their irruption into it is foreseen, their irruption into it is foreseen. shoulder, as well as at
especially if they are children, intersections or near cycle
elderly, blind, disabled. Also, when routes.
approaching markets or schools.
When approaching a bus stop With dense fog, heavy rain, snow, In case of glare, to avoid reaching
situation, especially school buses. clouds of dust or smoke, or to vehicles or pedestrians, stop at
Travelers can go down the right slippery pavement or when water, the lane itself.
door. gravel… can be splattered, etc.
Also in places of reduced visibility.
When approaching intersections When approaching intersections When approaching pedestrian

where I have no priority. If the where I do not enjoy priority (eg. crossings NOT regulated by
intersection is properly marked and Roundabouts). Also when traffic lights or agents.
visibility is virtually zero, the approaching level crossings.
maximum speed is 50 km/h.
Coming close to places

When approaching vehicles On parts of the roadway with with reduced visibility or
stopped on the ROADWAY, buildings having immediate narrowing parts of a road.
OUTSIDE THE TOWN. access to the road. 111
Chapter 5: Speed. Maximum and minimum.
3. –MAXIMUM SPEED AND MINIMUM GENERIC.

The criteria that establish the maximum speed allowed in the road are to enhance
safety and traffic flow.
On conventional roads it is very important NOT to overpass 90 or 100 km/h

as both senses of direction are on the same roadway, (vehicles are coming
from the other sense of direction).
112
Chapter 5: Speed. Rest of speeds.
4. -REST OF SPEEDS.
Transport of dangerous goods. School transport (both buses and cars).

10 Km/h is rested 10 Km/h is rested
to its maximum to its maximum
speed, in all sorts speed, OUTSIDE
of roads (inside OF TOWN. In town
and outside of they continue at 50
town). km/h.
Roads that go through town (crossings) → 50 Km/h.
Maximum speed in the city:

Two or more lanes in each direction and roads that go through town : 50 km/h. Lanes
of exclusive use for vehicles of public Passenger transport (BUS) and lanes of certain
users are not taken into account.
A single lane in each direction: 30 km/h, specific signaling can be 50 km/h.
With singfle platforn of road and sidewalk: 20 km/h
If you And you Probability of death

Why is it important not to exceed circulate at: run over a
50 km/h in the city? pedestrian
30 Km/h → 5%
50 Km/h → 50 % (half)
80 Km/h → Nearly a 100%
(Mortal accident)
▪ It is important NOT to exceed 50 km/h in town for pedestrians and vehicles share
the SAME RIGHTS.
▪ CHILDREN and ELDERLY are most at risk of being run over.
Highway or dual carriageway that pass

through the TOWN
Maximum speed→80 Km/h

Residential
Minimum speed→60 Km/h , or inferior if that street: 20 km/h
is established.
Testing vehicles or experimentation
▪ Can exceed the maximum speeds in 30 Km/h only following
an itinerary.
• Never in town.
• Never with specific signs (for example signal of 80
km/h in highway).
113
Chapter 5: Speed. Rest of speeds.
MOPEDS OF 2, 3 OR 4 WHEELS (LIGHT

QUADRICYCLE) AND CYCLES.
▪ Maximum speed→ 45 Km/h in all type of roads.
▪ Drivers of bicycles can exceed this speed in those
stretches where by road circumstances it is allowed to
develop a top speed without exceeding the maximum
speed generic of the road, and without a specific
signal.
SPECIAL
VEHICLES
40 Km/h → GENERAL RULE

25 Km/h →
- if they lack of brake light.
- if they have a trailer attached.
- if they are cultivators.
70 Km/h → for those that reach + 60 km/h.
Three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles

maximum Speed 70 Km/h (in roads)
5. -RELATION BETWEEN SPEED AND WEIGHT.

▪ Speed is one of the factors that has more impact on traffic accidents. A moving vehicle
accumulates energy according to its weight and speed: The faster and heavier → more
stored energy.
If you have an accident at 50 km/h it is like falling off a building with 3 floors.
If you have an accident at 80 Km/h it is like falling off a building with 7 floors.
If you have an accident at 120 Km/h it is like falling off a building with16 floors.
At higher speed, greater bodily injury in an accident.
114
Chapter 5: Speed. Safety distance.
6. –SAFETY DISTANCE.
▪ It's the one we have to maintain with the vehicle that precedes me, so that in case of sudden
braking of that vehicle I do not collide with it. Depends on the speed and grip conditions and of
braking.
▪ FAIR TO NOT COLLIDE (ALWAYS have to maintain it and should never be reduced).
▪ Interval of 2 seconds as a minimum and 3 in road (outside of town).
6.1. –SAFETY DISTANCE IF I DO NOT WANT TO OVERTAKE.

IF I DO NOT WANT TO OVERTAKE
IF I DO NOT WANT TO OVERTAKE and I am:
- A vehicle of more than 3.500 Kg or
- A vehicle of more than 10 metres long
Outside of town, I will
leave the right distance to
not collide and that they I will have to leave 50
pass me with safety (to metres as a minimum,
facilitate the overtaking). except in the 4
following places
where I apply a fair
one to not collide.
6.2. –SPECIAL SITUATIONS.

The distance to facilitate the overtaking nor the 50 m. Does NOT apply to:
IF I HAVE MORE THAN A
OVERTAKING IS LANE FOR MY DIRECTION
TOWN SATURATED ROADS PROHIBITED
(HIGHWAY AND DUAL CARRIAGEWAYS
AND IF I WANT TO OVERTAKE, in ALL of these situations we just maintain the distance
FAIR TO NOT COLLIDE.
6.3. –SAFETY DISTANCE IN TUNNELS AND UNDERPASSES
IF I AM NOT OVERTAKING:
- As a minimum 100 m or 4 seconds.
- If I am a vehicle of more than 3.500 kg→ As
a minimum 150 m or 6 seconds.
If I am overtaking in a tunnel with more than 1 lane

mío: La justa para no colisionar en caso de frenada
115 brusca.
Chapter 5: Speed. +20 to overtake.
116
CHAPTER 6: MANEUVERS.
1. PVO and RSM.
1.1. Optical signaling.
1.2. Acoustic signaling (klaxon).
2. Incorporation to circulation.
3. Lateral displacements.
4. Overtakings.
4.1. Cases that are not considered overtaking.
4.2. Lane reserved according to the speed.
4.3. From where do I overtake?
4.4. Lateral distance.
4.5. Obligations in an overtaking.
4.6. Prohibitions of overtaking.
4.7. Overtaking with continuous line.
5. Changes of direction.
5.1. Change of direction in two-way roads with three lanes.
5.2. Change of direction in upgraded roads.
6. Changes of direction (U-TURN).
6.1. Changes of direction in upgraded roads.
6.2. Prohibitions of change of direction.
7. Reverse.
8. Immobilizations.
8.1. Where do I stop or park outside of town?
8.2. Where do I stop or park inside the town?
8.3. Measures to adopt.
8.4. To stop or park in sensitive slopes.
8.5. Immobilizations by emergencies.
8.6. Prohibited parkings and stops.
117
9. Reasons by which I can be immobilized by agents.
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. PVO and RSM.
1. -P.V.O Y R.S.M.
Maneuver: variation of the
In normal progression: position of the vehicle on the
Driving without changing roadway. Before making any
the position of the vehicle, maneuver must apply the
without making any rule: R.S.M. (Mirror,
maneuver that surprises Signaling and Maneuver).
the rest. We follow the They are not basic
P.V.O rule: (Position, maneuvers: resume the
Velocity and Observation). march (eg. move when the
light turns green of a traffic
light), reverse nor stop
because it is involuntary.
MANEUVER AND R.S.M.
Signaling. Obliged to
RMirror. I note that it is warn the maneuvers:
not forbidden to do it and
- In advance
Maneuver. I
there is no danger. perform the
- is maintained until the end
maneuver.
of the maneuver.
1.1. -OPTICAL SIGNALING.

SIGNALING: Drivers are obliged to warn the maneuvers.
Or failing that I signal with the arm.

The arm signal cancels the light signal if:
General rule→ I must use
- it is valid and visible and contradicts the light.
the light signal.
Eg. left intermittent on, but the arm indicates turn
to the right side → I understand that the driver
118 turns right.
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. PVO and RSM.
TURN TO THE LEFT. Turn TURN TO THE RIGHT. Turn REVERSE.

on the left intermittent or on the right intermittent or
It will be noted with the
extend the left arm extend left arm bent upward in
reversing light and/or with
horizontally and with the a vertical position and with the
the arm extended
palm down. palm of the hand extended.
horizontally and the palm
of your hand back.
IMMOBILIZE THE VEHICLE OR BRAKE THE MARCH IN

A CONSIDERABLE WAY. It
will be noted with repeated use of the braking lights or
moving the arm up and down alternately, with short, quick
movements. NOT TO BE ADVISED WITH THE
EMERGENCY LIGHTS.
FLASHES.
SHORT OR LONG FLASHES: Short and long-range lighting in the form of flashes,
doing it without dazzling.
Used inside and outside the town for:

▪ Avoid a possible accident.
▪ When I go in urgent service.
▪ Inside and outside of town to warn the
one circulating in front that you want to
overtake.
Not used to:

▪ Salute.
▪ Warn of the presence of traffic agents,
etc...
119
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. PVO and RSM. Incorporation to circulation.
1.2. –ACOUSTIC SIGNALING (KLAXON).
▪ The klaxon must have a continuous sound, uniform and of sufficient intensity,
forbidden strident sounds and musical notes AND WILL BE USED:
INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF TOWN TO: OUTSIDE OF TOWN TO:
Avoid a possible accident Advise the vehicle in front

and in a very special way on I go in URGENT that you want to overtake.
narrow roads with many service.
curves.
2. –INCORPORATION TO CIRCULATION
Eg. Changing
lanes to facilitate
my incorporation.
I can do it from the situation of a stopped or parked vehicle, from a route from
access roads. Before incorporating to circulation I must:
1. Observe the traffic and check that I can make the maneuver safely.
2. Signal it well in advance.
3. Give way to vehicles that circulate through the road to which I am incorporating,
that is to say, I DO NOT HAVE PREFERENCE.
If I incorporate from an acceleration lane: I need to make sure (check the position,
speed and trajectory) I can safely join, stopping if necessary at the beginning of the lane.
Then I will warn with the corresponding intermittent and will speed up to reach the
appropriate speed. Vehicles traveling through the main lane will facilitate my
incorporation to the extent possible.
If I incorporate from a private road: I shall do so at a speed that allows me to stop

in the act, giving way to vehicles approaching both from the right and the left.
120
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. Lateral displacements. Overtakings.
The drivers traveling on public roads shall provide, as far as

possible, that other vehicles can incorporate into the
circulation. Above all:
▪ If a bus is incorporated into the circulation from a stop
properly marked:
▪In town → reaching even a total detention to let it
pass.
▪Outside of town → I do not stop to let it pass.
3. –LATERAL DISPLACEMENTS.
▪ When another lane is partially or fully invaded (step a little the lane we
have at hand) it is already considered maneuver of lateral
displacement.
▪ Before you change you must respect the priority of vehicles
traveling on your lane, signal it in advance and make the
displacement gradually.
4. -OVERTAKINGS.
Overtaking → Pass a vehicle that is in MOVEMENT.
Exceed → Pass a vehicle that is IMMOBILIZED.
▪ As a general rule, with continuous line you cannot overtake but you can exceed,
provided it is not by traffic need (stop, traffic light in red, agent, etc).
Bad Good Bad
Mov
Still. Circulates
Emergency( (MOV)
Damaged) Emergency
▪ With continuous line, you cannot pass a bus or a taxi making a stop, a vehicle stopped
for traffic jam, stop or traffic light in red because they are considered traffic requirements.
121
4.1.-CASES THAT ARE NOT CONSIDERED OVERTAKING.
Saturation, some vehicles are moving faster When cyclists, as a group, are
than others, in this case you can only change exceeded between them.
lanes to exit the roadway or take another
direction.
To go pass an immobilized vehicle When they pass you by an

(would be exceeding). acceleration lane, deceleration or BUS.
4.2. –LANE RESERVED ACCORDING TO SPEED.
▪ I must circulate by the right lane and the central lane I will use
when traffic circumstances or of the road advice it (for example
overtake at least at 70 Km/h).
IF THEY PASS ME BY THE RIGHT IT IS CONSIDERED

OVERTAKING AND IT WOULD BE PROHIBITED because this
lane is considered lane.
122
4.3. FROM WHERE DO I OVERTAKE?
▪ As a general rule, overtaking must be by the left of the vehicle it seeks to overtake.
▪ You can overtake by the RIGHT:
If the vehicle in front of A tram that circulates by the In town with more than a lane for
me, is going to turn left or central zone, in a two-way road my direction (painted markings). In
stop on that side. of circulation. highways and dual carriageways of
town (always by the left).
OVERTAKING IN TWO-WAY ROADS.

Two-way road with 2 Two-way road with 3 lanes
lanes. I overtake by the central lane, if
I overtake by the no vehicle comes in the opposite
opposite lane. direction. I can NEVER overtake
by the lane on the far left.
OVERTAKING SEVERAL VEHICLES.
You can overtake several vehicles at a time but

but I have to have space between those vehicles
in case one comes circulating in the opposite
sense. If there is no space between them I do
not overtake.
I can overtake several vehicles at once in

one-way roads, and can stay in the lane
in which I am overtaking, provided I do
not disturb vehicles behind traveling
faster. 123
4.4. –LATERAL DISTANCE.
OUTSIDE AND INSIDE OF TOWN.
When overtaking or crossing paths with another user

I have to keep a distance proportional to the speed,
width and characteristics of the road.
I move When overtaking cycles (2,3,4 wheels) and mopeds or

sets, I must leave 1.5 m. at least, move and occupy all of
the next lane, if I have two lanes for my way.
1,5 m
OUTSIDE OF TOWN.
When overtaking: 2-wheeled vehicles, animal-drawn vehicles, pedestrians and animals,
stationary vehicles, aid or rescue, the maneuver must be carried out moving totally or
partially and maintaining a lateral distance of 1.5 m.
When a 2-wheeled vehicle overtakes any vehicle, it also leaves 1.5 m.
1,5 m
4.5. -OBLIGATIONS IN AN OVERTAKING.
OvertAKEN
OvertAKING
124
OBLIGATIONS OF THE ONE OVERTAKING.
R: Mirror → Before overtaking the driver must verify that he/she can do so without risk.
He/she should also check that the lane that he/she intends to occupy is free and be careful
not to jeopardize or obstruct the progress of vehicles occupying that lane, if not, he/she
cannot overtake.That is, I note that I can do it: that no vehicles come, watch the signs, etc.
Before overtaking, I must always maintain a safe front distance with the vehicle that
precedes me.
S: Signaling → In an overtaking that requires lateral displacement, I only keep the

intermittent for the duration of the lateral displacement (until I occupy the entire adjacent
lane).
M: Maneuver → I perform the maneuver:

1. I change of lane (intermittent).
2. During the overtaking I must circulate at a speed markedly higher than the one of the
vehicle I am overtaking and leaving between each other a lateral spacing sufficient for
safe passing. I overtake without intermittent, I only keep the intermittent for the duration of
the lateral displacement.
3. I change of lane progressively and gradually, when the interior mirror sees the front of
the vehicle that I just passed.
If once the overtaking has initiated, a circumstance in which I cannot

overtake safely is produced, I must give up (NO OVERTAKING) and
return to the right lane.
125
DOUBLE OVERTAKING.
INDICATED
NO If the one that precedes me INDICATES, I cannot

overtake, even if not yet started the maneuver. If a
reasonable time passes and the maneuver has not
started, I warn by: klaxon (only outside of town) or bursts
(outside and inside of town).
NO
▪ Overtake a vehicle that is

already overtaking another, is INITIATED
prohibited if it invades the
opposite direction. If the one that comes from behind INITIATES the
maneuver, I cannot overtake.
OBLIGATIONS OF THE ONE OVERTAKEN.

The driver that warns that is being overtaken by another vehicle, is
obliged to facilitate overtaking. To do this:
- Must stick to the RIGHT edge of the roadway and not increase
the speed.
- Heavy vehicles, of large dimensions or forced to comply with a
specific speed limit, when they cannot stick to the right edge of the
road, should warn with the right intermittent or moving the left arm
back and forth. Drivers of these vehicles are also required to reduce
speed or move away from the shoulder, to let the vehicles that want to
overtake pass when traffic density in the opposite direction,
insufficient width of the road, profile or status of the road, does not
allow to be overtaken safely. The passenger car does not respect the
standards of the large vehicle.
If he gives If there is danger, he

up: I increase DOES NOT give up: I
to make it decrease to make it easier.
easier.
126 I wait for him to decide and this way help him return to the right lane.
4.6. -PROHIBITIONS OF OVERTAKING.

PLACES EXCEPTION
WITHOUT Can be done, if the
VISIBILITY senses are clearly
(Curves and delimited and I do it
elevation changes without invading the
of reduced visibility opposite direction,
and behind a leaving the regulated
vehicle that will not lateral distance.
let me see).
PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS LEVEL CROSSINGS and PROXIMITIES
and PROXIMITIES
EXCEPTION EXCEPTION
Any vehicle at a speed so low Any TWO-wheeled vehicle
that it can brake before the (previously warning it with acoustic
unexpected (accident). and optical signals).
Prohibited in Intersections with Cyclists path (No exception).
INTERSECTIONS AND PROXIMITIES
Exceptions:
The one who
precedes me
turns left, allowed.
The yellow
vehicle helps the
green for it to
BAD overtake by the
Glorietas
right.
(permitido)
I have PRIORITY and

a signal proves it to
me, allowed. This way
I can also change of
BAD direction.
To two-wheeled vehicles,
allowed.
127
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. Overtakings. Changes of direction.
TUNNELS (with or without signal) and UNDERPASSES.
EXCEPTION.
If I have MORE than a lane
for my direction and I do not
invade the opposite
direction.
4.7. -OVERTAKING WITH CONTINUOUS LINE.

With continuous line overtaking is prohibited, but IF
THERE IS NO DANGER you could to:
BICYCLES.
MOPEDS.
VEHICLES FOR PEOPLE WITH REDUCED MOBILITY.
PEDESTRIANS.
ANIMALS.
ANIMAL-DRAWN VEHICLES.
I CANNOT overtake A SPECIAL VEHICLE AND A MOTORBIKE with continuous line.
5. –CHANGES OF DIRECTION.
▪ It is turning right or left to leave the road through which we circulate and take another.
LACK OF VISIBILITY, PROHIBITED TO TURN LEFT.
TURN LEFT
TURN RIGHT TURN LEFT
I stick to the right as much as In one-way roads I stick to

In two-way roads I stick to the
possible. the left as much as possible.
longitudinal line that delimits the
directions, if there isn't, to the
central longitudinal axis, without
invading the opposite direction. The
centre of the intersection I leave to
my left.
Changes of direction won't be made when the speed and distance of the vehicles that circulate in the
opposite direction does not allow to make them safely.
128
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. Changes of direction.
5.1. –CHANGES OF DIRECTION IN TWO-WAY ROADS WITH THREE

LANES.
▪ In a two-way road with three lanes I place

myself in the central lane.
5.2. –CHANGES OF DIRECTION IN UPGRADED ROADS.
I must always use the I enter from the right and If there is a waiting lane all
conditioning even leave the centre of the drivers they will make the
though there are no intersection to the left. turn from that lane.
accompanying signals.
In two-way intercity routes of circulation, if there is no fitted area,

cycles and mopeds of 2 wheels, shall be located to the right, if
possible off the road, and start from there the turn to the left (will
turn directly from the shoulder or right side of the road).
6. –CHANGES OF DIRECTION (U-TURN).

▪ Circulate by the same route in the opposite direction (180º turn) → Turn back.
Should be performed:
If I disturb I must
-Choosing a suitable
leave the roadway
location. To do this,
by my right side
intercepting the road as
and wait to do the
quickly as possible.
maneuver from
-Of a single turn.
there.
-Without using the
reverse.
-Without impeding to
continue to other users.
Must be done from the centre of the roadway, without invading the opposite direction. When it
is not possible to change the direction (u-turn) without using the reverse gear, I should place 129
myself next to the right edge of the roadway, in the shoulder or even off the shoulder.
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. Changes of direction (U-TURN).
6.1. –CHANGES OF DIRECTION (U-TURN) IN UPGRADED ROADS.
At roundabouts BIEN In the parted

or similar, will squares the
leave the BIEN change of
roundabout by direction
the left, circling it CANNOT be
by the right. done directly
from the
central
roadway.
In highway or dual carriageway YOU CAN make a U-turn but by conditioned areas, NOT
by the intermediate steps of the traffic islands.
6.2. -PROHIBITIONS OF CHANGE OF DIRECTION.
1. 2. 3.
SITES WITHOUT VISIBILITY PEDESTRIAN LEVEL CROSSINGS

(Curves and gradient changes of CROSSINGS and
reduced visibility). PROXIMITIES. IN THE PROXIMITIES OF A
LEVEL CROSSING YOU CAN
4. In intersections with Cyclists path (No exception) MAKE A CHANGE OF
DIRECTION.
5. INTERSECTIONS AND PROXIMITIES.

If I enjoy of priority and a signal
demonstrates it, I could make a U-
turn. BAD BAD
6. TUNNELS (with or without sign), UNDERPASSES AND TRACK SECTIONS

AFFECTED BY THE TUNNEL SIGNAL.
NO
NO
130
YES in proximities
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. Reverse.
7. -REVERSE.
R → Observe, if necessary I get out of the vehicle or follow

indications of another person not to cause danger.
S → Signal with the reversing light or with the arm stretched with the
palm facing back.
M → Make the maneuver slowly, with extreme caution and in the
shortest possible time and space. If vehicles are approaching or let
me know (klaxon) I must stop.
1. PROHIBITED AS GENERAL RULE→ IN HIGHWAYS AND DUAL CARRIAGEWAYS
ALWAYS.
2. Can be used as complementary maneuver of:
- STOP - A maximum of 15 metres
- PARKING
- But without invading a crossing roads
- INCORPORATION TO CIRCULATION
Bad, because has invaded a
crossing
Bad, has traveled more than 15

metres
3. Can be used when I cannot go straight, or turn left, right, or change of direction
(ie. dead end).
I can go in reverse the INDISPENSABLE (metres needed), and I can invade crossing
roads.
QUESTIONS OF REVERSING.
This vehicle is incorporating to circulation This vehicle that cannot move ahead, or make a U-
¿Is it correct? turn or turn. How much can it reverse?
a) Yes, if it travels less than 15 metres . a) A maximum of 15 metres.
b) No. b) The indispensable without invading the crossing.
c) The indispensable and even invade the crossing. 131
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. Immobilizations.
8. -IMMOBILIZATIONS.
▪ It depends on why a vehicle is immobilized, may be: arrest, stop or parking.

▪ Arrest → I remain immobilized UNINTENTIONALLY → OBLIGED:
- Breakdown (emergency).
- Obey a regulatory rule (putting the belt on or chains, regulate mirrors, etc).
- Traffic need (stop, red traffic light, jam, agent).
Stop → I remain immobilized Parking → I remain immobilized

VOLUNTARILY: VOLUNTARILY:
- Less than 2 minutes and - If I leave the vehicle ()
- I mustn't leave the vehicle although I - Or if I don't leave it but I am immobile 2 or
can get out. + minutes.
8.1. -¿WHERE DO I STOP OR PARK OUTSIDE OF TOWN?

ROADS FOR AUTOMOBILES AND HIGHWAYS OR DUAL CARRIAGEWAYS
CONVENTIONAL ROADS
BAD
GOOD
BAD BAD GOOD
BAD
BAD
BAD BAD BAD BAD
▪ Outside of the roadway and of

Prohibited to stop and park, except in
the passable part of the
authorized places (service area or rest). That
shoulder.
is to say, all these vehicles would be illegally
▪ Always on the RIGHT (even if parked.
only one-way).
132
8.2. -¿WHERE DO I STOP OR PARK INSIDE THE TOWN?

URBAN ROADS/CROSSINGS
In two-way → One-way→
right according left or right
GOOD to the sense of BIEN
my march.
BAD BIEN
GOOD
BIEN
GOOD BIEN
▪ I can stop and park at the shoulders even if they are passable (if there is no signal that
prohibits it) and if there is no shoulder, in the roadway .
PLACING OF THE VEHICLE AND USE OF SPACE

As a general rule, the vehicle must Except when the road allows When stopping or parking it
be placed parallel to the border of to do otherwise. must be done so as not to
the roadway. occupy more than one space.
WRONG,
because it
In line or has not used
cord the available
(General space.
Rule).
To the curb Diagonal or sideways
8.3. –MEASURES TO ADOPT.

▪ If you are making a stop or parking you must signal it with the direction indicators of the side
corresponding to where it takes place. Drivers of motor vehicles and mopeds after stopping or
parking, and before leaving the vehicle must:
1. Stop the engine 2. Parking brake If I leave the vehicle:
3. If it is a slope leave a gear on:

Ensure to prevent unauthorized use
(close the vehicle).
It is prohibited to have the doors
open or open them before its
complete immobilization. I GET OUT
I put first gear I put reverse OF THE VEHICLE BY THE SIDE
CLOSEST TO THE BORDER OF
THE PAVEMENT (not of the border
In vehicles with automatic transmission in parking position→ of the roadway).
position “P” parking. 133
8.4. –TO STOP OR PARK IN SENSITIVE SLOPES.
Vehicles of + 3.500 Kg. Buses Combination of vehicles (ALL).
▪ These vehicles when stopping or parking on sensitive slopes should, in addition to

turning off the engine, putting the parking brake and putting a gear, leave the vehicle by:
Approved chocks or Support steering wheels against the curb.

Before resuming the march should
be removed from the track. May not Upward toward the interior of the roadway.
use rocks or natural objects to Downward towards the outside.
chock the vehicle.
8.5. –IMMOBILIZATIONS BY EMERGENCIES.
IMMOBILIZED in left shoulder or traffic island YOU

CAN.
CIRCULATE by the left shoulder or traffic island YOU
CAN'T.
If by accident or breakdown of the vehicle or its load hampers the roadway, drivers after
signaling the vehicle or the obstacle, will try to remove the vehicle or the spilled cargo
in the shortest time possible and will try to leave the vehicle as if it were a stop or
parking, that is, off the roadway and of the passable part of the shoulder.
134
SIGNALING OF THE IMMOBILIZATIONS BY EMERGENCY.

▪ Emergency lights (if available), advance warning devices (triangles) and also:
▪ Position lights (night and day with adverse conditions).
Placed at least at
50 metres.
To be visible from
100 metres.
One-way road I only Two-way road with 4 lanes

place 1 behind. or more, I only place 1
behind.
Two-way road (2 or 3 lanes) I place
2, NEXT TO THE RIGHT BORDER
OF THE ROADWAY.
EMERGENCY IMMOBILIZATIONS (HELP).

Asking for help through the
posts relief or emergency
number 112. If the track
does not have emergency
phones, you can ask for help
from users circulating along
these routes.
No one, neither driver nor

passengers, should invade the
roadway.
In adidition to triangles, a luminous, flashing yellow device tha will be placed on the highest part
of the vehicle can be used.
THE TOW OF VEHICLES.
▪ The tow of a damaged vehicle must be

done by a CRANE.
135
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. Prohibition of stopping and parking.
8.6. –PROHIBITED PARKINGS AND STOPS.
8.6. A- PROHIBITED TO STOP AND PARK.
1.- In curves and gradient changes of reduced visibility and its proximities.
2.- In tunnels, underpasses and sections of road affected by the signal “tunnel” (S-5).
3.- In pedestian crossings, level crossings and paths of cyclists.
4.- In areas marked for exclusive use of the disabled.
5.- In lanes destined for the exclusive use of urban public transport and reserved for
bicycles (bus stop, taxi).
6.- At intersections and in its proximities if difficult the turn to other vehicles
7.- On intercity routes if danger is generated due to poor visibility.
8.- On the tram rails or so close that you can prevent its movement.
9.- In areas where visibility of traffic signals is prevented.
10.- In highways and dual carriageways, unless authorized places.
11.-In lanes or parts of the road reserved exclusively for the circulation of certain users.
8.6. B- PROHIBITED TO PARK.
1.- Limited parking zone (blue zone) without the ticket, or passed the time subscribed.
2.- In areas marked for loading and unloading.
3.- In front of “no parking” marked properly.
4.- In double row. (The double line stop in town is allowed if the 1st row is full).
5.- On the sidewalks, walkways and other areas intended for pedestrian crossing.
136
Chapter 6: Maneuvers. Prohibition of stopping and parking.
8.6. C- PROHIBITED TO STOP AND PARK, RISK OR OBSTACLE TO

THE CIRCULATION.
RISK OR OBSTACLE TO THE CIRCULATION (fine + cara and CRANE).
1. If I hold up a vehicle properly stopped or parked intending to join the circulation.

2. If I hinder the normal use of a no parking properly marked.
3. In traffic islands, separators, islets or other elements of channeling of traffic.
4. If I hinder passage of handicapped.

5. If I prevent a turn authorized by the corresponding signal
6. When there are less than 3 metres between the lateral of
the vehicle and a continuous line, or between the lateral of
the vehicle and the opposite edge of the roadway. And when
the passage of other vehicles is not permitted.
8.6. D- PROHIBITED TO PARK, RISK OR OBSTACLE TO THE

CIRCULATION.
RISK OR OBSTACLE TO THE CIRCULATION (fine + cara and CRANE)
1. In loading and unloading zone

during the hours of use.
CAN stop
2. In double row without driver. CAN park
3. In a public transport stop.
4. In spaces reserved for emergency
and security services. CAN stop
5. In the middle of the roadway. Light → No Stopping NO parking
6. In prohibited spaces of roads Grave → No Parking Grave
qualified of preferential treatment.
9. –REASONS BY WHICH I CAN BE IMMOBILIZED BY AGENTS.

1. Exceed allowable BAC or refusing to submit to the breathalyzer test.
2. Park without a ticket in zone controlled by the Municipal Authority.
3. Overcrowding, passed the authorized number of seats by 50% or more not counting the
driver. For a 5-seater car, overcrowding is 7 or higher.
4. Exceed the levels of gases, smoke or noise.
5. Not having insurance contract.
6. Carrying cargo in the trunk improperly (overloaded vehicle).
7. Not wearing a helmet in cases required or wear it without buckling.
8. When you drive a vehicle for which you need the permit C or D without the
corresponding authorization 137
138
CHAPTER 7: RIGHT OF WAY.
1. Concept.
2. Signaled intersections.
3. Intersections without signpost.
4. Places where the standard of right is NOT met.
5. Intersections with the signal
6. General rules.
7. Priority questions.
8. Narrowings.
8.1. Narrowings without signpost.
8.2. Difficulty of the maneuver.
8.3. Narrowings questions.
9. Pedestrians, animals and cyclists.

9.1. Pedestrians with priority.
9.2. Animals with priority.
9.3. Cyclists with priority.
10. Crosses of level crossings and movable bridges.
11. Junctions in tunnels and underpasses.

11.1. Immobilizations in tunnel.
12. Priority vehicles and non-priority in urgent service.

139
Chapter 7: Right of way.
1. -CONCEPT.
It is the legal right that assists a user on another at intersections, lanes, pedestrian
crossings and other parts of the road. That is, it is the right of one to pass before
another.
If we give way, we will resume the march when we are sure that we do not oblige the
one that has priority to change its trajectory or its speed.
2. –SIGNALED INTERSECTIONS.
If there are signals → We must obey

them.
1º
2º
2º
2º
1º
2º
2º
1º
1º
Priority is removed.
It gives me priority only in It gives me priority in all
the first intersection. intersections until the end signal.
3. –INTERSECTIONS WITHOUT SIGNPOST.
If there are NO signals → I must give way to vehicles approaching from the right.
1º
▪ When I have to give way I have to demonstrate it with

2º the gradual reduction of speed.
140
4. –PLACES WHERE THE STANDARD OF RIGHT IS NOT MET.
Roundabouts. Vehicles that circulate by Vehicles that are on a The vehicles that go by
The one inside has a road have priority over paved road have priority rails have priority
priority. the ones accessing by over those entering from
an acceleration lane. an unpaved road or
private area (garage).
If in any of these cases, there would be signs, we would return to follow what these order.
5. -INTERSECTIONS WITH THE SIGNAL
1º 2º 1º
1º
2º
2º 1º
2º
Road without Road without

pave pave
6. –GENERAL RULES.
1. The driver of a vehicle that has to give way to another, should not start or continue its
march if it requires the priority vehicle to abruptly modify its course or speed. Also, it should
warn well in advance that it is actually going to give way.
2. We should not enter with our vehicle in IMMOBILIZED VEHICLES IN JAM.

an intersection, pedestrian or cyclists
crossing, if foreseeably we can stay
arrested hindering.
3. If a driver is stopped inside an

intersection regulated by traffic lights and WRONG
causing an obstruction to circulation, must
leave this intersection in any direction
without disturbing.
141
7. PRIORITY QUESTIONS.
What vehicle has priority? What vehicle passes the last?

a) The yellow vehicle. a) The yellow vehicle.
b) The blue vehicle. b) The red vehicle.
c) The red vehicle. c) The blue vehicle.
What user has priority? What user has priority?

a) The passenger car. a) The grey vehicle.
b) The rider. b) The animal-drawn vehicle.
What vehicle has priority in this What vehicle has priority in this
intersection? intersection?
a) The red vehicle because it a) The red vehicle.
circulates by the larger street. b) The yellow vehicle.
b) The yellow vehicle.
142
8. -NARROWINGS.
If there are signals, workers or agents → We must obey them.
If I can't get obstructed I can enter even if I have this signal.
8.1. -NARROWINGS WITHOUT SIGNPOST.
IF THERE ARE NO SIGNS
FLAT STEEP
Inclination of a 7% or more.
2nd 1st
Takes precedence who

entered first. 2nd
1st
The one ascending has priority, unless you can

get to a siding sooner.
143
8.2. –DIFFICULTY OF THE MANEUVER.
▪ If in doubt about which vehicle entered first, priority will be for the vehicle with more
difficulty to maneuver, in the following order:
1. Special veh. 4. Passenger cars with trailer

exceeding mass and of up to 750 Kg. and campers
2. Combination of vehicles 3. Animal-drawn veh.
dimensions
7. Passenger cars, derivatives and

5. Buses 6. Trucks, truck tractors and vans mixed
8. Special veh. NOT exceeding and 9. Motorbikes with sidecar 10. Motorbikes, mopeds
all the quadricycles and 3 wheeled vehicles (2 wheels) and bicycles
▪ If we do not know which vehicle entered the first and vehicles are of the same type (eg
two cars), the priority is of who has to reverse further away.
2º
3 Metres 10 Metres
1º
▪ If it is the same distance, priority has the one of greater width, length or maximum mass.
1st 2nd
144
8.3. –NARROWING QUESTIONS.
What vehicle has priority in this narrowing?
a) The vehicle that entered first.

b) The blue truck because it weighs more than the red passenger car.
c) The red vehicle because it has to reverse greater distance.
What vehicle has priority in this narrowing?

a) The vehicle that entered first.
b) The passenger car with trailer.
c) The truck because it is a very heavy vehicle.
In this narrowing in which we do not know what vehicle arrived first. Who
has priority?
a) The one that has to reverse greater distance.

b) The passenger car with light trailer.
c) The truck with trailer.
145
9. -PEDESTRIANS, ANIMALS AND CYCLISTS.

▪ General Rule → The pedestrians and animals have no priority in the roadway, on
vehicles.
1st 1st
2nd 2nd
2nd 2nd
1st 1st
9.1. -PEDESTRIANS WITH PRIORITY.
1. In pedestrian crossings
clearly marked, when 4. When the
crossing or intending to cross. pedestrains
are between
the bus and
the stop.
2. When with my vehicle I go
through a shoulder if the
pedestrain does not have a
pedestrian area to go
through.
5. Troops in
training, school
3. When turning to enter ranks and
another road the pedestrian is organised
crossing, even if there is no delegations.
pedestrian crossing.
9.2. -ANIMALS WITH PRIORITY.
1. When turning to enter another road the

animal is crossing (although there is no
canyon).
2. When with my vehicle I go through a

shoulder if the animal has no canyon to go
through.
3. In canyons clearly marked, whether or

146 not crossing.
9.3. -CYCLISTS WITH PRIORITY.
▪ Cyclists in group are considered an only vehicle, if I have to give way I do it to all the
group (not only to the first or second of the cyclists).
When I intend to leave a road (right

or left) and there are cyclists in the
proximities.
In cyclists paths, in bike lanes, etc.
▪ In the rest of cases the general rule of right of way is applied.
Cyclists have priority because

they are approaching by the The passenger car has
right. priority because it is
approaching by the right,
that is, the cyclists come
from the left.
As the first cyclist has initiated the

crossing or entered in a roundabout,
I must wait until all the group of
cyclists pass.
147
10. -CROSSES OF LEVEL CROSSINGS AND MOVABLE BRIDGES.

Approaching at a speed below the maximum allowed
(no matter if it is open or closed).
If the barrier is moving or completely down, I stop behind
the vehicle that has arrived before me. Respect flashing
red traffic lights and barriers, if any.
Before crossing, we make sure and we cross without
delay.
If we were stopped or have dropped the cargo:

1. Rapid evacuation of occupants.
2. Remove the vehicle in the shortest time possible.
3. Warn drivers of my situation.
11. -JUNCTIONS IN TUNNELS AND UNDERPASSES.
Respect the traffic lights that are in the entrance. If they are
in red, you cannot enter the tunnel.
Distance to keep inside the tunnel if we do not want to
overtake:
• 100 m. or 4 seconds.
• 150 m. or 6 seconds (if I am a vehicle of + 3.500 kg.).
If I want to overtake I leave the right distance so as not to
collide.
11.1. -IMMOBILIZATIONS IN TUNNEL.

▪ If the vehicle is immobilized more than 2 minutes must STOP ENGINE.
Jam Fire
Emergency
-Stay as far away as possible -Try moving the car: -Stop the engine.
from the vehicle in front. -If there is a siding, in it. -Leave the doors closed but without
-Do not abandon the vehicle. -If there is no siding, locking and the key in..
-Position and emergency lights try to leave it as if it were a stop or -Abandon the vehicle in the opposite
temporarily. parking (to the right). direction to the fire.
-Abandon the vehicle, leave the
position lights, emergency lights
and triangles.
148
12. –PRIORITY VEHICLES AND NON-PRIORITY IN URGENT SERVICE.
PRIORITY VEHICLES: police, ambulances (health care), firemen (fire fighting), civil
protection and rescue.
In urgent service these have priority and

must:
- Go with the illuminated and acoustic sign,
and if there is no danger they should only
use the illuminated one.
- They can refuse to respect rules and signs,
When they are NOT on emergency service except those of the agents.
they have to respect all rules and signs. They can go in the opposite direction, BY
THE SHOULDER.
NON-PRIORITY VEHICLES: special vehicles that for some reason are

urgent service.
Must respect all rules and signs.

Must warn, honking (inside and outside of
town) and warn with:
Handkerchief or emergency light.
THE REST OF DRIVERS

▪ Should facilitate the transition, as far as possible, both to priority vehicles and to non-
priority when traveling in urgent service.
▪ Move away usually to the right (cannot jump a red traffic light or invade the opposite
direction to let them pass).
149
150
CHAPTER 8: FREIGHT TRAFFIC.
1. Transportation in passenger cars.
1.1. Baggage and cargo transportation.
1.2. Animal transportation.
2. Transportation of people in cycles, mopeds and motorbikes.
3. Transportation of trailer in cycles, mopeds and motorbikes.
4. Maximum dimensions of vehicles.
5. Rules on the transport of goods.
6. Transportation of goods in non-exclusive vehicles of goods.
7. Transportation of goods in vehicles whose width is lower than 1 metre.
8. Transportation of goods in exclusive vehicles of goods.
9. Signaling load.
10. Loading and unloading operations.
11. License plates.
12. Signals of the vehicles.
13. Distinctive signs on vehicles.
151
Chapter 8: Freight traffic.
1. –TRANSPORTATION IN PASSENGER CARS.
▪ It is prohibited to load or transport people or goods differently from the regulatory and in
places other than the intended for this.
NOT exceed the MAM between passengers and
cargo
If the cargo is misplaced or has exceeded the

MAM I can be sanctioned and the vehicle can be
immobilized.
The number of transported people CANNOT be
greater than the vehicle spaces. If my passenger car
has 5 places I can carry 4 people and the driver.
Children occupy 1 place. In a passenger car of 5
places I can carry 4 children and 1 adult driver.
1.1. –BAGGAGE AND CARGO TRANSPORTATION.
▪ In passenger cars, in addition to carrying passengers, baggage and cargo can be

transported wherever appropriate to the characteristics of the vehicle and does not
threaten the stability. Passengers and luggage must be placed in such a way that does
not affect the visual field or the freedom of movement of the driver.
▪ Cargo should go preferably in the boot.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
If it doesn't fit, it can go in the back seats. If it doesn't fit at the back, it can go on the roof,
Not forgetting that in case of collision lying on the widest part, but it is more advisable to
or sudden braking it can come out carry it in a small trailer (using less fuel).
projected forward.
▪ In a heavily loaded vehicle:

- acceleration will be less.
- increases the braking distance.
- increases the fuel consumption.
152 - and decreases the stability and capacity of braking.
1.2. –ANIMAL TRANSPORTATION.

• It can carry pets, preferably in cages.
If I do not have a cage:
• ALWAYS in the back seats.
• Separated by mesh, network or the like.
• The animal should not stick its head out the window.
2. -TRANSPORTATION OF PEOPLE IN CYCLES, MOPEDS AND

MOTORBIKES.
Up to 7 years
In cycles built for one person (one
+ 18 years place), a child of up to 7 years can
travel in an approved extra seat if the
driver is an adult (18 years or more)
▪ In mopeds and motorbikes I will be able to carry passengers with over 12 years of
age if they travel:
- in the back seat, behind the driver, never between the driver and the
handlebars.
- straddle (seat between the legs) and feet on the footrests. It is not advisable to
wear sandals.
Mopeds Motorbikes
PASSENGER DRIVER PASSENGER
DRIVER
15 / 17 More than More than

years 12 years 16 / 17 years 12 years
18 years or More than 12

18 años or
more years More
more
than 12
years
Exceptionally +18 years, if +7 years
Exceptionally +18 years, if +7 years
I a am a parent, guardian,
I a am a parent, guardian,
or authorized person.
or authorized person.
▪ Exceptionally it is allowed to carry passengers over 7 years and under 12 on

mopeds and motorbikes when they are driven by a parent, guardian or person
authorized by them. 153
3. -TRANSPORTATION OF TRAILER IN CYCLES, MOPEDS AND

MOTORBIKES.
They can carry trailer or semitrailer if:
1.-It is DAY and in good visibility conditions.
2.- PEOPLE CANNOT be transported on the trailer.
3.-The trailer (cargo included) will weigh up to 50% of
the tare of the vehicle that takes it.
Eg: if the motorbike weighs 200 Kg in vacuo, the trailer in • CYCLES.
total (cargo included) can weigh 100 Kg. • MOPEDS.
• MOTORBIKES.
4.-The maximum speed will be reduced by 10% outside • 3 WHEELED VEHICLES.
town. Example: 3-wheeled vehicle with trailer 70 km/h - • QUADS.
10% = 63 km/h.
4. –MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS OF VEHICLES.

2,55 m width, cargo included Maximum length of rigid vehicles, 12
metres, except buses.
4m
height
cargo
included.
2,60 m width In no case will exceed these dimensions,

or with vehicle or with the load.
BUS PRISONERS
CONDITIONED VEH. (Refrigerator truck)
5. –RULES ON THE TRANSPORT OF GOODS.

1.-Should not compromise the vehicle stability.
2.-You cannot circulate wholly or partly on the roadway, or move in a dangerous manner.
Therefore, the load must be carried in place and signposted. When driving, the
doors should always be closed, because otherwise it would be wrong to do this
transport.
3.-Should not produce noise, dust or other nuisances.
4.-Should not obscure the lighting devices, plates or distinctive required signs or
the manual warnings of the drivers.
5.-As a general rule, the load may not protrude from the projection on the ground
(of the edges) of the vehicle, although there are exceptions, such as:
-Vehicles not destined exclusively for freight transport (passenger car, vehicles
mixed, etc.).
-Vehicles destined exclusively for freight transport (truck, van).
154 -Vehicle width of less than 1 metre (moped, motorbike, etc..).
6. –TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS IN NON-EXCLUSIVE VEHICLES OF

GOODS.
Passenger car, Mixed veh., etc.
▪ You can carry goods other than
baggage, but adapted to the
NOTHING in front Behind characteristics of the vehicle,
10% if it is
without compromising the stability
divisible,15%
if it is of the vehicle.
indivisible.
Sides NOTHING
7. -TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS IN VEHICLES WHOSE WIDTH IS

LOWER THAN 1 METRE.
Behind
25 cm.
In front
NOTHING
0,50 m 0,50 m
Sides, 50 cm. on each side of the
longitudinal axle of the vehicle
8. –TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS IN EXCLUSIVE VEHICLES OF

GOODS.
▪ If the cargo is DIVISIBLE (bricks) NOTHING can stick out.
▪ If the cargo is INDIVISIBLE (light pole):
SIDES: When the lower dimension of
the load is greater than the width of the
vehicle it can project up to 0,40 m. for
each side, provided that it does not
exceed 2,55 m. wide.
INDIVISIBLE cargo
IN FRONT: BEHIND:
1/3 of the If the vehicle measures up 1/3 of the
length of the to 5 metres long. length of the
vehicle. vehicle.
If the vehicle measures 3 metres.

2 metres. more than 5 metres 0,40 m 0,40 m
long.
Without exceeding the 12 metres for rigid vehicles. Máximum 2,55
metres 155
9. –SIGNALING LOAD.
By day and optimum visibility:
In front: not necessary.

Behind: reflective panel or panels of red and white stripes. No vale pañuelo rojo. No es
necesario señalizar la carga que sobresalga por detrás en los vehículos de anchura
inferior a un metro.
At night or in meteorological conditions obscuring visibility:
In front: white light.

Behind: reflective panel and red light.
Sides: if it sticks out more than 0,40 m. in respect
of the position light, it will carry white light in front
+ white reflective device and behind shall be red.
In vehicles of less than 1 metre wide

the load is NOT indicated.
10. –LOADING AND UNLOADING OPERATIONS.

Do it outside the road, for example in a warehouse.
If it weren't possible and I do it within the road:
1.-Respect the hours and suitable locations, not cause
noise or disturb the users.
2.-On the side closest to the edge of the roadway.
3.-Prohibited to deposit the goods in the ground (no
pavement, no shoulder, no pedestrian areas), yes in
carts.
4.-Vehicle stopped and with the engine also STOPPED.
11. –LICENSE PLATES.

• Passenger cars have two license plates. ONLY LIGHT REAR PLATE when driving at
night.
• Motorbikes only one, behind and upright (NOT PAINTED).
Regular plate, long and high
Mopeds plate (only one behind).
Trailers and semitrailers plate of + 750 kg MAM.
•Special vehicles plate (only one behind).
Taxis and rented vehicles with driver up to 9 seats. The rear

plate will be of blue colour with white letters. The front
licence plate will be of white colour with black letters.
156
12. –SIGNALS OF THE VEHICLES.

Priority vehicle.
The luminous sign of priority vehicles V-1 is constituted of one or several
approved lights of blue colour. The use of these lights is to indicate the
service of vehicles on EMERGENCY SERVICE such as police, fire
brigade, civil protection and rescue, or ambulances.
Special vehicle.
Special vehicles should use the rotative yellow light, at daytime and at
night, when they circulate on a road at a speed inferior to 40 km/h or when
they are used for works or services on the road. If this light is out of order
they should use position light, dipped headlight and the emergency lights
instead.
13. –DISTINCTIVE SIGNS ON VEHICLES.

Speed limitation. SLOW vehicle.
Mandatory for driver's reasons, for being a The vehicle that, by construction, does not
special vehicle, etc. The vehicle must NOT exceed 40 km/h.
be run at higher speed.
Long vehicle. Spanish nationality

mark.
Foreign nationality
mark.
The vehicle or set measures + 12 metres long. P

Distinctive sign of Distinctive sign of Distinctive sign of
public service. school transport. dangerous goods.
157
13. -DISTINCTIVE SIGNS ON VEHICLES.

Driving education. Vehicle performing
Test plate or experimentation.
practices or driving test.
Disabled. The driver has a disability.
Devices of warning presignaling (TRIANGLES).
In two-way, 2 or 3 lanes in total, place 2 triangles.

In two-way, 4 or more lanes in total, place 1 triangle behind.
In one-way, place 1 triangle behind.
Place it at a minimum of 50 metres of the vehicle and visible at a
minimum of 100 metres.
Distinctive of Periodic Technical Inspection of the Vehicle.
When I pass the ITV favorably, I place it in the top right

corner of the inside of the windshield. ITV letters are
BLUE.
It indicates when I have to go back to pass the ITV.
158
CHAPTER 9: LIGHTING.
1. Functions of lighting.
2. Position lights, short and long range.
3. Other lights.
4. Colours of the lights and internal witnesses.
5. Catadioptric or reflectors.
6. Glares.
7. Use of lights.
7.1. Circulating at day.
7.2. Circulating at night.
7.3. Use of lights in adverse conditions.
7.4. Immobilizations at night.
7.5. Lighting questions.
7.6. Lighting questions in adverse conditions.
7.7. Lighting questions in immobilizations at night.
159
Chapter 9: Lighting.
1. –FUNCTIONS OF LIGHTING.
SEE→ Dipped headlights / Headlights.

BE SEEN→ Brake.
WARN the maneuvers → Intermittent.
▪ The headlights come regulated from the factory
not to dazzle any user but may lose their
orientation and therefore should be reviewed
periodically.
▪ It is considered a POORLY LIT ROAD when:

▪ A plate cannot be read at 10 metres or
▪ A painted dark vehicle is not distinguished at 50 metres.
2. –POSITION LIGHTS, SHORT AND LONG RANGE.

POSITION LIGHT (P) SHORT range LIGHT or LOW LONG range LIGHT or
Two white lights in front and BEAM (C) HIGH BEAM (L)
two red behind, that indicate Two white lights in front to light the road, Two white lights in front to light a
the presence and width. without dazzling. long distance
Does not dazzle. Can dazzle if it is regulated It is a light that dazzles. If I dazzle a user
wrong or for carrying more (driver, pedestrian or animal) I should
load than normal. replace it with the low beam.
3. –OTHER LIGHTS.
1. DIRECTION INDICATOR LIGHT 2. EMERGENCY LIGHT
(FLASHING) Two amber coloured When put into operation all the direction
lights on the left and right of the indicators at once. OPTIONAL ON THE
vehicle that light intermittently. MOTORBIKE.
Can be used when the vehicle is:
- IMMOBILIZED
(by emergency on roadway or
shoulder)
- IN MOVEMENT
- When driving on emergency for
not meeting the minimum speed of
the track and there is risk of
Used to change direction, lateral reaching from behind.
160 movements, etc.
- Performing an urgent service.
3. BRAKE LIGHT. .Red lights that turn on automatically when

stepping on the brake pedal. Its intensity will be greater than the
position light. The third brake light is optional.
To report that I will gradually reduce the speed I will do it by the
repeated use of the braking lights (not with the emergency
lights).
4. REVERSING LIGHT. 5. GAUGE LIGHT.
One or two white lights at the rear. If they are two

Two white lights in front and two red behind,
lights, placed symmetrically.
positioned as close as possible to the highest outer
If it is only one light it can go anywhere in the rear
edge. Lights when the position light is turned on.
zone.
Lights up automatically when putting the gear Indicates the total width of the vehicle.
lever in reverse position. Mandatory for vehicles of + 2,10 m width.
Optional for vehicles between 1,80 m and 2,10 m
width.
6. FRONT FOG LIGHT (ND). 7. REAR FOG LIGHT (NT).
Its purpose is to illuminate. Two lights in white or

selective yellow. IT IS NOT REQUIRED. THE
MOTORBIKE CAN ALSO HAVE IT INSTALLED. Its purpose is to become more visible. One or
two red lights.
IT IS MANDATORY FOR THE PASSENGER
CARS.
If there are two lights, placed symmetrically.
If it is only one light it can go in the centre or
on the left, of the rear.
Optional Mandatory
ND (AntiNiebla Delantero- NT (AntiNiebla Trasero-Rear
161
Front Fog Light) Fog Light)
8. PARKING LIGHT. These are the same as

the position lights, but allow each side light to be
switched on independently.
Can be used in INSUFFICIENTLY lit

CROSSINGS if WE PARK in LINE.
9. INTERNAL LIGHTING DEVICE

It cannot be dazzling, or disturbing. Mandatory
for public service vehicles of passengers and car
rental with driver.
10. “FREE” INDICATOR LIGHT.
Green light in the right front part of a taxi,
indicates that it is free and in service.
11. REAR LICENSE PLATE LIGHT 12. PUBLIC SERVICE BACKLIGHT.

White light that iluminates the rear plate of the White light that iluminates the plate of public
registration. Lights when the position light is service (eg. Taxis). Lights when the position
turned on. light is turned on.
162
4. -COLOURS OF THE LIGHTS AND INTERNAL WITNESSES.

▪ As a general rule, the front lights will be white, the side lights amber and the rear ones
red (there are exceptions).
Long or Short or Position Front Fog Rear Emergency
high low Fog
beam beam
Colour White White - White in front White or Red Amber
- Amber sides selective
- Red behind yellow
Internal Blue Green Green Amber Red

Witnesses (dashboard)
Number Two or Two Two Two One or As direction

Four two
Mandat./O Mandat. Mandat. Mandat. Opt. Mandat. Mandat.

pt.
5. -CATADIOPTRIC OR REFLECTORS.
Whites in front In the trailers they are triangular
behind (red).
Amber on the sides.
Reds behind.
NOT TRIANGULAR.
• When illuminated by another vehicle they reflect light.

• They serve for a vehicle to be visible to other users.
The front and side are required for trailers and semitrailers. The rear are mandatory for mopeds and cars.
6. -GLARES.
▪ If the lights dazzle me I should slow down, stopping, if necessary, IN MY OWN LANE
(DO NOT LEAVE THE SHOULDER).
The driver taking the curve to the The driver on the right when being The driver that circulates in
right or on the inside, will be the overtaken should replace the long the opposite direction must
first one to replace the long range range light for the short or low remove the long range lights
lights for the short range. beam. because it glares the vehicle
that is approaching.
163
7. –USE OF LIGHTS.
7.1. –CIRCULATING AT DAY.

• During the day, in normal conditions of visibility they will have on the appropriate lighting.
1. The motorcycles (POSITION AND LOW BEAM).
2. The ones that circulate in reversible lanes,
The motorcycle can have 1 or 2 low beam lights. opposite to the usual and additional.
7.2. –CIRCULATING AT NIGHT.

▪ It is mandatory the use of lighting at night (sunset and sunrise) and in tunnels, underpasses
and road sections affected by the signal "tunnel", at day and night.
▪ Along with the position lights I wil turn on as general rule
In TOWN always OUTSIDE OF TOWN

short range or
SUFFICIENTLY ILLUMINATED → Short range or low beam.
low beam.
OUTSIDE OF TOWN + 40 Km/h
Mandatory Long.
INSUFFICIENTLY ILLUMINATED
Up to 40 Km/h
I do not dazzle. I can use either Short or
Long.
▪ Tunnel = NIGHT; therefore in a poorly lit road tunnel if I do not dazzle → long range.
▪ With the position light only you cannot circulate.

▪ If there are doubts about the lighting conditions, must turn on the lights, generally the
low beam lights.
7.3. –USE OF LIGHTS IN ADVERSE CONDITIONS.

FRONT FOG LIGHT ▪REAR FOG LIGHT
▪ They can be used with adverse weather ▪Its use is OBLIGATORY under specially
conditions which reduce slightly the visibility. adverse weather conditions.
THEY ARE OPTIONAL.
Fog, snow fall, smoke or dust clouds Fog, snow fall, smoke or dust clouds
LIGHT, NOT DENSE, THIN, NOT INTENSIVE. DENSE, HEAVY, INTENSIVE, THICK, VERY
Intensive rain (is light) INTENSIVE.
Very intensive rain (is heavy)
In those cases in which the front fog light might be used it has to be considered that:
- During daytime the front fog light might be used with the position light only or together
with the dipped headlight.
- At night the front fog light has to be used together with the dipped headlight or the
headlight. ▪ It is forbidden to use the front light under slightly changed weather
conditions. The front fog light might be used on narrow roadways (up to 6,5
164 metres), at night and with the sign of several curves.
Chapter 9: Lighting. Use of lights.
7.4. -IMMOBILIZATIONS AT NIGHT.
▪ It is mandatory the use of lighting in immobilizations in the following situations:

OUTSIDE OF TOWN When detained, stopped or parked at night in the roadway
or shoulder (passable or not) of an intercity road. No matter
that it is sufficiently or insufficiently illuminated.
Do not leave any lights on because this vehicle is off
the platform.
Always light in roadway or shoulder:

Minimum POSITION.
Allowed SHORT.
Prohibited LONG. The long range light cannot be used in
Platform stops or parkings but you can use it in
ARRESTS outside of town (eg. STOP).
IN TOWN: When detained or stopped in a road inside of town (urban roads or

crossings sufficiently or insufficiently illuminated).
ARREST / STOP: Minimum POSITION, allowed SHORT, prohibited LONG.
If the vehicle is distinguished → Nothing.

Streets
If the vehicle is not distinguished → POSITION.
PARK
SUFFICIENTLY ILLUMINATED → Nothing.
Crossings INSUFFICIENTLY ILLUMINATED → POSITION which may
be substituted for the parking light of the corresponding
side of the road, if parked in LINE.
165
7.5. –LIGHTING QUESTIONS
1. In what type of roads can you use the high beam lights?
a) In all type of roads
b) Only in intercity roads.
c) In intercity roads and crossings.
2. If you drive during the sunset. Should you have any light on in your passenger car?
a) Yes, only the position light.
b) Yes, position and low beam
c) No, because there is still luminosity in the road.
3. If you drive between sunset and sunrise, by a poorly lit road at more than 40 km/h. What lights
would you use?
a) Only the position light.
b) The position light and low beam necessarily.
c) The position light and long range if I do not dazzle.
4. If you drive at night, by a sufficiently illuminated road and circulate at more than 40 Km/h without
posibility of dazzling. What lights would you use?
b) The low beam light.
c) The long range light because I do not dazzle and drive at more than 40 Km/h.
5. In what tunnels can you use the long range light or high beam?
a) In the ones that are sufficiently and insufficiently illuminated.
b) In none, you can only drive with the short range light or low beam.
c) Only in the ones that are sufficiently illuminated and that are in the road
6. You drive at night by an intercity road insufficiently illuminated at less than 40 Km/h and without
posibility of dazzling any user. What lights would you use?
b) The long range light, in any case.
c) Either the short range light or long range.
7.6. –LIGHTING QUESTIONS IN ADVERSE CONDITIONS.
1. If you drive with dense fog What fog lights should I turn on?
a) The front and rear fog lamp.
b) Only the rear fog lamp.
c) Only the front fog lamp.
2. If you drive at night, by a poorly lit urban road with dense fog. What lights would you use?
a) The long range light because the road is insufficiently illuminated.
b) The short range light and the rear fog lamp.
c) Only the short range light and the front fog lamp.
3. If you drive during the day, by an urban road with light dust clouds. What lights would you use?
b) The position light together with the front fog light or short range.
c) The position light and short range only if vehicles come in the opposite direction.
166
4. If you drive at night, by a crossing, with intense rain What lights would you use?
a) The position light and short range.
b) The position light and long range.
c) The position light, short range, and rear fog light.
5. If you drive with very dense fog or intense rain during the day. Could I use the long
range or high beam lights?
a) Yes, but it is more advisable to use the low beam light.
b) No, it is prohibited.
6. Can the front fog light be used when there are no adverse circumstances?
a) No, there has to be fog necessarily.
b) Yes, in any narrow road.
c) Yes, if I drive at night by a narrow road with the sign of dangerous curves.
7.7. –LIGHTING QUESTIONS IN IMMOBILIZATIONS AT NIGHT.
1. If you are stopped by jam, at night, in a sufficiently illuminated road. Should I leave any
light on?
a) No because I am detained.
b) Yes, the position light as a minimum.
c) No, because it is sufficiently illuminated.
2. If you are detained by emergency, at night, in the non-passable shoulder of a road.

Should I leave any light on?
a) Yes, the emergency light only.
b) No, because I am detained in a non-passable shoulder.
c) Yes, the emergency and position lights.
3. If at night, you make a stop in a street in which vehicles are distinguished. Should you
keep any lights?
a) Yes, the emergecy light until the march is resumed.
c) No, because in the street in which I have stopped vehicles are distinguished.
4. If at night, you park, in line, in a street in which vehicles are not distinguished. Should
you keep any lights?
a) No, because when parking in town no light is ever left on because the battery
is discharged.
c) Yes, the position lights that I will be able to replace by the parking lights if my
vehicle has them.
167
168
CHAPTER 10: ACTIVE SAFETY.
1. Introduction.
2. Objectives of active safety.
3. The lighting.
4. Direction system.
5. Suspension system.
6. Mirrors.
6.1. Interior panoramic mirror.
6.2. Regulate mirrors.
6.3. Dead angle.
6.4. Use of rear-view mirrors.
7. Wheels.
7.1. Nomenclature of the tyres.
7.2. Tyre types.
7.3. Pneumatic functions.
7.4. Inflation pressure.
7.5. Pressure wear.
7.6. Wear by the balanced and the parallel.
7.7. Wheel change.
7.8. Difference between driving and steering wheels.
8. Brakes.
8.1. Engine brake.
8.2. Brake efficiency.
8.3. ABS.
8.4. Brake Assist System, BAS.
8.5. Brake failure.
9. Other devices of active safety.

10. Accessories, spare parts and tools for motor vehicles.
169
11. Reflective vest.
Chapter 10: Active safety.
1. -INTRODUCTION.
▪ The vehicle is a very important element in any traffic situation. For example excessively
worn tires can cause numerous accidents.
▪ To avoid these accidents, every driver is responsible for its vehicle, so you have to
supervise and do a minimum preventive maintenance of the vehicle and pass the
mandatory ITV (technical inspections). If we do not do it there is more risk of
accident.
▪ Moreover today's vehicles have very advanced safety devices (eg ABS) that can
reduce accidents and injury severity but without an adequate knowledge of these we
can void their benefits and have an accident. Sometimes we think that the car as it
has ABS it will save 100% of the accident, but if I do not know how to use it, it will not
fulfill its function. SECURITY SYSTEMS ARE GROUPED INTO TWO TYPES: ACTIVE
SAFETY PASSIVE SAFETY.
▪ It is important to invest in buying a car with TECHNICAL QUALITIES
2. –OBJECTIVES OF ACTIVE SAFETY.
The aim of active safety is to avoid accidents.
3. –THE LIGHTING.
▪ Allows to light the road to drive safely and their main functions
are: SEE AND BE SEEN.
The lights require some maintenance, monitoring their condition,
replacing them and regulating them where necessary. For
example, if the lights are too low it takes longer to perceive an
obstacle and you cover more metres during that time.
▪Technological advances of the lights:

Gas discharge lamps (xenon):
They offer twice the light and therefore more lighting and consume half the energy
→ REDUCE FATIGUE.
-Adaptive lights:
Adjusting the area illuminated by the headlights (eg, curves). As the wheels rotate the
lights turn.
-Day lights:
They increase the visibility of the vehicle during the day. They would save about
200 lives a year. Since not all vehicles have this system, it is recommended to circulate
with the low beam lights, although it increases fuel consumption by 2%.
170
4. –DIRECTION SYSTEM.
▪ It is the system in charge of directing the wheels at the will of the driver (the steering
wheel or handlebars), moving the steered wheels. If this system receives an impact
against a curb or has suffered an accident, it will be checked by qualified personnel.
It is recommended to check the

steering of the vehicle when it turns
hard or too soft when turned.
Technological advances in relation to the steering system:

▪ POWER-ASSISTED STEERING → Reduces the strength of the driver on the steering
wheel.
▪ PROGRESSIVE STEERING → Reduces the strength of the driver on the steering wheel
but depending on the vehicle's speed: -
If I go slow, the direction moves easily.
- If I go faster, steering becomes harder to control the vehicle better.
5. –SUSPENSION SYSTEM.
▪ This system absorbes the terrain irregularities, offering:
- Stability and adhesion, leading to more security.
- Comfort inside the vehicle, which means less vibration due to bumps.
Shock absorber Spring
Reduces the Absorbes the terrain

bumps of the irregularities.
spring and
Absorbes the bump.
keeps the wheel
against the
ground
If the suspension system is in poor condition:

- The vehicle leans when braking or taking a curve. The back rises excessively.
- Braking distance increases by 50% and the tires wear out more.
- Fatigue appears in the driver.
- Increased risk of aquaplaning.
- Increased chance of dazzling other road users by the oscillation of the lights.
171
6. -MIRRORS.
MANDATORY
ALWAYS 2
Passenger cars should carry two mandatory mirrors: If I carry adhesive sheets, curtains, or any object in
- Left exterior. the back that prevent the vision of the interior
- Interior. mirror, I should carry the mirror:
In the motorcycle the left mirror is mandatory and if it - Left exterior mandatory..
reaches over 100 km/h also the right. That is, if a - Right exterior mandatory.
motorcycle has a mirror it will carry the left side and the - Interior, optional.
rear-view mirror on the right will be optional.
6.1. –INTERIOR PANORAMIC MIRROR.
An interior panoramic mirror I can

Normal Panoramic place, and remove the exterior
RIGHT, when this one is not the
mandatory. I can NEVER
replace it for the LEFT, because
it should always be there.
Therefore the panoramic rear-
view mirror does not replace
any of the mirrors required.
We are allowed to put stickers on the window in the rear as long as the driver can see the whole road as his
visibility is not affected.
6.2. -REGULATE MIRRORS.

1. Whenever I get in the vehicle.
2. With the vehicle IMMOBILIZED, not circulating and in FLAT.
Purpose of the interior mirror: See 60 Purpose of the exterior

metres backwards and 20 metres wide. See mirrors: See much
three or the four sides of the windscreen with a roadway (not all) and a bit
172 MILD EYE MOVEMENT. (Do not move the of the side of my vehicle.
body).
6.3. –DEAD ANGLE.
These are areas in which I have no vision and are

eliminated in part by the outside mirrors and looking
directly.
If CONVEX mirrors are placed, they give more field of view.

The problem with these mirrors is that the vehicles are
seen smaller and more remote.
THERE IS NO REAR-VIEW MIRROR TO AVOID ALL
DEAD ANGLES, so it is advisable to turn your head 45
degrees or less.
6.4. –USE OF REAR-VIEW MIRRORS.

You should look in the mirrors frequently and briefly not to neglect
what is happening ahead.
The frequency of vision of the mirrors for safe driving controlling
the circulation is:
On urban roads and roads with heavy traffic → 5 – 10 sec.
On roads without traffic→ 10 sec. approximately.
In highways and dual carriageways → 15 sec. approximately.
You have to look at the mirrors especially before setting off.
7. -WHEELS.
Item that is in direct contact with the ground and intervenes in the grip.
Rim: metal part that must be

suitable to the type of tyre.
Tyre: elastic part comprised by:

tread, flanks, heels and frame.
1. The flanks: sides of the tyre where

there is more risk of bursting.
2. Tread: part of the tyre that is in direct contact with the ground to give
grip.
The letters TWI (wear indicator), indicate the place in the tread where
the wear indicators are, to know when you've reached the minimum
depth.
The drawing (slots) is used to remove water. The minimum depth of 1.6 173
mm slots., advisable to change with a depth of 2 mm.
7.1. –NOMENCLATURE OF THE TYRES.

1.- WIDTH of the tyre tread (195 milímetros). 195/60 R 15 88 V
2.- HEIGHT of the flank (in % with the width). 60% of 195.
3.- RADIAL, internal structure.
4.- DIAMETER of the rim (in inches): size of the rim. (15
inches) 1 2
3
5.- LOAD INDEX maximum load that can withstand. 4
Eg. 84→ 500 Kg. 85 → 515 Kg. 90 → 600 Kg. 5
6.- SPEED CODE, maximum speed at which you can
6
circulate safely. Eg. U → 200 Km/h. H→ 210 Km/h. V →
More than 210 Km/ h.
7.- DATE OF MANUFACTURE. Eg: 2108.Week 21 of the
year 2008.
▪ If I change a tyre, it is correct to put another with a speed code or load
index EQUAL OR HIGHER to the recommended by the manufacturer. NEVER
LESS.
7.2. –TYRE TYPES.

Diagonal or Radial: ARE BETTER (less wear,
conventional. less heating, better grip).
▪ Depends on where the air stays they can be:

With inner tube Without inner tube (TUBELESS) ,ARE BETTER:
(TUBETYPE) Less risk of bursting.
AIR, inside
the inner
AIR, inside of
tube
the tyre.
(balloon).
7.3. –PNEUMATIC FUNCTIONS.

1. Cushion, influencing on the vehicle's suspension.
2. Stabilize the vehicle's path.
3. Bear the burden.
4. Intervene in the braking distance.
Therefore, a proper maintenance of the condition of the tyres is essential. The bad
condition is the leading mechanical cause of accidents, as the braking is worse and it is
advisable to replace them every 5 years or so unless they have lumps or deformities, in
which case you should change them sooner.
174
7.4. –INFLATION PRESSURE.

THE RECOMMENDED BY THE MANUFACTURER.
▪ There may be more pressure on one axis than another (the ones that put up more
weight have usually more pressure ) but must be equal on the same axis.
▪ Pressure → same in winter than in summer.
▪ If driving at full load or at high speed → increase pressure.
▪ Check 1 – 2 times a month (including spare wheel), COLD (if you look at it hot the
inflation pressure is greater by the friction of the wheel with the ground).
▪ The pressure is checked with the gauge.
▪ If I look at the pressure hot do not remove air because when rolling it is normal that the
pressure increases.
▪ The spare wheel should have the HIGHEST pressure recommended by the
manufacturer. The wheel of temporary or emergency use does NOT have the highest
pressure recommended by the manufacturer.
7.5. –PRESSURE WEAR.
CORRECT PRESSURE. EXCESS PRESSURE. LOW PRESSURE.
▪ Less GRIP.
▪ Less GRIP.
• GOOD GRIP ▪ More FRICTION.
▪ Less FRICTION.
• EQUALLY ▪ More HEATING.
▪ Less HEATING.
WORN FOR ALL ▪ More CONSUMPTION.
TREAD. ▪ Less CONSUMPTION.
▪ More wear on the
▪ More wear on the
SIDES.
CENTRE.
▪ Spoils the SUSPENSION. More risk of bursting by
more heat.
7.6. –WEAR BY THE BALANCED AND THE PARALLEL.
BALANCED: The wheel has to weigh the same PARALLEL / ALIGNED:

everywhere, for this a lead counterweight is placed. Correct inclination of the
tyre respect to the wheel of
If the balance is in
the same axis.
bad condition, the
steering wheel
vibrates at high
SPEEDS.
The tyres also wear out before by: aggressive driving, the inflation pressure, the weather
(more in summer than in winter), the type of roads, the use of chains, excessive loading,
going at high speed, etc. When we change them:
The wheels have to be ALL the same, if not like this, at least equal on the same
axis.
Good wheels → BEHIND, to avoid the the rear skid.
Under no circumstances should you mix radial and diagonal tyres on the wheels of a same axis.
SHOULD NOT BE PUT WIDER TYRES THAN THE ORIGINAL BECAUSE THEY CAUSE LESS
SECURITY AND MORE CONSUMPTION OF FUEL. 175
7.7. –WHEEL CHANGE.

1. Move the vehicle off the roadside or the shoulder, meeting the standards of stopping
and parking if possible. Activate the hand brake.
2. Turn on the emergency and the position (if any) light and place warning triangles (on
interurban roads I wear a reflective vest, day or night).
3. Place the wedges if the vehicle needs them and loosen the screws (not remove),
before boarding the vehicle with jack. Remove the screws and remove the wheel
once the vehicle is elevated.
4. By placing the new wheel, put the screws and finish

tightening when the vehicle is on the ground. After
traveling a few kilometres (20 or 30) I go back to check
that the nuts are tight. Repeat the tightening of nuts at 150
to 250 km/h).
7.8. -DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DRIVING AND STEERING WHEELS.
STEERING WHEELS. They move through the direction axis (steering wheel).
DRIVING WHEELS. Receive power from the engine.
TRACTION: Driving force on front wheels. Front

axis.
PROPULSION: Driving force on rear wheels. Rear

axis.
TOTAL TRACTION (4X4): Driving force in all

wheels. 2 axis or more.
176
8. –BRAKES.
Serve to reduce progressively the speed or keep a vehicle immobile.
▪ Service (foot) → Acting on all wheels. Used to reduce speed.
▪ Parking (hand) → Usually acts on the rear wheels. It is used for immobilization.
▪ Secondary → It is the same service brake but with a dual independent circuit. Acts, when
the service fails, on one wheel on each side of the medium longitudinal plane of the
vehicle (one wheel of each side).
Types of brakes:
DISK→ Uses brake pads acting by impingement of the disk.
DRUM → Uses brake shoes that act by expansion against the drum.
The disk brake is more effective than the drum because it is cooler, and the braking is smoother
and progressive. The maintenance that has a disk brake is to change the pads and disks when
worn. (Do NOT grease the disk, NOR check the distance between disk and pad).
8.1. –ENGINE BRAKE.

DEADLOCK
SHORT LONG
+ POWER - POWER
- SPEED + SPEED
▪ It is when you lift off
the foot from the
accelerator and switch
to lower gears and the
drive wheels are It is good to use on descending slopes to
braked. retain the vehicle without using the foot brake
so it does not get hot. Prevents fading.
177
8.2. –BRAKE EFFICIENCY.
The brake efficiency depends on:

- The pressure that is done on the pedal.
- The condition of the tyres and of the roadway, if poorly, increases the braking distance
- The speed. The higher the speed, the greater the braking distance.
- Load causes lower acceleration and longer braking distance.
- The state of the brakes.
- The brake fluid level. This liquid expires in about 2 years.

The liquid level must be between the "MAXIMUM" and
"MINIMUM" marks → check your level.
8.3. -ABS.
ABS. Anti-lock Braking System. A device that is incorporated into some brakes to prevent
the wheels from locking when the driver exerts excess pressure on the brake pedal,
preventing slippage, making braking better, especially with wet floor, ice or snow. If the
suspension is in bad condition the ABS loses effectiveness. The motorcycle and moped
may also have ABS.
Emergency braking.
BRAKE WITH ABS: BRAKE WITHOUT ABS:

Should step on the brake pedal:
Should step on the brake pedal with
energy, keeping the pressure until Strong, gradually reducing the strength as
the end (until the vehicle stands still). you go slower.
If the pedal shakes slightly, then Continuous (not intermittent).

the system works, this is normal, Without locking the wheels, if they get
WE MUST NOT RAISE THE FOOT blocked we must reduce the pressure on the
FROM THE PEDAL. pedal, ie, lift foot off the pedal, until you
control the direction.
8.4. –BRAKE ASSIST SYSTEM, BAS.

BAS. Assistance system to the emergency braking.
Important system in emergency situations.
If the driver does not exert enough pressure on the brake pedal, before an emergency
braking, the BAS detects it and, this system applies all possible pressure even if the
driver does not exert the necessary force.
How does the BAS detect that it is an emergency braking?
The driver lifted the accelerator pedal quickly and just as quickly has stepped on the
brake pedal, in which the driver is not exerting enough pressure.
178
8.5. –BRAKE FAILURE.

1. If the pedal falls to the bottom is due to the loss of fluid in the circuit.
2. If the touch is spongy when stepping on the brake pedal it is because there is air
in the pipes.
3. If it costs to stop the vehicle it may be due to the wear of pads or brake shoes.
4. FADING, heating of brakes from using them in excess, especially on descending
slopes. To avoid this we recommend circulating in short gears using the engine brake.
5. Wet brakes may also temporarily lose their effectiveness and must be dried. For
example, when we leave a puddle we should dry them, with small touches of braking,
short and frequent.
6. Uneven action of the brakes can be due to different tyre pressure, uneven wear of the
pads or the wrong adjustment of brakes. What happens is that the vehicle deviates to
the side that touches more.
In case of failure of brakes on a steep descent:
-Remain calm and try to circulate as close as possible to the right edge of the roadway.
-Step and release the pedal several times to try to regain its effectiveness.
-Use short gears → Engine brake. To prevent heating of brakes.
-Use the hand brake (not violently).
-If I cannot stop the vehicle search emergency braking area or lateral friction (never head-on
collision).
9. –OTHER DEVICES OF ACTIVE SAFETY.
ESP. Electronic stability control (anti skid system). In case of slippage in one of the
axles, act by regulating the braking and traction to each wheel so that the driver regains
control of the vehicle. These vehicles have fewer accidents on curves than vehicles
that do not carry it. The motorcycle and moped may also have this system.
ASR AND TCS. Traction control system (anti-slip system). Compare the rotation of
the drive wheels with the ones which are not, detecting if those lose grip (rotate more). If
this occurs, it sends a signal to reduce engine power and/or the wheels that lose grip
brake.
Speed limiters. Help the driver maintain the proper speed under the circumstances.
179
10. –ACCESSORIES, SPARE PARTS AND TOOLS FOR MOTOR

VEHICLES.
AUTOMOBILES UP TO 3.500 KG OF MMA, EXCEPT

WHEELED MOTORCYCLES: Spare wheel or of temporary
use or alternative system.
1. The wheel of temporary or emergency use CANNOT be

used like a normal spare wheel because it has some
LIMITATIONS:
-Used to travel about 200 km to 80 km/h, therefore, go to the
NEAREST garage and not the usual.
-This wheel should not carry the highest
pressure recommended by the manufacturer.
2. Two devices of advance warning.

3. A hight visibility reflevtive vest
▪ Mandatory one. Recommended two.
▪ Visible at 150 metres.
▪ Certified or approved.
▪ Put it on before leaving the vehicle, for which we must carry
it inside the vehicle. NOT IN THE TRUNK.
▪ NOT worth replacing it with another reflective garment or approved
reflective device (triangle).
▪ Use DAY and NIGHT, when on the roadway or shoulder, ONLY in
INTERURBAN ROADS.
▪ The vest exposed to light loses its reflective properties. Do
not wear hanging behind the driver's seat.
▪ The reflective vest can be yellow, red or orange.
▪ Vehicles required to take it are: cars, buses, automobiles destined for
the transport of goods, mixed vehicles, sets of non-agricultural vehicles,
driver and support staff of civil protection pilot vehicles and
accompaniment.
▪ The motorcycle driver and of special vehicles does NOT have to
take a reflective vest as mandatory provision.
180
CHAPTER 11: PASSIVE SAFETY.
1. Passive safety objectives.
2. Bodywork.
3. Seating.
4. Headrest.
5. Seatbelt.
5.1. Magnitude of the forces involved in a traffic accident.
5.2. Use of seat belts.
5.3. Vehicles without seat belts.
5.4. Exemptions from seat belt use.
6. Airbag.
7. Helmet.
8. Rider suit.
181
Chapter 11: Passive safety.
1. –PASSIVE SAFETY OBJECTIVES.
The objective of passive safety is to minimize the damage to the occupants when the
accident occurred, such as seat belts.
2. -BODYWORK.
It is the part of the vehicle used to transport the occupants of the vehicle and its load and
in case of accident to absorb the maximum amount of energy released in an accident and
protect the occupants. It should be: STRONG AND DEFORMABLE.
3. -SEATING.
Positioned so that:
▪ The driver sees over the steering wheel.
▪ The arms and legs are SEMIFLEXED, a very positive
influence on driving.
▪ Do not circulate very close to the steering wheel
because the driver makes movement difficult and can
cause fatigue.
▪ It is not advisable to place cushions, pillows or towels on the seat → the seat belt
loses its effectiveness and can be induced the SUBMARINE EFFECT (displacement of
the body underneath the lap strap seat belt, slip below).
182
4. -HEADREST.
Mandatory in passenger cars. Its use is very important in both front seats, and in rear.
Its purpose is to protect the head and neck in an accident. Avoid whiplash (head
movement back swing). To prevent this from happening should be positioned correctly:
- The edge of the headrest should be located between the upper limit of the head
and the central portion thereof to the height of the eyes. Never below the
eyes.
- The distance between the headrest and the head must never be greater than 4
cm.
▪ The whiplash, in a rear-end collision, may occur from 10 km/h.
▪ Between others the whiplash causes muscle pain, heachache, loss of mobility of the
neck, dizziness, sickness.
5. -SEATBELT.
▪ The purpose of the belt is to protect the body of the driver and occupants, avoiding
going out the front glass. If we do not wear a seat belt, the probability of dying is twice
than if we had it on.
▪ The top of the belt (chest strap) should be halfway between the neck and shoulder (the
clavicle, NOT the NECK) and the abdominal band of the belt should fit through the
pelvis or hip bones.
Chest 3 points
Abdominal (IS BETTER)
2 points
▪ The belt should be fastened before setting off but never moving.
▪ It should be tight to the body (should be neither too tight nor too loose).
▪ It is PROHIBITED TO USE PLIERS to circulate more comfortably and that the belt is
not too tight. It is NOT good to circulate with warm clothing like coats because the belt
loses effectiveness.
▪How we are seated has a huge influence on the efficiency of the seatbelt.
▪If we do not fasten the seatbelt, both, the airbag as well as the headrest would lose their
efficiency.
183
▪ After an accident should review and change the belts.
5.1. -MAGNITUDE OF THE FORCES INVOLVED IN A TRAFFIC ACCIDENT.
Speed Effect of unbelted
50 Km/h. Hit the windshield from a 3rd floor.
70 Km/h. Impact against the steering wheel as with a mallet of 15 kg to 160 km/h
(even with airbag).
80 Km/h. Rear passengers projected out against those in front with a force
equivalent to a 1,200 kg ball at 10 km/h.
100 Km/h. Ejected occupants as if they were fired at 70 km/h against a wall.
The belt reduces by half the likelihood of death in accidents.
5.2. –USE OF SEATBELTS.

Seat belt use is mandatory on road and in village, should be fastened by driver and the
rest of occupants.
VEHICLES UP TO 9 SEATS
As GENERAL RULE, people under 18 who measure up to 1,35 m, MUST go in the back seat and
must use a retention device necessarily approved, adapted to their size and weight.
EXCEPTIONALLY, they can go in the front seat, if they use a retention device necessarily
approved when:-the vehicle does not have rear seats; -the back seats are used by people under
18 or measure less than 1,35 m tall; is not possible to install at te back seat an approved device.
If we use a retention device at the front seat we must deactivate front airbag.
VEHICLES WITH MORE THAN 9 SEATS

The driver must inform the passengers that they have to use seatbelt or another retention
device.
Children under the age of 3 measure 1.35 m tall or less must use retention device
neccesarily approved, if they don´t have it, they must use seatbelt adapted to their size
and weight.
The safest seat for a child to travel is the center rear, so that in case of side impact, the
child will not suffer injury by buckling of the doors. Children should NEVER be in the arms
of an adult as in a collision, even at 5 km/h., holding them would not be possible. They
should go with a retention device based on their WEIGHT.
The seatbelt also has to be used by the driver and passengers of motorbikes, mopeds with
three wheels and four-wheelers, whenever they have a self protection structure and
seatbelts and if all this is registered on the corresponding ITV card.
184
5.3. –VEHICLES WITHOUT SEAT BELTS.
▪ If in the rear seats there are NO BELTS, because of

its age:
▪ Children UNDER 3 YEARS CANNOT go.
▪ Children OVER 3 years CAN go.
5.4. -EXEMPTIONS FROM SEAT BELT USE.
The belt use is not mandatory:
INSIDE OR OUTSIDE TOWN INSIDE TOWN FOR:

FOR:
1. The taxi driver going in-service (working) and
rear-seat passengers not reaching 1.35 metres.
2. The delivery of goods in constant distribution
over short distances
3. Drivers and passengers of vehicles in urgent
service priority or not.
4. People accompanying a student in learning
1. With serious medical how to drive with additional controls (eg driving
certificate or disabled, the school teacher).
certificate shall also In highway and dual carriageway inside town, the
incorporate a symbol of four groups must buckle up.
exemption.
2. When in reverse gear or
parking.
PREGNANT women have to put the seat belt on as a general rule, unless they
have a serious medical certificate.
The Not use of seatbelts and the authorized children safety devices are
considered to be a SERIOUS infraction.
If in a vehicle there are no seatbelts or authorized children retention systems
installed, even though it is required, this would be a VERY SERIOUS infraction.
To circulate with minors of less than 12 years of age seated in the front or in the
back when this is not allowed this would be considered a SERIOUS infraction.
185
6. -AIRBAG.
- The airbag is a bag of air that in case of strong collision, is inflated automatically in
fractions of seconds by the expansion of a gas.
- Supplement the effectiveness of the safety belt, protecting the head and upper body.
NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE SAFETY BELT. The front airbag together with the
seat belt can reduce 20% of fatal injuries. If not wearing a seatbelt, the airbag will hit
the driver at a speed of 300 km/h on his face.
- To be effective must be placed at a distance of about 25 cm from the airbag. and
never less than 10 cm.
- There are different types of airbags: front, side, roof or curtain. The motorbike can
also carry an airbag.
- You must disconnect the passenger airbag, sitting beside the driver, if we take a child
sitting up against.
- The use of glasses is not dangerous (it is rare that the glasses are broken by the
airbag because they usually are thrown by the impact before the airbag pops).
7. -HELMET.
▪ The purpose of the helmet is to protect the head in case of accident.
▪ Head injuries are the leading cause of death among injured in two-wheel vehicles for
not wearing a helmet.
▪ Wearing a helmet reduces the chance of dying by 30%, reduces up to 3 times as likely
to suffer head injuries and increases the chance of emerging unscathed by 20%.
▪ You have to have it COMPULSORY FASTENED before
setting off, fitting well the head.
▪ If the helmet does not have a visor it is ADVISABLE to
use safety glasses. The driver should force the passenger
to wear a helmet, otherwise the driver is responsible.
▪ Prevents abrasion of the face and head by dragging
oneself on the pavement.
▪ It's good to have good ventilation to avoid the steaming.
186
Are required to wear helmets on all roads:

▪ The driver and passenger of motorcycles, mopeds, vehicles with 3 wheels and
quadricycles (QUADS).
▪The driver of personal mobility vehicles.
If you have closed bodywork the seat belt will be used and
NOT the helmet.
Are required to wear helmets ONLY in roads:

▪ BIKE drivers, except in uphill in extreme heat or with medical certificate.
Not wearing a helmet may lead to the immobilization of vehicles by traffic officers.
TYPES OF HELMETS:
- Conventional helmet or type reactor: only protects the head. They are not highly
recommended.
- Integral helmet: protects the head and face.
When buying a helmet must be taken into account:
-that it is approved.
-the size and the material with which it is manufactured.
-should not buy helmets that have already had an accident.
-preferably choose light colors, bright and reflective to be seen at greater
distances by other users.
▪ If the helmet falls to the floor from 1.5 metres high it can have major damage and
it is advisable to replace.
8. –RIDER SUIT.
Must be of leather or Protect from cold and in Protect the ankles and legs
similar material. (NOT case of a fall prevent during a fall and prevent
SYNTHETIC). Bright and chafing. Should be of landslides on the footrests. It
colorful. (NOT DARK) so leather and allow to offer is advisable that they are high
the rest of the users the necessary touch, grip, and tight to the legs and with
distinguish it. to use the controls. heels to prevent the driver
from sliding. 187
188
CHAPTER 12: MECHANICAL.
1. Introduction.
2. Air filter.
3. Electrical system.
3.1. Battery.
3.2. The alternator.
4. Lubrication system.
5. Refrigeration system.
189
Chapter 12: Mechanical.
1. -INTRODUCTION.
The engine is the part of the vehicle that transforms chemical energy (fuel) into
mechanical energy (movement).
Explosion = petrol.
There are two types of motors:
Combustion = diesel (gasoil).
The most important elements of the engine are: the air filter, electrical system, lubrication
system and the refrigeration system.
2. –AIR FILTER.
The engine to function needs fuel (gasoline or diesel) and air.
The filter cleans the air of impurities (dust, sand,

etc..) to enter the engine clean and without
scratching the cylinder.
▪ With a dirty filter fuel consumption increases and
black smoke comes out. You have to watch it more
often in the summer or when driving on dusty
roads.
3. –ELECTRICAL SYSTEM.
▪ System that gives power to the vehicle, mainly due to the alternator.
3.1. -BATTERY.
▪ When the engine is off the battery supplies the power (for lights, radio, etc.)
- Inside the battery there is a liquid, called ELECTROLYTE (distilled water and
sulfuric acid). It should be 1cm. above the lead plates of the battery.
- You have to clean the terminals and keep grease or petroleum jelly and tighten
connections.
- Battery with maintenance: add distilled water and maintain terminals
- Maintenance-free battery: maintenance of only terminals and tighten
connections.
- BREAKDOWN: If when starting the engine it does not turn, or it does slowly
and lights flash or stay off it means that the battery is discharged or weak.
190
TERMINALS
Chapter 12: Mechanical.
3.2. -ALTERNATOR.
▪ When the engine is running, it receives power from the

alternator. It also charges the battery for when the engine is off
and wants to boot it this one has power.
▪ For the battery to operate you must maintain the
alternator belt tense.
4. –LUBRICATION SYSTEM.
▪ For engine parts not to rub dry and stick (seizure) by the heat, you put a film of oil. This
film helps to cool.
MAINTENANCE:
▪ Add oil through the upper cap of the stock.
▪ I look at the level with the dipstick, FLAT and
with the engine stopped, COOL.
▪ Change oil, HOT, with the engine off and
horizontally.
And the light goes out, it means the oil is above the minimum (good).
If i boot
And the light remains lit, the oil is below the minimum, I have no oil, (bad).
▪ The oil filter, retains oil impurities and must be changed, usually when you change the
engine oil, however, it is indicated by the manufacturer in the maintenance manual.
5. –REFRIGERATION SYSTEM.
▪ Serves to remove heat generated by the engine parts and maintain the
optimum temperature of such parts.
▪ There are two types of refrigeration: by liquid ▪ The refrigerant liquid is put in by the
(refrigerant) and by air. expansion tank.
▪ The refrigeration system affects consumption. ▪ The level is checked in the expansion tank
▪ The optimum temperature for the engine with the engine stopped, cold and flat.
operation is 90 °, approximately. ▪ With cold the liquid freezes and thus heat
the engine. I have to add antifreeze.
191
Radiator
192
CHAPTER 13: VEHICLE CONTROLS.
1. Manual controls.
1.1. Ignition key.
1.2. Steering wheel.
1.3. Gear lever.
1.4. Parking brake (hand).
1.5. Direction indicators.
1.6. Klaxon.
1.7. Windshield wiper.
2. Foot operated controls.
3. Motorcycle controls.
193
Chapter 13: Vehicle controls.
1. –MANUAL CONTROLS.
1.1. –IGNITION KEY
▪ Serves to unlock the steering wheel and start the vehicle. It

usually has 4 positions: Garage, lock on and start. If I
disconnect the ignition key it affects the steering because
the steering wheel locks.
1.2. –STEERING WHEEL.
▪ When moving it the steered wheels are moved.

▪ Hold it with both hands on the top half, like the hands of a clock in the position of ten to two
or quarter to three (firmly but without stiffness).
▪ Do not hold by the radius and not cross your hands.
BAD
GOOD
1.3. –GEAR LEVER.
▪ It serves to select a gear ratio. You cannot circulate in

deadlock.
DEADLOCK
SHORT
+ POWER
- SPEED LONG
- POWER
+ SPEED
194
1.4. –PARKING BRAKE (HAND).
▪ It keeps the vehicle immobile at stops or parking

lots. Cannot be used in circulation in addition to the
foot brake.
▪ Acts generally on the rear wheels.
1.5. –DIRECTION INDICATORS.
▪ To indicate maneuvers (lateral displacements or

changes of direction, etc.).
▪ Located to the left of the steering wheel.
▪ When I put the steering wheel straight they go off
automatically, if this does not happen I will manually
do it when I have adopted the new trajectory of the
vehicle.
1.6. -KLAXON.
▪ Low, uniform, continuous, and not musical tone.
1.7. –WINDSHIELD WIPER.
▪ To the right of the

steering wheel.
▪ Do not use dry because they can scratch the glass

▪ I must check the windscreen washer reservoir level. It is filled with water and it is
advisable to add antifreeze or some cleanser (neutral detergent).
195
2. –FOOT OPERATED CONTROLS.
Engine connected
NOT Step clutch
ENGINE
A. B. C.
Engine disconnected
A. Clutch: left foot, to change gear Step clutch
disconnecting and connecting the gearbox.
B. Service brake (foot): right foot. ENGINE
C. Accelerator: right foot.
3. –MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS.
Handlebar: element to guide the front
wheel and in it there are certain
additional controls (clutch, accelerator,
etc ...)
Brake front wheel: right control of
Clutch: left control of
the handlebar.
the handlebar. The Is the one you must turn on in
automatic bike has NO 1st place.
clutch.
Accelerator: right control of the

handlebar.
Change of speed:
left pedal.
Brake rear wheel: small pedal of

the right side.
To properly stop a motorcycle you must:

- pressure the front brake by 60-80%.
- pressure the rear brake by 20-40%, if the driver is alone and when accompanied
a little more pressure.
196
CHAPTER 14: ECONOMIC/EFFICIENT DRIVING
AND POLLUTION.
1. Economic driving.
2. Efficient driving.
3. Environmental pollution.
4. Acoustic pollution.
197
Chapter 14: Economic/efficient driving and pollution.
1. –ECONOMIC DRIVING.
Driving economically is to avoid unnecessary waste of fuel. Fuel consumption depends

on the good condition of the vehicle, aerodynamics, the road type and driving style.
1.1. –THE VEHICLE.
1. Good maintenance of the ignition system contributes when saving fuel. If the
vehicle has an inadequate development of power, it increases fuel consumption.
2. You have to watch the air filter, having to change it more often in summer and when
I drive on dust roads. If dirty, it increases consumption.
3. The tyre pressure should be that recommended by the manufacturer. If less than
the recommended consumption increases because the contact area with the
pavement increases, having greater friction.
4. We must regulate the idling of the vehicle as recommended by the manufacturer. If

it's too high consumption rises because the engine spins faster.
Idle: the vehicle is turned on but I do not accelerate. Revolves

around the 600 - 900 r.p.m.
1.2. –THE AERODYNAMIC.
Aerodynamic drag. It is the air resistance to be overcome when the vehicle is in motion
and depends on:
Vehicle design, particularly the front. DO NOT CHANGE THE AESTHETICS of the
vehicle, making it more attractive because the higher the air resistance the vehicle
brakes more and because injuries to pedestrians can be aggravated in case of accident.
Eg. Placing ailerons.
▪The speed. At higher speeds, greater resistance offered by the air and increases the
consumption.
▪ In order to improve the aerodynamic coefficient and save fuel you must:
-Avoid circulating with the windows completely lowered.
-Remove the roof rack if it is not going to carry a load.
-Do not load the vehicle in excess.
198
1.3. –THE ROAD.
In town you consume more fuel because there are traffic lights, congestion,
intersections, etc ... and stops and starts are common. Braking increases
consumption and pollution.
1.4. –HOW TO DRIVE.
The driving style influences more or less fuel consumption. Should drive keeping a
constant and uniform speed (faster, higher consumption) while ensuring acceleration
and braking.
.
GOOD-saving measures WRONG-saving measures
- Warm up the engine with the vehicle

- In prolonged detention such as jams, it stopped to exit after.
is advisable to stop the motor. It is not
advised to turn off the engine at red - Downhill in deadlock or with the engine off,
lights because it is a temporary as it can be very dangerous.
detention.
- Using lower octane gasoline, as it can
- Carry the load in the trunk. damage the engine.
If it does not fit in the trunk is best
transported in a small trailer (worse on - Transport load in the roof rack.
the roof). Remove the roof if we do not
carry anything in it. - Turning on the air conditioner increases
consumption but it can be reduced having it
- Circulate with the windows of the between 20º - 23º.
vehicle closed, as if they are open air is
introduced inside the car making a -Using the lighting when not needed
greater effort to move the vehicle. (consumption increases by 2%).
199
2. –EFFICIENT DRIVING.
The use of motor vehicles have a very negative influence on contamination, with the use
of efficient driving techniques you can reduce fuel consumption and pollution.
Driving efficiently:
1. Reduces fuel consumption by 10-25%.

2. Reduces gaseous pollutants between 50-80%.
3. Reduces noise (1 vehicle at 4.000 rpm makes the same noise as 32 cars at 2,000
rpm).
4. Increases safety.
5. Increases comfort of passengers.
To drive efficiently it is recommended:
1. Start the vehicle without accelerating and with the clutch fully depressed.
2. In gasoline engines start up immediately after starting.
3. In diesel engines start off a few seconds after starting for the engine to lubricate well.
4. TRY TO CIRCULATE FREQUENTLY IN HIGHER GEARS because the low gears

cause the vehicle to have more power and consumes more fuel.
5. GEAR CHANGE DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF MOTOR:
-Change in a gasoline engine between → 2.000 – 2.500 r.p.m (revolutions/
minute).
-Change in a diesel engine between → 1.500 – 2.000 r.p.m.
6. GEAR CHANGE ACCORDING TO THE SPEED WE ARE AT.
-The 1st gear ratio to use as little as possible because it serves to initiate or
resume the movement of the vehicle, so it is recommended to change to 2nd
-Change to:
2nd gear within 2 seconds or six metres of travel.
3rd from 30 Km/h.
4th from 40 Km/h. No need to change gears one at a time, you can
change gear directly, for example → from 2nd to 4th
5th from 50 Km/h. or 4th to 2nd.
However, in overtakings, uphill, etc. .. you may have to shift gears a little earlier or later
than indicated.
If driving at more than 20 km/h and not stepping on the accelerator, the fuel
consumption is NULL.
This way, the costs of use and maintenance of the vehicle are reduced.
200
For speed reductions and stoppings is recommended:
1.- Lift the foot from the accelerator and circulate with the gear that is selected in the
gearbox.
2.- Use the service brake (foot) well in advance and gently.
3.- Slow down as late as possible, to permit the circulation or stopping in high gears.
4.- Avoid reducing gears as far as possible
5.- Circulate in 4th or 5th also in town, if traffic conditions allow it.
3. –ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
▪ Automobiles cause large amount of contamination. Particularly those using diesel fuel
(diesel) that emit higher amount of nitrogen oxide.
▪ The excess of carbon monoxide causes the emission of black smoke by the exhaust
pipe.
▪ If I exceed the level of smoke or gases permitted I GET SANCTIONED AND THEY
MAY IMMOBILIZE ME.
▪ If the vehicle releases smoke hindering speed or are harmful you cannot
circulate.
To clean the smoke (CO carbon monoxide) the catalytic converter acts which reduces
over 90% contamination. If I have a catalytic converter:
- I must not park in places where there is tall grass and dry because the catalytic
converter is very hot and can cause a fire.
- I must not use leaded gasoline because it damages the catalytic converter.
- I must not start the engine by pushing the vehicle because unburned gasoline reaches
the catalytic converter and damages it.
- Take care that the engine does not consume too much oil because when exiting the
exhaust pipe it would damage the catalytic converter.
TO PREVENT OTHER TYPE OF POLLUTION YOU MUST:
- DO NOT wash the vehicle on public roads.
- Change the oil but DO NOT throw it in the drain, , si no, llevarlo a un punto limpio
Low emissions zone: entry prohibited to motor vehicles,

except those vehicles that have an environmental label
indicated at the bottom of the sign.
201
4. –ACOUSTIC POLLUTION.
Unnecessary noise pollute the environment, cause adverse health effects and may
increase the risk of accident.
IF I OVERPASS THE ALLOWABLE NOISE LEVELS (dB) I GET SANCTIONED AND
THEY MAY IMMOBILIZE THE VEHICLE.
To avoid so much noise you carry a silencer of explosions in the exhaust pipe:
- It is MANDATORY for motor vehicles and mopeds.
- It is PROHIBITED:
-The use of RESONATOR TUBES, as well as the use of the klaxon to cause loud
noises or musical notes. The klaxon causes pollution even in times when its use
is permitted.
-The one called FREE ESCAPE (circulate without silencer).
When the exhaust pipe is damaged, the car makes more noise.
5. –CLASIFFICATION OF VEHICLES
All registered vehicles will be classified in the Royal register of vehicles, in relation to
the level of emissions and fuel used.
Categories of environmental classification:
-Vehicles 0 emissions: classified as battery electric vehicle (BEV), range extended
electric vehicle (REEV), hydrogen vehicle (HICEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
(PHEV) with a minimum range of 40 km or fuel cell vehicle.
-Vehicles Eco: -M1 and N1 vehicles classified as plug-in hybrid vehicles with
autonomy <40 km, non-plug-in hybrids, powered by compressed natural gas or
liquefied petroleum gas.
-Vehicles C: -M1 and N1 vehicles classified as Euro 4, 5 or 6 gasoline or Euro 6
diesel. -M2, M3, N2 and N3 vehicles classified as Euro 6 gasoline or Euro 6 diesel. -L
vehicles classified as Euro 4 and Euro 3
-Vehicles B: -M1 and N1 vehicles classified as Euro 3 gasoline or Euro 4 or 5 diesel. -
M2, M3, N2 and N3 vehicles classified as Euro 4 or 5 gasoline or Euro 4 or 5 diesel. -
L vehicles classified as Euro 2.
-Vehicles A: Any motor vehicle that, due to its classification in the Vehicle Registry,
does not meet the conditions or requirements for obtaining the classification 0
emissions, ECO, C or B.
Shared used vehicles : vehicles classified as carsharing (shared use)
202
CHAPTER 15: DRIVER'S PSYCHOPHYSICAL STATE
1. Physical abilities in conducting.
2. Psychophysical abilities in driving.
3. Stopping a vehicle.
4. Factors that adversely affect driving.

4.1. Fatigue and tiredness.
4.2. Alimentation.
4.3. Sleepiness and sleep.
4.4. Diseases.
A) Respiratory Allergies.
B) Stress.
C) Depression.
4.5. Distractions.
A) Mobile phone.
B) GPS navigator.
4.6. Drugs of abuse.
4.7. Medicine.
4.8. Tobacco.
4.9. Alcohol.
A) Factors influencing the effects of alcohol.
B) BAC limit.
C) Types of test.
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Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state.
1. –PHYSICAL ABILITIES IN CONDUCTING.
▪ To drive you must have a good formation, physical and psychological capabilities.
SIGHT.
▪ Most important sense in driving, accounts for 90% of the information we perceive.
▪ Field of view: it is what comprises our sight when we look at a fixed point. It is
reduced by fatigue, sleep, alcohol, drugs, elderly, at higher speed, adverse weather
conditions, etc ...
▪ Reduced visual field: Also called tunnel vision, I stop seeing the sides of the visual
field. It is dangerous at intersections.
▪ At night or with conditions which reduce visibility, visual acuity is reduced.
HEARING.
▪ Hearing is essential to orient oneself with the acoustic signals, in
case I am notified of a hazard.
▪ Have the music too loud is not good because it reduces the
concentration.
2. –PSYCHOPHYSICAL ABILITIES IN DRIVING.
▪ Caution: Do not distract me while driving. Distractions are one of the most
common causes of accidents.
▪ Road hypnosis: constant repetition of the facts by the monotony of the road.
Causes to circulate without realising the itinerary, for which you should concentrate
on driving.
▪ Perception: Knowing how to interpret. Almost half of all traffic accidents are due to
human error, perceptual errors have been implicated.
204
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Stopping a vehicle.
3. –STOPPING A VEHICLE.
▪ Reaction time: time elapsed since the driver receives an external stimulus until he/she
reacts (since I see an obstacle until I step the brake). Usually between 0.5 and 1
second. That is, in general terms usually of 0.75 sg but can vary from one person to
another or even in the same person depending on how you are (eg drinking alcohol →
increases the reaction time).
▪ Reaction capacity: driver's ability to react (if feeling unwell → mood, the reaction
capacity decreases).
▪ Reaction distance: metres covered during the reaction time.

How many metres do I cover approximately in a second?
Eg. If I go at 120 km/h 120/4 = 30 → 30 + 2 = 32 metres.approximately.
▪ Braking distance: metres covered since I step on the brake pedal until the vehicle is
stopped.
Eg. If I go at 120 Km/h 12 x 12 = 144 → 144 / 2 = 72 metres approximately.
▪ Stopping distance: distance traveled by the vehicle since the driver perceives the
stimulus until the car stops, ie:
Reaction distance + braking distance = Stopping distance.
Pie freno
Reaction time Braking space

(0,5 and 1 second) → 0,75 s
It depends on each person STILL
Reaction distance Braking distance
Stopping distance
Affects the reaction Affects the braking distance:

distance: - State of the driver (reaction capacity), indirectly.
- State of the driver (alcohol, - Speed.
fatigue, etc) → Reaction time - Rain (x 2), Ice or snow (x 10), poor suspension (x 50 %)
increases / Reaction capacity - Brakes, tyres.
decreases. - Weight → Heavily loaded vehicle → poorer stability and
- Speed. capacity of braking.
Does NOT affect:

- The rain, the ice or the snow.
All this what affects the reaction distance or reaction time and the braking distance
affects the DETENTION DISTANCE. 205
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Fatigue and tiredness.
▪ To avoid an accident against an obstacle, the stopping distance has to be LESS than
the distance to the obstacle.
Eg. 50 metres, distance to the obstacle
REACTION dist. 30 metres BRAKING dist. 19 metres
In the example, the STOPPING distance to avoid hitting the object must be, a
maximum of 49 metres.
STOPPING OF A VEHICLE (SPEED):

▪ If I reach a speed being the double than normal the vehicle will need a
distance being four times more for its detention.
▪If I reach a speed being three times more than normal my vehicle will
need nine times more for its detention.
4. -FACTORS THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT DRIVING.
4.1. -FATIGUE AND TIREDNESS.

▪ After 30 minutes of driving, the first symptoms of fatigue appear.
▪ Body fatigue:
• The seat position is frequently changed.
• Scratching, yawning.
• Playful behaviour (singing, whistling, rhythmic tapping on the steering wheel or
dashboard).
• Muscle stiffness from lack of rest (stretch arms and neck).
• Dizziness, eyestrain
• Constant blinking and heaviness of eyes.
▪ Mental fatigue:
• Distractions.
• Slowness and lack of precision.
• Reflexes decrease.
206
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Fatigue.
The fatigue:
▪ Reaction time increases.
▪ Concentration decreases and distractions increase.
▪ LESS corrections at the steering wheel.
▪ Changes gears improperly.
▪ Speed increases to reach the destination before. Higher risk of accident at the end of
the journey.
▪ If I go at high speeds it can cause fatigue, losing sense of speed.
▪ Circulating by roads of high quality, then it costs more to adapt to lower speeds.. (eg.
Circulate by the motorway at 120 Km/h gives the sensation of traveling very slowly. If,
suddenly, we enter in an urban road by which we have to circulate at 50 Km/h, it will cost
us more to go down from 120 Km/h to 50 Km/h).
▪ Not maintaining the safety distance.
▪ Curves are taken improperly.
▪ Increase the errors and confusions.
Factors that cause the fatigue:
Conditions of the driver External conditions to Conditions of the vehicle

the driver
1. Large meals 1. Dense circulation (jams) 1. Very noisy vehicle and
2. Too much time behind the 2. Poor condition road vibrations
wheel 3. Unknown roads 2. Bad lights
3. Monotonous driving 4. Night, fog, rain 3. Lack of comfort
(highways and dual 5. Environmental noises and 4. Excess heat
carriageways) prolonged silence
4. Inexperience (NOVICE If I have 35 degrees inside
driver) the vehicle it equals
5. Elderly driving with an alcohol
6. Negative emotional state level of 0.5 g/l blood.
7. High speed
8. Awkward positions
What to do to prevent fatigue:

▪ Do not drive if you are not sufficiently rested, or drink alcohol
▪ Keep the vehicle well ventilated (20-23º) → excess heat is bad.
▪ Rest every 2 hours / 200 km. more light → Take a break, at least of 30 minutes.
▪ The use of xenon lights causes less fatigue.
207
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Alimentation. Sleepiness.
4.2. -ALIMENTATION.
▪ Never leave and travel with an empty stomach because it can cause fatigue, sleep
or digestive discomfort and therefore increases the reaction time.
NO eating LARGE meals (not eating much).
DO NOT eat fatty foods
▪ Avoid stimulating beverages (coffee, tea, cola, etc.), can cause REBOUND EFFECT,
they keep me awake in the short term but then I get sleep quickly and in an almost
uncontrollable way.
▪ Avoid soft drinks and NO alcohol
▪ If during the trip I get hungry I should eat LIGHT foods (biscuits, chocolate, fruit,
juice, etc.).
4.3. –SLEEPINESS AND SLEEP.

Sleepiness → sleepiness that invades us long before we fall asleep.
Causes of sleep:
▪ Monotony or bad road, bad conditioning of the vehicle, alcohol, heavy meals, etc..
▪ Little or poor sleep, changing sleep hours or disorders of the same like insomnia or
narcolepsy (falling asleep suddenly without realizing it).
▪ Advanced age (older people have less control over the feeling of sleep and its negative
effects).
▪ Take sedative substances, avoid driving in this case
▪ Misuse of stimulant substances, drinking too much coffee, can produce a sudden sleep
(rebound effect) when they pass their first effects.
▪ Colds.
The sleep, can cause:
▪ Reaction time increased.
▪ Decreased the capacity of reaction.
▪ Modify the body temperature.
▪ Loss of precision in the movements.
▪ Decrease the concentration and distractions increase.
▪ Increased sensitivity to the glares.
▪ Worse perception of the environment (road, signs, etc.).
▪ Change in behaviour, you take more risks.
▪ Involuntary lateral displacements.
▪ We get too close to the vehicle in front, we do not keep the safety distance to the front.
▪ Accidents even before the driver falls asleep.
208
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Diseases.
What to do to avoid the sleep?:

▪ Avoid prolonged silence.
▪Keep the vehicle well ventilated, excess heat is bad.
▪ Do not prolong the conduction time, making frequent breaks.
▪ Eat in moderation and do not drink alcohol.
▪ If we get sleepy sleep about 20 to 30 minutes.
When does it appear the most?:

▪ Between 3 and 5 am, and between 14 and 16 pm, even if he/she has slept well at night.
▪ Drowsy drivers often have microsleeps (small periods of time, fractions of a second,
during which he/she falls asleep without being aware of it).
4.4. -DISEASES.
▪ The psychophysical state of the driver is very important in
driving. For example, heart and respiratory diseases are the
most serious in the circulation, although the diseases that
cause more accidents are the mental problems or
disorders and neurological problems.
▪ Drivers with one leg or arm in plaster, when making
exceedingly difficult the driving, are prohibited from driving
on a temporary basis.
▪ If the physical conditions of a driver change, and thus
require adjustments to their vehicle, that fact shall be
communicated to the relevant Traffic Department.
▪ A chronic disease (allergy) allows to drive, but:

- Do not reduce or increase the dose of medication.
- You must know the side effects of the medications you take.
- Do not drive in the acute phase or critical of the illness.
- Should not ignore the symptoms of the disease.
▪ Headache, bones, muscles, dizziness and illnesses (colds and flu), allergies,
stress, depression makes us feel bad and therefore focus our attention on our bodies
and less on driving:
• Distractions increase.
• The time of reaction increases.
• The capacity of reaction decreases.
209
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Diseases.
A) RESPIRATORY ALLERGIES.
▪ In spring and summer allergy symptoms are at their most critical phase.
▪ They cause: Blurred vision, clogged ears, itchy nose, eyes and throat, nasal drip,
fatigue, etc.
▪ If you drive with this disease it is advisable:
• NOT drive in the early morning hours and especially in wet places with higher
concentrations of pollen.
• Drive with the windows closed, using MODERATELY the air-conditioned and keep
clean and free of dust the inside of the vehicle.
• The use of a pollen filter carrier (HEPA) provides a suitable purification of air entering
from outside.
B) STRESS.
▪ Defense mechanism that occurs when the demands exceed the response capabilities of
a person and cause the person to experience negative changes in their behavior:
▪ Aggressive driving and competitiveness at the wheel with other drivers.
• They take greater risks, is reckless and imprudent.
• Distractions increase.
• Increases the tendency to disregard the rules and signs.
• The capacity of reaction decreases.
C) DEPRESSION.
▪ Mental disorder that is characterized mainly by a disturbance of mood (sadness,
listlessness, weakness, lack of energy, etc..).
▪ Every time we suffer more often and in extreme cases can cause suicidal thoughts
involved in 2.6% of serious accidents.
▪Can cause:
• Increased distractions, you lose information from the environment, insecurity,
increased fatigue and sleepiness, irritability, anxiety, etc..
210
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Distractions.
4.5. -DISTRACTIONS.
▪ Most accidents in our country are due to distractions. Directly or indirectly they
cause 4 in 10 accidents. Along with alcohol is one of the main risk factors influencing
accidents. May be due to something that distracts us from inside the vehicle (eg mobile
use) or outside the vehicle (road and its environment). Distractions cause drivers
to take longer to receive the information needed to run safely.
▪ More distractions are produced:
- In young people between 18 and 25 years, and over 70.
- On the road in urban area, especially on highways and dual carriageways by
monotony (simple traffic).
- If traveling accompanied, especially with children, posed by distraction.
- If we circulate through familiar roads because the driver pays less attention
- In very complicated traffic situations, low light.
- The driver's psychophysical state (fatigue, stress, sleep, etc..).
- Tasks that require maintaining attention on a task other than the really important, like
driving: smoking, using mobile phones, using GPS.
- In summer and day.
- It also produces distractions the entry and subsequent expulsion by the driver of the
vehicle, of one or more insects.
A) MOBILE PHONE.
It is a cause of distraction that has increased more in accidents. When using the mobile
phone the probability of an accident increases 4 times more than if not used.
The most dangerous moments of talking on the phone are:
- When receiving a call.
- When dialling a number or sending an SMS.
- When talking.
- When you hang up and leave the mobile.
• It is advisable to keep the phone off while driving because the NOISE MAY SURPRISE THE
DRIVER. The most frequent accident by the use of the phone is exiting the road.
• Using a mobile phone can pose a threat similar to driving with an alcohol level of 1 g/l of
blood
• With the hands-free system conversations should not last more than 1 minute, the danger
increases from the minute and a half of conversation. The distractions increase and the driver
stops perceiving an important part of the signals.
• If we receive a call and we have no free hands we cannot pick up the phone, it is prohibited.
211
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Distractions. Drugs.
B) GPS NAVIGATOR.
They can be helpful for the driver but can also pose a
major cause of distraction, if you do not make good use
of them. The GPS apart from serving as interactive map
it also serves to control the speed.
Tips:
1. Use the safe support, adequate to the device (it is set firmly in place, the different
pieces fit together properly and remains fixed on the support and does not fall before
any bumps).
2. Place it at the right height without obstructing the view of the road, not putting it in
places that force eyes off the road when making any consultation, avoiding also
placing it close to the airbag and distribute the wires so they do not interfere with
the driving → not by the gear lever or steering wheel.
3. When you start a trip, plan your trip before starting it.
4. During the trip, listen carefully to the voice instructions because it will be enough
without looking at the map.
5. The decision of the driver always prevails over the driver's GPS instructions
4.6. –DRUGS OF ABUSE.
Drugs of abuse cause a significant deterioration in the driver's mental and physical
capabilities, estimating that 10% of traffic accidents of greater severity are directly or
indirectly related to the consumption of these drugs. The traffic agents can make test
drugs.
▪ It is forbidden to drive on public roads under the influence of medicine, toxic drugs or
other substances that alter the physical or mental state required for safe driving.
▪ Fines from 301 to 600 euros, suspension of the driving license for 3 months and loss of 6
points. It is an offense under the penal code.
CANNABIS, MARIJUANA AND HASHISH, cause among other …
- Perceptual and sensory difficulties, causing confusion about the colour identification and the
perception of time and space (more difficult to judge distances and speeds of other vehicles).
- Increased reaction time.
- Loss of the ability to concentrate.
- Sleepiness.
212
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Drugs.
COCAINE, causes among others…

- Behaviour more competitive, hostile and aggressive towards other users.
- Impulsivity and a tendency to overestimate their own capacities.
- Acceptance of higher risk.
- Tendency to commit more offenses.
- Altered perception of the environment.
- Difficulty concentrating, the cocaine mixed with alcohol, increases the risk
exponentially, being more dangerous this mix than the two substances separately.
- Decreases the ability to concentrate.
ECSTASY, causes among others…

- Optical illusions, hallucinations and increased sensitivity to light, which increases
the chance of glares and dangerous and unexpected maneuvers.
- Mood changes, generating hyperactivity, euphoria, depression, anxiety.
- Physical and mental exhaustion after symptoms have disappeared.
- Flashbacks (sudden and rapid return of the effects of the drug, after this one has
ceased to produce).
LSD (lysergic acid); causes among others…

- Distortions in the perception and hallucinations.
- Emotional disorders such as anxiety, panic, aggressiveness. These alterations in the
body may extend up to 10 - 12 hours.
- Flashbacks.
AMPHETAMINES, cause among others…

- Changes in behaviour, impatience, impulsivity, violent and incomprehensible behaviour.
- They overestimate their own abilities causing reckless behavior.
- Blurred vision.
- Appearance of repetitive and stereotyped movements.
- State of unusual energy, reducing the feeling of fatigue and the appearance of sleep.
213
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Medicine.
4.7. -MEDICINE.
Medications are important to prevent and treat a disease but improper use can be
dangerous for driving, but need not give up driving, except in extreme cases. Under a
pharmacological treatment, not all people react the same way.
▪ Many medications can cause drowsiness, not only tranquilizers.

▪ If I take medications that cause drowsiness I should NOT drive, even if the journey
is short or is performed at low speed.
Some medications:
ANTIHISTAMINES. Used to combat the symptoms of allergies,
usually in cases of rhinitis or dermatitis.
Those that are a higher risk for driving are the 1st generation
antihistamines: they produce heavy drowsiness and alter
psychomotor functions. Its effects on the ability to drive are
similar to those of a BAC of 0,5-0,8 g/l.
The 3rd generation (modern antihistamines), generally do not cause sleepiness

although they pose a potential risk if mixed with alcohol.
PSYCHODRUGS. Used to treat diseases and mental disorders (anxiolytics, sedatives,

hypnotics, antidepressants, etc..).
It's the kind of medication that, in general, can have major effects on the driving because
they act on the central nervous system. They are especially dangerous at the beginning
of the treatment or after a change in the usual dose.
Many psychotropic drugs and the diseases for which they are indicated are impediments
to obtaining and renew the permit or license.
They can cause drowsiness, loss of concentration, increased reaction time, slowing of
reflexes, decrease of coordination, blurred vision, eye strain, fatigue, nervousness, etc..
214
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Tobacco and alcohol.
HOW TO MINIMIZE THE RISK?:

- No self-medication, consult your doctor or pharmacist.
- Take the dose that your doctor indicates and do not mix medications if he has not said
so.
- Consult the directions for use (instructions).
- Do not mix with alcohol.
- Recognize their symptoms and know how to act, being responsible even if taking
medication that permit driving.
The use of alternative or natural medicine produce negative effects on driving in

certain cases.
4.8. -TOBACCO.
▪ Smoking while driving IS NOT PROHIBITED, but it

is not advisable because it distracts and causes eye
irritation and coughing from the smoke.
▪ Smoking drivers are involved in traffic accidents
double than non-smoking drivers.
4.9. -ALCOHOL.
▪ Chemical substance (psychodepressive drug) that, upon being ingested even in small
doses, goes into the blood to negatively affect the physical and psychological state of
the driver.
▪ Alcohol is a major cause of traffic accidents.
▪ It is estimated that between 30 and 50 of every 100 accidents are caused, directly or
indirectly from the consumption of alcohol by drivers. In our country, it can be attributed
to the problem of drink driving, the shocking figure of 1.500 deaths and 50.000 injuries
each year.
▪ The statistics, based on toxicological analysis performed on the deceased in traffic
accidents, reveal that in recent years, a percentage close to 40% of drivers killed had a
BAC above 0.3 g/l at the time of the accident.
215
Chapter 15: Driver's psychophysical state. Alcohol.
Effects of alcohol:
▪ Increases the reaction time and the distractions.
▪ Decreases the capacity of reaction and the concentration.
▪ The visual field (tunnel effect) is reduced.
▪ The distances and speeds are appreciated worse.
▪ Excessive self-confidence.
▪ Imprudent behaviour is assumed, which leads them to commit more offenses.
▪ More impulsivity and aggressiveness.
▪ Overestimation of their own capabilities of the driver incorrectly.
▪ More risks behind the wheel are accepted.
▪ More sensitivity to glares.
▪ Less corrections driving, but more abrupt.
▪ Enhances the toxicity of many medications.
▪ In case of accident, a person who has been drinking is MORE LIKELY to die after the
accident.
A) FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL.
▪ Age → It affects more those under 18 and those over 65 years.

▪ Weight → The lower weight (thin people) increased effects of alcohol.
▪ Type of drink → More effects distilled spirits (rum) than fermented (beer, wine).
Distilled spirits, the body absorbs them quickly and therefore they affect more. Fermented
beverages, the body slowly absorbs them.
▪ Soft or hot drinks favour the appearance of the alcohol.
▪ During sleep, the body slows down so it is more difficult to remove alcohol when you are
asleep.
▪ Personal circumstances: fatigue, drowsiness, stress, illness, etc.
▪ Diet → Major effects with an empty stomach.
▪ The habit → Driver not habituated, the greater effect of alcohol.
▪ The sex → women have higher levels of alcohol (for the smaller size of the liver).
▪ Drivers with little experience, as they have not automated the movements
acquired with practice.
▪ Alcohol is bad even in small quantities.
216
B) BAC LIMIT.
▪ Alcohol → the amount of alcohol in blood or breath. The safest rate to circulate
is 0.0 g/l.
▪ BAC → is the ratio of grams of alcohol there is per litre of blood.
Passenger cars, motorbikes, 0,5 g/l (grams of

trucks of up to 3.500 Kg., alcohol per litre of = 0,25 mg./per litre
cyclists, mopeds, involved in BLOOD). of AIR.
accident (not driver).
Buses, Priority vehicles,

Trucks + 3.500 Kg., School 0,3 g/l (grams of 0,15 mg./per litre of
and minors, Taxi drivers, alcohol per litre of = AIR.
Dangerous goods, BLOOD).
“NOVEL” (2 YEARS).
▪ NOT computed the previous age of a driving license when obtaining a driving
permit; example:
If at 16 I obtain the LVA license (special vehicle), the maximum rate 0,15 mg./l and if with
20 I obtain the permit “B”, when driving my passenger car, the maximum rate 0,15 mg./l.
▪ WE DO compute the previous age of a permit when obtaining another driving
permit.
▪Under no circumstances may the driver of any vehicle, a minor, circulate on the roads
with a blood alcohol level greater than 0 g/l or 0 mg/per liter of air.
MAXIMUM RATE (Peak blood alcohol) is 0,2 g/l drops every

reached (30 – 90 minutes of the intake) → at hour
the TIME of the last drink.
Can be detected in the blood at 5 IT IS EASIER TO REMOVE IT WHEN

minutes of being swallowed. WE ARE AWAKE (urine, sweat, etc.)
than when sleeping since it is slowed
down.
▪ Beverages such as coffee or tea do not reduce the rate of alcohol.
217
C) TYPES OF TEST.
▪ The detection tests of possible alcohol poisoning are verified in the BREATH of the
person with the BREATHALYZER.
Obligation to submit to a breathalyzer test:

▪ All drivers of vehicles (including cyclists).
▪ Pedestrians involved in accidents as responsible for it (pedestrian hit).
Reasons for the agent to submit us to the tests:

▪ Obvious signs of being under the influence of alcohol.
▪ Committing a violation.
▪ Preventive control.
▪ Involved in an accident or being possible responsible.
Realization of the breathalyzer test (for breath):

▪ After the first test, you can perform another of contrast passing at least 10 minutes
between the two.
▪ If you do not agree with the result, you can request a contrast test in blood, urine or
other (upon payment by the applicant).
10 minutes (a minimum) Medical test in centre. Upon

payment of the driver. If the test is
1st Alcohol test 2nd Alcohol test NEGATIVE you get your money
back
▪If the test is positive (above level) it is considered to be a very serious infraction (fine
between 301 and 600 Euros, suspension of driving licence up to three months and loss of
four to six points). Apart from this the police agents could immobilize the vehicle unless
there is another person who could drive and if this person is authorized to do so or if the
alcohol level goes down to the permitted level.
▪Fine up to 1,000 Euros for the driver if he was fined already one year ago for exceeding
the permitted alcohol level and also for the one who drives with an alcohol level being
twice as much as the allowed one.
▪In the penal code this would be: prision between 3 and 6 months, or fine between 6 and
12 months and works for the benefit of the community between 31 and 90 days if more
than double of the legal limit is passed.
218
CHAPTER 16: RISK SITUATIONS.
1. Area of uncertainty.
2. Preventive driving.
2.1. Vision and foresight.
2.2. Space management.
3. Vulnerable groups or at risk.

A) The young drivers.
B) The pedestrians.
C) Children as pedestrians.
D) Elderly as pedestrians.
E) Elderly as drivers.
F) The cyclists.
G) Drivers of motorcycles and mopeds.
4. Animals and bulky vehicles.
5. Driving with gravel.
6. Blowout.
7. Skids.
8. Curves.
9. Glares.
10. Night driving.
11. Adverse environmental weather conditions:

Rain, ice or snow, wind. 219
Chapter 16: Risk situations.
1. -AREA OF UNCERTAINTY
▪ Space around vehicles, pedestrians and animals through which they can move in an
unexpected way (front, back and sides).
2. –PREVENTIVE DRIVING.
Its main purpose is to allow the driver to collect all information possible and be prepared
to react to any unforeseen circumstances, drive safely, but it also depends on the driver
and the vehicle's condition.
We must collaborate with other users, not

annoying, or surprising, warning the maneuvers
in advance and being sympathetic to the
mistakes of others.
We must FORESEE and ANTICIPATE TO THE

POSSIBLE MOVES OF OTHER USERS.
Preventive driving is based on the management of 3 elements:
VISION ADVANCE AND SPACE
Maintain an adequate safety distance (front, back and sides).
220
2.1. –VISION AND FORESIGHT
VISION
To anticipate the danger stare where we're going to find ourselves in 20 seconds. Increasing the
speed, the farther we should look.
One of the techniques of vision in preventive driving is to look far and to the sides by the
rearview mirrors.
40 Km/h → view to 220 metres.
ADVANCE
Wary of the other drivers, adjust the speed, be seen, understand and
prepare to respond in time and effectively enough in a situation of risk.
The higher the speed, decreases the ability to advance.
2.2. –SPACE MANAGEMENT.
FRONT LATERAL REAR SPACE
In front when circulating Maintain In case the vehicle

In normal conditions: a sufficient traveling behind, makes it too close:
- 2 seconds in town. lateral separation.
- 3 seconds outside town. - We must increase the security with
the vehicle in front of us so that when
braking, it is done gradually and
In bad conditions: (adverse gently and the driver behind does not
weather conditions or another embed against us.
driver close behind).
That is, it gives you time to see that
-We will leave a second more. we are braking because we have left
more distance with the one in front.
In front when we are stopped → On the road, if this happens, we will
keeping with the vehicle ahead 2 leave with 4 seconds with the one in
or 3 metres (see their wheels touch front.
the ground) and if we are the last
vehicle 5 or 6 metres and have
selected the 1st gear in case a
driver coming from behind quickly,
to get out quickly.
221
Chapter 16: Risk situations. Vulnerable groups.
3. –VULNERABLE GROUPS OR AT RISK.
▪Groups of people most likely to be involved in a traffic accident or who are

much more sensitive to negative consequences.
A) The young drivers.
B) The pedestrians.
C) Children as pedestrians.
D) Elderly as pedestrians.
E) Elderly as drivers.
F) The cyclists.
G) Drivers of motorcycles and mopeds.
A) THE YOUNG DRIVERS.
▪ Traffic accidents are:

• A serious problem, especially for the YOUNG population.
• The main cause of death among young people aged 15 and 29 years old.
• The accidents start to occur from 15 years to coincide with the first drivers of
mopeds.
WHERE AND WHEN ARE THEY CAUSED:

• In the big cities and its surroundings, especially on routes to and
from places of work or leisure.
• In the months of summer, christmas, weekends, at night and dawn.
WHY THESE ACCIDENTS ARE CAUSED:

• Have an excessive need for self-affirmation. They are competitive, do not
respect the rules.
• Overestimate their driving ability.
• They behave in an exhibitionist way in group.
• They assume much risk while driving.
• They assess the risk WORSE.
• By lack of experience.
222
B) THE PEDESTRIANS.
Every 12 hours a pedestrian dies in Spain.
Have more accidents in the cities, but on the road the probability of being killed
increases by 2 or 3 times due to high vehicle speeds.
The pedestrians often commit many offenses:
• Breaking into the roadway in an offside manner.
• Not properly placed on roadways or shoulders.
• Do not use the pedestrian crossings or not respecting the traffic lights.
• About 30% of the pedestrians hit show alcohol in blood.
Therefore, special care must be taken with them, especially when reversing.
C) CHILDREN AS PEDESTRIANS.
Main causes of children’s accidents:
▪ More limited field of view.
▪ Hearing problems, children under 7 years hear well but do not identify where the
sound comes from.
▪ Less attention.They confuse the "seeing" with "being seen", they see the car coming
and believe that the driver sees them.
▪ They do not know traffic regulations and commit imprudences.
▪ They suffer more accidents when leaving school.
▪ In case of running over a child the major impact will normally be produced on the head
or on vital parts of the body.
D) ELDERLY AS PEDESTRIANS.
▪ THEY USUALLY HAVE MORE ACCIDENTS WHEN THEY ARE ALONE, because
when accompanied by children they tend to take precautions and are more careful so that
nothing happens to the child.
Watch out for the elderly:
- The excess of noise prevents them from hearing well.
- They do not appreciate the speed at which a vehicle is approaching.
- They do not distinguish well the colours of traffic lights.
- Have difficulty crossing streets too wide.
- In poorly lit roads.
- With high kerbs.
- Orientation problems.
223
E) ELDERLY AS DRIVERS.
The deterioration of physical and mental abilities that occurs with age means:
-Reduced ability to maintain attention.
-Reduced visual field, especially at night and increased glare.
-Problems to recognize and localize sounds.
-Slower information processing.
-Increased reaction time.
-Less braking force and worst manage of the wheel.
-Increased use of medicine.
For these reasons, they usually have more accidents in complex situations which require quick
response, particularly at intersections, incorporations and exits of roads, through which you
circulate at high speeds.
F) THE CYCLISTS.
Every 4 days a cyclist dies in Spain.
▪ INJURIES SUFFERED IN THE HEAD ARE
THE MOST IMPORTANT IN THE CASE OF A CYCLIST BEING
HIT.
▪ THE HELMET REDUCES UP TO 3 TIMES THE PROBABILITY
OF SUFFERING THESE INJURIES.
PROFILE OF THE CYCLIST’S ACCIDENT, normally occur:

▪ On weekends, especially with good time because they go out more to the roads.
▪ In conventional roads especially in straights and in intersections.
▪ Collision with another vehicle (front, reachings and sides).
▪ Due to violations of the cyclist and the driver of the vehicle.
VIOLATIONS OF CYCLISTS VIOLATIONS OF THE DRIVER
▪ Distractions. ▪ Distractions.
▪ Circulating on the contrary or prohibited. ▪ Inadequate speed.
▪ Turn incorrectly. ▪ Faulty overtaking.
▪ Not respecting the general rule of right of ▪ Incorrect turns.
way.
▪ Enter without caution in circulation.
In general one must be careful with the 2-wheeled vehicles (including motorcycles and
mopeds) because they are:
• Very unstable, fragile and vulnerable, are more affected by side wind.
• Less visible due to their size.
• If they fall, the driver and passenger receive the blow directly into their body.
• In bikes the driver will wear reflective clothing visible at 150 m, at night or with poor visibility.
224
•If while circulating we find a cyclist coming from opposite sense of direction we will not carry on
overtaking and also not start to overtake.
G) DRIVERS OF MOTORCYCLES AND MOPEDS.

▪ Currently there are over 4 million motorcycles and mopeds circulating. They are used
increasingly more by their easy handling.
▪ In case of accident they are more likely to die than car drivers.
▪ Accidents often occur in cities, at weekends, and the most common the collision
between 2 vehicles. And fundamentally for not wearing a helmet.
▪ The most common accident of a motorcycle is the frontal and frontolateral collision.
▪ The most common cause of motorcycle accidents are the offenses committed by
both motorcycle drivers, as for other drivers.
▪ When traveling with a passenger it is more difficult to lock the rear wheel.
▪ When we circulate with those vehicles on an area being specially skiddy due to rain,
snow or ice, we have to reduce speed and keep the vehicle in vertical position.
▪ The behaviour of the passenger on a motorbike is very important as he/she could cause
a fall of the motorbike specially in curves.
4. –RISK FACTORS.
Those are the circumstances which increase the possibility to suffer an accident.
4. -ANIMALS AND BULKY VEHICLES.
Be careful with animals:

▪ Moderate the speed and take necessary precautions
because they can break into the roadway.
Beware of bulky vehicles:

▪ Ocuppy a lot of space.
▪ They perform their maneuvers slowly.
▪ They often invade the adjacent lane.
▪ Do not get too close to them.
▪ As we pass them moderate the speed.
▪ Overtake them from farther.
▪ If it rains, operate the windscreen wipers in a faster position.
5. –DRIVING WITH GRAVEL.
Should slow down speed as the braking distance

increases. Must also increase the safety distance with the vehicles that precede
us to avoid breakage of the windscreen.
225
6. -BLOWOUT.
It is the explosion of the tyre that generates a rupture. Does not
allow the vehicle to continue, therefore, we must try to stop
it. How to do it?:
Lifting off the foot from the accelerator and using short gears.
DO NOT BRAKE, because if you do, the rim may dig
into the pavement, causing the vehicle to rollover.
7. -SKIDS.
▪ Total loss of the adhesion of the wheels on the pavement, moving the vehicle sideways
against the will of the driver.
1. Reasons for a skid to occur:
• Excessive speed in curves.
• Incorrect use of the steering wheel, brake or accelerator.
• Suspension in poor condition.
• Low tyre pressure.
• Roadway with snow, ice, gravel, mud, etc.
If the skid is due to the excess of speed you have to lift the foot from the accelerator.
If the skid is due to the excess of braking you have to lift the foot from the brake.
2. DO NOT BRAKE→ more serious skid.

DO NO STEP ON CLUTCH→ remove the retention force to the motor, not declutch.
SKIDS, TURN THE STEERING WHEEL.

FRONT Skid (Understeer).
Turn the steering wheel to the opposite side of the vehicle to skid,
that is, if the front moves to the left the steering wheel turns right.
Do not accelerate and straighten the direction if you can, since the
acceleration and rotation of the steering wheel caused the skid.
REAR Skid (Oversteer).

Turn the steering wheel slowly towards the same place as the
vehicle skids (same site of the rear), that is, if the rear goes to the
left, turn the steering wheel to the left.
226 In TRACTION vehicles, I accelerate if skidded back.

In PROPULSION vehicles, I take my foot off the accelerator.
8. -CURVES.
Upon reaching a curve, we must take precautions because :
The centrifugal force throws us out of the curve and

Centrifugal force depends on:
• The speed: more speed, more centrifugal force.
• The radius of curve: the smaller the radius of the curve,
more centrifugal force. Higher risk of getting out in
a closed curve.
• The weight of the vehicle: the heavier, more centrifugal
force.
Centripetal force The centripetal force is one that makes the

driver turn the steering wheel.
How should we take a curve?
Before entering in the curve: we will reduce the speed, adapting it to the radius of the
curve. Also, we will stick to the right edge of the roadway because the radius of the
curve prevents us from seeing the width of the roadway at a sufficient
distance (low visibility).
During the curve: gradually accelerate to improve adhesion of the driving
wheels against the ground. DO NOT BRAKE.
Leaving the curve: we turn the steering wheel gently, we accelerate smoothly and
change to a higher gear.
9. -GLARES.
▪ Visual discomfort caused by a light source too intense.
1. Ways to avoid the glare of the sun:
-Have the glass cleaned well.
-Use the visor or sunglasses.
2. What to do if dazzled by the lights of another vehicle:
-Look away to the right.
-Reduce the speed and if necessary come to a halt, in our
lane.
-If I am dazzled by the interior rearview mirror, move the
mirror to disorient it.
-You cannot wear sunglasses.
227
Chapter 16: Risk situations. Adverse environmental weather conditions.
10. –NIGHT DRIVING.
▪ Night vision is worse because the lighting only illuminates a limited area and is
more difficult to calculate the distances and speeds of other vehicles.
The driver taking the curve to The driver on the The driver that circulates on
the right or on the inside, will right when he/she is overtaken the
be the first to replace the long should replace the long-range opposite should remove the
range lights for the short range light by the short range or low long range lights because it
ones. beam light . dazzles the oncoming
vehicle.
▪ Should match the speed to the field of vision that allows me the lighting.
▪ The maximum speed will be the one capable of stopping the vehicle within the
illuminated area.
11. –ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL WEATHER CONDITIONS.
RAIN EFFECTS.
- LACK OF VISIBILITY.
- WORSE GRIP when IT STARTS to rain because
smear is formed. No risk of Aquaplanning (the
vehicle floats over the water, loses contact with the
pavement), as there is no water on the roadway,
there is mud. The aquaplanning can be caused by:
- A lot of water on the roadway.

- Excessive speed even with new tyres.
Wheels with more risk of aquaplanning
- Tyres in a bad condition (Prohibited – 1,6 mm.).
- Wider more risk
225 / 45 R 14 80 H Wider 225 mm
185 / 65 R 12 82 H
- A little inflated more risk

228
-PUDDLES
- Pass them slowly, in short gears.
- Better with the 4 wheels, it is more
dangerous to pass it with two wheels on one
side.
- When leaving the puddle you must dry the
brakes touching the pedal several times.
▪ The braking distance increases twice than in a normal situation, therefore, should increase
the safety distance with the vehicle ahead and slow down the speed.
▪ Should turn on the position and short-range lights, both day and night.
▪ It also occurs with the fog as it causes damp on the pavement.
▪ The windscreen at a NORMAL speed, except when crossing, overtaking or approaching
other vehicles → speed + fast.
SNOW EFFECTS.
▪ WORST GRIP when the first flakes fall.

▪ Starting and circulating in the highest gear possible 2nd or 3rd
gear, except for descents (short gears) so the braking engine acts
and this way I do not step on the footbrake causing the wheels to
lock and slide.
▪ I will circulate slowly and steadily.
▪ Should increase the safety distance with the vehicles
traveling ahead.
▪ Turn on the position and short-range lights, both day and night.
▪ If the layer of snow is thick, I follow the treads of other
vehicles. Never if the layer is thin.
Chains → At least in driving wheels. Recommended in the 4 wheels. If I do not have chains use
studded tyres (2 mm.) or M+S (mud and snow).
NOT WORTH THE SPRAYS when the use of chains is compulsory.

It is recommended in cases that we might get stuck while circulating due to ice or snow
on the road to have the fuel deposit at full and to carry warm clothes, water and food in the
car…..
229
ICE EFFECTS.
▪ The braking distance increases 10 times more than in normal situation, therefore
the safety distance should increase with the vehicles traveling ahead, slowing down the
speed gently and using the footbrake softly.
Slippery Slippery
pavement from pavement for any
ICE OR SNOW cause
If there is ice in all the windows I

remove the ice from ALL the crystals
▪ The vapor is removed from the windscreen orienting the ventilation to

that glass. To remove it from the rear window, we will use the THERMAL
WINDOW (horizontal lines or filaments in the form of electrical resistance).
Where can it be anticipated that there is ice?

▪ Cold and wet days.
▪ In gullies, shady places, near rivers.
▪ At night and at dawn.
▪ If the steering becomes soft (floats) you may be circulating on a sheet of ice.
WIND EFFECTS.
▪ If the wind blows from the front, I can hardly advance and the fuel consumption
increases.
▪ If the wind blows from behind it helps increase the speed of the vehicle, so we must
accelerate less and the fuel consumption is reduced.
▪ If the wind blows:
- SIDEWAYS, is the most dangerous, because it can cause
the vehicle overturning or running off the road, especially if we drive 2
wheels vehicles or vehicles with trailers.
230
WIND EFFECTS.
- GUSTY, the danger is also greater, especially when passing through slopes, gullies,
mountains, trees, buildings, etc.., since these elements are set against the wind; as the
driver turns the steering wheel toward that side to counteract the wind, the vehicle is
diverted to these trees, buildings, etc. .. The same happens when we come across
a large vehicle, as if our vehicle was attracted to him (recoil).
Also you must be cautious when we overtake a large vehicle because, during the
time we circulate in parallel, it will have the same effect of a screen that protects us
from the wind but we are drawn to it. so that our car will be pushed towards the large
vehicle. And when finishing overtaking, we can receive a strong gust of wind
that pushes us to the opposite lane.
STRONG TRANSVERSAL WIND. The windsock of
fabric used to control the trajectory and intensity
of the wind. The greater the angle between
the windsock and the vertical post → THE WIND IS
MORE INTENSE..
▪ To counteract the action of the wind the steering wheel must be turned towards the
SAME side from which the wind COMES, if it comes from the right I turn the steering
wheel to the right.
▪ Reduce the speed, put short gears and circulate tight on the right.
FOG EFFECTS.
• The danger of driving with fog consists of the reduction of visibility and adherence.
• When driving with fog it is necessary to:
-Switch on the corresponding lights, not being recommended the use of headlights as
they would dazzle.
-Keep the interior of the vehicle well ventilated to avoid steamy windows.
-Increase the safety distance.
-Reduce the speed adapting it to the circumstances.
-Not overtake if the overtaking cannot be done safely.
-Pay special attention to the road marks.
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HEAT EFFECTS.
• Heat represents a risk for the safety of driving. It is estimated that an inside temperature
of the vehicle of 35: is as risky as to drive with an alcohol level of 0.5 g/l in blood.
• Driving with heat:
-increases reaction time.
-Favours the appearance of fatigue.
-Its easy to do mistakes
-It favours sleepiness and distractions.
Increases aggressiveness and hostility.
5. –ADVANCED DRIVING ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS
▪Start-Stop: starting system that shuts down the engine when idling and turns it back on
whtn the clutch is depressed. Reduces emissions and consumption.
▪Hill Holder: Hill exit assist syste, this device has a sensor that detects the lean angle,
preventing the car from Rolling backward when the break foot is raised.
▪Automatic activation of lights and windscreen wipers: both systems are activated
when a sensor detects a decrease in visibility or the presence of sufficiently significant
rain.
▪AEB, emergency breaking: in case of dirver distraction and risk of collision due to
reach, the system is able to detect an imminent danger and act in two ways: warning the
driver and, if the drvier ignores the warning, the AEB sytem Will take vehicle control to
stop it and perform an amergency braking.
▪RCTA, cross traffic alert: the system monitors rear cross traffic when reversing out of a
parking space on battery power. If it detects an approaching vehicle, an audible and/or
visual warning Will be issued.
▪Reversing and 360 degree cameras and/or parking sensors: these systems are not
be confused with the Total Parking Asist System.
▪DFW, fatigue detection system: alerts the driver in situations in which he loses
concentration at the wheel, either due to fatigue or sleepiness, in order to avoid accidents.
▪EBD, emergency braking warning: helps drivers to detect if the vehicle in front of is
performing an emergency braking warning.
232
CHAPTER 17: ACCIDENTS AND FIRST AID.
1. Preparation of a trip and road civility.
2. The serious problem of the accidents.
3. Factors influencing accidents.
4. When and where accidents occur?
5. Offense of failing to relief.
6. Order of action, P.A.S.
7. Primary evaluation.
7.1. Proceedings in respect of the injured.

7.2. Bleeding.
-Externalized internal bleeding.
-Internal bleeding.
8. Secondary evaluation.
9. Facts to consider.
233
Chapter 17: Accidents and first aid.
1. -PREPARATION OF A TRIP AND ROAD CIVILITY.

It is advisabe to schedule the trip:
• Choice of the day.
• State of the vehicle and its documents.
• Avoid going out at peak hours and night driving.
• Avoid the hours in which sun glares can be produced.
• Consider the physical and psychological state of the driver.
• Proper placement of luggage that does not compromise the stability of the vehicle.
ROAD CIVILITY. Good behaviour on public roads implies:

▪ Do not disturb, surprise, warn the maneuvers and understand the other users.
▪ If we find an easily removable object on the roadway we must remove it by
citizenship.
2. –THE SERIOUS PROBLEM OF THE ACCIDENTS.

▪ Traffic accidents are a major cause of mortality, especially among young people,
above all between 15 and 29. Accidents start to happen since the age of 15,
coinciding with the first drivers of mopeds and they increase, especially from the
age of 18 to 29.
▪ The population is NOT aware of the importance of this issue and thinks it is due to
casualty, chance or luck, but it is not so, they are PREVENTABLE by
avoiding other risk factors (alcohol, fatigue, drowsiness, excessive speed, poor
condition tyres, etc.). When increasing the speed, the severity of accidents and
injuries increases.
▪ The population does not usually have too much information and cannot assess
the problem.
▪ According to the World Health Organization (WHO) accidents are a priority

problem of public health worldwide, which directly or indirectly affects us all (to
society) and WE END UP PAYING, directly or indirectly, ALL.
▪ For every mortal victim, about 100 people suffer the pain of their loss (family,
friends, etc..).
▪ The cost of the material damage in a traffic accident is aimed at:

The vehicle, its cargo, the road and the environment.
▪ Material, hospital, administrative costs and human damage pose to each

Spanish to pay 440 euros a year.
234
Chapter 17: Accidents and first aid.
3. -FACTORS INFLUENCING ACCIDENTS.
▪ The factors influencing accidents are:
HUMAN ROAD VEHICLE

(90%) (10% - 35%) (4% - 13%)
Key Reasons
Distractions and Alcohol Wet Roadway and in Tyres and brakes in bad
poor condition condition (avoided
Excessive speed and with proper monitoring and
drugs maintenance of the vehicle)
4. -WHEN AND WHERE ACCIDENTS OCCUR?
▪ Most of the victims, especially mortal, are caused in interurban roads (roads).
▪ Most accidents occur on straights and NOT on curves.
▪ Highways and dual carriageways are generally safer than conventional roads, but in
highways and dual carriageways there are more distractions by drivers.
▪ The deadliest accident that occurs in town is being KNOCKED DOWN.
▪ During holiday periods (especially Easter, summer and December).
▪ Weekends and holidays are the most dangerous days, especially in the early morning
hours.
▪ During the day, most accidents happen in the hours of entry or exit of work, especially in
the afternoon, at the end of the workday.
5. –OFFENSE OF FAILING TO RELIEF.

IN CASE OF ACCIDENT:
Who should assist or request help in an accident?
- Involved in the accident.
- Those who witness.
- Those who are aware of it.
Failure to comply is punishable, CRIME FAILURE TO RELIEF → Criminal offense because
helping is an OBLIGATION.
In the accidents 60% of deaths occur in the hour after the accident (time zero).
It is NOT necessary to stop and help or advise if these three conditions are met:
- Minor injuries.
- Security circulation restored.
- No person involved in the accident requests it.
235
Chapter 17: Accidents and first aid. Performances.
6. -ORDER OF ACTION, P.A.S.
ORDER OF ACTION (P.A.S → PROTECT)

1st P rotect
1. Auto protection (protect MYSELF).

2. Protection of the place of accident.
3. Protection of the victims.
▪ Stop the vehicle properly.
▪ Wear a reflective vest.
▪ Signal with pre-signaling warning triangles, emergency lights and
position lights, if necessary by circumstances.
▪ Turn off the engines of the vehicles involved in accidents.
ORDER OF ACTION (P.A.S → ALERT)
2nd A lert
• Helping from the nearest aid post or by calling
the emergency number 112 (EUROPE only) and notice of:
• Describe the situation and identification of the victims:
▪ Number of victims.
▪ State of the victims and if they are trapped inside the
vehicle.
▪ Actual site of the accident.
ORDER OF ACTION (P.A.S → SUCCOR)
3rd S uccor Primary evaluation:

1. CONSCIENCE.
▪ Assist the victims according to 2. RESPIRATION.
an order of performance: 3. PULSE.
4. BLEEDING.
Secondary evaluation:
In the event of any serious injuries and we do not know what is FRACTURES
the correct measure to take, we will ask for help as quickly as
possible without manipulating the wounded. BURNS,…
236
We see how many wounded there are and their condition, for this we examine their vital
functions as follows:
7. –PRIMARY EVALUATION.
1. CONSCIOUS?: I note that you are conscious, asking aloud, and if there is no answer I
give you a pinch (hand or face).
If not answered → check that breathes:
2. BREATHES?: I see how you breathe and that there is not anything that
prevents air from reaching the lungs.
▪ If your breathing is noisy, snoring, with difficulty → Obstructed airways.
▪ If your breathing is shallow and irregular → Severe brain damage.
▪ If there is any object I remove it.
In the case it is the tongue which does not allow air to reach the lungs, because it
has fallen backwards (which is the most common cause of asphyxia), you
must perform the head tilt - chin lift maneuver (put a hand on his/her
forehead inclining with care, the head back so that he/she opens his/her mouth)
and with the finger bent into a hook I try to take out the tongue or things that can be in
the mouth.
Keep the wounded like this and check for

breathing:
SEE LISTEN FEEL
If the chest moves in The inlet and outlet of air I bring my face
each breath. when breathing. to the mouth
and nose of the
injured.
OTHER INFORMATION.
3. If not breathing → Has cardiorespiratory arrest and I perform chest compressions.

ADULTS, breathing in normal situation: 15 – 20 times per minute.
CHILDREN, breathing in normal situation: 30 – 40 times per minute.
ADULTS, pulse in normal situation: 60 – 80 times per minute.

CHILDREN, pulse in normal situation: 100 times per minute.
4. I also check if he/she has important bleeding.

237
7.1. –PROCEEDINGS IN RESPECT OF THE INJURED.
CONSCIOUS, BREATHING AND HAS PULSE.
No urgent help needed. I watch and if breathing

with difficulty (from a strong blow to the chest) I
place him/her SEMISITTING.
UNCONSCIOUS, BREATHING AND HAS PULSE.
We will place him/her in a DECUBITUS

LATERAL POSITION, position of security or
defense, that is, side lying when:
- Starts vomiting or bleeding from the mouth.
- We have to leave the wounded to attend
another or ask for help.
Maintain open airways (head

tilt chin maneuver).
Avoid asphyxia with TONGUE (most normal

cause of asphyxia for muscle relaxation) or
their own vomit.
Check that he/she keeps breathing every
2 or 3minutes.
238
UNCONSCIOUS NOT BREATHING.
MEANS HAVING A CARDIORESPIRATORY ARREST.
▪ Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be done, even if the injured is inside

the vehicle, but is not done to the one who is just unconscious.
▪ Place the injured face up and I place myself on my knees to the height of the chest.
▪ In the lower third of sternum, centre chest. Sink 4 or 5cms.
▪ 30 COMPRESSIONS AND 2 VENTS mouth to mouth (children mouth to mouth nose).
▪ 100 Compressions/minute approximately.
▪ If there is more than one rescuer, replaced every 1-2 minutes.
▪ I continue until the injured recovers, assists arrive or I run out.
7.2. -BLEEDING.
Bleeding: is the loss of blood dripping from a wound and can be:
- According to the blood vessel injured: -arterial
-venous or
-capillary.
-According to where it comes out: - external
- externalized internal or
- internal.
The correct order would be:
- Direct pressure by hand or fist,

placing gauze on the wound.
- Elevate the affected limb and keep pressing.
If not enough pressure artery.

239
7.2. -BLEEDING.
THE TOURNIQUET WILL ONLY BE DONE IN CASE OF AMPUTATION or breakage of
any major artery. It is done with a bandage, cloth, handkerchief etc. (never wires or thin
objects) that have approximately 5 cm. wide, to be placed over the bleeding point and
which will compress the area until the blood stops flowing or the bleeding significantly
decreases. It should be clearly visible, indicating the word urgent and the time it was
performed. After placing the tourniquet it should not be loosened or removed.
EXTERNALIZED INTERNAL BLEEDING.

The blood comes out of a natural orifice: ears, nose or mouth.
DO NOT PLUG, but cover lightly with gauze.

EAR:
Cover lightly with gauze. Lay him on the ear that bleeds.
NOSE:
Unconscious → Defense position.
Conscious → Head straight.
MOUTH:
Unconscious → Defense position.
Conscious → Notice a tingling.
INTERNAL BLEEDING.
The blood does not come out. ANTISHOCK POSITION.
May cause SHOCK: the contribution of Face up and legs elevated.
oxygen to the cells is reduced
by acute circulatory failure and causes:
• Rapid and weak pulse.
• Paleness.
• Anxiety.
• Cold sweating. If you vomit → Defense position.
• Confusion.
240
8. –SECONDARY EVALUATION.
Wounds: breakage of the flesh by one or more zones. The actions to follow are:
• Cover the wound even if there is an object inside it.

• Do not touch, nor remove fixed objects.
• To minor injuries you can add water.
• You can cover them with clean dressings (not cotton).
Burns: they can be of different seriousness and consideration taking into account
that the correct behaviour should be:
• Burnt already → Cool with water.
• If a vehicle is burning do not extinguish with water. Do it with a
fire extinguisher.
• Lift up the burnt zone to reduce swelling.
• Place wet gauze on the wounds.
• Do not burst blisters.
• Do not bandage burned parts together.
• Do not remove clothing stuck to the skin.
• Do not give ointments.
• DO NOT TURN OFF with water. Do with blankets or sand to cut
the oxygen of the fire.
• If already burned → Refrigerate with water.
• A vehicle neither turn off with water. Yes with extinguisher.
• Elevate the burned zone so as not to swell.
Fracture: lesion in one of the bones and can be open or closed.
• They are noted for limb deformity, swelling and severe

pain (sensitive) and CREPITUS (noise characteristic of bones).
• Spine (loss of sensitivity).
• To an injured motorist do not remove the helmet, unless we know the
tecnique.
• DO IMMOBILIZE, NOT REDUCE (not place).
•Fractures can be:
-Open: when the skin around the fracture is open.
-Closed: When the skin surrounding the wound is closed.
241
9. –FACTS TO CONSIDER.
▪ If anyone requests my data in the site of the accident, I must supply them.
▪ If a person is killed or seriously injured, I cannot change the state of things, unless this
would prejudice the safety of traffic and the wounded.
▪ The most common injury and more serious is the one happening
in the SKULL BRAIN REGION, except frontal collision with another vehicle which is then
in the LEGS.
▪ Do not make walk the wounded, or move them, unless it is absolutely necessary.
▪ If exceptionally I move an injured I must always keep

the axis head - neck - torso straight. THE NECK PROTECTED
FROM POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS.
▪ Do not take out the wounded from the vehicle if they are
caught, until you get health care, unless the vehicle is on fire.
▪ I should not place objects under the head.
▪ Do not give water, neither to the injured that ask for it.
▪ Recommended taking a small medicine cabinet.
▪ Transmit tranquility and comfort to the injured.
▪ Loosen clothing.
▪ Cover the injured in both WINTER and SUMMER, without making them sweat, to
prevent heat loss.
▪ Whenever possible we should wait for an ambulance to take the injured to hospital.
Exceptionally we would be allowed to transport an injured to hospital using a van or lorry
which allows us to place the injured person in adequate position. This will only be done if it
is impossible to call an ambulance.
242
243

Manual Permiso B Inglés

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1

4. Use of roads….……………………………………….......... Pág. 99

8. Freight Traffic…………………………….….… Pág. 151

9. Lighting ……………………………………….…………. Pág. 159

10. Active Safety………………………………………….... Pág. 169

11. Passive Safety …………...…………………………….... Pág. 181

12. Mechanical………..………………………………..……… Pág.189

13. Vehicle Controls ……….………………………………. Pág. 193

14. Economic/efficient driving and pollution……….….. Pág. 197

15. Driver's psychophysical state…………………..…….……. Pág. 203

16. Risk situations…………...……………………...………… Pág. 219

17. Accidents and First Aid……………………..………… Pág. 233

2. General Classification of Vehicles

3. Tare / MAM / GCW.

4. Parts of the roads.

1. –DEFINITIONS RELATED TO THE PERSON.

▪ Driver: person operating the steering mechanism or is in charge of a vehicle or in

The teacher is the driver

Impaired chairs, with or

▪ Owner of the vehicle:

▪ Policyholder: A person who contracts the

2. –GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

▪ Vehicle ROADWORTHY apparatus to circulate through ways and public or private

Motor vehicles: motor vehicle provided for its propulsion;

2.1. –NO MOTOR VEHICLES.

Animal-drawn vehicle: animal-drawn

Not light (+ 750 Kg MAM)

Semitrailer: not self-propelled vehicle designed

Personal mobility vehicles:

2.1. –NO MOTOR VEHICLES.

2 wheels 3 wheels Light Quadricycle

Moped: 2, 3 or 4 wheels vehicle fitted with an engine displacement not

Vehicles for people with reduced mobility:

Tram: Marching vehicle by rail on public

2.2. –MOTOR VEHICLES: AUTOMOBILES.

2-wheel With sidecar

Motorcycle: vehicle fitted with a motor, of a capacity of a cylinder exceeding 50

3-wheel vehicle: symmetrical 3-wheel car, fitted

Quadricycle (quad): 4-wheeled vehicle whose

Maximum speed: 70 Km/h on the road.

Passenger car: automobile for the transportation of

Passenger car derivative: car designed for the

Adaptive mixed vehicle: simultaneous car to

Tractor: car designed and built to pull,

Road Train: vehicle consisting of a Articulated Vehicle: vehicle

Articulated bus , bus and Trolley bus:

Bus consisting of two rigid parts linked

Bus: Automobile for 10 seats or more including the

2.3. –MOTOR VEHICLES: SPECIAL VEHICLES.

▪ Special Vehicle: self-propelled vehicle (moves by itself) or towing (moves by other

• Walking tractor (1 axle).

Works and Services

NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH PRIORITY VEHICLES

3. -TARE / MAM / GVW.

4. –PARTS OF THE ROAD.

Lane Lane Hard

▪ Road: permanent fixture where the traffic develops. It divides in:

Road with two roadways: Road with three roadways:

4.1. –URBAN ROADS, WITHIN THE TOWN.

Area comprising buildings and in

Entry to the town

Within the roads of the town there are:

4.2. –INTERURBAN ROADS, OUTSIDE THE TOWN.