‫كلية الهندسة‬ ‫الجمهورية اليمنية‬

‫قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية‬ ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫المستوى الرابــع‬ ‫جامعة صنعاء‬

‫‪Flowrate Measurement Devices‬‬

‫\ ‪Done by‬‬

‫‪Akram Abdulghani Alradhi‬‬

‫‪AC-No.201970156‬‬

‫\‪Supervised by‬‬

‫‪Eng. Haitham Almekhlafi‬‬

❖ Abstract

Flowrate is a measure of how many particles are flowing across a cross-sectional area.
A lot of machines include pipes which have liquids flowing through them and should we want
to measure the flowrates in these pipes we shall use a flowrate measuring devices. In this
experiment we will check out three flowrate measuring devices: Venturi, Orifice and Variable
Area.

❖ Objectives
• To measure the flowrate through Venturi, Orifice and Variable Area.
• To measure the losses at each type.
• To measure the error relative to the timer flowrate for each type.

❖ Theory
1. Venturi:
A1 A3
D1 = 31.75 mm
Av

Dv = 15 mm

Cd = 0.98

𝐴𝑣
𝑄𝑣 = 𝐶𝑑 ∗ ∗ √2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ ℎ
2
𝐴𝑣
√1 − (
𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 )

Where ℎ = |ℎ1 − ℎ2 |

Losses = ∆h = |ℎ1 − ℎ3 |
𝑄𝑣 − 𝑄𝑡
Error % = | |* 100
𝑄𝑡

Where Dv is venturi diameter, Cd venturi discharge coefficient.

 2. Variable Area: 100
Gravity
90
QA is measured directly from the 80

Equilibrium 70
device scale.
60

50
Losses = ∆h = |ℎ4 − ℎ5 | 40

𝑄𝐴 − 𝑄𝑡 Flow
30

Error % = | |* 100
𝑄𝑡 20

10

3. Orifice:
Do = 15 mm

Cd = 0.63
𝐴𝑜
𝑄𝑜 = 𝐶𝑑 ∗ ∗ √2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ ℎ
2
𝐴𝑜
√1 − (
𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 )

Where ℎ = |ℎ6 − ℎ7 |

Losses = ∆h = |h6 − h8 |
𝑄𝑜 − 𝑄𝑡
Error % = | |* 100
𝑄𝑡

Where Do is orifice diameter, Cd orifice discharge coefficient.

❖ Apparatus
❖ Procedure
• Place the apparatus on the hydraulics bench, and ensure that the outflow tube is
positioned above the volumetric tank to facilitate timed volume collections.
• Level the apparatus base by adjusting its feet. (A sprit level is attached to the base for
this purpose.) For accurate height measurement from the manometers, the apparatus
must be horizontal.
• Connect the apparatus inlet to the bench flow supply, close the bench valve and the
apparatus flow control valve, and start the pump. Gradually open the bench valve to fill
the test section with water.
• Take the readings of the heads before and after each system.

❖ Readings
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8
300 242 262 255 149 165 124 134
• All readings are in millimeters.

System Discharge (L/s) Losses (mm) Error %

Venturi 0.189522 38 31.91 %
Variable Area 0.166667 106 16.00 %
Orifice 0.193390 31 34.60 %

❖ Calculations
𝑉 3
𝑄𝑡 = = = 0.1437 𝐿/𝑠
𝑡 20.88

𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = ∗ 𝐷2 = (31.75)2 = 791.7 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = ∗ 𝐷2 = (15)2 = 176.7 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑜 = ∗ 𝐷2 = (20)2 = 314.2 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

Where Av and Ao are venturi and orifice cross-sectional area, respectively.

1. Venturi:

𝐴𝑣
𝑄𝑣 = 𝐶𝑑 ∗ ∗ √2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ ℎ
2
𝐴𝑣
√1 − (
𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 )

0.0001767
𝑄𝑣 = 0.98 ∗ ∗ √2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ |0.3 − 0.242|
2
√1 − (0.0001767)
0.0007917

𝑚3
𝑄𝑣 = 0.0001895
𝑠

= 0.1895 𝐿/𝑠

Losses = ∆h = |ℎ1 − ℎ3 | = |300 − 262|= 38 mm

𝑄𝑣 − 𝑄𝑡 0.1895 − 0.1437
Error % = | |* 100 = | |* 100 =31.91%
𝑄𝑡 0.1437

2. Variable Area:

𝑄𝑣 = 10 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.1667 L /s

Losses = ∆h = |ℎ4 − ℎ5 | = |255 − 149|= 106 mm

𝑄𝑣 − 𝑄𝑡 0.1667 − 0.1437
Error % = | |* 100 = | |* 100 =16 %
𝑄𝑡 0.1437

3. Orifice:
𝐴𝑜
𝑄𝑜 = 𝐶𝑑 ∗ ∗ √2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ ℎ
2
𝐴𝑜
√1 − (
𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 )

0.0003142
𝑄𝑜 = 0.63 ∗ ∗ √2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ |0.165 − 0.124|
2
√1 − (0.0003142)
0.0007917
 𝑚3
𝑄𝑜 = 0.0001934
𝑠

= 0.1934 𝐿/𝑠
Losses = ∆h = |ℎ6 − ℎ8 | = |165 − 134|= 31 mm
𝑄𝑣 − 𝑄𝑡 0.1934 − 0.1437
Error % = | |* 100 = | |* 100 =34.60%
𝑄𝑡 0.1437

❖ Charts

0.200 120

0.195
100
0.190

0.185
80
Flowrate ( L/s )

Head ( mm )
0.180

0.175 60

0.170
40
0.165

0.160
20
0.155

0.150 0
Venturi Variable Area Orifice
Flow rate Losses

❖ Conclusion
We obtained the flowrates of the three systems and we can observe that flow is significantly
lower in the variable area system compared to venturi and orifice, which obviously is due to
the large losses the flow encountered in the variable area system. Error in the variable area
system is smallest since it was directly read from the device where in the venturi and the orifice
error is larger since readings of heads were taking from the device and then discharge is
calculated which human error took place.