Country report:

Indonesia
Global Food Security Index 2022

Supported by
Coutry report Global Food Security Index 2022

About the Global Food Security Index 2022

The Global Food Security Index (GFSI), developed by Economist

Impact and supported by Corteva Agriscience, considers food
affordability, availability, quality and safety, and sustainability and
adaptation across 113 countries. The index is a dynamic quantitative
and qualitative benchmarking model constructed from 68 unique
indicators that measure the drivers of food security across both
developing and developed countries.
This edition of the GFSI incorporates 14 new indicators to reflect
the global nature and interconnectedness of the food system and
to highlight the importance of “first mile” and farm-level metrics in
determining food security for populations.
This year, the Economist Impact team has adjusted the “Availability”
category to start at food production, capturing more farmer-focused
measures on access to agricultural inputs. This includes moving
access to finance and financial products from the affordability
pillar to the availability pillar, as these measures are farmer-related.
Government commitment to innovative technologies and a new
composite indicator for on-farm infrastructure have been added to
this category to more accurately reflect what is happening on the
fields as well as further along the supply chain.
Reflecting a global impetus to move to sustainable food systems
and adapt to growing climate shocks, the GFSI’s fourth category,
previously called “Natural resources and resilience,” has been
renamed “Sustainability and adaptation.”
This report is based on research conducted by Economist Impact
between April and July 2022. Economist Impact bears sole
responsibility for the content of this report. The findings and views
expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the partners
and experts.
The GFSI 2022 model, the model user guide, the global research
report and all 32 country reports are available online at
economistimpact.com/food-security-index. Please visit the website
for more information on the global rankings, key findings and the
2022 methodology.

© The Economist Impact 2022

Coutry report Global Food Security Index 2022

Indonesia
Asia Pacific—regional snapshot

The Asia-Pacific region scores an average of 63.4 on the overall Global Food Security Index 2022: Average scores for Asia-Pacific (APAC)
food security environment in the 2022 GFSI, ranking 3rd out of 73.4
the six regions, joint with Latin America. Of the four pillars of 63.4 61.9 63.7
the index, the region scored the highest on Affordability (73.4) 51.2
and the lowest on Sustainability and Adaptation (51.2). Concerns
surrounding sustainability and adaptation are paramount for the
region: its land and water resources are highly exposed to climate
change; the biodiversity of its oceans, rivers and lakes is at risk from FOOD SECURITY AFFORDABILITY AVAILABILITY QUALITY AND SAFETY SUSTAINABILITY
ENVIRONMENT AND ADAPTATION
overexploitation; and political commitment to managing exposure
Source: Global Food Security Index 2022.
is insufficient. Threats of food security and challenges of climate
exposure are more acutely felt by developing countries in the
region compared with more developed regional counterparts, thus
deteriorating the overall food security environment in the region.

Indonesia—food security overview

Indonesia ranks 63rd out of 113 countries in the 2022 edition of the Global Food Security Index 2022: Scores for Indonesia
GFSI. Within the Asia-Pacific region, it ranks 10th out of 23 countries.
81.4
It performs best in the Affordability pillar, with a score of 81.4, and its
weakest performance is in the Sustainability and Adaptation pillar, 60.2 56.2
50.9
with a score of 46.3. Indonesia excels in ensuring affordable food on 46.3
the consumer side through the presence of strong food safety-net
programmes. However, underlying gaps exist in the country’s ability
to create a forward-looking, food-secure environment. Specifically, FOOD SECURITY AFFORDABILITY AVAILABILITY QUALITY AND SAFETY SUSTAINABILITY

it requires focus on fostering productive research for agricultural ENVIRONMENT AND ADAPTATION
Source: Global Food Security Index 2022.
development and enhancing political commitment to better prepare
for and adjust to the projected risks associated with climate change.

The four pillars of food security—analysis for 2022

• Affordability: In this pillar, Indonesia ranks 44th globally and 9th
in the Asia-Pacific region. This is Indonesia’s best performing pillar.
— “Very good” scores in indicators 1.1) Change in average food
costs (86.5), 1.2) Proportion of population under global poverty
line (80.9) and 1.5) Food safety-net programmes (100) contribute
to the country’s high ranking.
• Availability: Indonesia ranks 84th globally and 23rd in the Asia-
Pacific region in this pillar.
— Performance across indicators is varied, with “very good” scores
in 2.4) Volatility of agricultural production (85.0) and “very
poor” scores in 2.1) Access to agricultural inputs (33.6) and 2.2)
Agricultural research and development (25.7).
• Quality and safety: Indonesia ranks 78th globally and 17th in the
region in this pillar.
— The country has a “very good” score in this pillar only in the
indicator 3.5) Food safety (85.7). On the other hand, it has a “very
weak” score in 3.1) Dietary diversity (34.6).
• Sustainability and adaptation: Indonesia performs weakest in
this pillar. It ranks 83rd globally and 15th in the region.
— Its scores fall under the bracket of “very weak” for the indicators
4.2) Water (27.6) and 4.5) Political commitment to adaptation
(28).

© The Economist Impact 2022

Coutry report Global Food Security Index 2022

Snapshot: Indonesia 2012-22 food security environment

Indonesia’s performance in the GFSI has only slightly improved over
the index’s 11-year tracking period. Scores for Quality and Safety have
deteriorated since 2012, while scores for the other three pillars have
improved.
The greatest increase in scores was seen in Affordability (+12.4),
advancing the country’s score from a “moderate” to “very good”
classification since 2012, highlighting a more stable price environment
in the country for food, as well as a consistent decrease in proportion of
the population under poverty. This can be seen in improvements in both
1.1) Change in average food costs (+30) and 1.2) Proportion of population
under global poverty line (+26.6).
Indonesia has seen minor improvements in Availability and Sustainability
and in Adaptation, scores for which improved by 3.9 and 3.3 points
respectively; however, the overall score classification for these two pillars
remains “weak”. Focus is required across the board—on improving the
supply side, providing better access to agricultural inputs and adapting to
climate-change risks.
The country’s performance in the Quality and Safety pillar has yielded
a minor decrease (of 2.9 points), driven by declines in scores across
all indicators, except for a small increase in 3.4) Protein quality (+7.2).
This indicates a need to provide safer and higher-quality food to the
population by improving dietary diversity and developing countrywide
nutritional standards and guidelines.

Indonesia
The diagram below shows country performance in 2022 (latest available data). Scores are normalized 0-100, where 100=best conditions.
Δ = change in score, 2022 compared with 2012. ↑ = Score improved ↓= Score deteriorated - = no change in score
Score Δ
↑
FOOD SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 60.2
+4.8

Score Δ Score Δ Score Δ Score Δ

↑ ↑ 3 QUALITY AND ↓ 4 SUSTAINABILITY ↑

1 AFFORDABILITY 81.4 2 AVAILABILITY 50.9 56.2 46.3
+12.4 +3.9 SAFETY -2.9 AND ADAPTATION +3.3

1.1 Change in average ↑ 2.1 Access to agricultural ↑ ↓ 4.1 Exposure 50.2 ←→

86.5 33.6 3.1 Dietary diversity 34.6
food costs +30.0 inputs +16.8 -2.2
1.2 Proportion of 2.2 Agricultural research ↑ 3.2 Nutritional ↓ 4.2 Water 27.6 ←→
↑ 25.7 61.3
population under 80.9 & development +5.8 standards -16.1
+26.6 ↓
global poverty line 4.3 Land 47.9
↑ 3.3 Micronutrient ↓ -6.1
2.3 Farm infrastructure 66.2 49.1
1.3 Inequality-adjusted ↓ +42.8 availability -1.5
55.1 4.4 Oceans, rivers and ↑
income index -1.4 67.7
2.4 Volatility of ↑ lakes +0.7
↓ 3.4 Protein quality 49.1
↑ agricultural 85.0 +7.2
1.4 Agricultural trade 78.5 -3.4 4.5 Political commitment ↑
+1.8 production 28.0
↓ to adaptation +15.3
1.5 Food safety net ↑ 3.5 Food safety 85.7
100.0 ←→ 2.5 Food loss 75.0 -1.8
programmes +5.9 4.6 Disaster risk ↑
61.4
management +8.5
2.6 Supply chain ↑
42.8
infrastructure +11.4
↓
2.7 Sufficiency of supply 32.1
-37.4
2.8 Political and social ↑
    
55.3 Very good Good Moderate Weak Very weak
barriers to access +3.1 (80–100) (70–79.9) (55–69.9) (40–54.9) (0–39.9)
2.9 Food security Source: Global Food Security Index 2022.
and access policy 47.5 ←→
commitments

Strengths and opportunities for action

Indonesia does particularly well in supporting farm infrastructure and tackling volatility associated with agricultural production and food costs, allowing the provision of
affordable food at stable prices. However, to further the food security environment in the country, Indonesia needs to bolster its political commitment to adaptation to
ensure agricultural production is minimally affected by climate-associated risks. This will also help the country to ensure sufficiency of supply in the years ahead. Moreover,
Indonesia must enhance the quality of food by raising dietary diversity and nutritional standards.

Strengths Areas for improvement

2.3) Farm infrastructure: Indonesia ranks joint 24th in the index in this
indicator, and the performance has improved over the years. This is credited to
enhancement in crop storage facilities and improved access to market data and
mobile banking.
1.1) Change in average food costs: Indone-sia ranks joint 44th overall in the
index in this indicator. The country’s score has improved by 30 points over
the past 11 years, highlighting that food is becoming more affordable for the
population.
2.4) Volatility of agricultural production: Indonesia ranks joint 30th in
this indicator. Production growth rates have stayed steady over the 11-year
reporting period.
4.5) Political commitment to adaptation: Indonesia ranks 98th in this
indicator. Performance has varied over the past 11 years, and its score remains
“very weak”. The country does not have climate-smart agriculture or early-
warning measures in place, and climate financing flows dropped significantly
between 2021 and 2022.
2.7) Sufficiency of supply: Indonesia ranks 85th in this indicator, with scores
varying over the past 11 years. Although scores for food supply adequacy have
improved since 2012, there has been a decrease in the past two years.
3.1) Dietary diversity: Indonesia ranks 109th in this indicator, and scores have
fallen in the “very weak” score bracket in each of the 11 GFSI reporting years.
Share of sugar con-sumption has increased over the years and there has been a
very minor increase in the share of non-starchy foods.

© The Economist Impact 2022