PARTS OF A GREEK COLUMN

INTERCOLUMNIATION in architecture is the spacing

between columns in a colonnade, as measured by the
diameter of the bottom of their shafts.

NAME DESCRIPTION
PYCNOSTYLE 1.5D
SYSTYLE 2D
EUSTYLE 2.25D
DIASTYLE 3D
ARAEOSTYLE 4D +
ARAEOSYSTYLE Alternating Araeo- &
Systyle
 FORMS OF GREEK TEMPLES
NAME DESCRIPTION IMAGE

One to four columns at the

IN ANTIS front, located between
antae.

One to four columns at the

AMPHI-ANTIS front and at the rear,
located between the antae.

Have a portico of columns

PROSTYLE at the front.

Have a portico of columns

AMPHI-PROSTYLE at the front and the rear.
 Have a single line of
PERIPTERAL columns surrounding the
naos.

Have a single flank of

columns at the front and
PSEUDO-
rear, and a flank of columns
PERIPTERAL attached at the naos walls
at the sides.

Have a double line of

DIPTERAL columns surrounding the
naos.

Have a double line of

columns flanking the front
and the rear, and one line
PSEUDO-DIPTERAL of columns flanking the
sides, not attached to the
naos walls.
PARTS OF A BASILICA
PARTS OF CATHEDRAL
PARTS OF A GOTHIC CHURCH
 PD 1096 BP 344 RA 9514 BP 220 PD 957
Nat’l Socialized &
Accessibility Nat’l Fire Subdivision
Title Building Economic
Law Code & Condos
Code Housing
DOORS
General:
2.00 m
Minimum
2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m T&B or
Height
Mezzanine
: 1.80 m
Main: 0.80
m
Minimum Bdrm: 0.70
900 mm 800 mm 710 mm
Width m
T&B: 0.60
m
 Maximum
1200 mm 1220 mm
Width
820-1060
Doorknob mm
Height (900 mm
preferred)
CEILING HEIGHTS (Minimum)
Naturally
Ventilated:
2.70 m
Ground Floor
Artificially
Ventilated:
2.00 m (for
2.70 m 2.00 m (for
means of 2.00 m
Naturally Walkways)
egress)
Ventilated:
2.70 m
Second Floor
Artificially
Ventilated:
2.40 m
 Naturally
Ventilated:
Succeeding 2.70 m
Floors Artificially
Ventilated:
2.10 m

Mezzanine 1.80 m 1.80 m

STAIRS
Slanted
Riser/Step
nosing New: 100
Minimum
preferred mm
over Existing:
Riser/Step protruding 205 mm
200 mm 250 mm
Maximum nosing. New: 180
mm
Run/Tread Provide Existing:
250 mm 200 mm
Minimum 300mm- 230 mm
 wide New: 280
tactile strip mm
Run/Tread at top and
Maximum bottom of
stairs Existing &
OL < 10 = New (OL:
0.75 m 0-49) = 915
mm
New (OL:
Minimum OL: 10-50 =
50-1999) = 600 mm
Width 0.90m
1120 mm
New
OL > 50 = (OL>=2000
1.10 m ) = 1420
mm
Minimum
2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Headroom
Maximum
3.60 m 3.66 m 3.60 m
Vertical
 Distance
between
Landings
Handrail 800-900 760-865 800-1200
Height mm mm mm
RAMPS
Maximum
No gen. 1:12 1:12
Slope
req’ts
Maximum
provided, 1:48
Cross Slope
only for
Minimum
ramps 1.20 m 1120 mm
Width
located in
Minimum
reviewing
Landing 1.50 m
stands,
Length
grand-
Distance 6.00 m 760 mm
stands and
Between (horizontal (vertical
bleachers.
Landings distance distance
 bet. bet.
landings) landings)
Handrail 700 mm & 760-865
Height 900 mm mm
CORRIDORS
1.10 sq. m. 1.20 sq. m.
EXITS
OL: 0-10 = OL: 0-500
1 exit = 2 exits
OL: 0-9 =
Number of OL: 501-
OL: 11-499 = 1 exit
Exits 999 = 3
2 exits
Required exits
(based on OL: 500-
occupant 999 =
OL>= 1000 OL>= 10 =
load) 3 exits
= 4 exits 2 exits
OL>=1000
= 4 exits
 Minimum 1.10 m 800 mm
915 mm
Width (Corridors) (all doors)
Add’l note
Maximum
regarding
Travel
2.00 m (all exits: BP
Distance to 45.00 m
doors) 200
Exit (No
specifically
Sprinkler)
refers to
Maximum
Sec 3.1007
Travel
of PD 1185
Distance to 60.00 m
(Old Fire
Exit (With
Code) for
Sprinkler)
exit req’ts.
Minimum
(Included
Width of Exit 900 mm
in Annex 1,
Door
page 53, of
Minimum
BP 220)
Height of Exit 2.00 m
Door
 Floor Level
Change @ 50 mm 13 mm
Door
Maximum Length of Dead Ends:
Places of
6.10 m
Assembly
Educational 6.00 m
Healthcare 6.00 m
Detention/ Provide
6.00 m
Correctional turnabout
Residential space
(Hotel/ 6.00 m within 6.00 m
Dormitories) 3.50m of
Residential any dead
NOT
(Apartment end.
ALLOWED
Buildings)
Business 6.00 m
Business
15.00 m
(with NFPA-
 13 Sprinkler
System)
Industrial 15.50 m
ELEVATORS
For
Apartment For Multi-
s or Family
Condos For Dwellings
Inside
above 5 Healthcare and
dimension
STOREYS, Occupancy Condos 6-
s of car:
Various at least 1 2-storeys storeys or
WIDTH =
Elevator passenger or higher, higher, FOLLOW
1.10 m
Requirement elevator ELEVATOR ELEVATOR NBC
DEPTH =
s should be IS IS
1.40 m
kept on 24- REQUIRED. REQUIRED
hour . Follow
constant NBC and
service. BP 344
DEPTH OF Maximum Provide at standards.
PIT: travel least one
 600mm distance exit per
(minimum) from bldg elevator
MAXIMUM entrance = lobby.
of 4 cars 30.00 m
per hoist
way
SETBACKS AND EAVES
Front
R1: 4.50 m 1.50 m
Setback
Side Setback R1: 2.00 m 1.50 m
Rear Setback R1: 2.00 m 2.00 m FOLLOW
Distance of NBC
Eaves from
0.75 m 0.75 m
Property Line

MINIMUM ROOM SIZES

6.00 sq. m.
Rooms for FOLLOW
Min dim =
Habitation NBC
2.00 m
 3.00 sq. m.
Kitchen Min dim =
1.50 m
1.20 sq. m.
Bathroom Min dim =
0.90 m
MINIMUM AIR SPACE REQUIREMENTS
3.00 cu. m.
(Allot 1.00
Schools
sq. m.
/person)

Office and 12.00 cu.

Factories m.

Habitable 14.00 cu.

Rooms m.
LIGHT AND VENTILATION
10% of floor
Windows for area; min 10% of
Rooms of 1.00 sq. floor area
m.
5% of floor
Windows for area; min 5% of floor
Bathroom of 240 sq. area
mm.

Minimum
Dimension of 2.00 m 2.00 m
Courts

Minimum
Width of
1.20 m 1.20 m
Court
Passageway
FIREWALL EXTENSIONS
Rowhouse
Above Roof 400 mm 300 mm
: 300 mm

From
Rowhouse
Outermost 600 mm 300 mm
: 300 mm
Edges (Walls)

Rowhouse
Under Eaves 300 mm 300 mm
: 300 mm
 OCCUPANT LOADS
PD 1096 RA 9514
National Building Code National Fire Code
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
Standing Room 0.28 sq. m.
0.65 sq. m.
Concentrated Use 0.65 sq. m.
(All Places of Assembly)
Less Concentrated Use 1.40 sq. m.
EDUCATIONAL
Classrooms 1.80 sq. m. 1.90 sq. m.
Shops, Laboratories, Vocational Rooms 4.60 sq. m. 4.60 sq. m.
Dry Nurseries 3.30 sq. m.
Conference Rooms, Exhibit Rooms, Gyms 1.40 sq. m.
HEALTHCARE
Sleeping Departments 11.00 sq. m. 11.10 sq. m.
In-Patient Treatment 22.00 sq. m. 22.30 sq. m.
Hospitals, Sanitaria 8.40 sq. m.
Nursing Homes 7.40 sq. m.
Children’s Nurseries 3.25 sq. m.
RESIDENTIAL
Dwellings 28.00 sq. m. 18.60 sq. m.
Hotels, Apartments, Dormitories 18.60 sq. m. (General Residential)
MERCANTILE
Street Floor or Basement Used for Sale 2.80 sq. m. 2.80 sq. m.
Upper Floors Used for Sale 5.60 sq. m. 5.60 sq. m.
Floors not Used for Sale (Office, Storage, etc.) 9.30 sq. m. 9.30 sq. m.
Drinking Establishments 1.40 sq. m.
Commercial Kitchens 18.60 sq. m.
 BP 220 PD 957
MEDIUM OPEN
SOCIALIZED ECONOMIC
COST MARKET
RATIO BETWEEN SALEABLE AND NON-SALEABLE AREAS
SALEABLE MAXIMUM 70%
NO FIXED RATIO
NON-SALE MINIMUM 30%
MINIMUM LOT AREA
100.00 sq. 120.00 sq.
SINGLE DETACHED 64.00 sq. m. 72.00 sq. m.
m. m.
DUPLEX 48.00 sq. m. 54.00 sq. m. 80.00 sq. m. 96.00 sq. m.
28.00 sq.
36.00 sq. m.
m.*
ROWHOUSE *Prev 32.00 sq. m. as per 50.00 sq. m. 60.00 sq. m.
Board Res 824, Series of
2008 (HLURB)
MINIMUM LOT FRONTAGES
SINGLE DETACHED
Corner Lot 8.00 m 12.00 m
Regular Lot 8.00 m 10.00 m
 Irregular Lot 4.00 m 6.00 m
Interior Lot 3.00 m 3.00 m
DUPLEX 6.00 m 8.00 m
ROWHOUSE 3.50 m 4.00 m 4.00 m
MINIMUM FLOOR AREA OF SHELTER
SINGLE & MULTI-
18.00 sq. m. 22.00 sq. m. 30.00 sq. m. 42.00 sq. m.
FAMILY DWELLING
18.00 sq. m.
SINGLE
OCCUPANCY 12.00 sq. m.
18.00 sq. m. 18.00 sq. m. (Students/Employees in
CONDO
Highly Urbanized Areas)
FAMILY CONDO 22.00 sq. m. 36.00 sq. m.
PARKS & PLAYGROUND ALLOCATION FOR SUBDIVISIONS
DEVELOPMENT AREA IS 1 DEVELOPMENT AREA IS 1
REQUIRED WHEN
HECTARE OR BIGGER HECTARE OR BIGGER
0–150 lots/hectare =
0-20 lots/hectare =3.50%
DENSITY : 3.50%
ALLOCATION 151-160 lots/hectare =
21-25 lots/hectare = 4.00%
4.00%
 161-175 lots/hectare = 26-35 lots/hectare =
5.00% 5.00%
176-200 lots/hectare = 36-50 lots/hectare =
6.00% 6.00%
201-225 lots/hectare =
51-65 lots/hectare = 7.00%
7.00%
More than 225 More than 65 lots/hectare
lots/hectare = 9.00% = 9.00%
ABSOLUTE MIN.
ALLOTMENT 100 sq. m. 100 sq. m.

COMMUNITY FACILITIES ALLOCATION

DEVELOPMENT AREA IS 1 DEVELOPMENT AREA IS 1
REQUIRED WHEN
HECTARE OR BIGGER HECTARE OR BIGGER
0-150 lots/hectare = 1.00%
151-225 lots/hectare =
DENSITY :
1.50% NONE GIVEN
ALLOCATION
More than 225
lots/hectare = 2.00%
 100-1,499 lots; 100-1,499 lots;
MULTIPURPOSE CENTER MULTIPURPOSE CENTER
1,500-1,999; Multipurpose 1,500-1,999; Multipurpose
Center + RETAIL CENTER, Center + RETAIL CENTER,
NO, OF SALEABLE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL,
LOTS : FACILITIES TRICYCLE TERMINAL TRICYCLE TERMINAL
REQUIRED 2,000-3,000, 2,000-3,000,
Multipurpose Center, Multipurpose Center,
Retail Center, Elementary Retail Center, Elementary
School, Tricycle Terminal + School, Tricycle Terminal +
HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL
MINIMUM ROAD SIZES GIVEN PER ROAD TYPE
INTERCONNECTING
10.00 m 10.00 m
ROAD
MAJOR ROAD 8.00 m 10.00 m
COLLECTOR ROAD 8.00 m 10.00 m
MINOR ROAD 6.50 m 8.00 m
MOTOR COURT 6.00 m 6.00 m
PATHWALK 3.00 m 3.00 m
ALLEY 2.00 m 2.00 m
MINIMUM LEVEL OF COMPLETION
Shell House,
SINGLE-FAMILY Complete
with doors & Complete House
DWELLING House
windows
 PARTS OF A BAHAY NA BATO

PART DESCRIPTION
Apartment-type dwelling characterized by common party walls shared by adjoining units
Accessoria with a separate door in front of each.
A intricately carved four poster bed famous for its kalabasa detail (squash)
Ah Tay Bed
bedposts made by a famous 19th century craftsman (Ah Tay) from Binondo.
A water cistern located in the azotea that was filled with rainwater or potable
water bought from an aguador (water vendor). In some occasions table silver
Aljibe
and jewelry are lowered into the slimy bottom of the aljibe to hide them from
local bandits.
A vertical pillow rack used to air-dry pillows, bed linens, and banig (woven mats)
during the day. It was placed at a corner in the sala of single-room house at a
Almario time when family members slept together on mats spread on the living room
floor. It was eventually moved into the bedroom when the use of proper beds
became popular.
Antesal or Antesala Caida (receiving room),
Aparador de Tres A towering three-door cabinet in the master bedroom crowned with fretted
Luna scrollwork. It was named for the mirrors attached to its doors.
A storage bin for used, soiled clothes. It is made out of a wooden frame with
Aparador Ropero rattan screen (solihiya) woven onto the sides. One side opens for the contents
to tumble out without having to invert the hamper.
Arko Arch
An open-air balcony beside the kitchen that housed a cistern (aljibe) and the
Azotea
bathroom and was usually a work area.
 Expensive, patterned hand-painted tiles imported from Spain used to decorate
Azulejo the stair landings or descanso. A locally made version is the Machuca (a
trademark, proper name is “encaustic tile”).
Balconaje or Balcon Balcony
Bañera Bathtub
Baño Bathroom
A slatted wooden dishrack attached to a dining room or a kitchen window. It is
Banggera used for air-drying newly washed tableware and kitchen utensils before they
were kept in the platera (sideboard) or pamingganan (plate cabinet).
Barandillas Railing or Balustrade (usually wooden)
"Buntis" (or bombere, pregnant) grillworks on windows, to accommodate
Barrigones
planters.
Bastonero A hat and cane rack placed at the caida or the staircase landing.
Rear part of house used for washing and water storage, with a flooring often
Batalan made of slatted bamboo; more a part of a bahay kubo (but may be present as
well at the rear of a bahay na bato)
Batibot Chair A metal version of the cane bentwood chair. Batibot means “enduring.”
Baul Mondo Travelling Trunk
Butaka A version of silla perezosa with no leg rests.
Caida Receiving Room
Lace-style fretwork or latticework used to adorn room dividers and to allow air
Calado to circulate. A status symbol were the calados designed with art nouveau
patterns by famous sculptors of the time.
Capilla Long bench, a staple item in the caida.
Capiz Window (Often) sliding window made of capiz shells cut into squares.
 Cocina Kitchen, which was typically built separately from the house.
A decorative colonette that divides a window into two sides. Most popular styles
Columnilla
used are the Solomonic columns that spiral upward into a Gothic arch.
Comedor Dining Room
Comun Toilet; also called Latrina.
Latticework panels that framed the translucent capiz shells used to completely
Concha
shut windows at night or during a storm.
Coral rock quarried from reefs during low tide was used as ground floor building
Coquina
material in places where no adobe limestone is available.
Cuadra Horse stable
Cuartos Bedrooms
Hip roof, which has more corners and angles, making it stronger than the dos
aguas (gable) or high-pitched roof due to stronger aerodynamics (i.e., more wind
Cuatro Aguas
resistance); also has the advantage of providing an overhang, which is effective
for protecting the house from rainwater and from direct sunlight.
Despacho Home Office; also Oficina.
Dispensa Pantry
Dos Aguas Gable or High-Pitched roof.
Entrada Principal Main Entrance
Mezzanine; literally meaning "between floors", this is the area where clients,
Entresuelo tenants or estate managers (if the owner was a rich landowner) wait before
being admitted to the oficina (office).
Escalera Stairway
Escritorio A large chest of drawers, commonly adorned with inlay work
 Escritoriong A sewing table traditionally placed in a lady’s bedroom and seldomly used as a
Tinipaklong side table.
Spanish word for mirror. In building terms, these were transoms above windows
Espejo to allow more daylight in. Transoms that have tracery patterns were called
espejong calado.
Estante Dining room cabinet where chinaware and silverware are displayed.
Fresquera Storage room for salted food, etc.; placed on the wall of the house facing outside
A bench with a built-in chicken coop underneath. These were designed for
Gallinera tradesmen and tenant farmers who brought in fighting cocks while waiting for
the master of the house.
Either plain calado cut-outs or fully carved embellishments usually placed where
beams and columns intersect especially under the soffit or overhanging ceiling
Kantoneras
outside house; also seen to decorate door or window openings, hallways or
simply dividing spaces.
Kulompyo A rocking chair, also called tumba-tumba or mercedoras.
Lanseras Kitchen Sideboards
Latrina Toilet
Lavadores or A freestanding washstand with a swinging mirror and basin. This was a standard
Lavadera bedroom accessory, along with the orinola.
Media Aquas or Canopy or roof shed, consisting of a piece of metal roof that protects the
Tapangcos window from rain or heat; not to be confused with awning
A small room at a tower that is in the highest floor in the house and is used as a
Mirador lookout. It is topped by a weathervane with the letter O for oeste, the Spanish
word for west.
Oratorio Prayer Room with an altar of santos
 A dresser with a mirror. The full-length mirror usually comes with two adjustable
Painadora
side mirrors and a marble top called the tremor.
This food cabinet with slatted doors to keep leftover food properly aired also
Paminggalan functions as a plate cabinet. Its legs stand on tin cans filled with water or
petroleum to discourage insects from crawling towards the food.
Pasamano Window Ledge
Blocks of white stone that paved the zaguan of houses near the port. They were
Piedra China
originally used as counterweights of Spanish galleons.
Jalousies on window panels that shield the house interior from the sun while
letting air in. A free-standing persiana called biombos was used as divider
Persiana
between the dining room and the volada to conceal a servant pulling a cord to
swing the cloth fan over the dining table called the punkah. Louver Window.
Platera Aparador or cabinet for kitchenware (chiefly china).
A service door that was cut on the side of the main doors to serve a pedestrian
Postigo passage while the wide and tall double doors opened to the carruaje (carriage)
and the empty carozza (float to carry saint’s statue during processions).
Puerta Door of the Entrada Principal (Main entrance)
Puertita Small cut door that is part of the puerta
Pugon Clay Oven
Punkah Ceiling cloth fan
Main Living Room, place for late-afternoon parties called tertulias and dances
Sala Mayor
called bailes
Sala Menor Secondary Living Room
A lounging chair that allow a sitter to stretch out his legs on the unusually long
Silla Peresoza
armrests. Lazy Chair
 A chair made for the convent but found its way to the gentry’s residence. It is
Sillon Fraile
wider than a lounging chair to accommodate stocky friars, hence its name.
This hollow space beneath a bahay kubo was for storing livestock. In a bahay na
Silong bato, this was sometimes used as storage of family jewels and jars of silver coins.
Back then, tenants caught stealing were imprisoned by landlord in the silong.
Clay roof tiles that were laid carefully on the roof of a bahay na bato. A tile roof
Teja de Curva
traditionally kept the bahay na bato cool.
Urna A carved altar that enshrines statues of saints made out of wood or ivory.
A tall, glass-fronted display cabinet meant for keeping porcelain plates and
Vajilera glassware. Another version is the cristaleria that was exclusive for keeping
glassware.
A length of decorative drapery hung above a window to screen the curtain
Valance
fittings.
A bell-shaped glass jar (or bell jar) that was used to encase statuettes or a
Viriña
diorama of biblical scenes.
Vitrina A small shelf with glass that keep curios free from dust.
A small window located right under the barandilla (windowsill) that allows air to
come into the house through elaborate grillwork or wooded balustrades. Blank
Ventanilla
boards were slid in and out to regulate the amount of air and cover the
ventanillas completely.
Comes from the Spanish word volar, meaning “to fly,” and this refers to a
cantilevered walkway that runs along the window side around the house. In the
Volada
past, the galleria volada was used by servants to go from room to room, since
the main floors of the house were reserved for the masters.
Dungeon serving as a parking space for the family carriage and carrozas, and
Zaguan
storage for farming supplies and produce.
 PARTS OF A BAHAY KUBO

PART DESCRIPTION
Open back porch; used as a depository or storage for water
BATALAN
jars
Used for drying and storing pots and pans, drinking glasses,
BANGGERAHAN
plates and other kitchen utensils.
BULWAGAN One large, open, multi-purpose room for dwelling.
Inside the gilir; it is an open table on top where the river
DAPOGAN
stone shoe shaped stove is located.
GILIR Used as a kitchen or cooking area.
KAMALIG A separate structure used as storage for rice.
SILID Private room for sleeping
Cellar; used for most household chores; area for livestock
SILONG
pens, storage space, workspace and granary.
 MAIN PARTS OF A BAHAY NA BATO
PART DESCRIPTION
ALJIBE Cistern or tank used for storage of collected rainwater, under azotea
AZOTEA Flat, open terrace open to the T&B and kitchen areas, Laundry area
BALCON Overhanging balcony; Conversation area overlooking the street
BODEGA Storage room for keeping old furniture and palay bins
BAÑO OR PALIGUAN Bathroom often built separately from the toilet
CAIDA Receiving area; Most immediate room from the stairs; Multi-purpose
COCINA Kitchen
COMEDOR Dining Room
COMUN OR LATRINA Toilet which is adjacent to the service area
CUARTO, ALCOBA, DORMITORIO Bedroom
CUADRA Horse stable
DISPENSA Room adjacent to the kitchen; used as food storage
DESPACHO Office
PATIO Enclosed courtyard open to the sky and adjacent to the zaguan
SALA Living room where balls & dances in special occasions take place
ENTRESUELO A mezzanine elevated at about a meter from the ground
VOLADA Enclosed overhanging balcony
ZAGUAN Ground floor passageway to accommodate horse carriages
BARANDILLAS Carved wooden balusters
PERSIANAS Wooden jalousies or louvers
VENTANILLAS Small windows placed beneath large windowsills (often grilles)
MEDIA AGUAS OR TAPANCOS Window awnings
Tracery; Allowing continuous air circulation in the interior; Found in
CALADO
the upper wall above the window
PIPE TYPES
WIRE TYPES
TYPE OF CONDUCTOR TYPE PURPOSE
Insulated conductors in a flexible
ARMORED CABLE AC
metal sheathe.
Each conductor is individually
METAL CLAD CABLE MC insulated and enclosed in a metal
sheathe.
Insulated with a refractory mineral
MINERAL INSULATED
MI insulation enclosed in a continuous
CABLE
copper sheathe.
Two or more insulated conductors
NON-METALLIC
NM/NMC with a non-metallic outer sheathe;
SHEATHED CABLE
TRADE NAME: ROMEX
Two or more insulated conductors in
SHIELDED NON-
an extruded core of moisture & fire-
METALLIC SHEATHED SNM
resistant material covered with an
CABLE
overlapping spiral metal tape.
UNDERGROUND
Moisture resistant cable used for
FEEDER AND BRANCH UF
underground connections.
CIRCUIT CABLE
Conductor assembly with or without
SERVICE ENTRANCE
SE/USE overall covering primarily used for
CABLE
service wire.
Used for installation in cable trays,
POWER AND CONTROL
TC raceways, or where supported by
TRAY CABLE
wire.
Parallel conductors formed integrally
FLAT CABLE
FC with an insulating material web in a
ASSEMBLIES
square channel.
Three or more flat copper conductors
FLAT CONDUCTOR
FCC placed edge to edge with an
CABLE
insulating assembly.
Solid dielectric insulated cable rated
MEDIUM VOLTAGE at 2,000 to 35,000V. TRADE NAME:
MV
CABLE MEDIUM VOLTAGE SOLID
DIELECTRIC

MAX. OPERATING LOCATIONS

TRADE NAME TYPE
TEMPERATURE DRY WET
Rubber Heat & Water Resistant RHW 75°C 167°F X X
Thermoplastic T 60°C 140°F X
Thermoplastic Water Resistant TW 60°C 140°F X X
Thermoplastic High Heat-
THHW 90°C 194°F X
Resistant Nylon-Coated
Cross-Linked Polyethylene 75°C 167°F X
XHHW
High Heat & Water-Resistant 90°C 194°F X
Silicone Asbestos SA 90°C 194°F X
Asbestos & Varnished Cambric AVA 110°C 230°F X
 COMMON FURNITURE DIMENSIONS
FURNITURE DIMENSION
Dining Table for 4 persons 10.80 sqm
Dining Table for 6 persons 12.60 sqm
Dining Table for 8 persons 14.40 sqm
Dining Table for 10 persons 16.20 sqm
Dining Table for 12 persons 18.00 sqm
Min. Length Dining Table for 4 1.30 m
Min. Length Dining Table for 6 1.95 m
Min. Length Dining Table for 8 2.60 m
Min. Length Dining Table for 10 3.25 m
Min. Length Dining Table for 12 3.80 m
Single Bed (Standard) 0.90 m x 1.90 m
Single Bed (Ideal) 0.90 m x 2.10 m
Twin Bed (Standard) 1.00 m x 1.90 m
Twin Bed (Ideal) 1.00 m x 2.10 m
Double Bed (Standard) 1.35 m x 1.90 m
Double Bed (Ideal) 1.35 m x 2.10 m
Matrimonial Bed (Standard) 1.80 m x 1.90 m
Matrimonial Bed (Ideal) 1.80 m x 2.10 m
Large Dressing Table 0.80 m x 1.20 m
Small Round Table (Square Inscribing) 0.75 m x 0.75 m
Small Night Table 0.35 m x 0.45 m
Medium Night Table 0.45 m x 0.45 m
Easy Chair 0.75 m x 0.90 m
Side B Chair 0.45 m x 0.45 m
Bench 0.45 m x 0.60 m
Dressing Table Chair 0.45 m x 0.45 m
Chair 0.45 m x 0.45 m
Chest 1 0.60 m x 1.20 m
Chest 2 0.45 m x 0.75 m
Small Chest 0.45 m x 0.90 m
End Table 0.50 m x 1.00 m
Desk with Chair 0.75 m x 1.00 m
Crib 0.75 m x 1.00 m
Dresser (Standard) 0.45 m x 1.00 m
Dresser (Ideal) 0.45 m x 1.50 m
 CRITICAL HEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS
ELEMENT MAX/MIN MEASUREMENT
Wall Shelving Max Height 1.80 m
Countertop Height Max Height 0.90 m
Bet. Wall Cabinet
Min Height 0.60 m
& Countertop
Over range & sink Min Height 0.40 m
Depth of Wall
Min Height 0.10 m
Shelves
Max Height 0.45 m
Base Shelving Min Height 0.30 m
Max Height 0.40 m
Countertop Min Height 0.40 m
Max Height 0.60 m
Exhaust Fan
15 Air Exchanges per
Ceiling or Wall Max Capacity
Hour
Near the Range

AREA PER SEAT (FOOD SERVICE)

TYPE OF SERVICE AREA PER SEAT IN SQ. M.
Commercial Cafeteria 1.50 – 1.70
College & Industrial Cafeteria 1.10 – 1.40
School Lunchroom Cafeteria 0.84 – 1.20
Counter Service 1.70 – 1.80
Table Service, Hotel, Club,
1.40 – 1.70
Restaurant
Banquet Minimum 0.93 – 1.00
 SPACE ALLOTMENT PER 15 PEOPLE
USAGE SPACE
Reception Room 35 sq. m.
Waiting / Interviewing Room 18 sq. m.
Conference Room 45 sq. m.
*for each additional person to be served = +1 sq. m.

SPACE ALLOWANCES (OFFICES)

POSITION AREA
Top Executive 40 – 50 sq. m.
Junior Executive 10 – 20 sq. m.
Supervisors 8 – 10 sq. m.
Operator at 1.50 m desk 5 sq. m.
Operator at 1.40 m desk 4.5 sq. m.
Operator at 1.20 m desk 4.0 sq. m.
Operator at desk side by side 2 in a row

SPACE ALLOWANCES (FILING)

FILE AREA
Standard Letter File 0.60 sq. m.
Standard Legal File 0.70 sq. m.
Side Opening File 0.60 sq. m.
Side Opening Legal File 0.70 sq. m.
ELECTRICAL PLAN SYMBOLS
PLUMBING SYMBOLS
 TYPE OF NAIL USE PICTURE
Was the traditionally used nail
before the invention of the
wire nail. Sometimes still used
CUT NAIL
specially for some heavy-duty
applications (i.e. boards to
masonry walls).

WIRE NAIL
(a.k.a. Common
General purpose usage.
Wire Nail, or
French Nail)

SPIKE NAIL Used in landscaping, retaining

walls, and applications that
(a.k.a. Landscape
utilize thick timbers or railroad
Spikes, or Ground ties. Also used in log home
Spike) construction.

Similar to the common nail

but with a thinner shank and
head. Used on lighter pieces
BOX NAIL
of wood and on boxes, also for
clapboard siding. The thinner
nail cracks the siding less.
 Often used in exterior
applications, such as for
CASING NAIL installing exterior trim
boards and for nailing door
frames and trim.
Very small and with a very
small head. Used for
finishing such as molding
FINISHING NAIL
and trim. Usually sunken
into the surface and
covered with putty.
Thinner gauge and used to
attach lightweight trim.
BRAD Smaller and thinner than
finishing nails, thus no
need to cover with putty.
Most commonly used for
DOUBLE-HEADED scaffolding and
NAIL formworks. Best for
(a.k.a. Duplex temporary projects. The
Head Nail) second head is for easy
removal.
 Have a fluted end that
CONCRETE NAIL expands when driven into
concrete.

Counter-sunk head. Sharp

spiral threads. Maximum
FLOORING NAIL
holding power. Extra stiff
stock to drive straight.
Offer superior holding
power and provides
friction to help prevent the
RING-SHANK
nail from backing out over
NAIL
time. Used in softer types
of wood where splitting is
not an issue.
Used in roof installation to
fasten shingles, to install
roofing felt for
ROOFING NAIL
waterproofing and to
attach roof tiles and sheet
metal.
TYPE OF BOLT USE PICTURE
Fastening metal to
CARRIAGE BOLT wood. Has a domed &
enlarged head.
Connects metal parts.
Has a square or
MACHINE BOLT hexagonal head.
Tightened w/ a
wrench.
Assemble of wood-
STOVE BOLT burning stoves. Slotted
round head.
Structural applications
(i.e. walls to concrete
J-BOLT
foundation). Can be
used as anchor bolt.

U-BOLT Support pipework.

Securing eye to a
EYE BOLT structure. Ropes &
cables may be tied to it.
 Secure heavy objects to
EXPANSION BOLT
walls or floors

Hold heavy objects

MOLLY
onto hollow walls

TOGGLE BOLT A fastener for hanging

(a.k.a. BUTTERFY objects on hollow walls
ANCHOR) such as drywall.
 Bolt with enlarged head
leaded into masonry as
LEWIS BOLT a foundation bolt or
into a stone to use to
carry or lift.

An anchor bolt with a

split end to receive a
FOX BOLT
fox wedge for use in
blind holes.

A clevis fastener is a
three-piece fastener
system consisting of a
CLEVIS clevis, clevis pin, and
tang. Use where a large
shearing stress occurs
(never in tension).
 TYPES OF NUT USE PICTURE
LOCK NUT
(a.k.a. LOCKING NUT,
A nut that resists loosening
PREVAILING TORQUE NUT,
under vibrations and torque.
STIFF NUT, or
ELASTIC STOP NUT)

Used in applications in which

frequent adjustment is
WING NUT
necessary and hand
tightening is sufficient.

CAP NUT Used when a smooth finish is

(a.k.a. DOME NUT, required or when all edges
ACORN NUT) need to be covered.

Used in low-torque
CASTELLATED NUT applications, such as holding
a wheel bearing in place.
TYPE OF WASHER USE PICTURE

Prevent vibration from

loosening a bolted joint. It
LOCK WASHER has a side tab that can be
bent into place against a
nut.

Used to develop the

LOAD-INDICATING
correct tension when
WASHER
installing structural bolts.
 TYPE USE PICTURE
GENERAL TYPES
Most commonly used fasteners.
WOOD SCREW Used primarily in connecting to
wood.

Used to connect heavy lumber or

LAG SCREW other heavy materials that bear
an intense load.

Used where the screw is used to

MACHINE SCREW control fine motion of an object.
(i.e. electronics, engines, etc.)

Ideal when you need the fastener

CAP SCREW
to be flush with the surface.
 SHEET METAL Used for tightening metal
SCREW objects.

Used to secure an object with

SETSCREW another object. (i.e. gear to a
shaft)

Used when hand tightening is

THUMB SCREW
sufficient.

SCREW EYE
Intended for light duty
(a.k.a. THREAD EYE
applications and should not be
BOLTS, EYE SCREWS,
used for angular loads.
EYE LAGS)
 SCREW TYPES BY FORM TYPES OF SCREW HEAD (BY OPERATION)
TYPE PICTURE
FLAT HEAD
SLOTTED HEAD

TRUSS HEAD

PHILIPS HEAD
OVAL HEAD

ROUND HEAD ALLEN HEAD

PAN HEAD
SQUARE HEAD

FILISTER HEAD

SECURITY HEAD
BUGLE HEAD
 TYPE OF HINGE USE PICTURE

SPRING HINGE To make a door or a lid

(a.k.a. Spring-Loaded automatically close or stay
Hinge) open.

Used when door removal is

LOOSE JOINT HINGE
necessary. More cost effective
(a.k.a. Lift Off Hinges)
than Flag Joint Hinges.

LOOSE PIN HINGE

Has a center pin that can be
(a.k.a. Loose Pin Butt
easily removed from the
Hinge or Removable
barrel to separate the hinge.
Pin Door Hinge)

Standard use hinge. Butt

BUTT HINGE attached to the surfaces being
connected.
 Primarily used for securing lids
of pianos. They are bought in
PIANO HINGE long lengths and can be cut
(a.k.a. Continuous using a saw. May also be
Hinge) used for applications where
strength and extensive use (or
abuse) is applicable.

GRAVITY HINGE Can be set to automatically

(a.k.a. Self Function open or close by using the
Hinge or Rising Butt weight of the door as a
Hinge or Rising Hinge) constant force.

Relies on a pivot shaft

inserted into a bore in a
knuckle with a bearing ring
OLIVE KNUCKLE HINGE
between the knuckles. Best
suited for little used,
lightweight doors.
 It lies flush within the door to
INVISIBLE HINGE mask the hinge’s location Also
(a.k.a. Concealed Hinge used for a cleaner flush finish.
or European Style) Commonly used in kitchen
cabinetry.

Can be found on wood or

metal boxes, huts, sheds and
gates. Provides strength and
CROSS-GARNET HINGE
support to large doors or
(a.k.a. T-Hinge)
gates. Not recommended for
areas that require security, as
they can be easily removed.

Types of case hinge. Used

DOVETAIL HINGE more for its aesthetics. Similar
Also BUTTERFLY HINGE build as butt hinge except for
its flap designs.
 They allow for doors and
windows to swing clear of the
PARLIAMENT HINGE trim and lay flat when opened.
Same as dovetail & butterfly
hinges.

Its knuckles are disassembled.

Intended for larger projects,
PAUMELLE HINGE
such as door or window
openings.

Commonly used for

STRAP HINGE
ornamental applications.

Allows the extended opening

OFFSET HINGE
of the leaf.
 Has a rounded end and double
axis rotation. Most often used
to equip older cabinet door
COUNTER FLAP HINGE
and are invisible because of
being installed on the
horizontal edges.

DOUBLE ACTING Permits doors to open in both

HINGE directions and automatically
(a.k.a. Double Acting returns to closed position
Spring Hinge) (self-closing).

Stronger versions of simple H

hinges. The extra supporting
HL Hinge arm fastens into the door and
can be placed at the top and
bottom part of the door.
 TYPE OF BRICKWORK DESCRIPTION PICTURE

Successive courses of
STACK BOND stretchers with all head joints
aligned vertically.

RUNNING BOND Mainly composed of

(a.k.a. STRETCHER BOND) overlapping stretchers.

A course of headers between

COMMON BOND
every 5 – 6 courses of
(a.k.a. AMERICAN BOND)
stretchers.

Alternate courses of headers

and stretchers. Like courses
ENGLISH BOND
are aligned with courses of
their kind.
 Modified English bond in
which the head joints in the
ENGLISH CROSS BOND
stretching courses are offset
(a.k.a. DUTCH BOND)
by half the length of a
stretcher.

Alternating headers and

stretchers in each course,
FLEMISH BOND
each header being centered
above and below a stretcher.

A modified Flemish bond

having courses of alternate
FLEMISH CROSS BOND headers and stretchers
alternating with stretcher
courses.

A Flemish cross bond where

FLEMISH DIAGONAL BOND the courses are offset to form
a diamond pattern.
 For lightly loaded boundary
walls, having a sequence of a
header and three stretchers
GARDEN-WALL BOND
in each course, with each
header being centered over a
header in alternate courses.
Bricks in this bond are placed
end to end in such a manner
DIAGONAL BOND
that extreme corners of the
(General: Raking Bond;
sequence remain in contact
Inverted: Herringbone Bond)
with the stretchers. Suited for
walls two to four bricks thick.
Bricks are laid on edge or
placed in a vertical position
instead of the conventional
horizontal position creating a
RAT TRAP BOND cavity within the wall. This
helps in keeping enhanced
thermal comfort. Looks very
similar to the Flemish bond in
appearance.
TYPES OF LOCK SEAM

TYPES OF FLAT SEAM

TYPES OF STANDING SEAM

PARTS OF A DOME
 TYPES OF ARCH

TYPES OF DOME (FRAMING)

TYPES OF DOME (ARTICULATION)

PARTS OF VAULT
 TYPES OF VAULT

TYPES OF CABLE CONSTRUCTION

TYPES OF SHELL CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF HIGH-RISE STRUCTURES

TUBE STRUCTURE

TYPES OF TUBE STRUCTURE

 TYPE OF MACHINE USE PICTURE

Digging of trenches, holes, and

foundations. Material handling.
EXCAVATOR Brush cutting with hydraulic
saw and mower attachments.

Combines various ingredients

CONCRETE BATCH
to form concrete. Has 2 types:
PLANT Dry mix or Wet mix plants.

Used to compact soil, gravel,

concrete, or asphalt in the
ROAD ROLLER construction of roads and
foundations.

LOADER
(a.k.a. BUCKET
Used to move materials into or
LOADER, FRONT
onto another type of
LOADER, machinery.
PAYLOADER, SCOOP,
SHOVEL, etc)
 Drilling device with a helical
screw blade (flightling) that
AUGER acts as a screw conveyor that
moves the material to move
out of the hole being drilled.

GRADER Has a long blade used to create

(a.k.a. ROAD GRADER a flat surface during the
or MOTOR GRADER) grading process. Used to “finish
grade” the site.

CONCRETE MIXER Device that homogenously

(a.k.a. CEMENT combines ingredients to form
MIXER) concrete.

A crawler with a metal plate

(blade) to push large quantities
BULLDOZER of material (soil, rubble, etc.)
during construction.
 Used to dig trenches for laying
TRENCHER down underground works.

AGITATOR TRUCK Fitted with a spiral blade inside

the drum to constantly rotate
(a.k.a. IN-TRANSIT the concrete during
CONCRETE MIXER) transportation.

DUMP TRUCK
Used for taking dumps (sand,
(a.k.a. DUMPER
gravel, wastes) for
TRUCK or TIPPER construction.
TRUCK)

BACKHOE An equipment with a two-part

articulated arm with a digging
(a.k.a. REAR ACTOR bucket usually attached to a
or BACK ACTOR) loader.

Used to lift and move materials

FORKLIFT over short distances.
TYPE OF EQUIPMENT USE PICTURE
Used to cut intricate external shapes
COPING SAW and interior cut-outs; used to cut
moldings and create coped joints.

Used for cutting long pieces of stock

RADIAL ARM SAW to length until the introduction of
the power miter saw in the 1970s.

KEYHOLE SAW
Long, narrow saw used for cutting
(a.k.a. Pad Saw,
small, often awkward features in
Alligator Saw, Jab
various building materials
Saw, Drywall Saw)
CONCRETE SAW
Used for cutting concrete, masonry,
(a.k.a. Consaw, Road
brick, asphalt, tile, and other solid
Saw, Cut-off Saw,
materials.
Slab Saw, Quick Cut)

The most versatile and productive of

TABLE SAW
all woodworking machines.

A handheld saw that can be used

CIRCULAR SAW
with different blades.
 Used for applications that require
DOVETAIL SAW small, very precise cuts or when an
extremely neat finish is required.
Originally and principally made for
cutting metal, but can also cut
HACK SAW
various other materials, such as
plastic and wood (i.e. pipes).

BOW SAW Used for straight or curved cuts.

A bow saw used for intricate cutting

FRET SAW work which often incorporates tight
curves.
Designed for cutting wood
CROSSCUT SAW
perpendicular to (across) the wood
(a.k.a. Thwart Saw)
grain.

Used to make a quick, accurate

MITER SAW crosscut in a workpiece at a selected
(a.k.a. Drop Saw) angle. Used for cutting molding or
trim.
CONCRETE STRENGTH STRENGTH PROPO CEMENT
SAND GRAV APPLICATION
CLASS (psi) (MPa) RTION 40KG 50KG
CLASS Pre-Stressed and
1:1:2
AAA Post-Tensioned
Retaining Walls,
Underwater
CLASS AA 4000 psi 28 MPa 1 : 1.5 : 3 12 9.5 0.5 1
Concrete, Shear &
Core Walls
Beams, Footings,
Walls, Arches, Stairs,
CLASS A 3500 psi 24 MPa 1:2:4 9 7 0.5 1
Columns, Slabs,
Joists, etc.
Slab on Fill, +100mm
CLASS B 3000 psi 21 MPa 1 : 2.5 : 5 7.5 6 0.5 1 or 4” CHB Non-Load
Bearing Wall
Plant boxes, Parapet
CLASS C 2500 psi 17 MPa 1:3:6 6 5 0.5 1
Walls
Mass Concrete
Construction, Plant
CLASS D 2000 psi 14 MPa 1 : 3.5 : 7 5 4 0.5 1
boxes, Footpaths,
Walkways
TYPES OF JOINTS FOR
THERMAL & MOISTURE USE PICTURE
PROTECTION

Located on walls and slabs. A longitudinal

CONSTRUCTION JOINT cut in the slab during the concrete pouring
process.

A joint that makes allowance for thermal

EXPANSION JOINT expansion of the parts joined without
distortion.
A continuous vertical joint filled with
mortar, but with a bond breaker on one
CONTROL JOINT
side so that tensile stress cannot develop
across the joint.

These are placed in concrete slabs to

CONTRACTION JOINT control random cracking. Also a type of
control joint.

Used to accommodate anticipated

differential horizontal and vertical
ISOLATION JOINT
movements that occur between a
pavement and a structure.